MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM BIBLIOGRAPHY by Steven A

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM BIBLIOGRAPHY by Steven A MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM BIBLIOGRAPHY By Steven A. Hauck December 1995 Technical Report NRRI/TR-95/33 Funded by the Natural Resources Research Institute In Preparation for the 1995 International Geological Correlation Program Project 336 Field Conference in Duluth, MN Natural Resources Research Institute University of Minnesota, Duluth 5013 Miller Trunk Highway Duluth, MN 55811-1442 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1 THE DATABASE .............................................. 1 Use of the PAPYRUS Retriever Program (Diskette) .............. 3 Updates, Questions, Comments, Etc. ......................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... 4 MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................... 5 AUTHOR INDEX ................................................. 191 KEYWORD INDEX ................................................ 216 i This page left blank intentionally. ii INTRODUCTION The co-chairs of the IGCP Project 336 field conference on the Midcontinent Rift System felt that a comprehensive bibliography of articles relating to a wide variety of subjects would be beneficial to individuals interested in, or working on, the Midcontinent Rift System. There are 2,543 references (>4.2 MB) included on the diskette at the back of this volume. PAPYRUS Bibliography System software by Research Software Design of Portland, Oregon, USA, was used in compiling the database. A retriever program (v. 7.0.011) for the database was provided by Research Software Design for use with the database. The retriever program allows the user to use the database without altering the contents of the database. However, the database can be used, changed, or augmented with a complete version of the program (ordering information can be found in the readme file). The retriever program allows the user to search the database and print from the database. The diskette contains compressed data files. Directions for loading the program are provided below. THE DATABASE The database contains information on all aspects of the geology and mineral deposits related to the Midcontinent Rift System (MRS). Major categories (and keywords) are: geology, mineralization, geophysics, geochemistry, structural geology, stratigraphy, sedimentation, stable and radiogenic isotopes, environmental geology, mining, mineral processing, and specific geographic names, e.g., by state and county, or Canadian province and district, etc. Five keywords are provided for each reference: Midcontinent Rift System, Keweenawan, North America, Precambrian, Proterozoic, and Middle Proterozoic. Since this database is a subset 1 of a larger PAPYRUS database, these words are chosen to assist in separating the MRS references from other references in the database. In actuality, either the keywords "Midcontinent Rift System" or "Keweenawan" will extract the MRS references from the larger database. In addition to the above keywords, all references are keyworded according to the information provided in the title of the reference. Many of the references are keyworded in more depth from the original articles. Some keywords are used to bring related geological material under one heading for users not familiar with midcontinent rift geology and mineral deposits. For example, the keyword "Duluth Complex" not only includes all references on the Duluth Complex, but also includes references on the Beaver Bay Complex, and Logan Sills. References relating to native copper mineralization in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are all grouped under the keyword "Michigan Copper District." Where stratigraphic names have changed with time, the most current, accepted name is used as a keyword. For example, Nonesuch Formation and Portage Lake Lava Series were used in the past, but the database uses Nonesuch Shale and Portage Lake Volcanics. Also when conducting a keyword search, use the singular form of the keyword with an asterisk "*" at the end of the keyword. This procedure will allow for retrieval of singular and plural forms of the keyword. This procedure will also help with retrieval of all references that have a common root word, e.g., Keweenaw* will retrieve Keweenawan, Keweenaw County, Keweenaw Peninsula, Keweenaw Fault, etc. Use of the PAPYRUS Retriever Program (Diskette) The retriever program can be loaded on any DOS-based system, provided that at least 5.6 MB of disk space are available on the PC's fixed disk (C) drive. Once loaded, the files will occupy 4.2 MB of fixed disk space. 2 Loading the program is done by simply inserting the diskette containing the compressed files into the PC's 3.5" (1.44 MB) disk drive (A or B, depending on the machine), making that drive the current drive (by typing "a:" or "b:" at the C:> prompt), and typing "install" at the a:> (or b:>) prompt. The installation file (INSTALL.BAT on the diskette) will then create a subdirectory called RIFTBIB on the PC's C drive, copy the compressed files to that subdirectory, uncompress them using PKUNZIP, and delete the original compressed files (leaving only 4.2 MB of files). The installation routine will finish by making the RIFTBIB subdirectory current (C:\RIFTBIB). The retriever program can then be initiated by typing "PAPR" at the C:\RIFTBIB> prompt. Updates, Questions, Comments, Etc. You can receive an updated version of the database and retriever software (if you need it) for the cost of shipping and disk replacement (or send back the original diskette) by contacting Ms. Laurie Talbot at the above address or by calling 218-720-4346. Fax messages can be sent to 218-720-9410. If you find errors or wish to contribute references to the database, please contact the author at the above address. An indexed, paper copy of the database will be available at a later date and can be obtained using the above instructions. You may freely distribute the uncompressed database files with the retriever or provide them to users of the full PAPYRUS program. The PKUNZIP program is shareware of PKZIP, Inc. of Deer River, Wisconsin, and is distributed with the diskette under a distribution license from PKZIP, Inc. If you wish to further distribute the database, please contact PKZIP, Inc. for a copy of the software. You will also note that Research Software Design has also provided a self-extracting program for its retriever for which it also has a distribution license from PKZIP, Inc. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 Assistance in compiling the contents of this database was provided through contributions and advice from: W. Cannon, T. Bornhorst, E. Perry, M. Smyk, L. Swanson, M. Lavigne, J. Trammell, M. Dvorzak, and W. Hinze; they are greatly appreciated and acknowledged. R. Anderson of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau is acknowledged for providing the first World Wide Web (Internet) reference on the Midcontinent Rift System in Iowa. While the World Wide Web address (http://samuel.igsb.uiowa.edu/htmls/ browse/rift/mrs.htm) is not included in the bibliography as a reference, and perhaps should be, as many of its references were added to this bibliography. L. Zanko and R. Patelke are gratefully acknowledged for providing the INSTALL.BAT file. However, responsibility for the contents, omissions, and errors in the database files (.BIB) are the sole responsibility of the author. 4 MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM BIBLIOGRAPHY Aaquist, B. E., 1976, An interpretation of the Kingston Conglomerate as a rhyolite tuff in the Portage Lake Lava Series, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan [abs.]: 22nd Annual Institute on Lake Superior Geology, St. Paul, MN, v. 22, p. 3. AHMEEK QUADRANGLE; KEWEENAW PENINSULA; KINGSTON CONGLOMERATE; MICHIGAN; PORTAGE LAKE VOLCANICS; RHYOLITE; TUFF; UNITED-STATES; UPPER- PENINSULA; VOLCANIC ROCKS; Aaquist, B. E., and Hodder, R. W., 1978, Microstyolites-An indicator for an early stage of native copper deposition in a rhyolite tuff, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan [abs.]: 24th Annual Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Milwaukee, WI, v. 24, p. 3. DEPOSITION; KEWEENAW PENINSULA; KINGSTON MINE; LITHIFICATION; MICHIGAN; MICHIGAN COPPER DISTRICT; MINERALIZATION; NATIVE COPPER; ORIGIN; PORTAGE LAKE VOLCANICS; RHYOLITE; STYLOLITE; TUFF; UNITED-STATES; UPPER-PENINSULA; VOLCANIC ROCKS; Abel, C. D., 1985, Petrology and sedimentology of the Jacobsville Sandstone (northern Michigan) and Bayfield Group (northern Wisconsin) [M.S. Thesis]: University of Wisconsin, Madison, 294 p. AREAL-STUDIES; BAYFIELD-GROUP; CEMENTATION; CLAY-MINERALOGY; DIAGENESIS; ENVIRONMENT; FLUVIAL-ENVIRONMENT; ILLITE; JACOBSVILLE-SANDSTONE; MICHIGAN; SANDSTONE; SEDIMENTARY-ROCKS; SEDIMENTATION; SEDIMENTS; STRATIGRAPHY; UNITED-STATES; UPPER-PENINSULA; WISCONSIN; Abrajano, T. A., Holt, B. D., and Dyrkacz, G. R., 1991, Stable isotope geochemistry of organic matter alteration in Animikie basin sediments within the thermal aureole of the Duluth Complex: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 477-482. ALTERATION; ANIMIKIE; ANIMIKIE BASIN; CARBON ISOTOPES; CONTACT AUREOLE; CONTACT METAMORPHISM; DULUTH COMPLEX; LAYERED INTRUSION; METAMORPHISM; MINNESOTA; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; STABLE-ISOTOPES; UNITED-STATES; Abrajano, T. A., Jr., and Holt, B. D., 1989, Alteration of organic matter in Animikie basin sediments within the thermal aureole of the Duluth intrusion [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 6, p. A11. ANIMIKIE; ANIMIKIE BASIN; CONTACT METAMORPHISM; DULUTH COMPLEX; GEOCHEMISTRY; LOWER-PROTEROZOIC; METAMORPHISM; MINNESOTA; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; ORGANIC-CARBON; THERMAL AUREOLE; UNITED-STATES;
Recommended publications
  • A Summary of Petroleum Plays and Characteristics of the Michigan Basin
    DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A summary of petroleum plays and characteristics of the Michigan basin by Ronald R. Charpentier Open-File Report 87-450R This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Denver, Colorado 80225 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION.............................................. 3 REGIONAL GEOLOGY.......................................... 3 SOURCE ROCKS.............................................. 6 THERMAL MATURITY.......................................... 11 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION...................................... 11 PLAY DESCRIPTIONS......................................... 18 Mississippian-Pennsylvanian gas play................. 18 Antrim Shale play.................................... 18 Devonian anticlinal play............................. 21 Niagaran reef play................................... 21 Trenton-Black River play............................. 23 Prairie du Chien play................................ 25 Cambrian play........................................ 29 Precambrian rift play................................ 29 REFERENCES................................................ 32 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Index map of Michigan basin province (modified from Ells, 1971, reprinted by permission of American Association of Petroleum Geologists)................. 4 2. Structure contour map on top of Precambrian basement, Lower Peninsula
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonic Imbrication and Foredeep Development in the Penokean
    Tectonic Imbrication and Foredeep Development in the Penokean Orogen, East-Central Minnesota An Interpretation Based on Regional Geophysics and the Results of Test-Drilling The Penokean Orogeny in Minnesota and Upper Michigan A Comparison of Structural Geology U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1904-C, D AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month­ ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in­ Books of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeologic Framework of Mississippian Rocks in the Central Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    Hydrogeologic Framework of Mississippian Rocks in the Central Lower Peninsula of Michigan By D.B. WESTJOHN and T.L. WEAVER U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4246 Lansing, Michigan 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm name in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report may be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey, WRD Earth Science Information Center 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5 Open-File Reports Section Lansing, Ml 48911 Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................... 1 Geology .......................................................... 3 Coldwater Shale ................................................ 3 Marshall Sandstone .............................................. 6 Michigan Formation .............................................. 7 Hydrogeologic framework of Mississippian rocks ................................ 8 Relations of stratigraphic units to aquifer and confining units .................... 8 Delineation of aquifer- and confining-unit boundaries ......................... 9 Description of confining units and the Marshall aquifer ........................ 9 Michigan confining
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Capacity for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in the Midcontinent Rift System in Minnesota
    MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Harvey Thorleifson, Director POTENTIAL CAPACITY FOR GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN THE MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM IN MINNESOTA L. Harvey Thorleifson, Minnesota Geological Survey, Editor A report prepared in fulfillment of the requirements of Minnesota Legislative Session 85 Bill S. F. 2096 Minnesota Geological Survey Open File Report OFR-08-01 University of Minnesota Saint Paul – 2008 Cover figure credit: Iowa Geological Survey 2 POTENTIAL CAPACITY FOR GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN THE MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM IN MINNESOTA 3 This open file is accessible from the web site of the Minnesota Geological Survey (http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/) as a PDF file readable with Acrobat Reader. Date of release: 24 January 2008 Recommended citation Thorleifson, L. H., ed., 2008, Potential capacity for geologic carbon sequestration in the Midcontinent Rift System in Minnesota, Minnesota Geological Survey Open File Report OFR-08-01, 138 p Minnesota Geological Survey 2642 University Ave West Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114-1057 Telephone: 612-627-4780 Fax: 612-627-4778 Email address: [email protected] Web site: http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/ ©2008 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation. 4 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY L. H. Thorleifson . 7 INTRODUCTION L. H. Thorleifson . 11 CLIMATE CHANGE L. H. Thorleifson . 11 Introduction . 11 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) .
    [Show full text]
  • U–Pb Zircon (SHRIMP) Ages for the Lebombo Rhyolites, South Africa
    Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 161, 2004, pp. 547–550. Printed in Great Britain. 2000) and the ages corroborate and further strengthen the SPECIAL chronology of the Lebombo stratigraphy. The rapid eruption of the Karoo succession is thought to have been responsible for trigger- U–Pb zircon (SHRIMP) ing the early Toarcian extinction event (Hesselbo et al. 2000). Geological setting. The Karoo Supergroup succession along the ages for the Lebombo Lebombo monocline is highlighted in Figure 1. The oldest phase of Karoo volcanism is marked by the Mashikiri nephelinites, rhyolites, South Africa: which unconformably overlie Jurassic Clarens Formation sand- stones (Fig. 2). The nephelinites have been dated at 182.1 Æ refining the duration of 1.6 Ma (40Ar/39Ar plateau age; Duncan et al. 1997) and form a lava succession up to 170 m thick (Bristow 1984). These rocks Karoo volcanism are confined to the northern part of the Lebombo rift and are absent along the central and southern sections. The nephelinites T. R. RILEY1,I.L.MILLAR2, are conformably overlain by picrites and picritic basalts of the 3 1 Letaba Formation, although in the southern Lebombo the picrites M. K. WATKEYS ,M.L.CURTIS, directly overlie the Clarens Formation. The picrites overlap in 1 3 P. T. LEAT , M. B. KLAUSEN & age (182.7 Æ 0.8 Ma; Duncan et al. 1997) with the Mashikiri C. M. FANNING4 nephelinites and are believed to form a succession up to 4 km in thickness. 1British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, The Letaba Formation picrites are in turn overlain by a major Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK (e-mail: [email protected]) succession (4–5 km thick) of low-MgO basalts, termed the Sabie 2British Antarctic Survey c/o NERC Isotope Geosciences River Basalt Formation (Cleverly & Bristow 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1418 USGS Cience for a Changing World AVAILABILITY of BOOKS and MAPS of the U.S
    PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1418 USGS cience for a changing world AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current- year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publica­ tions released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may be no longer available. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey Earth of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single Science Information Centers (ESIC's), all of which are authorized copies of Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis­ agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are ANCHORAGE, Alaska Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. obtainable by mail from LAKEWOOD, Colorado Federal Center, Bldg. 810 U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services MENLO PARK, California Bldg. 3, Rm.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambrian Ordovician
    Open File Report LXXVI the shale is also variously colored. Glauconite is generally abundant in the formation. The Eau Claire A Summary of the Stratigraphy of the increases in thickness southward in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan where it becomes much more Southern Peninsula of Michigan * dolomitic. by: The Dresbach sandstone is a fine to medium grained E. J. Baltrusaites, C. K. Clark, G. V. Cohee, R. P. Grant sandstone with well rounded and angular quartz grains. W. A. Kelly, K. K. Landes, G. D. Lindberg and R. B. Thin beds of argillaceous dolomite may occur locally in Newcombe of the Michigan Geological Society * the sandstone. It is about 100 feet thick in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan but is absent in Northern Indiana. The Franconia sandstone is a fine to medium grained Cambrian glauconitic and dolomitic sandstone. It is from 10 to 20 Cambrian rocks in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan feet thick where present in the Southern Peninsula. consist of sandstone, dolomite, and some shale. These * See last page rocks, Lake Superior sandstone, which are of Upper Cambrian age overlie pre-Cambrian rocks and are The Trempealeau is predominantly a buff to light brown divided into the Jacobsville sandstone overlain by the dolomite with a minor amount of sandy, glauconitic Munising. The Munising sandstone at the north is dolomite and dolomitic shale in the basal part. Zones of divided southward into the following formations in sandy dolomite are in the Trempealeau in addition to the ascending order: Mount Simon, Eau Claire, Dresbach basal part. A small amount of chert may be found in and Franconia sandstones overlain by the Trampealeau various places in the formation.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Exploring the Texture of Ocean-Atmosphere Redox Evolution on the Early Earth Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v96g1j5 Author Reinhard, Christopher Thomas Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Exploring the Texture of Ocean-Atmosphere Redox Evolution on the Early Earth A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geological Sciences by Christopher Thomas Reinhard September 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Timothy W. Lyons, Chairperson Dr. Gordon D. Love Dr. Nigel C. Hughes ! Copyright by Christopher Thomas Reinhard 2012 ! ! The Dissertation of Christopher Thomas Reinhard is approved: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It goes without saying (but I’ll say it anyway…) that things like this are never done in a vacuum. Not that I’ve invented cold fusion here, but it was quite a bit of work nonetheless and to say that my zest for the enterprise waned at times would be to put it euphemistically. As it happens, though, I’ve been fortunate enough to be surrounded these last years by an incredible group of people. To those that I consider scientific and professional mentors that have kept me interested, grounded, and challenged – most notably Tim Lyons, Rob Raiswell, Gordon Love, and Nigel Hughes – thank you for all that you do. I also owe Nigel and Mary Droser a particular debt of graditude for letting me flounder a bit my first year at UCR, being understanding and supportive, and encouraging me to start down the road to where I’ve ended up (for better or worse).
    [Show full text]
  • The Geology of the Middle Precambrian Rove Formation in Northeastern Minnesota
    MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 5 P -7 Special Publication Series The Geology of the Middle Precambrian Rove Formation in northeastern Minnesota G. B. Morey UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MINNEAPOLIS • 1969 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I THE GEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE PRECAMBRIAN ROVE FORMATION IN NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA by G. B. Morey CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................... 1 Introduction. 3 Location and scope of study. 3 Acknowledgements .. 3 Regional geology . 5 Structural geology . 8 Rock nomenclature . 8 Stratigraphy . .. 11 Introduction . .. 11 Nomenclature and correlation. .. 11 Type section . .. 11 Thickness . .. .. 14 Lower argillite unit. .. 16 Definition, distribution, and thickness. .. 16 Lithologic character . .. 16 Limestones. .. 17 Concretions. .. 17 Transition unit . .. 17 Definition, distribution, and thickness. .. 17 Lithologic character . .. 19 Thin-bedded graywacke unit . .. 19 Definition, distribution, and thickness. .. 19 Lithologic character. .. 20 Concretions ... .. 20 Sedimentary structures. .. 22 Internal bedding structures. .. 22 Structureless bedding . .. 23 Laminated bedding . .. 23 Graded bedding. .. 23 Cross-bedding . .. 25 Convolute bedding. .. 26 Internal bedding sequences . .. 26 Post-deposition soft sediment deformation structures. .. 27 Bed pull-aparts . .. 27 Clastic dikes . .. 27 Load pockets .. .. 28 Flame structures . .. 28 Overfolds . .. 28 Microfaults. .. 28 Ripple marks .................................. 28 Sole marks . .. 28 Groove casts . .. 30 Flute casts .
    [Show full text]
  • Project Report: the Siberian Traps and the End-Permian Mass Extinction
    Project Report: The Siberian Traps and the end-Permian mass extinction During the summer of 2008, I spent a month and a half in the field in Arctic Siberia. The eruption of the Siberian Traps ca. 252 million years ago was one of the greatest volcanic cataclysms in the geologic record, and may have been associated with the most severe biotic crisis since the Cambrian radiation. The remnants of this volcanism are exposed along the remote Kotuy River in Siberia (Figure 1). The causes of the end-Permian mass extinction, during which > 90% of marine species vanished forever, remain poorly understood. The apparently coincident eruption of the Siberian Traps large igneous province—which is one of the most voluminous continental flood basalt provinces in Phanerozoic time—has been widely invoked as a potential trigger mechanism for the mass extinction (e.g. Campbell et al., 1992). By traveling to the scene of this ancient eruption in Siberia, I hoped to gather clues to the character and possible environmental consequences of the eruption. I accompanied a small team of scientists from Russia and MIT, including my doctoral advisor (Linda Elkins-Tanton). The Siberian Traps are difficult to reach, and logistics were complex. As shown in Figure Figure 1. White star marks the approximate location of field work in the summer of 2008, along the Kotuy River in Siberia (71°54 N, 102° 7’ E). Figure 2. We used small water craft to navigate the Kotuy River and reach the Siberian Traps volcanic stratigraphy. The cliffs shown here are limestones from the underlying sedimentary sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Effects of Large Igneous Province Magmatism: a Siberian Perspective Benjamin A
    20 Environmental effects of large igneous province magmatism: a Siberian perspective benjamin a. black, jean-franc¸ois lamarque, christine shields, linda t. elkins-tanton and jeffrey t. kiehl 20.1 Introduction Even relatively small volcanic eruptions can have significant impacts on global climate. The eruption of El Chichón in 1982 involved only 0.38 km3 of magma (Varekamp et al., 1984); the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1993 involved 3–5km3 of magma (Westrich and Gerlach, 1992). Both these eruptions produced statistically significant climate signals lasting months to years. Over Earth’s his- tory, magmatism has occurred on vastly larger scales than those of the Pinatubo and El Chichón eruptions. Super-eruptions often expel thousands of cubic kilo- metres of material; large igneous provinces (LIPs) can encompass millions of cubic kilometres of magma. The environmental impact of such extraordinarily large volcanic events is controversial. In this work, we explore the unique aspects of LIP eruptions (with particular attention to the Siberian Traps), and the significance of these traits for climate and atmospheric chemistry during eruptive episodes. As defined by Bryan and Ernst (2008), LIPs host voluminous (> 100,000 km3) intraplate magmatism where the majority of the magmas are emplaced during short igneous pulses. The close temporal correlation between some LIP eruptions and mass extinction events has been taken as evidence supporting a causal relationship (Courtillot, 1994; Rampino and Stothers, 1988; Wignall, 2001); as geochronological data become increasingly precise, they have continued to indicate that this temporal association may rise above the level of coincidence (Blackburn et al., 2013). Several obstacles obscure the mechanisms that might link LIP magmatism with the degree of global environmental change sufficient to trigger mass extinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of Woodland Caribou to the Lake Superior Region
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 1994 Restoration of Woodland Caribou to the Lake Superior Region Peter J. P. Gogan Yellowstone National Park Jean Fitts Cochrane USFWS, Anchorage, AL Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Gogan, Peter J. P. and Cochrane, Jean Fitts, "Restoration of Woodland Caribou to the Lake Superior Region" (1994). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 11. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 9 Restoration of woodland caribou to the Lake Superior region PETER J. P. GOGAN AND JEAN FITTS COCHRANE Introduction Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) historically occupied the boreal forest zone across the North American continent. The distribution and abun­ dance of the species has declined in the past century. In particular, it has been extirpated from much of the southern limits of its historical range on both sides of the boundary between Canada and the United States (Bergerud 1974). Translocation of animals from extant populations may be used to reestablish populations in portions of the species' former range. Recently, wildlife biolo­ gists in Ontario have translocated woodland caribou to a number of sites in or adjacent to Lake Superior. While it is too soon to evaluate their long-term suc­ cess, these restoration efforts do provide useful insights into factors likely to influence the outcome of woodland caribou translocations elsewhere.
    [Show full text]