Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Governor Department of Natural Resources Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director Division of Water Aquifer Systems Map 46-B BEDROCK AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF KOSCIUSKO COUNTY, INDIANA

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The occurrence of bedrock aquifers depends on the original composition of the rocks and Devonian and Mississippian -- Coldwater, Ellsworth and Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System subsequent changes which influence the hydraulic properties. Post-depositional Antrim Shales Aquifer System processes which promote jointing, fracturing, and solution activity of exposed bedrock generally increase the hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of the upper portion of bedrock aquifer systems. Because permeability in many places is greatest near the In Kosciusko County only the Antrim Shale and Ellsworth Shale subcrop in the The Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System subcrops throughout most of the bedrock surface, bedrock units within the upper 100 feet are commonly the most Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer System. The Antrim Shale in Indiana is southern half of Kosciusko County. The aquifer system in this county consists primarily productive aquifers. typically described as brownish-black shale and the Ellsworth is described as greenish- of Silurian age carbonates of the Wabash Group and middle Devonian age carbonates of gray shale. These shales are commonly considered an aquitard: therefore, the system is the Muscatatuck Group. Total thickness of this aquifer system exceeds 900 feet in The bedrock aquifer systems in Kosciusko County are overlain by unconsolidated an extremely limited ground-water resource. However, in some places the lower portion places. deposits of varying thickness, ranging from 150 to more than 350 feet. Most of the of the aquifer unit may contain some limestone. bedrock aquifers, therefore, are under confined conditions. In other words, the Due to the availability of the overlying unconsolidated resources very few wells have potentiometric surface (water level) in most wells completed in bedrock rises above the The subcrop area for this system is present primarily in the northern half of Kosciusko been completed in the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System. Reported top of the water-bearing formation. County and is generally less than 125 feet thick. Depth to bedrock ranges from around domestic wells utilizing this system in Kosciusko County have depths ranging from 277 180 to more than 300 feet. to 504 feet deep. The amount of rock penetrated in this system varies from 3 to 127 feet. The yield of a bedrock aquifer depends on its hydraulic characteristics and the nature of Domestic well yields range from 12 to 60 gpm. Static water levels are between 22 to 80 the overlying deposits. Shale and glacial till act as aquitards, restricting recharge to Due to the availability of ground water in the overlying unconsolidated aquifers very few feet below the land surface. There are 2 registered significant ground-water withdrawal underlying bedrock aquifers. However, fracturing and/or jointing may occur in aquitards, wells have been completed in the Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer facilities (4 wells). Reported yields from the individual wells are 50 to 70 gpm. Refer to which can increase recharge to the underlying aquifers. Hydraulic properties of the System in Kosciusko County. However, a few domestic wells have been reported. Total the table for details on the wells and to the map for facility locations. In Kosciusko bedrock aquifers are highly variable. depths of domestic wells completed in this system range from 240 to 315 feet with County the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System has a low susceptibility to penetration into bedrock generally less than 100 feet. Reported yields are less than 10 surface contamination because thick clay deposits overlie the system. The susceptibility of bedrock aquifer systems to surface contamination is largely gallons per minute (gpm). dependent on the type and thickness of the overlying sediments. Because the bedrock aquifer systems have complex fracturing systems, once a contaminant has been Because the permeability of shale materials is considered low and the overlying introduced into a bedrock aquifer system, it will be difficult to track and remediate. unconsolidated deposits are thick, susceptibility to contamination introduced at or near the surface is low. Two bedrock aquifer systems are identified for Kosciusko County. They are, from younger to older: the Devonian and Mississippian Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales; and the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates.

Location Map

EXPLANATION Registered Significant Ground- Water Withdrawal Facility

Stream Royal Center Fault County Road

1 0.5 0 1 Mile State Road & US Highway

Municipal Boundary

1 0.5 0 1 Kilometer State Managed Property

Lake & River

This map was created from several existing shapefiles. Township and Range Lines of Map Use and Disclaimer Statement Indiana (line shapefile, 20020621), Land Survey Lines of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621) and County Boundaries of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), were all Bedrock Aquifer Systems of Kosciusko County, Indiana We request that the following agency be acknowledged in products derived from the Indiana Geological Survey and based on a 1:24,000 scale, except the Bedrock from this map: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Geology of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020318), which was at a 1:500,000 scale. Map generated by Scott H. Dean and Glenn E. Grove Draft road shapefiles, System1 and System2 (line shapefiles, 2003), were from the by IDNR, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section This map was compiled by staff of the Indiana Department of Natural Indiana Department of Transportation and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Populated Areas in Resources, Division of Water using data believed to be reasonably accurate. Indiana 2000 (polygon shapefile, 20021000) was from the U.S. Census Bureau and based Glenn E. Grove However, a degree of error is inherent in all maps. This product is distributed on a 1:100,000 scale. Streams27 (line shapefile, 20000420 was from the Center for Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section “as is” without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. This map Advanced Applications in GIS at Purdue University. Structural Features of Indiana (line is intended for use only at the published scale. shapefile, 20020718) was from the Indiana Geological Survey and based on various April 2008 scales. Managed Areas 96 (polygon shapefile, various dates) was from IDNR.