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June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments

B.8 Geologic maps and stratigraphic cross sections of the local and regional .

B.8.1 Regional Geology

B.8.1.1 General History of the Basin

The is an intracratonic basin that occupies an area of about 80,000mi2 (Catacosinos et al., 1991) (Figure B.8-1). The basin is nearly circular and was created by four different styles of subsidence: trough-shaped, regional tilting, narrow basin- centered and broad basin-centered (Howell and van der Pluijm, 1999). The basin is centered on Michigan’s southern peninsula and is generally separated from other nearby basins by major arches. The basin is characterized structurally by several Paleozoic anticlines that trend northwest-southeast, which some authors (e.g., Wood and Harrison, 2002) present in association with basement faults or lineaments.

The Michigan Basin contains as much as 16,000 feet of sedimentary rock, covered by up to 1,200 feet of -age glacial drift (Catacosinos et al., 1991). Figure B.8-2 is a Geologic Map of Michigan, showing the subcrop configuration of strata in the Michigan Basin. The basement underlying the Michigan Basin is part of the Superior Province, and is approximately 1.2 to 1.5 billion years old. About 5,000 feet of thickened Precambrian-age sedimentary rock occurs above basement along a north- south trending linear trend associated with a gravity anomaly that has been interpreted by Catacosinos, et al. (1991) and others to be a portion of a buried ancient rift system. Adjacent to this trend, rocks occur above the crystalline Precambrian basement, as is the case at the Autumn Hills RDF site (referred hereafter as the Site).

A gradual marine transgression occurred through the Late Cambrian. Late Cambrian deposits including the Mt. Simon Sandstone, , Galesville (Dresbach) Sandstone, and are probably marine in origin, with the source of sedimentary material originating from northeast. By the end of the Cambrian Period, most of the was under water. This circumstance continued through the in the Michigan Basin area. Cambrian-Lower Ordovician units were deposited within a northerly transgressing epicontinental sea; the units are predominantly siliciclastic and can be over 4,500 feet thick in the center of the basin.

The Lower Ordovician Trempealeau Formation and Prairie du Chien Group were also generally deposited in a marine environment. A minor regression preceded the deposition of the onshore/nearshore St. Peter Sandstone. Deposition of the offshore marine and carbonates of the Trenton and Black River Formations was followed by another regression, with an accompanying . The late Ordovician Richmond Group, which includes the , is composed of shale deposited in a deep water environment.

B.8-1 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments During the , the Michigan Basin was an interior sea surrounded by low-lying land areas that partially isolated the sea from other bodies of water. In the absence of a significant nearby source of clastic material, the main deposits of the Silurian were evaporite and reef deposits. The Middle Silurian Niagara Formation was deposited throughout the lower peninsula of Michigan, and is composed of carbonate reef deposits. Progressive isolation of the Basin with respect to water influx is evidenced by deposition of the , which contains evaporates including anhydrite and halite that were deposited in the relatively restricted inland sea. During the Silurian, over 3,000 feet of sediment was deposited in the center of the Michigan Basin.

The base of the Period is represented by an unconformity as the seas regressed and land emerged, which was followed by transgression and subsequent deposition of carbonate-rich sequences through the early and middle Devonian. The Devonian consists of carbonates and evaporites, with some shale. The Dundee Formation, which consists of carbonates, was deposited after the Detroit River Group. During the Late Devonian, uplift in the Appalachian Region to the east provided a siliclastic sediment source and subsequent deposition of shale-rich sequences including the shale of the Antrim Formation, Ellsworth Formations and Coldwater Formations.

Devonian rocks are capped by the deposition of predominantly siliciclastic units during the Mississippian and periods. Depositional environments found during this time period include marine, coastal, and terrestrial environments, and represent a return to continental systems. Terrigenous “Red Beds” are present in the center of the Basin (Catacosinos, et al., 1991).

B.8.1.2 Regional Structural Geology

The Autumn Hills RDF is located on the southwestern flank of the Michigan Basin as illustrated by the Geological Map of Michigan, shown in Figure B.8-2. The Michigan Basin resulted from epeirogenic down warping during the Paleozoic Era, and subsidence of the basin controlled the deposition of sedimentary units during the Paleozoic. Each Paleozoic unit dips toward the center of the basin, and also generally thickens basinward. The basin extends into northwest and northeast and covers all of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The structural axis of the Findlay Arch is southeast of the Basin and the axis of the Kankakee Arch is to the southwest. Regional dip in the Site vicinity is to the northeast at 40 to 60 feet per mile.

Catacosinos et al. (1991) states that at least “three structural platforms” were present in the Michigan Basin that differentially affected isopach and facies relationships within stratigraphic units. These platforms were located in the southeastern, northeastern, and southwestern portions of the Basin. Structural features present in the Basin were characterized by northwest-southeast trending features that Catacosinos indicates some authors believe are the result of vertical tectonics, possibly anticlines and/or horst and graben sequences. Catacosinos states that “almost all the faulting in the Precambrian tends to die out upwards and that only a few of the largest faults extend

B.8-2 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments through the Middle Devonian Section. Faulting across the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity has not yet been reported.”

According to Catacosinos et al. (1991), during Late Precambrian time rifting occurred across the midcontinent, as evidenced by a rift zone in Michigan Basin basement rocks. Rifting was followed by thermal subsidence creating a “sag basin” in the late Cambrian. Basin subsidence began during the early Ordovician with concurrent deposition of thick stratigraphic sequences. The current northwest-southeast structural grain apparent in regional structural maps (e.g., Figure B.8-3) was imposed in late Mississippian to Pennsylvanian “possibly as the result of flexural foreland subsidence in response to the Alleghenian-Hercynian Orogeny…” (Catacosinos et al., 1991).

Milstein (1989) states that the distribution of Cambrian strata indicates “successively younger beds overlap to lie directly on the Precambrian…This suggests that the regional configuration of the Precambrian surface, during Cambrian times, was similar to its present shape”. Milstein (1989) also suggests that isopachous variations in overlying Cambrian units reflect irregularities on the Precambrian surface: “prominent Precambrian features like the Washtenawa Anticlinorium in southeastern Michigan, and the Bowling Green Fault located along the Leawee and Monroe County boundary, are both reflected in the Cambrian sediments.”

Wood and Harrison (2002) explored the occurrence and expression of faults within the Michigan Basin through mapping of post-Silurian sediments. They concluded that the “Michigan Basin is cut by numerous (12+) major faults lying below the glacial drift and below the topmost Jurassic sediments”. The lineations generally trend northwest- southeast (Figure B.8-3). These lineations are dominant features of the subsurface topography and are well documented, occurring as structural features expressed in units from at least the Late Devonian (Dundee time) to the Mississippian. Wood and Harrison (2002) state “These faults carve out [a] large depression in the Central Michigan Basin and appear to be responsible for shallow anticlines that hold or held a significant portion of the hydrocarbons in the Michigan Basin”. The origin of these faults was attributed to deep-seated normal basement faults “rooted in the Precambrian rift sequence”. Figure B.8-3 presents the location of these northwest-southeast trending features (Dundee Lineaments) presumably associated with basement faults. Faults are not projected in the vicinity of the Site AOR.

B.8.1.3 Regional Stratigraphy

Figure B.7-1 presents the stratigraphic column for Michigan. Figures B.8-4 and B.8-5 are regional cross sections available from the literature, and show regional stratigraphic continuity and geologic structure across the southwestern portion of the Michigan Basin.

B.8-3 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments B.8.1.3.1 Precambrian (Lower Confining Zone)

The Precambrian crystalline basement is described as primarily metasedimentary gneiss (mafic and felsic) formed by the metamorphism of igneous rock as well as , sandstones, carbonate and iron formations. Igneous intrusions may also occur within these units. The Precambrian basement is estimated to occur at approximately 6,600 feet below ground surface (ft BGS), or approximately 5,900 feet below mean sea level (ft BMSL) at the Site (Figure B.8-6), and serves as the lower Confining Zone. Based on the regional structural contour map presented in Figure B.8-6, the depth to the Precambrian is approximately 5,840 feet BMSL, however based on more recent data analysis from nearby wells, projected depth to the Precambrian basement is slightly lower in elevation, which is detailed further in Section B.8.2.2.1. In southwest Michigan near the Site, the Precambrian dips at approximately 50-60 feet per mile to the northeast, toward the center of the Michigan Basin and may occur at least 14,000 feet or more below ground surface near the basin center.

B.8.1.3.2 Cambrian and Lower Ordovician Systems (Injection Interval and Injection Zone)

The Cambrian is composed of the Mt. Simon Sandstone and the Munising Group that includes the Eau Claire Formation, Galesville (Dresbach) Sandstone, and the Franconia Formation. The Trempealeau Formation and Prairie du Chien Group are Lower Ordovician in age. The Mt. Simon, Eau Claire, Galesville (Dresbach), Franconia, Trempealeau Formations and Prairie du Chien Group are included in the injection zone. The Mt. Simon is the injection interval.

Units from the Franconia to the top of the Mt. Simon comprise the Munising Group, although various authors have also included the Mt. Simon in the Munising Group. For the purposes of this report, the Munising Group is assumed to consist of the Mt. Simon, Eau Claire, Dresbach, and Franconia Formations.

Mt. Simon Sandstone (Injection Interval)

The (Mt. Simon) is a massive sandstone that is present in the subsurface throughout much of Ohio, Indiana, , and the lower peninsula of Michigan. Figure B.8-7 is an isopach of the Mt. Simon in the Michigan Basin, and Figure B.8-8 is a structure contour map constructed at the top of the Mt. Simon. The Mt. Simon is thickest within the central portions of the Basin, and reaches a thickness of approximately 1,240 feet in the Gratiot County region. The Mt. Simon thins dramatically to the east side of the state, but thickens again in the southwestern portion of the State in Berrien County toward the .

In the southern peninsula of Michigan, the Mt. Simon typically lies unconformably above the Precambrian Crystalline Basement Complex and is projected to occur at approximately 5,578 feet BGL (or 4,875 feet BMSL) at the Site. Western Michigan University (WMU) (1981) indicates that the Mt. Simon varies in thickness from 100 feet

B.8-4 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments to over 1,000 feet thick in the lower Peninsula of Michigan (Figure B.8-7), and also subcrops with the Munising Group in the Upper Peninsula. While the regional isopach map indicates a Mt. Simon thickness of approximately 900 feet, more recent data analysis from nearby wells indicates that the Mt. Simon is approximately 1,000 feet thick in the Site area (detailed in Section B.8.2.2.2).

The Mt. Simon is described as a subrounded to rounded quartzitic sandstone that is generally fine to coarse grained and well sorted. It is pink to red, with a greater abundance of feldspar at the base of the unit. WMU (1981) states that “glauconite, anhydrite, and green shale are present in minor amounts with local dolomite cement”. Barnes et al. (2009) indicate that the Mt. Simon is composed of three basic units: a basal arkosic unit, a middle quartz arenite-glauconite unit, and an upper shale-rich unit that grades conformably into the Eau Claire Formation. Some authors and wellsite geologists may have attributed basal pre-Mt. Simon sediments to be part of the basal arkosic Mt. Simon unit.

Regional porosity development is generally related to the burial depth, with better porosity developed in areas with less overburden (Barnes et al. 2009). State-wide, literature has generally indicated that Mt. Simon porosity typically ranges from 4-20% and may also vary laterally where sandstones grade into more shale or carbonate-rich facies.

The Mt. Simon is a common target for fluid injection, and is under scrutiny as a potential target for CO2 sequestration. WMU (1981) states that with respect to the Mt. Simon as a whole, regionally the “the permeable Cambrian quartz sandstone, siltstone, and arenaceous dolomite suitable for fluid injection comprise about 27% of the stratigraphic column”. Barnes et al. (2009) conclude that “The Mount Simon Sandstone in Michigan is an important saline reservoir target for geological sequestration of CO2 in Michigan”. Various authors have concluded that the Mt. Simon has both the capacity to accept injectate and has “cap rocks” suitable to arrest vertical fluid migration.

Eau Claire Formation

The Eau Claire Formation (Eau Claire) occurs conformably above the Mt. Simon in the southern peninsula of Michigan, and consists of interbedded sandstones, siltstones, and shales may also include thinly bedded dolomites (Milstein, 1989). It is described as appearing similar to the Mt. Simon, particularly in lower portions where the two units are conformable and the contact is therefore somewhat gradational. In the center of the Michigan Basin, the Eau Claire is composed of up to 100% shale and dense siltstone (UIPC, 1989), with the proportion of shale in the formation decreasing toward the basin margins.

The thickness of the Eau Claire varies considerably within the Michigan Basin. WMU (1981), states that the Eau Claire ranges from 0-1,500 feet thick in the Michigan Basin, with the thickest deposits occurring in the central portion of the Basin. Milstein (1989) believes there to be about 800 feet of Eau Claire in the central portion of the basin.

B.8-5 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Milstein (1989) mapped the Eau Claire showing a maximum thickness of over 800 feet near the central basin and thinning to less than 100 feet along the eastern margin of the state (Figure B.8-9). The Eau Claire is mapped by Milstein (1989, Figure B.8-9) as being approximately 300 feet thick at the Site. More recent data analysis from nearby wells indicates that the Eau Claire is approximately 200 feet thick in the Site area (detailed further in Section B.8.2.2.2).

The top of the Eau Claire occurs at about 4,600 feet BMSL (Figure B.8-10) in southern portions of Ottawa County near the Site area, and dips to the northeast, reaching a maximum depth of over 13,000 feet in the center of the Michigan Basin. Local data analysis from nearby wells indicates that the actual top of the Eau Claire occurs at approximately 4,670 feet BMSL (detailed further in Section B.8.2.2.2). While the Eau Claire is included in the Injection Zone, shale rich layers of this approximately 200 feet thick sequence provide significant barriers to vertical fluid movement from the Mt. Simon and local well data confirms that it tends to serve as an aquiclude.

Galesville (Dresbach) Sandstone and Franconia Formation

The Galesville (Dresbach) Sandstone is also thickest in the central portion of the Michigan Basin, reaching its greatest thickness of over 600 feet in Gladwin County. It is approximately 100-200 feet thick in southwest Michigan and is approximately 145 feet thick in the Site area. The Dresbach generally thickens to the northeast in the Michigan Basin, as seen in Figure B.8-11 that presents a regional isopach map of the Galesville/Dresbach. While the regional isopach map indicates a thickness of approximately 100 feet near the Site area, more recent data analysis from nearby wells indicates an estimated thickness of approximately 145 feet (further detailed in Section B.8.2.2.2). The Galesville is described as medium grained silica-cemented sandstone that may have glauconite and dolomite, with some siltstone and shaley units present locally.

The Franconia Formation includes “a wide array of glauconitic dolomitic sandstone, shale, and sandy dolomite” that is sometimes indistinguishable from the underlying . Milstein (1989) states that the Franconia is composed of a light pink to gray quartz sandstone that contains pyrite and abundant glauconite, but can be readily identified by gamma ray log. The Franconia has a maximum thickness of about 800 feet, and is estimated to be approximately 120 to 140 feet thick in the Site area based on analysis of nearby wells that is further detailed in Section B.8.2.2.2.

Trempealeau Formation

The Trempealeau Formation is Lower Ordovician in age and is a buff to light brown dolomite that can be sandy, shaley, and cherty, with some glauconite. Literature suggests that the formation is likely composed (from the top down) of the St. Lawrence, Lodi, and Jordan members (WMU, 1981). The St. Lawrence member is a sandy dolomite with dolomitic shales. The Lodi is a sandy dolomite with interbedded stringers of shale and sandstone, while the is fine grained quartz sandstone to

B.8-6 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments sandy dolomite. This formation represents a transition between underlying sand-rich units and overlying carbonate rich intervals. Figure B.8-12 presents a regional isopach map of the Trempealeau Formation, and Figure B.8-13 presents a regional structural contour map. The Trempealeau Formation is approximately 200 feet thick below the Site area, and is more than 900 feet thick in the center of the Michigan Basin.

Prairie du Chien Group

The Prairie du Chien Group is Lower Ordovician in age, and consists of various layers primarily comprised of gray, sandy dolomite and dolomitic sandstone and includes the Shakopee [Foster] Formation as well as other major units identified by WMU (1981) as the , New Richmond Sandstone, and . WMU (1981) states that in the subsurface “the entire Prairie du Chien Group has characteristics similar to dolomite”, and indicates that in some areas (near subcrop) the Prairie du Chien is porous. Smith, et al. (1993) described the Prairie du Chien Group as carbonate-dominated mixed carbonate siliciclastic sediments “deposited in and adjacent to shallow tropical seas that flooded most of the central North American craton during the Early Ordovician…[and] consists of sandy, silty and relatively pure dolomites and minor quartzarenites that underwent intermittent reworking by waves and unidirectional currents”. Smith et al. (1993) also state that “In the subsurface of the Michigan basin, dolomites of the Oneota Formation overlie silty-glauconitic dolomites of presumed Trempealeauan age, and are overlain by silty-sandy dolomites and dolomitic siltstone of the basal Shakopee [Foster] Formation”. The Shakopee is heterogeneous and consists of interbedded silty and sandy dolomites, with dolomitic siltstones, sandstones and shales. In the central Michigan Basin, Smith et al. (1993) state that the Shakopee is overlain by shales of varying thickness, that in turn are overlain by the St. Peter Sandstone.

The contact between the Prairie du Chien and overlying units is unconformable in many locations. WMU (1981) indicates that the Prairie du Chien is overlain by the Post Knox Unconformity. Milstein (1984) also identified a “Zone of Unconformity” which occurs above the Prairie du Chien, but this interval is not present in Ottawa and Allegan counties. Sandstone intervals above the Prairie du Chien (e.g., St. Peter Sandstone) are discussed by some authors as part of the Prairie du Chien Group. However, since the sandstone sequences are not present in the Site area, the Prairie du Chien only includes the carbonate sequences for the purposes of this permit. The Prairie du Chien of Michigan is generally represented by this same name in Illinois, , and Indiana, and it is equivalent to the upper part of the undifferentiated of Ohio and to the Beekmantown Dolomite, the Gunter Sandstone, the Gasconade Dolomite, the Roubidoux Formation, the Jefferson City Dolomite, and the Cotter Dolomite of .

Milstein (1983) mapped the Prairie du Chien as about 550 feet thick in the Site area. Figure B.8-14 presents this regional isopach map of the Prairie du Chien Group, and Figure B.8-15 presents a regional structural contour map. The Prairie du Chien is a gas producer in limited portions of the central Michigan Basin, with the deepest of these

B.8-7 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments producing from wells more than 10,000 feet below ground surface. No production was identified in the Site area from this formation. Based on more recent data analysis from nearby wells, the Prairie du Chien is estimated to be approximately 550 to 560 feet thick and estimated to occur at approximately 4,338 feet BGS, or 3,635 feet BMSL (further detailed in Section B.8.2.2.3).

B.8.1.3.3 Middle and Upper Ordovician Units (Injection Zone and Upper Confining Zone)

St. Peter Sandstone/

The St. Peter Sandstone occurs unconformably above the Prairie du Chien, and is present in northern portions of the Michigan Basin. The St. Peter is mapped as absent in southern Michigan.

St. Peter/Glenwood can be a prolific oil producer in isolated areas of Michigan as indicated by Nadon, et al. (2000), who indicates that the “St. Peter-Glenwood interval contains numerous carbonate units that provide the basis for both regional correlation and subdivision of the section into at least 20 high-frequency sequences...the facies distribution of this mixed clastic/carbonate system also documents significant changes of local and regional tectonics.”

The is dolomitic and sandy shale that occurs in the northwestern portion of the Michigan Basin. It thins to the east and is a greenish-grey shale in central Michigan. It is persistent and mappable throughout the Basin but typically is no greater than 20 feet thick. WMU (1981) suggests that this unit may serve as a Confining Zone, as it is “thought to be a barrier to the movement of hydrocarbons from the into the underlying Prairie du Chien and Cambrian units”.

Black River/Trenton Groups

The is composed of thick, undifferentiated dense brown/grey micritic with cherty intervals and an altered volcanic ash layer called the Black River Shale. This shale is a thick yet distinctive bed, of limited extent, occurring in southern Michigan. Near outcrop, the Black River Formation may produce water from solution joints/fractures, but is “quite impermeable except where it has been dolomitized” in areas away from subcrop (WMU, 1981). The consists of several hundred feet of light brown to brown . It is 200-450 feet thick across the Michigan Basin. WMU (1981) states that “although the Trenton limestones are relatively impermeable, the possible presence of fractures and dolomitized zones could preclude its use as confining layer”. The principle porosity zones are in areas of dolomitization. The Black River Formation is estimated to be approximately 185 feet thick and the Trenton Formation is estimated to be approximately 300 feet thick at the Site area based on nearby well log data. Cohee (1945) indicates that the combined thickness of the Trenton-Black River is approximately 400-500 feet thick in southern Ottawa County.

B.8-8 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments

Richmond Group/Utica Shale (Upper Confining Zone)

The Richmond Group unconformably overlies the Trenton and Black River Formation. Regionally, it contains the and Utica Shale. The Collingwood can also be a shaley limestone but the formation is not reported to be present in southern portions of the State. The Trenton-Richmond Group (i.e., Utica Shale) stratigraphic boundary is “a widely recognized and traceable stratigraphic boundary throughout the basin, well-marked on both petrophysical and lithologic logs and also visible seismically. It is commonly used as a datum for structure contour maps and is assumed to be a chronostratigraphic surface” (WMU, 1981). Note that various authors disagree whether the Trenton-Utica contact is conformable.

The Utica Shale is upper Ordovician in age and records the influx of argillaceous mud into the depositional system. As a result, the Utica is a hard, dark gray to greenish black calcareous shale that is present throughout the Michigan Basin (WMU, 1981). Thickness varies from 150 to 400 feet thick (Figure B.8-16), and it is approximately 200 thick in the Site area. WMU (1981) states that “the very low permeability of this rather thick shale coupled with the fact that it forms the seal on known hydrocarbon traps indicates that it is an excellent confining layer”. Figure B.8-17 is a structure contour map constructed at the top of the Utica Shale. The Utica Shale is the Upper Confining Zone.

At the top part of the Richmond Group is the Cincinnatian Formation. This formation consists of interbedded shales and carbonates. At the Site, the Cincinnatian is over 200 feet thick.

Clinton-Cataract Group

The Clinton-Cataract Group occurs atop the Richmond Group, and consists of the upper and lower . The Cabot Head is composed of shale. The Manitoulin is buff to light brown dolomite, locally cherty with interbedded shale or shaley dolomite (Ells, 1967). In the Site area, the Clinton-Cincinnatian sequence is approximately 90 feet thick based on nearby geologic data.

B.8.1.3.4 Silurian Units

Silurian units occur throughout Michigan and specifically in the Site area. The presence of low permeability units like shales and salts within the Silurian serve to impede vertical fluid movement.

Niagara

Matzkanin, et al. (1977) summarized the geology of the Niagara, stating “Niagara rocks in the subsurface are predominantly dolomites and limestones with scattered regional occurrences of cherty zones and thin shale beds. These rocks range in thickness from less than 100 feet in the basin interior to more than 1,000 feet at the basin margin…

B.8-9 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments pinnacle reef complexes [occur] a few miles basinward from the thick carbonate bank. Reefs, reef associated sediments, and biostromes occur at various stratigraphic levels within the Salina-Niagara Group.”

WMU (1981) states that “in the subsurface of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, rock of the Middle Silurian Niagara Group form gradation zones with distinctive rock characteristics. In the central part of the basin the Niagara Group consists of a thin (50- 120 feet) dense limestone (micrite) termed the “basinal facies” that grades outward into a dolomitic limestone…then grades into a porous dolomite…termed the “shelf facies”. The shelf facies…[that is] about 120 to 300 feet [thick]. The shelf facies is characterized by the presence of locally thick areas in the form of “pinnacle” reefs. Outwash this facies grades outward around the shelf facies into a thick (300 feet to 500 feet) zone…called the “bank facies”. This zone is composed of porous and permeable dolomite and extends southward into Indiana and Ohio and northward into the outcrop area”.

Data presented in WMU (1981) suggest that the Site area occurs along the transition of the shelf and basin facies of the Middle Silurian, where this author indicates that pinnacle reefs may develop. Log data suggest that the Niagaran is less than 60 feet thick in the Site area. The Niagara is a prolific oil and gas producer in Michigan, and data suggest that this was a primary oil and gas drilling target in portions of southern Michigan. Oil and gas fields are present in the region, some of which produce from various formations including the Niagaran/Salina. The Fillmore field occurs about 6 miles southwest of the Site and straddles the Ottawa-Allegan County line. This field produced from the Traverse and Salina A-1/A-2 carbonate. The field was discovered in 1940, with Salina production discovered in 1954. As of 1982, about 5,448,369 million cubic feet of gas had been produced from the Niagaran through 2010.

Salina Group

WMU (1981) states that the Salina Group is a “thick sequence of carbonate, anhydrite, silt and shale” that is restricted in areal extent to the approximate location of the Niagara Formation. The unit grades upward from the Basal “A” member (A-1 Evaporite, A-1 Carbonate, A-2 Evaporite and A-2 Carbonate) through F member, and is composed of interbedded shales, limestones and salts. The Salina-Bass Island group ranges in thickness from less than 100 feet to over 700 feet throughout the Michigan Basin. It should be noted that the Salina may contain several hundred feet of bedded salt, in total. Log data suggest that the Salina is approximately 750 feet thick in the Site area.

Bass Islands Group

The Bass Islands Group conformably overlies the Salina. The Bass Islands in the Michigan Basin generally consists of dense, buff dolomite and the upper part is sparsely oolitic. Lower in the section, gray argillaceous dolomites, shaley dolomites, and brown beds are present (Ells, 1967). WMU, (1981) states that the Bass Islands is described as a thick sequence of fine-grained dolomites that has floating anhydrite and celestite crystals, as well as some salt in central portions of the Michigan Basin. Regional data

B.8-10 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments suggest the Bass Islands Group ranges from 0-750 feet thick in the Basin center, and is about 75 feet thick in the Site area.

B.8.1.3.5 Devonian – Mississippian Units

Devonian-aged units present in the area include the Bois Blanc/Detroit River Group, Dundee Formation, , , Antrim, and Ellsworth Formations. Mississippian units include the and . Devonian units are, in total, over 2000 feet thick in the Site area. The Devonian-Mississippian units are discussed individually, below.

Detroit River Group

WMU (1981) states that the Detroit River Group includes the Garden Island, Bois Blanc, Sylvania, Amherstburg, and Lucas Formations. The Detroit River Group is about 360 feet thick in the Site area. The Bois Blanc is composed of dolomite and cherty dolomites, with upper limestone-rich intervals. The Sylvania is sandstone, composed of well-rounded and sorted fine to medium grained quartzitic sandstone with thick chert and dolomitic intervals that is present in northwestern areas of the Basin. The Amherstburg is a dark brown to black carbonaceous limestone that is present in most of the Michigan Basin. It is poorly bedded and dense, and is not mapped by WMU (1981) as present in the Site area.

While the Detroit River includes the above formations, WMU (1981) indicates that it is “general practice” to only call that portion of the column between the top of the Amherstburg and Dundee the “Detroit River” and WMU (1981) states this portion of the column is sometimes referred to as the “”. This portion of the column includes the Richfield Member, which is a sequence of interbedded limestone, dolomite and anhydrite with minor amounts of sand, a massive anhydrite unit, and the Horner Evaporite composed of interbedded anhydrite, limestone, and salt. Wells in the vicinity of the Site found porosity and permeability development, but no commercial accumulations of hydrocarbons within the Detroit River Group.

Dundee Limestone

The Devonian age Dundee is predominately a carbonate section ranging from dense, fine-grained, light colored limestones on the east side of the state to coarse-textured bioclastic limestone (with portions secondarily dolomitized) in the central part of the state. In the Site area, the Dundee is about 120 feet thick. The Dundee is a prolific oil and gas producing formation in portions of the Michigan Basin. Recent examination of oil production in the Dundee and structural trends reveal a correlation attributed by some authors to hydrothermal dolomitization (e.g. Davies and Smith, 2006). The occurrence is attributed to movement of hydrothermal fluids along basement-rooted faults with subsequent dolomitization of carbonate sequences, primarily the Dundee. As shown in Figure B.8-3, none of these structural trends occurs in the Zeeland area.

B.8-11 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Bell Shale

The Devonian age Bell Shale is typically soft, gray, gummy and silty shale containing scattered fragments. The Bell Shale is not present in the Site area.

Traverse Group

The Traverse Group occurs above the Bell Shale (or the Dundee), and includes what is locally described as the Traverse Limestone and . Both are described below. The Traverse Group is approximately 320 feet thick in the Site area.

Traverse Limestone. In western Michigan, the Devonian-age Traverse Limestone is dominantly a gray to gray-brown limestone, with lesser gray shales. A few anhydrite stringers may also be present. To the east, the Traverse Limestone becomes increasingly shaley, and in southeastern Michigan the unit is composed almost entirely of shale.

Traverse Formation. Below the Traverse Limestone is the Traverse Formation, and in the Warner-Lambert area this interval is composed of interbedded limestone and shale zone that is described as gray-tan and calcareous. This unit is described locally as interbedded tan-buff limestones that may be hard dense and fossiliferous.

The Traverse is an oil-producing formation in Kent, Ottawa, and Allegan counties. For example, the Salem field occurs southeast of Zeeland in T4N, R13W, and produces hydrocarbons from the Devonian Traverse limestone as well as the Detroit River Formation. Gas is also produced from the Silurian Salina A-2 carbonate. Checkley (1969) states that salt leaching is likely responsible for subsequent draping and fracturing of overlying units that created structures in which hydrocarbons accumulated.

Antrim Shale

The conformably overlies the Traverse Group and has been subdivided by some authors into a lower “dark” Antrim and upper “light” Antrim, both of which consist of dark or light gray shales, respectively. Geophysical log signatures indicate that it has low permeability. The unit is estimated to be approximately 100 feet thick in the Site area.

Ellsworth Shale

The conformably overlies the Antrim Shale and is composed of gray- green shale with minor amounts of sandstone and limestone. Geophysical log signatures indicate that it has very low permeability. The Ellsworth is approximately 560 feet thick in the Site area.

B.8-12 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Coldwater Shale

The Coldwater Formation conformably overlies the Ellsworth Formation. It consists of grey shale. The Coldwater subcrops in the vicinity of the Site, and rapidly thins to zero to the southwest. At its thickest point, north of Saginaw Bay, the Coldwater is as thick as 1,300 feet (WMU, 1981). The unit is approximately 730 feet thick in the Site area based on well log data, where present. Figure B.8-18 is a regional isopach map of the Coldwater Shale.

Marshall Shales and Sandstones

The Marshall Shales/Sandstones occurs above the Coldwater shale, but presence and thickness in southwestern Michigan is highly variable due to erosion in some areas. As detailed in Section B.7, the Marshall Sandstone thickness ranges between 0 to 122 feet thick within an approximate one-mile radius of the Site boundary.

B.8.1.3.6 Glacial Drift

Figure B.8-19 is a generalized regional isopach of the Glacial Drift showing that the Drift is approximately 50 to 200 feet thick in the Ottawa County area. Sands are quartzitic and are medium to coarse grained in size, and clays are grey to light grey. As detailed in Section B.7 based on nearby data from drillers’ logs, the thickness of the Glacial Drift ranges from 78 to 348 feet within an approximate one-mile radius of the Site boundary.

B.8.1.4 Regional Hydrology

WMU (1981) provided an evaluation of regional groundwater systems in Michigan, and assigned Ottawa and Allegan counties to the West Central Region 4 area (Figure B.8- 20). According to this source, the primary regional sources of potable groundwater water are in the Glacial Drift, although some wells are completed in underlying Mississippian Shales and sandstones, including the Marshall Sandstone.

B.8.1.5 Regional Seismicity

The Autumn Hills RDF area is in a USGS designated minor seismic risk area (USGS, 2017). The site area has a peak acceleration of 4-6 percent g (Figure B.8-21), with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The University of Michigan (2015) indicated that the most recent earthquake with a magnitude greater than 4.5 occurred more than 60 years ago on August 9, 1947 near the town of Coldwater. It damaged chimneys and cracked plaster over a large area of south-central Michigan and affected a total area of about 50,000 square miles, including points north to Muskegon and Saginaw and parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Since 2008, two earthquakes have been detected in southern Michigan, one northeast of Union City and another south of Galesburg.

B.8-13 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments B.8.2 Local Geologic Analysis

As shown on Figure B.4-1, summarized in Table B.4-1, and discussed in Section B.4, one well penetrates the upper confining zone (Utica Shale), but no wells penetrate to the Mt. Simon injection interval within a two-mile radius around the Autumn Hills RDF property boundary. The nearest wells penetrating to the Mt. Simon are two Class I Non- Hazardous Disposal wells at the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station in Zeeland, Michigan (IW-1 and IW- 2, EPA Permit Nos. M-139-1I-004 and M-139-1I-005, respectively). These wells are both located in Section 17, T5N, R14W, and are located approximately 4.5 miles to the northwest of the Site.

Table B.8-1 below presents the formal well locations and names of nearby Mt. Simon injection wells, including the two nearest wells at the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station, and nine additional nearby wells that penetrate to the Mt. Simon that occur in the Holland, Michigan area, approximately 10 to 11 miles west of the Autumn Hills RDF Site. Data from these 11 wells were used to assess the local geology and to define the characteristics of the Injection Zone and Confining Zones. When taken in conjunction with regional data, local well data show that the Injection Zone and Confining Zones are thick, laterally continuous, and well defined. A brief summary of the local stratigraphic column is presented below, followed by information pertaining to the physical characteristics of select units.

TABLE B.8-1. LOCATION OF NEARBY MT. SIMON DISPOSAL WELLS

Mt. Simon Well Formal Well Name on Well Log Well Name this Report Location T5N R14W Sec 17 Mirant IW-1 (Consumers Energy) Zeeland IW-1 (IW-1) T5N R14W Sec 17 Mirant IW-2 (Consumers Energy) Zeeland IW-2 (IW-2) Pfizer No. 3 or T5N R15W Sec 20 Park Davis and Company Mt. Simon #3 Warner-Lambert Well No. 3 Pfizer No. 4 or T5N R15W Sec 20 Parke Davis Mt. Simon No. 4 Warner-Lambert Well No. 4 Pfizer No. 5 or T5N R15W Sec 20 Pfizer Global Mf’g Mt. Simon #5 Warner-Lambert Well No. 5 T5N R15W Sec 30 Heinz USA WDW No. 1 Heinz No. 1 T5N R15W Sec 30 Heinz USA WDW No. 2 Heinz No. 2 T5N R15W Sec 30 H.J. Heinz Company Heinz WDW #3 Heinz No. 3 T5N R15W Sec 30 Chemetron Corporation Deep Well No. 1 BASF No. 1 T5N R15W Sec 30 Chemetron Corporation Chemetron D-2 BASF No. 2 T5N R15W Sec 30 Chemetron Corporation D-3 BASF No. 3

Figure B.8-22 presents a regional SW-NE cross section that transects the site for the Mt. Simon portion of the geologic column through the Michigan Basin (Barnes et al. 2009). The location of a local cross section intersecting the Pfizer No. 5 and Mirant IW-1 injection wells is presented on Figure B.8-23 and the local west-east cross section showing the stratigraphic sequence near the site is shown on Figure B.8-24.

B.8-14 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Local isopach and structure contour maps were generated for formations of interest in the Site area from available regional data. Maps were constructed based on a combination of well log picks and formation tops from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality well database. Text discussion for units includes formation thickness and formation top information derived from wellsite geologist formation descriptions, but every value may not always directly correspond to the values presented on the associated structure contour and isopach maps. These small discrepancies are due to different methodologies for “picking” formations (i.e. during drilling vs. well logs). Significant differences between the data sources are identified and discussed in the text as appropriate, but minor variations of a few feet do not impact conclusions and are not explained further in subsequent sections of this document.

Estimated depths of deeper formations in the Site area are based on an evaluation of these local structural contour maps, as there is no well control in the immediate vicinity of the IW-1 well below the Black River Formation. The nearest wells that penetrate below this depth and to the Mt. Simon injection interval are the two wells at the Consumers Energy Generating Station in Zeeland, located approximately 4.5 miles northwest of the site.

B.8.2.1 Local Structural Geology

Regional structure contour maps are presented in Figures B.8-6, B.8-8, B.8-10, B.8-13, B.8-15, and B.8-17. Local structure contour maps were constructed based on these maps with refinement using additional well data available from the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station and other nearby Mt. Simon disposal wells, as well as other well logs and the Michigan DEQ Formation Tops database. Local maps are presented as they are discussed in subsequent sections. These maps were generally constructed using 50 foot contour intervals or alternates as appropriate for clarity of presentation. Consistent with regional characterization discussed in Section B.8.1, the analyses and mapping indicate that there are no major or mappable structural features within the Site area. Site-specific data also indicate that there are no faults that transect the Injection Zone or Confining Zone locally. That is, the Injection Zone and Confining Zone are laterally continuous, with no abrupt changes in thickness or lithology within a 10-mile radius of the Site.

A local structure contour map was constructed at the top of the Mt. Simon using the gamma ray signature identified by Barnes et al. (2009) as the top of the Mt. Simon. Figure B.8-25 presents this surface. As shown in this figure, over the entire area the Mt. Simon dips approximately 60 feet per mile (less than 0.65 degrees) to the northeast. Local dip direction is approximately N 48° E and the direction appears to be consistent in local and regional analyses.

B.8.2.2 Local Stratigraphy

Table B.8-2 presents the estimated depths to formation tops. These depths are based on nearby oil and gas wells (with the deepest penetration extending to the Black River

B.8-15 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Formation), as well as depths extrapolated from the local structural contour maps described in Section B.8.2, including the two Mt. Simon wells at the Consumers Energy Generating Station (see Figure B.4-1). Table B.8-3 presents the formation thicknesses that are estimated from these data.

TABLE B.8-2. ESTIMATED FORMATION TOPS AT THE PROPOSED AUTUMN HILLS IW-1 LOCATION

IW-1 IW-1 Formation Est. Depth to Top, Est. Depth to Top, from GL (ft) ft BSL Ground Level (feet ASL) 703 ----- Glacial Drift 0 -703 Marshall Sandstone 160 -543 Coldwater Shale 220* -483 Ellsworth Shale 950 247 Antrim Shale 1,510 807 Traverse Group 1,610 907 1,930 1,227 Detroit River Group 2,050 1,347 Bass Island Group 2,410 1,707 Salina Group 2,485 1,782 Niagara Group 3,245 2,542 Clinton Group 3,295 2,592 Cabot Head Shale 3,345 2,642 Manitoulin Dolomite 3,365 2,662 Undifferentiated Upper Cincinnatian 3,385 2,682 Utica Shale 3,663 2,960 Trenton Formation 3,853 3,150 Black River Formation 4,153 3,450 Prairie du Chien Group 4,338 3,635 Trempealeau Formation 4,893 4,190 Franconia Formation 5,103 4,400 Dresbach Formation 5,228 4,525 Eau Claire Formation 5,373 4,670 Mt. Simon Sandstone 5,578 4,875 Precambrian Granite Wash 6,570 5,867 Precambrian basement 6,600 5,897

*Estimated depth to base of USDW at proposed well location; USDW is identified at 348 feet thick elsewhere in the Autumn Hills RDF boundary, so 350 feet is conservatively used in well designs and calculations.

B.8-16 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments TABLE B.8-3. ESTIMATED FORMATION THICKNESS AT THE PROPOSED AUTUMN HILLS IW-1 LOCATION

IW-1 Formation Est. Thickness (ft) Glacial Drift 160 Marshall Sandstone 60 Coldwater Shale 730 Ellsworth Shale 560 Antrim Shale 100 Traverse Group 320 Dundee Limestone 120 Detroit River Group 360 Bass Island Group 75 Salina Group 760 Niagara Group 50 Clinton Group 50 Cabot Head Shale 20 Manitoulin Dolomite 20 Undifferentiated Upper Cincinnatian 250 Utica Shale 190 Trenton Formation 300 Black River Formation 185 Prairie du Chien Group 555 Trempealeau Formation 210 Franconia Formation 125 Dresbach Formation 145 Eau Claire Formation 205 Mt. Simon Sandstone 992 Precambrian Granite Wash 30

The top of the Mt. Simon Sandstone is projected to be at about 4,875 feet below sea level (ft BSL), or 5,578 feet below ground level (ft BGL), based on a ground level elevation of 703 feet above mean sea level (ft AMSL). The Mt. Simon is approximately 1,000 feet thick at this location. The proposed Injection Zone for the Site wells consists of the Trenton/Black River, Prairie du Chien, Trempealeau, Franconia, Dresbach/Galesville, Eau Claire, and Mt. Simon Formations; the overlying Utica Shale is the Upper Confining Zone.

B.8.2.2.1 Precambrian

The Precambrian granite wash was encountered in both of the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station (formerly Mirant) wells, located approximately 4.5 miles northwest of the Autumn Hills RDF. This unit is described as quartz, clastics, and mineral fragments that are generally angular to very angular, tabular, and platey. The wash is orange/red with dark green tints, with some recrystalized quartz grains that are

B.8-17 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments lighter/tan or cream in color. Chlorite, mica, black mineral fragments, and plagioclase fragments are present; it is described as having “no porosity”. Due to limited well control in the area, a local structure contour map of the top of the Precambrian basement was not constructed, but appears to be approximately 6,600 feet BGL near the site.

B.8.2.2.2 Cambrian (Injection Zone)

Mt. Simon (Injection Interval)

The Mt. Simon is a thick and ubiquitous sandstone sequence that is present above the Precambrian in the Site area. Figure B.8-25 is a structure contour map constructed at the top of the Mt. Simon, and Figure B.8-26 is a local isopach map of the Mt. Simon. These maps show that the Mt. Simon is present throughout the area, and approximately 1,000 feet thick in the Site area. Observed thicknesses at the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station wells, located northwest of the Site, are approximately 1,050 feet. At the more distant Warner-Lambert (Pfizer) site wells near Holland, 865-944 feet of Mt. Simon was penetrated in the three site wells, though none of the wells reached basement. At the BASF and Heinz sites in Holland, the Mt. Simon is approximately 831-893 feet thick.

Cores were taken from the Mt. Simon in the Warner-Lambert No. 5 well from 5,200- 5,231 feet BGL and BASF Well No. 1 from 5,300-5,335 and 5,516-5,576 BGL that are located west of the Site area. Cuttings samples were also collected from two of the BASF wells, Heinz No. 2 and the Warner-Lambert wells. Descriptions of the cores and cuttings indicate that the cored Mt. Simon intervals are composed of sandstone that is gray, very fine-grained, with occasional shaley laminae. The sandstone is described as moderately indurated. The Warner-Lambert No. 5 core (as well as the other cores taken from this well) was also analyzed for porosity and permeability, and is presented in Tables B.8-4a and B.8-4b. Table B.8-4a summarizes porosity and permeability data for the cored intervals. Table B.8-4b presents depth and core specific permeability, porosity, and grain density values for core plugs within these intervals.

TABLE B.8-4a. MT. SIMON CORE DATA, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Permeability-Air (md) Permeability-Fluid (md) Net Plug Interval (ft Horizontal Plug Ambient Brine Waste Overburden RKB) Porosity Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 5,200-5,201 0.17 193.6 104.0 227.5 192.6 5,206-5,207 0.19 124.7 62.8 TBFA TBFA 5,214-5,215 0.17 33.9 9.8 210.9 209.8 5,222-5,223 0.13 101.9 44.8 141.9 152.1 5,229-5,231 0.14 6.2 2.5 2.4 ------*TBFA = too broken for analysis

B.8-18 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments TABLE B.8-4b. MT. SIMON CORE PLUG ANALYSES, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Horizontal Permeability (md) Plug Depth (ft Grain Density (g/cm3) Porosity Air Brine RKB) 5,200.5 2.615 0.17 193.6 277 5,206.9 2.613 0.19 124.7 TBFA* 5,214.3 2.608 0.17 33.9 211 5,221.1 2.637 0.16 101.9 141.9 5,229.2 2.612 0.13 6.2 2.4 *TBFA = too broken for analysis

Core data indicate that the porosity ranges from 13-19%, while horizontal brine permeability ranges from 2.4 to 277 md.

Fluid samples and test data were obtained during drilling from the IW-1 and IW-2 wells at the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station site. Raw data is available in the completion reports for the wells submitted in 2001 (Resources Services, USA, 2002a and 2002b). Injection Zone fluids at these wells were determined to have a TDS of 190,000 to 222,000 mg/l. Original reservoir pressure at the IW-2 well was determined to be 2,429.5 psi at a depth of 5,280 feet RKB (5,267 feet BGL) in the Mt. Simon. This is equivalent to a gradient of approximately 0.46 psi/ft, and is consistent with expected Mt. Simon pressures in this part of Michigan. In addition to the above core analyses, samples from the BASF No. 3 well located in Section 30, T5N R15, were tested for Mt. Simon reservoir characteristics. Although limited information regarding test specifics are available, well records provide the following information pertaining to the test on this well (Table B.8-5). Original pressure data indicates a gradient of approximately 0.46 psi/ft, similar to the results from the Consumers Energy IW-2 well.

TABLE B.8-5. BASF NO. 3 IN-SITU MT. SIMON FORMATION TEST RESULTS

Effective Effective Reservoir Well No. Reservoir Fluid Receiving Injection Porosity Permeability Pressure Analysis (mg/l) Formation Interval (%) (md) (Psig)

Cl: 155,000 2,158- Mg: 3,900 BASF NO. Dresbach: 440 Original Ca: 13,000 Mt. Simon 12.2 4,745-5,550 3 Mt. Simon: 330 Pressure at Na: 78,000 Sandstone 4,666’ SG: 1.16 pH: 6.2

Local Lithologic Analysis and Reservoir Characteristics

The Mt. Simon has recently been studied as a possible candidate formation for CO2 injection and results of these analyses also provide information pertinent to fluid injection at the Site. Barnes et al. (2009) evaluated the sedimentary facies, lithology,

B.8-19 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments and petrophysics of the Mt. Simon in the Holland area to further understand porosity and permeability development. These authors recognized that the Mt. Simon can be subdivided into three general units: a basal pink-red hematite-stained arkosic unit, central medium-coarse grained quartz sandstone with minor shale/glauconite, and upper transitional calcareous, argillaceous sandstone with fine-grained arkose interbeds that occurs conformably below the Eau Claire. Figure B.8-27 presents these facies from the Mirant Zeeland (Consumers Energy Generating Station) IW-1 well showing the three general units as identified by Barnes et al. (2009).

Eau Claire Formation (Injection Zone)

Regionally, the Eau Claire is highly variable from a compositional standpoint, consisting of fine grained sandstone with dolomitic cement in its lower half and siltstones, shales, and sandstone in the upper half. The entire thickness is glauconitic. The Eau Claire thickens to over 800 feet toward the center of the Michigan Basin (Figure B.8-9).

The BASF Well No. 1, located more than 11 miles west of the site, was cored through the Eau Claire (Core No. 1). At this location, the Eau Claire is described as consisting entirely of sandstone that is white to light grey-green in color and fine to coarse-grained, with portions of the interval being friable. Additionally, the Eau Claire has occasional dark, argillaceous streaks, with “flat tabular black specks” in some locations. The core is described as being glauconitic throughout, with more glauconite at the bottom of the cored interval. Porosity is described as varying from 3-18%. The Warner-Lambert No. 5 well was cored through the Eau Claire from 4,912-4,941.3 ft. The core description states that this interval is composed of brown to brown-black sandstone that is fine to medium- grained with slightly calcitic cement and reddish brown lamina. The zone is described as being moderately indurated, and the interval has shaley laminae throughout with occasional black shale intervals. Specifically, the core was described by Terra Tek as "sandstone, brown to black, fine grained slightly calcareous cementing with reddish brown shale lamination." The description of the Eau Claire is fairly consistent throughout the length of the core. From the core description, it appears that the shale lamination increases toward the bottom of the core. Well log data suggest that the Eau Claire is about 191-195 feet thick at the Warner-Lambert wells. Five core plugs were taken from the Warner-Lambert No. 5 Eau Claire core. Also, a core flow study was conducted on the two cores taken from the Eau Claire, one upper and one lower, based on samples obtained during the drilling of the Warner-Lambert No. 5 well. Interval data and plug- specific information was obtained. These results are presented in Tables B.8-6a and B.8-6b, below.

B.8-20 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments TABLE B.8-6a. EAU CLAIRE CORE DATA, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Permeability-Air (md) Permeability-Fluid (md) Net Plug Interval Horizontal Plug Ambient Brine Waste Overburden (ft RKB) Porosity Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 4,912-4,913 0.11 0.744 0.365 2.142x10-4 1.621x10-4 4,918-4,919 0.14 6.747 6.342 2.23 --- 4,926-4,927 0.17 1.483 0.968 1.366x10-4 --- 4,933-4,934 0.09 4.308 0.338 2.411x10-5 --- 4,940-4,941 0.15 1.059 0.324 1.83x10-4 ---

TABLE B.8-6b. EAU CLAIRE CORE PLUG ANALYSES, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Horizontal Vertical Permeability (md) Permeability (md) Plug Depth Grain Density Porosity Air Brine Brine Injectate (ft RKB) (g/cm3) 4 4,912.5 2.689 0.11 0.744 2.14x10 − ------5 5 4,913.5 ------1.4x10 − 1.7x10 − 4,918.3 2.657 0.14 6.747 2.23 ------3 3 4,919.5 ------3.0x10 − 4.0x10 − 3 3 4,924.5 ------2.0x10 − 3.0x10 − 4 4,926.9 2.592 0.17 1.483 1.366x10 − ------6 6 4,930.5 ------<10 − 5.2x10 − 5 4,933.3 2.666 0.09 4.308 2.4x10 − ------6 6 4,936.5 ------1.4x10 − 7.0x10 − 4 3 3 4,940.7 2.647 0.15 1.059 1.83x10 − 3.0x10 − 2.0x10 −

To summarize, all descriptions indicate that the Eau Claire Formation in the vicinity of the Site is composed of sandstones with interbedded shale. The unit is relatively porous, but exhibits low horizontal permeabilities of between 1.366x10-4 and 2.411x10-5 md. Vertical permeabilities to brine of between 5.2x10-6 and 4.0x10-3 md were measured. Geological literature regarding the Michigan Basin does not indicate the potential for fracturing or faulting of the Eau Claire. Detailed local correlations of the well logs available for wells in the area and structure mapping also show no evidence of faulting within the geologic column as a whole in the area and, specifically, the Eau Claire, indicating the suitability of the formation as an aquiclude or aquitard.

As shown on Figure B.8-28, the Eau Claire is approximately 200 to 220 feet thick in the Site area. Figure B.8-29 is a local structure contour map constructed at the top of the Eau Claire. The top of the Eau Claire is estimated to occur at approximately 4,670 ft BSL, or 5,373 ft BGL.

B.8-21 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Galesville/Dresbach (Injection Zone)

The Galesville/Dresbach is locally described as a sandstone that is clear to frosted; it is very fine to coarse grained with moderate to well-sorted subangular to rounded grains and trace glauconite. The Dresbach was cored at Warner-Lambert No. 5, with the cored interval from 4,822 to 4,850.5 ft BGS (Table B.8-7a). The core description indicates that this interval is composed of sandstone that is gray to dark gray, fine grained, and massive, with moderate to poor induration and occasional shaley lamina, particularly near the base of the unit. It is also calcareous. Terra Tek described it as “sandstone, light grey to grey, very fine grained at the top of the core (4,822 feet to 4,828 feet) with laminations of heterogeneous cementing, friable, clasts”. From 4,828 feet to 4,846 feet the core is described as “sandstone, grey to dark grey, fine grained, massive in some places with occasional shale lamination”. From 4,846 feet to 4,850.5 feet the lithology changes slightly again to “sandstone, dark grey, fine grained with occasional shale laminations, slightly calcareous”. Core was analyzed, and the results of this analyses as well as plug sampling results are presented in Tables B.8-7a and B.8-7b.

TABLE B.8-7a. DRESEBACH CORE DATA, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Permeability-Air (md) Permeability-Fluid (md) Plug Interval (ft Horizontal Ambient Net Overburden Brine Waste RKB) Plug Porosity Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 4,822-4,823 0.11 374.949 155.495 241.764 --- 4,829-4,830 0.19 1,818.168 437.111 2,029.131 --- 4,837-4,838 0.17 627.395 235.426 562.335 --- 4,844-4,845 0.18 760.326 324.910 386.644 --- 4,848-4,850.5 0.20 169.010 25.646 115.079 ---

TABLE B.8-7b. DRESBACH CORE PLUG ANALYSES, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Horizontal Permeability (md) Plug Depth (ft 3 Porosity Air Brine RKB) Grain Density (g/cm ) 4,822.9 2.666 0.110 374.949 242 4,829.5 2.641 0.190 1,818.168 2,030 4,837.4 2.627 0.170 627.395 562 4,844.0 2.635 0.180 760.326 337 4,848.7 2.600 0.200 169.010 115

Figure B.8-30 is an isopach map of the Galesville/Dresbach, which shows that the interval is approximately 140 to 150 feet thick in the Site area. Figure B.8-31 is a structure contour map constructed at the top of this interval, indicating that the top of this formation is projected to occur at approximately 4,525 ft BSL, or 5,228 ft BGL.

B.8-22 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Franconia (Injection Zone)

The Franconia is present in the Site area, and is described in areas west of the Site as a sandstone and dolomite unit, with sandstones that are fine to medium grained, light grey, with abundant glauconite and a trace of chert with some red staining. The dolomitic portion is described as being sandy. Figure B.8-32 is an isopach map of the Franconia, which shows that the interval is approximately 120-140 feet thick in the Site area. Figure B.8-33 is structure contour map constructed at the top of this interval, indicating that the top of the formation is projected to occur at approximately 4,400 ft BSL, or 5,103 ft BGL.

B.8.2.2.3 Ordovician (Injection Zone and Confining Zone)

In contrast to the deeper Cambrian units, units within the Ordovician are composed predominantly of carbonates, indicative of changes in the regional depositional systems. Ordovician units present at the Site are described below.

Trempealeau Formation (Injection Zone)

To the west of the Site, the Trempealeau is described as dolomite that is sandy at the base, with decreasing sand percentage up-section. The dolomites are light tan to tan and grey in color, with red/pink coloration and varying intercrystalline porosity. The units are variably described as fine to medium grained (sucrose to micritic), and may contain shale that is present in traces. Glauconite is also present. Figure B.8-34 is an isopach map of the Trempealeau, which shows that the interval is approximately 200 feet thick in the Site area. Figure B.8-35 is structure contour map constructed to the top of this interval, indicating that the top of the formation is projected to occur at approximately 4,190 ft BSL, or 4,893 ft BGL.

Prairie du Chien Group (Injection Zone)

The Prairie du Chien Group occurs above the Trempealeau, and is early Ordovician in age. The Prairie du Chien Group is a relatively thick interval of dolomites; chert-rich intervals are present throughout, and a sandstone interval is typically present in the upper portions of the Group. The dolomite is described as a light tan to light grey in color, and is finely sucrosic to finely crystalline with sand and occasional abundant drusy quartz and possible vug fillings. Shales are also present within the unit, including the Brazos shale. Lower portions are described as glauconitic or red in color.

The Prairie du Chien in the general area is composed of thick sequences of interbedded dolomites with shale and sand-rich layers. It is composed of two Formations, the Oneota and Shakopee, that include (according to Smith et al., 1993) the Willow River (sandy dolomite), New Richmond (silty-sandy dolomite), Hager City (dolomite) and Stockton Hill (sandy dolomite), based on outcrop differentiation. Close examination of the data suggest that the Group is composed of several different depositional sequences. The contacts between these layers are “sharp and also appear to be

B.8-23 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments disconformable” (Smith et al., 1993). As a result, the unit, while primarily composed of dolomites with shell interbeds, exhibits layering that will serve to define properties that would limit the potential for vertical fluid movement and transport. As indicated in the regional discussion, sandstones overlying the Prairie du Chien are sometimes included within the Prairie du Chien group. However, these intervals are addressed as part of the Glenwood Shale-St. Peter Sandstone discussion, presented below.

Figure B.8-36 is an isopach map of the Prairie du Chien Group, which shows that the interval is approximately 550-560 feet thick in the Site area. Figure B.8-37 is structure contour map constructed to the top of this interval, indicating that the top of the formation is projected to occur at approximately 3,635 ft BSL, or 4,338 ft BGL.

Glenwood Shale-St. Peter Sandstone Interval (Injection Zone)

Regionally, the Glenwood-St. Peter Sandstone interval occurs above the Prairie du Chien interval and is up to 100 ft thick in northern portions of Ottawa County, but locally the unit is thin and composed of shales, limestones and minimal sandstone. Data from the nearby Consumers Energy Generating Station wells support the regional analysis that suggest the St. Peter Sandstone is absent at the Site location.

Black River Formation - Trenton Formation (Injection Zone)

The Black River Formation is ubiquitous in the Site area. It is composed of limestone that is described as light tan to grey and buff in color, and finely crystalline to chalky to micritic, with a few imbedded dolomite rhombs. Occasional shale intervals are described (although not present throughout). The Black River Group may also contain occasional sandstone intervals (described as white, quartizitic, and fine grained), as well as dolomite zones with traces of chert. The basal limestone is described as “pure” with little insoluble residue.

The overlying Trenton Formation is composed almost entirely of dolomites that are generally tan to light brown, exhibiting fine to medium crystallinity and are slightly calcareous and cherty. The dolomite is also locally described as light brown to light grey, and is very finely crystalline with scattered vugs and “pin points of hematite red staining”. Underlying limestones are described as light grey and chalky to light brown (dense), with stringers of dolomite, with the lower portions described as argillaceous with gray-green shale partings. The Warner-Lambert Well No. 5 was cored in the Trenton limestone interval from 3,620-3,640.5 feet RKB (3,607-3,628 feet BGL). The core is described as a limestone that is brown at the top to gray brown at the base. The cored interval limestone is microcrystalline with stylolites at the top of the core and more micritic at the base, and shaley laminae throughout; the unit contains clasts and is fossiliferous. Terra Tek described the core as a "limestone, brown, microcrystalline, stylolitic with occasional shale laminations, clasts and . The full length of the core appears to be consistent with the above description. Tables B.8-8a and B.8-8b present data obtained from Warner-Lambert Trenton core analyses.

B.8-24 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments TABLE B.8-8a. TRENTON GROUP CORE DATA, WARNER-LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Permeability-Air (md) Permeability-Fluid (md) Plug Interval (ft Horizontal Plug Ambient Net Overburden Brine Waste RKB) Porosity Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 3,620-3,621 0.005 0.015 0.014 9.57x10-6 ---- 3,626-3,627 0.004 0.011 0.011 8.08x10E-6 ---- 3,630-3,631 0.003 0.025 0.009 1.524x10-5 ---- 3,635-3,636 0.04 0 0.020 9.166x10-6 ---- 3,640-3,640.5 0.05 0.014 0.014 5.166x10-6 ----

TABLE B.8-8b. TRENTON GROUP CORE PLUG ANALYSES DATA, WARNER- LAMBERT WELL NO. 5

Horizontal Vertical Permeability (md) Permeability (md) Plug Depth (ft 3 Porosity Air Brine Injectate RKB) Grain Density (g/cm ) 6 5 3,620.5 2.736 0.005 0.015 9.6x10 − 1.4x10 − 6 6 3,626.1 2.723 0.004 0.011 8.1x10 − 7.8x10 − 5 6 3,630.5 2.759 0.003 0.025 1.5x10 − 6.7x10 − 6 3,632.0 ------6.2x10 − 6 6 3,635.7 2.723 0.040 <0.01 9.2x10 − 6.8x10 − 6 6 3,640.3 2.730 0.005 0.014 5.2x10 − 5.2x10 −

The Black River Formation is estimated to be approximately 185 feet thick at the Site, and the Trenton Formation is estimated to be approximately 300 feet. The thickness of the Trenton Formation is based on log data from the W. Van Koevering No. 1 well (Permit 21759), which is the deepest penetration in the AOR that penetrates a portion of the Black River Formation. The Black River Formation thickness is based on log data from the Consumers Energy Zeeland Generating Station wells to the northwest. The Van Koevering well, which has been plugged and abandoned, was drilled 126 feet into the Black River Formation, which is approximately 60 feet above the top of the Prairie du Chien Group, which is the upper confining zone at the Site.

Utica Shale (Confining Zone)

The Utica Shale is present throughout the Site area. The Utica Shale is described as a medium grey to grey-green shale with occasional brown shale partings; some well log cutting descriptions describe the shale as being blue-grey, muddy, and “gummy”. The Utica Shale is the confining zone at the nearby Mirant Zeeland wells. The Utica-Trenton contact is abrupt, with the Utica deposited in an open marine environment (Sattler, 2015). Michigan core verifies the marine depositional setting, described as a sometimes fossiliferous grey to black mudsone with pyrite and calcareous lenses. Some vertical fractures were observed in core that were typically cemented with calcite or

B.8-25 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments gypsum/anhydrite but fracturing was not described as laterally or vertically pervasive (Stattler, 2015). Depositionally, the Utica exhibits shallower-water depositional sequences that are more carbonate and siliciclastic-rich near the top of the unit although this trend is not present in southern or western portions of the Michigan Basin, including Ottawa County. The Utica Shale gamma ray log response is typical of dense mudrock lithologies, and the response is generally consistent throughout the Michigan Basin although thickness may vary (Sattler, 2015).

It is approximately 190-195 feet thick in Zeeland area. Figure B.8-38 is an isopach of the Utica Shale, and Figure B.8-39 is a structure contour map constructed at the top of this shale. Based on the structure contour map, the top of the Utica Shale is estimated to occur at 2,960 ft BSL, or 3,663 ft BGL.

B.8.2.2.4 Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian Units

Devonian and Mississippian-aged units are discussed in Sections B.8.1.3.4 and B.8.1.3.5 of this document. The units include the Undifferentiated Cincinnatian, Manitoulin Dolomite, Cabot Head Shale, Clinton Group, Niagara Group, Salina Group, Bass Islands Group, Detroit River Group, Dundee Limestone, Traverse Group, Antrim Shale, Ellsworth Shale, Coldwater Shale and the Marshall Shale. In total, this interval is estimated to be over 3,400 feet thick at the Site. Figure B.7-4 shows the thicknesses of the Marshall Sandstone within approximately one mile of the Site, which ranges between 0 to 122 feet.

B.8.2.2.5 Glacial Drift

Unconsolidated material of various origins and characteristics are present in the Site area. Figure B.7-4 shows the thicknesses of the Glacial Drift within approximately one mile of the Site, which ranges between 78 to 348 feet.

B.8.2.3 Local Seismic Activity

The Site occurs in a region where only minor occurrences of seismic activity have been detected (USGS, 2017). Figure B.8-21 shows that the Site area is located in an area with low peak acceleration (%g = 4-6). No damage from earthquakes is expected. Based on USGS records (https://earthquake.usgs.gov), only four earthquakes have been recorded in Michigan since 1974 (Figure B.8-40). Table B.8-9 summarizes earthquakes greater than 2.5 magnitude which have occurred within a 200 kilometer mile radius of the Site.

Induced seismicity related to human activity is a concern in localized areas elsewhere in the United States, in places such as Oklahoma and Kansas. The USGS recently published a document identifying the likely location of induced seismic events (Figure B.8-41). As shown in this figure, no areas in Michigan are identified as an area for potential induced seismic activity. Induced seismicity can sometimes be of concern in other areas where significant injection occurs near basement rock. In the case of the Mt.

B.8-26 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Simon, Class I disposal wells occur within the states of Michigan and Indiana, many of which have been in operation for decades and are completed throughout the Mt. Simon and at or near basement. None of the seismic events in Michigan or Indiana have been associated with Mt. Simon deep well injection activities.

TABLE B.8-9. EARTHQUAKES >2.5 MAGNITUDE WITHIN 200 KM OF AUTUMN HILLS RDF

North West Month Day Magnitude Location Year Latitude Latitude 1994 09 02 42.798N 84.604W 3.5 Michigan 2012 01 26 41.576N 85.490W 3.0 Indiana 2013 11 04 41.800N 87.825W 3.2 Illinois 2015 05 02 42.236N 85.428W 4.2 Michigan 2015 06 30 42.146N 95.046W 3.3 Michigan Source: National Earthquake Information Center

B.8.3 Conclusion

Data presented in this section indicate that the Site satisfies the geologic criteria for siting of Class I waste disposal wells by demonstrating that site stratigraphy, structure, hydrogeology and seismicity of the area meet these standards and criteria. Geologic properties are well defined, and as illustrated by geologic characterization and historic operation of neighboring wells, the Injection Zone has sufficient permeability, porosity, thickness and areal extent to accept injectate and prevent migration of fluids into USDWs. Both the Injection Zone and the Confining Zone are laterally continuous and free of transecting transmissive faults or fractures. Further, the Mt. Simon Injection Interval is separated from the top of the Confining Zone by sequences of permeable and less permeable strata that prevent vertical fluid movement. The Confining Zone is also separated from the base of the USDW by multiple sequences of permeable and less permeable strata that serve to prevent vertical fluid movement.

REFERENCES

Barnes, David A., Diana H. Bacon, and Stephen R. Kelley. “Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Regional storage capacity, site characterization, and large-scale injection feasibility, Michigan Basin.” Environmental Geosciences, V. 16, No. 3; p. 163-183. September 2009. Catacosinos, P. A., Harrison, W. B., III, and Daniels, P. A., Jr. “Structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology of the Michigan Basin.” Chapter 30, in Leighton, M. W., Kolata D. R., Oltz, D. F., and Eidel, J. J., eds., Interior cratonic basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 51, p. 561–601; 1991. Checkley, W.G. “Salem Field Summary, in Michigan Basin.” Geological Society Oil and Gas Fields Symposium, V. 1, p. 161-168; April 1969.

B.8-27 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Cohee, George V, 1945. “Geology and Oil and Gas Possibilities of Trenton and Black River Limestones of the Michigan Basin, Michigan and Adjacent Areas. USGS Oil and Gas Investigations Preliminary Chart 11 Davies, Graham R. and Langorne B. Smith Jr. “Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies: An overview.” AAPG Bulletin, V. 90, no. 11 (November 2006), pp. 1641–1690. Envirocorp, 1992, Response to Notice of Deficiencies with respect to the Park-Davis Petition, February 28, 1992. Ells, Garland D. “Michigan’s Silurian Oil and Gas Pools.” State of Michigan Dept. of Conservation; Geological Survey; Report of Investigation 2. 1967. Howell, Paul D., and van der Pluijm, Ben A. “Structural sequences and styles of subsidence in the Michigan Basin.” Geological Society America Bulletin, V. 111; no. 7; p. 974-991. July 1999. Matzkanin, Arthur D., Floyd L. Layton, James S. Lorenz, Ronald J. Pollom, and Rex A. Tefertiller, Jr. “Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Michigan.” Department of Natural Resources Geology Division, Production and Proration Unit. Secondary Recovery Report No. 6. 1977. Milstein, Randall L. “Subsurface Stratigraphy of Cambrian Rocks in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan.” Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division; Bulletin #7, 1989. *Milstein R.L., 1983, Selected Studies of Cambro-Ordovician Sediments within the Michigan Basin, Michigan Geologic Survey, Map Series. Milstein, R.L, 1984, Michigan Geological Survey Map Series 3983. *Milstein, R. L., 1989, Subsurface Stratigraphy of Cambrian Rocks in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan: Michigan Basin, Geological Survey Division Bulletin 7. *Milstein, R.L., D Michael Bricker, C Robert Reszka Jr,; 1983, Selected Studies of Cambro-Ordovician Sediments Within the Michigan Basin, Michigan Department of Natural Resources Report of Investigation 26. Nadon, G.C., J. A. (Toni) Simo, R. H. Dott, Jr. and C. W. Byers. “High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of the St. Peter Sandstone and Glenwood Formation (Middle Ordovician), Michigan Basin, U.S.A.” AAPG Bulletin; July 2000; V. 84; no. 7; p. 975-996. *Nurmi, R.D., 1972, Upper Ordovician Stratigraphy of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, as presented in Envirocorp, 1998.Smith, George L, Charles W Byers, Robert H. Dott Jr., 1993, “Sequence Stratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group on the Wisconsin Arch and in the Michigan Basin”, AAPG Bulletin No.1, 1993. Resources Services, USA, 2002a. Drilling, Testing and Completion Report, Mirant Zeeland Well No. IW-1, Zeeland, Michigan, November and December 2001. Submitted January 2, 2002.

B.8-28 June 2018, Revised March 2019 Waste Management Autumn Hills Well IW-1 MDEQ Permit Attachments Resources Services, USA, 2002b. Drilling, Testing and Completion Report, Mirant Zeeland Well No. IW-2, Zeeland, Michigan, December 2001 to February 2002. Submitted February 28, 2002. Stattler, Frank Richard, 2015. Lithologic Properties of the Upper Ordovician Utica Formation, Michigan Basin USA: A Geologic Characterization and Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Confinement Potential, WMU Masters Thesis 6-2015 University of Michigan, 2015. Magnitude-4.2 Michigan earthquake was state’s largest since 1947. Accessed online at http://ns.umich.edu/new/experts- advisories/22870-magnitude-4-2-michigan-earthquake-was-state-s-largest-since- 1947. USGS, 1992, Groundwater Atlas of the United States Segment 9 Iowa, Michigan, , Wisconsin, Hydrologic Investigations Atlas 730-J. USGS, 2017. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/michigan/hazards.php Western Michigan University (WMU). “Hydrogeology for Underground Injection Control in Michigan: Part 1.” Dept. of Geology; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UIC Program, 1981. Wood, James R., and Harrison, William B. “Advanced Characterization of Fractured Reservoirs in Carbonate Rocks: The Michigan Basin.” Michigan Technical University, September 2002. Zimmerle, Winfried, 1995. “Petroleum Sedimentology”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, pgs. 310-315. *Referenced on Figures only

B.8-29 Bedrock Geology:

Autumn Hills RDF

Modified from : Catacosinos et al., 1991

Figure B.8-1 General Geology and Structural Features of the Michigan Basin 2018 Autumn Hills - MDEQ Class I Permit Scale: See Bar Scale Date: April 2018 2018_WM_MDEQ_Fig_B.8-01.ai By: JLM Checked: AP

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