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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoob Rood Ann Arbor, Michigan 43106 73-20,3211 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that tha photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus causa a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. ■ m 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoob Rood Ann Arbor, Michigan 43106 73-20,3211 CHUNG, Pham Kim, 19tf3- MISSISSIPPIAN COLDWATER FORMATION OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN. Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1973 Geology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan MISSISSIPPIAN COLDWATER FORMATION OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN By Pham Kim Chung A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Geology 1973 ABSTRACT MISSISSIPPIAN COLDWATER FORMATION OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN By Pham Kim Chung The stratigraphic study of the Coldwater Formation (Early Mississippian) of Michigan has been undertaken with the objective to interpret the nature of lateral changes in lithology; to gather information adding to a better under­ standing of the direction, as well as the nature, of the source; to present a better picture of Early Mississippian paleogeography; and to relate facies to the implied sedi­ mentary environments and to Early Mississippian paleo- structural development. Detailed structure contour and isopach maps were constructed employing about 775 control wells. The con­ struction of cross-sections and lithofacies maps resulted from a microscopic observation of about 180 well cutting sets. The results show that the eastward thickening of the formation relates to the proximity of an eastern source and the subsidence of the major depositional center Pham Kim Chung in eastern Michigan. A secondary basin near the present center in central Southern Michigan is inferred to have effected the sedimentary conditions at time of the deposi­ tion. The Coldwater sediments are mostly marine. The eastern facies is sandy consisting of up to a maximum of 40 percent sandstone; the western facies consists of mostly shale and some impure carbonates. The X-ray dif­ fraction method was used to determine the clay mineral composition of the Coldwater sediments. Kaolinite, illite and chlorite mainly form the clay mineral suite, with a markedly higher proportion of kaolinite in the coarser elastics. The sediments were derived largely from the Laurentian Highlands. They were formed by a delta in the area of the Findlay Arch, and the Coldwater shale in Michigan is considered a pro-delta. The nearshore sea in eastern Michigan wan shallower ami Leas saline than in the offshore area in the west. The sourco area is believed to have consisted of granitic and/or gneissic rocks weathering under a warm climate and high rainfall. The Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian sediments in Michigan represent a succession of two transgressive- regressive "cycles"— the Antrim-Bedford-Berea cycle and the Sunbury-Coldwater-Marshall cycle— each characterized by a lower black shale unit followed by a gray shale and a sandstone. Coldwater deposition starts the regressive Pham Kim Chung phase in Michigan and is a prelude to active evolutionary changes in the Michigan Basin during the Marshall and up to at least Middle Mississippian (Meramecan) time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr, Chilton E. Prouty, who suggested the problem# gave invaluable advice and gave freely of his time for con­ sultation. Many thanks are extended to Professors A. T. Cross# M. M. Mortland and R. L. Anstey# other members of the guidance committee# for their suggestions and con­ structive criticism of the manuscript. Thanks are also offered to Mr. David Lietzke, Department of Soil Science# Michigan State University# who provided assistance in use of the X-ray diffractometer. The generous permission to use the X-ray equipment and laboratory facilities of the Department of Soil Science# Michigan State University, as granted by Dr. Mortland is sincerely appreciated. The writer is indebted to the Agency for Inter­ national Development# Washington# D.C., for scholarship support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................... ii LIST OF TABLES........................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ vi INTRODUCTION .................. ....................... 1 Scope and Purpose .............................. 1 Previous W o r k ................................. 1 Methods of Investigation....................... 4 TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN ..... 6 Regional Setting of the Michigan Basin . 6 Intrabasinal Structures ........................ 10 Structure of the Michigan Basin During Cold- water Deposition.............................. 12 STRATIGRAPHY ....................... 17 Introduction..................................... 17 Vertical Relationship of the Coldwater F o r m a t i o n ..................................... 24 Problems of Nomenclature and Correlation . 26 Description of the Coldwater Formation . 36 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION ........................... 91 PALEOGEOGRAPHY............................................ 99 General Setting. ........................... 99 Paleogeography During Deposition of the Antrim, Bedford and Berea Formations . 100 Paleogeography During Deposition of the Cold- water Formation .................................. 103 CYCLIC SEDIMENTATION OF UPPER DEVONIAN AND LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN ROCKS IN MICHIGNA .................... 109 Antrim-Bedford-Berea Sequence ................. 109 Sunbury-Coldwater-Marshall Sequence .... Ill Page Time-Stratigraphic Correlations.... ............ 117 CONCLUSIONS.......................................... 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................. 122 APPENDICIES................... 130 Appendix I— Statistical Analysis..... 131 Appendix II— List of Well Samples Used for Lithofacies M a p s ............. ... 134 Appendix III— List of Wells Used for Isopach and Structure Contour Maps . 140 iv LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1. Chart Showing Stratigraphic Names Applied to the Post-Berea Lower Mississippian Rocks . 30 2. Regional Correlation C h a r t ................... 34 3. List of Well Samples Used for X-ray Experiments. 74 4. Flow-sheet of X-ray P r o c e d u r e ................ 76 5. X-ray Diffraction Data for Clay Minerals (Different Treatments) ...................... 78 6 . X-ray Diffraction for Clay Minerals and Quartz . 78 7. Illite/Kaolinite + Chlorite and Chlorite/ Kaolinite + chlorite Ratios ................. 85 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Major Structural Trends— Michigan Basin and Environs ..................................... 7 2. Major Fold Axes— Southern Michigan .... 9 3. Structure Contour Map at Base of Coldwater F o r m a t i o n ................ 13 4. Isopach Map of the Coldwater Formation . 15 5. Bedrocks of Southern Michigan .................. 18 6 . Stratigraphic Succession in Michigan. 20 7. Stratigraphic Cross-section AA* .............. 41 8 . Stratigraphic Cross-section BB* .............. 42 9. Stratigraphic Cross-section CC' .............. 43 10. Cross-section D D * ............................... 44 11. Michigan Coldwater Formation: Sand Percentage..................................... 46 12. Michigan Coldwater Formation: Clastic Percentage..................................... 48 13. Michigan Coldwater Formation: Shale Color. 50 14. Michigan Coldwater Formation: Red Rock Facies 51 15. "Standard Section" of Eastern Coldwater. - . 67 16. Aeral Distribution of the "Richmondville" Sand........................................... 70 17. X-ray Diffractogram— Sample 8A ................. 80 18. X-ray Diffractogram— Sample 4B................. 81 19. X-ray Dif fractogram— Sample 1 0 C .............. 82 20. Illite / Kaolinite + Chlorite Ratio (Lower T h i r d ) ........................................ 86 21. Illite / Kaolinite + Chlorite Ratio
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