Publication 38. Geological Series 32 OIL and GAS FIELDS of MICHIGAN
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STATE OF MICHIGAN CHAPTER IV. Historical Geology ................................37 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION Difficulties in tracing the evolution of the synclinal George E. Hogarth, Director basin.............................................................................37 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Paleozoic Era ...............................................................37 R. A. Smith, State Geologist Cambrian Period.................................................... 37 Lake Superior Time....................................................37 Publication 38. Geological Series 32 Ordovician Period .................................................. 37 OIL AND GAS FIELDS OF MICHIGAN Ozarkian Time............................................................37 Canadian Time...........................................................37 A DISCUSSION OF DEPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL St. Peter Time ............................................................37 FEATURES OF THE MICHIGAN BASIN Trenton-Black River Time ..........................................38 Decorah Time.............................................................38 BY ROBERT B. NEWCOMBE Cincinnatian Time ......................................................38 Silurian Period ....................................................... 38 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE Cataract Time.............................................................38 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF Niagaran Time............................................................38 PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Monroe-Salina Time...................................................39 Bass Island Time........................................................40 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION FOR 1932 Devonian Period .................................................... 40 Sylvania Time.............................................................40 COPYRIGHT, 1933, Detroit River Time ......................................................41 BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT OF Dundee Time..............................................................42 CONSERVATION. Traverse Time............................................................42 FRANKLIN DEKLEINE COMPANY Antrim Time................................................................44 PRINTERS AND BINDERS, LANSING Mississippian Period.............................................. 45 1933 Ellsworth-Bedford-Berea Time ...................................45 Coldwater Time..........................................................46 Marshall Time.............................................................47 Contents Grand Rapids Time....................................................48 Pennsylvanian Period............................................ 50 Letter of Transmittal, R. A. Smith .................................. 3 Parma Time ...............................................................50 Saginaw Time ............................................................50 Outline of report .............................................................. 4 "Permo-Carboniferous” (?) Period......................... 50 CHAPTER I. Introduction............................................... 6 “Red Beds” Time........................................................50 Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.......................................51 Reasons for the report................................................... 6 Tertiary Period ....................................................... 51 Nature of the report ....................................................... 6 Physiographic history of Lower Michigan ...................51 Sources of the data ....................................................... 7 Quaternary Era.............................................................52 Limitations of the graphic material................................. 7 Pleistocene Period................................................. 52 Acknowledgments ......................................................... 7 CHAPTER V. Structural Geology.................................53 General Description of the Michigan Basin ................... 8 Distribution of surface rocks.........................................53 Area comprising the Michigan Basin province.........8 Peculiarities of the area ...........................................9 Cross sections..............................................................54 Historical discussion ................................................9 Regional structure ........................................................55 CHAPTER II. Geography.............................................. 11 Periods of folding .........................................................56 Disconformities.............................................................56 Physiography............................................................... 11 Niagara-Salina break............................................. 56 General features ....................................................11 Bass Island-Sylvania break ................................... 57 Topography............................................................12 Detroit River-Dundee break................................... 57 Drainage ................................................................12 Dundee-Traverse break......................................... 57 Lake basins............................................................13 Traverse-Antrim break........................................... 57 CHAPTER III. Descriptive Geology............................. 14 Berea-Coldwater break.......................................... 57 Crystalline rocks .......................................................... 14 Marshall-Grand Rapids break ............................... 58 Sedimentary rocks....................................................... 15 Grand Rapids-Parma break................................... 58 Cambrian ...............................................................15 CHAPTER VI. Theory of Origin and Growth of the Ordovician..............................................................17 Michigan Basin...............................................................58 Silurian ...................................................................19 General structural features...........................................59 Devonian................................................................22 Origin of the synclinal basin .........................................59 Mississippian..........................................................26 Pennsylvanian........................................................31 Folding in the synclinal basin .......................................63 “Permo-Carboniferous” (?).....................................32 Controlling features of the folding.......................... 63 Pleistocene ............................................................33 Secondary causes of folding........................................64 Publication 38, Geological Series 32 / Part I – Page 1 of 72 Deep seated faulting ..................................................64 Figure 15. Contour map showing the thickness of the Berea- Vertical compaction ....................................................65 Bedford (and Ellsworth) formations in the southern Solution ......................................................................65 peninsula of Michigan. ...................................................46 Alinement of folds ..................................................65 Figure 16. Contour map showing the thickness of the Modifying structural factors.......................................... 66 Coldwater-Sunbury formations in the southern peninsula Faulting ..................................................................66 of Michigan.....................................................................47 Solution ..................................................................66 Figure 17. Diagrammatic sketch of the westward Marshall Expansion ..............................................................66 overlap. ..........................................................................48 Reefs......................................................................67 Persistence of structural trend lines ............................ 67 Figure 18. Contour map showing the thickness of the Marshall formation in the southern peninsula of Michigan. ...........50 Angularity of shore features...................................67 Elongation of lakes fringing Lake Michigan shore .68 Figure 19. Contour map showing the thickness of the Grand Drainage network pattern ......................................68 Rapids series in the southern peninsula of Michigan. ....50 Glacial features ......................................................68 Figure 20. Generalized longitudinal cross section (A-A’) of the Physiographical features of the bedrock surface...68 Michigan synclinal basin.................................................55 Mining districts of Northern Michigan.....................69 Figure 21. Generalized transverse cross section (B-B’) of the Hinge lines of post-glacial uplift .............................69 Michigan synclinal basin.................................................55 Summary and Conclusions.......................................... 69 Figure 22. Diagrammatic sketch of the Middle Devonian Unconformity in Western Michigan.................................57 Illustrations Figure 23.