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Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A

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Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2015 Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A. Joseph G. Adducci Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, and the Sedimentology Commons Recommended Citation Adducci, Joseph G., "Geological Controls on Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Mississippian Marshall Formation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A." (2015). Master's Theses. 617. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/617 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN MARSHALL FORMATION, MICHIGAN BASIN, U.S.A by Joseph G. Adducci A thesis Submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Geosciences Western Michigan University August 2015 Thesis Committee: David A. Barnes, Ph.D. (Chair) William B. Harrison, III, Ph.D. Peter J. Voice, Ph.D. GEOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN MARSHALL FORMATION, MICHIGAN BASIN, U.S.A. Joseph G. Adducci, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2015 An understanding of regional orogenic, climatic, and eustatic processes is critical to the interbasinal correlation of Paleozoic strata in eastern North America. Tectonic activity associated with the culmination of Appalachian Orogenic events has been shown to have regional influence on paleostructure and sediment dispersal in the Appalachian foreland basin and adjacent intracratonic Illinois and Michigan basins. The culmination of the Acadian Orogeny at the end of the Devonian represents the beginning of a period of general tectonic quiescence extending throughout the early and middle Mississippian in eastern North America. Early Mississippian strata in the Michigan basin is distinctive and marks the transition from marine shale and carbonate dominated sedimentation during much of the Late Ordovician through Late Devonian to siliciclastic dominated deposition throughout much of the Carboniferous. The Osagian, Marshall Formation constitutes an important coarse-grained siliciclastic formation in the Michigan basin. Despite numerous outcrop studies and early subsurface investigations, the Marshall remains poorly understood in terms of depositional controls and stratigraphic relationships to related Mississippian strata in Michigan and correlative strata in adjacent basins. This work documents sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic relationships in Early-Middle Mississippian, generally clastics-dominated strata of the Marshall and lower Michigan formations (as described in previous literature). New stratigraphic relationships are presented suggesting that the Marshall Formation and informal Stray sandstone units are genetically related and reflect tectonic, eustatic and climatic processes that occurred in the Michigan basin during the early Carboniferous in the Michigan basin. Copyright by Joseph G. Adducci 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to sincerely thank my thesis committee chair, Dr. David Barnes for his unwavering support, unflinching confidence in my ability and fond characterization of myself as “the most cautious geologist”. Without his encouragement, I would not have had the courage to attempt this work. I also thank the other members of my committee, Dr. William B. Harrison III and Dr. Peter Voice for their guidance and attentiveness to my research. My parents Melinda Adducci, Gregory Adducci, Rebecca Adducci and Joseph DuMouchelle will forever have my gratitude and thanks for their encouragement and support throughout this research, having been there with me every step of the way. Lastly, I thank my girlfriend, Marie Samson for her compassion, kindness and monumental effort in helping me complete this work. From cooking late-night dinners at home to spending anniversaries professionally photographing cored rock samples, she has endured this work with me and for this; I dedicate this thesis to her. Joseph G. Adducci ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 Michigan Basin Structure and Subsidence .................................. 2 Early Carboniferous Regional Tectonics and Eustasy ................. 3 Regional Stratigraphy of the Early Mississippian ....................... 6 Michigan Basin: Kinderhookian-Osagian Stratigraphy and Deposition .................................................................................... 10 Research Questions ...................................................................... 13 II. DATA AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 15 Core Materials .............................................................................. 15 Wireline Log Data........................................................................ 18 Thin Sections ............................................................................... 18 III. SEDIMENTOLOGY ......................................................................... 21 Depositional Facies ...................................................................... 21 Facies D1: Fossiliferous Mudstone ........................................ 21 Facies D2-A: Cross Bedded Lithic Sandstone ....................... 23 Facies D2-B: Intraclastic Lithic Sandstone............................ 26 Facies D3: Bioturbated Lithic Sandstone .............................. 26 Facies D4: Finely Laminated Lithic Sandstone ..................... 30 iii Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER Facies D5: Structureless Sandstone ....................................... 30 Facies D6: Heterolithic Sandstone/Mudstone ........................ 32 Facies D7: Dolomitic Mudstone/Wackestone ....................... 33 Facies D8: Laminated Dolomite/Anhydrite ........................... 34 Wave-Dominated Clastic Depositional Systems ......................... 37 Barrier Shoreface and Strandplain Environments ........................ 38 Coastal Sabkhas and Shallow Marine Evaporites ........................ 40 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Triassic Analogue ............. 42 Facies Associations and Interpretation ........................................ 47 Facies D1: Offshore Marine................................................... 47 Facies D2-A: Middle-Lower Shoreface ................................. 49 Facies D2-B: Middle Shoreface ............................................. 49 Facies D3: Middle-Upper Shoreface ..................................... 50 Facies D4: Foreshore ............................................................. 50 Facies D5: Backshore ............................................................ 51 Facies D6: Intertidal ............................................................... 51 Facies D7: Restricted Lagoon ................................................ 52 Facies D8: Coastal Sabkha ..................................................... 53 Depositional Model ...................................................................... 57 iv Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER Flooding Surfaces and Associated Ravinement ........................... 59 IV. PETROPHYSICAL ROCK MATRIX ANALYSIS .......................... 64 Core-to-Log Correlation/Calibration ........................................... 67 Facies Association Mapping ........................................................ 70 Log Facies L1-A/B ................................................................ 72 Log Facies L2 ........................................................................ 73 Log Facies L3 ........................................................................ 73 Facies Mapping ............................................................................ 74 Isopach Map L1-A ................................................................. 75 Isopach Map L1-B ................................................................. 75 Isopach Map L2 ..................................................................... 76 Isopach Map L3 ..................................................................... 80 V. SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY ....................................................... 83 VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................. 90 Early Mississippian Paleoclimate, Tectonics and Eustasy .......... 90 Paleoclimate ........................................................................... 91 Eustasy ................................................................................... 92 Tectonics ................................................................................ 93 v Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER The Michigan “Stray” Problem ................................................... 95 Conclusions .................................................................................. 97 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................
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