PART I GRAMMAR CHAPTER ^HOHOJ^OaT
JHONBMICS
1 .1 . phoneale Inventory*
The phonemes of Sarly Middle Tamil with apeoial reference
to Thevaram and Nalayira Divya Prabandam are of two types.
One is Segmental phonemes and the other is Supra-segm«ntal
phonemes. The Segmental Phonemes consist of vowels aad
consonants and the Supra-segmental Phonemes consist of
juncture» terminals and accent.
Vowels:
1* ui
el ot
a*
Stops? t o P e Nasals * m n n
Flap:
Laterals * 1 1 1
Continuants:
Junctures*
Open*marl£ed with space*
Closermariced with a hyphen. 2 1
Teralnals:
Simple: ,
y ailing* .
Rising* ?
Accent *
The scheme represents only in a broad sense the state
of affairs regarding articulation. This gross sch ic
phonomio inventory does not represent the occasional variations
in articulation. One may compare the present phonemic
inventory with the one of D r .V .I. Subramoniam's reconstruction t of the allophonea available for Purananuru. 1
1 .2 . Vowels*
/i e a 0 u/ /i » e* a* 0 * u*/
There are ten vowel phonemes and all are syllabic. Out
of the ten vowels five are short and the rest are long.
These vowels exihibit a two way contrast (1) tongue position*
Front, Central and Back and (2) degree of the tongue height*
High, Mid and iow.
Since all front and central vowels are unrounded and
adl back vowels are rounded lip position is predictable. 8 2 1.3. Long Vowels:
Long 7owel8 are treated as separate phonemes as
contrast with their corresponding short vowels. Ihere are
two possibilities of treating the long vowels, viz: (1) treating
them as unit phonemes, (2) treating them as geminates of
the corresponding short vowels like long consonants.
If they are treated as unit phonemes according to Jike^
it will add five additional phonemes to the vowel system.
On the other hand if they are treated as geminates of short
vowels the number of vowels will be reduced to five. The
arguement given in the 'Descriptive Analysis of Tulu' holds I * I good all the more in addition to pike's theoretical frame m< reference to above, for treating long vowels as unit phonemes
•♦I. There are no vowel clusters in the language and geiflinate vowels create such clusters which are otherwise unwarranted to the vowel system.
”2. There is no syllabic cut in the middle of a long vowel* as we have in the case of long consonants.
"3. Long vowels occur both initially and medially where as geminated consonants occur only medially.
”4. Tradition regards (perhaps based on the above facta) long consonprnts as geminates, whilqfLong vowels as separate jdionemes or vowel plus a length." 3
(i) The data we have for the middle Tamil has vowel
clusters ( i .e . long vowel and the identical short vov/el).
following Prof.O.H. Sankaran's^ interpretation in "p-honenios I of old Tamil^ of alape^ay phenomenon, extra long vowels are 2 3
being made up of as long vowel plus identical short yowel
in each case. That means the syllabic cut is after the
long vowel and there are.
( i i ) We have no syllabic out in the middle of long
consonants are possibly functioning aa the codas for the
preceding vowels.
( i i i ) It is perhaps due to the fact that most of the
long vowels occur in all positions where as geminated
consonants occur only in medial position.
Thus the long vowels as stated before are treated as
unit phonemes. The treatment of Dipthongs will be disoussed
later.
1.4. yowel Oontrastsi
The contrasts between vowels in all positions are given
belowt
Inttial position
1 .5 . / i / is in contrast with /i< t e ,e »,a ta *,o ,o *,u , and u*/
E «g»
/i-Ju/ •'giving** /i« t u / "dignity”
/ i l i / ”one who (is) with- / e l i / ”rat" out" / i l / ♦♦house'* / e * l / ^^if(it iJeoomes)*
/ i ^ i / •thunder'* /a t i / '‘foot** * y /in ay / **two»» / ^ a y / ^b«d*» 2 4
/ir u / /oru/ ^one”
/ilay/ «leaf” /oilay/ *palni leaf'*
/lyal/ ''having* /u y al/ •♦the act of being saved”
/ i l l / ♦’deecendizig*’ /u * l i / ’’aeon'*
1,6. /i»/ i« in contrast with/e,e»,a,a*,o ,o*, u and u*/
B .g . t
/iig ^u / ^having produced” /efliu/ ^having said” /I / i *tta/ •'which gave** /e itta / “to praise/
/i»y u / •’end* / aru/ •’six"
/i i g / '•sweet'* / a in/ •’cow”
/ i i r / •’two'* /o r / •'one'*
/i i t u / "thiB-it'* /o itu / •’say**
/i*n/ ^sweef" /uin/ ’’body"
/iiju/ ’'end’* /u iju / ’’sense of touch"
1.7. /e/ is in contrast with /et>afa<»o,oi»u and u*/
E .g .
/ ey/ ^discharging’' /e *y/ "combining'*
/ey il/ •’fortress” /a y il / ” sharpness”
/en / "eight'* /a * :^ •’male'*
/el/ '^gingUi” / o ^ ”bright^
/eri/ "fire” /oiri/ "jackal"
/eifL/ /uXa/ "to plough”
/e g / ”my" /u*n/ "body” 2 5
1.8. /e
/e *tu / ’•which” /a t u / '*that-lt*’
/e i k i / *♦ haring mounted” /a *k i/ ’’haying beeoaie"
/e ittu / ’•praising" /ottu/ "having reeembled*
/em ki/ ^haying pined* /o»mki/ ’’having risen”
/•t l u / •’seven” /u lu / ’’ploughing'*
/e * r / ’’’beauty’* /u * r / ”village^
1 .9 . / a / is in contrast with /a *»o ,o i,u and u */
S.G.
/a|u/ ’’afflicting* /a*tu/ ’’dancing”
/appa/ ”to stlek” /oppa/ ”to resemble”
/acay/ ”the act of /oicay/ ”sound” moving” /a|aX/ ” strength” /u-Jal/ ”body”
/acal/ ”nelghbourhood* /u ic a l/ ”trepidatlon’*
1.10. /ai/ is in contrast with /o,o*,u and u»/
E .g .
/ a *11/ ”diBcus weapon” /o ^ i / avoid”
/a*tay/ ”g-rment” /o*tay/ ”frontlet*
/a*ka/ ”to become” /uka/ ”to die”
/a * l / ” deep'* /u * i / ”reguiar order'*
1 .1 1 . /o / is in contrast with /o «,u and u*/
E /ot|i/ ’’having tolerated” /o:|ti/ ’’having driven” /oppu/ ’’resemblance” /uppu/ ”delieiousness” /oQru/ ’♦one* /u*nru/ ’’preosing down" 2 6 1.12 /o*/ is in contrast with /u and u*/ E.g. /ojrua/ '^which will /urum/ •’thunder’* / 6: tt / (>vca V 1.13 /u/ is in contrast with /u»/ B.g I /un/ •your'* /u*n/ ’•flesh” Medial poeition 1.14 /i/ is in contrast with /i<»e>et,a»attO»oi,u and u»/ E.g. /m ig/ ’♦lightning*' /mitg/ ”fish” /gil/ "atop” /n e l/ ”grain of paddy” /tijal/ ’’strength” /teijal/ "honey” /tiru/ "beauty” /taru/ "giving" /ril/ "bow” /v a *l/ "tail** /eil/ ’"few” /c o l/ "word" /e ila y / ’^bow” /coilay/ ’*flower*^‘^'®^‘^*’ * /mig/ ”lightning" /mu^j/ •before** /k i j i / •♦falsehood'” /kutri/ "having said** 1.15 /i*/ is in contrast with /e»eifa»a>»o,ot,u and u*/ E .g . /t i * c / ”sweet” /teg / "beauty” /ci*r/ "excellence” /ce»r/ ’♦existing" /ti*a/ "sweet" /tara/ "them* /vi*l/ "falling down" /va*i/ "living" /kiintu/ ’•having torn” /kentu/ **the act of working" /tiJya/ *’evil” /toiya/ "to touch'** /p i 111/ ’•peacock* s /p u ll/ ** tiger" X CcluXlOX /t liy a / ■•evil*’ /tuiy a/ ••puren 1 .16. / e / Is In contrast with /eita,ai,o,ot ,u and u*/ E.g. /cey/ doing" /cety/ ''distance" /netu/ *long“ /na|u/ **mlddle" y /n»y/ '^polished’* /aa*y/ **dog* /mey/ ** truth'* /moy/ •'crowding" /p «y / '“putting* /p o iy/ "having gone*^ /t e g / ** south” /t u s / '•crowded** / t e ^ **olear" /tu*n/ "pillar" 1.17. /e*/ Is In contrast with /a>a:. o,oa,u and ut/ B«g» /m eil/ '•excellence** /a a l/ "warriors" /ve»r/ •’root" /v a ir / **long*' /pe*y/ *• devil" /poy/ ** untruth** /te il/ ” scorpion** / t o i y "shoulder" /pe "protecting" / p i V '*raw sore*** /ce:l/ **a kind of fish" /c u *l/ " pregnency'" 1.18. /a/ Is In contrast with /a*,o. 0 1 ,u and u*/ E.G. / k a ^ '**eye” / k a i y " seeing" 2 8 •♦haTing /katu/ "exceasive” /kotu/ •^brouipat’* /k a l/ •* stone* /k o * !/ ” stick’* /nam/ '*ua'' *‘your" /n a l/ •'good” /g u *l/ ** thread” 1 .1 9 . /a * / is in contrast with /o ,o :,u and u */ S*g* /kail/ "leg* /kol/ ^killing" /ta*y/ •mother''* /to*y/ "touching* /gam/ “I" /s^s/ '‘your" /ka*n/ "forest” /ku»g/ "hend* 1,2&, /o x / is in contrast with /u and u»/ B.g. ' /k o l/ •’killing" /k o *l/ *stick'* /pog/ "gold" /pun/ •’mean'’ |koy/ "plucking" /ku*y/ '•having killed” 1.21. /oi/ is in contrast with /u and u*/ E .g. /p o ll/ •’resembling*’ /p u i/ •’grass’* /to iy / •’touching*’ /tu iy / ’’purifying” 1,22 /u / is in contrast with /u * / E.g. /pun/ *’raw sore" /p u m / ’•ornament” 2 9 i'inal poaition The Bhort vowel /o / never occurs finally. She vowel / e / and vowel /u i / occur in t ^ ^ w o ^ l % a c h . 1 ,23. / ! / 1b in contraat with /it»e«et»a»at«ot,u and u */ B .g . /a*ti/ ’’having danced* /a*ti*/ '^Bather.'” « /o c i/ ’’breaking” /c e / '^reddiBh" /eiji/ ’’surging” /e:je*/ ”0x?" /kuiti/ "family” /ku|a/ '•west" /o ir i/ ” Jackal'* /o*ra*/ ”whieh(will) not think” /kanni/ ’’chaplet” /kanno*/ ’•is(it)eye?’* /p a * | i / ”village'** /paitu/ "sidt*’ ® /appu/ ’•having stuck” /p u */ ’*flower” © /a*ti/ “beginning” /tu*/ ”purifying’^ 1.24. /i*/ is in contrast with /e»et»a,a E .g . /vi»/ ”flower” /v e / "hot” /teivi/ •wife” /te iv e */ * V. ”GodI” I I ^ /o it t * / '^Reelterf /oita/ ’'to sa^” /a*ti*/ ”BatherJ* /alta*/ ”whieh(will) I not go” /mati*/ ”MoonI” /matu/ ”honey” 4 /til/ ”fire” /t u i / ”pur ® Subminimal pairs. 3 0 1.25. /e/ is in contrast with /ei,a,a*,oi,u and u*/ /c e / ••reddish^ /ce*/ ”ox** ® /v e / "hot** /uva/ "soaring” ® /v e / "hot/ /u va*/ "full aoon” © /v e / ’’hot” /ituv o i/ ”is this-it?*^ © /c e / ’"reddish” /pacu/ "cow" © /c e/ "reddish” /pu*/ "flower” 1.26< /el/ is in ocaatrast with /a»aifOi,u and ui/ /aXake */ '♦Beautyl ” /alaka/ "beauty I / k a ^ e i / "Byoi*’ / k a ^ a * / ”Jjord Visnu** /manage t/ **Mindi*^ /manamoi/ ’»i»(it)aind?'* 4 /muikkei/ *‘Nosel*' /lauakku/ '•note** mI © /anpe*/ *QtTao9f* /pu*/ "flower" 1.27. / a / is in contrast with /a i ,o i ,u and u */ E .g . /p ala/ *»many” /p alai/ ’♦jack tree** /amta/ ♦’that" /amto/ **ala«* /gaicka/ "which smiled*’ /nakku/ ’’having smiled** <0 /amta/ '’that** /tu*/ " purify ing* 1 .2 8 . /a * / is in contrast with /o i ,u and u*/ E .g . /pa:/ ’’treatise” /po*/ **go* /ira*/ "night" /iru/ ’’two'" /t a / **give" / t u / / •* purifjring** @ Subminimal s a Iv s . 3 1 1.29. /o i / 1b in contraet with /u and u*/ £.g. /taJfcavoi/ "iaC it) virtue” /tsJcavu/ ’•nature" /po i/ “go** /put/ ‘•iM • 1.30 /u / is in oontrast with /u i / e/atu/ '* that-it” Allophonea: All the vowels except the high hack round T#wel have Vo ' J only one allophoneli^ eaoh. The high baolc roundT i« having Un two allophones one rounded and the other rounded* 1 .5 2 . / i / [ i ] High front unrounded short vowel occurs in all positions. S*g* [1 1 ] [aika] [kafii] 1 .3 3 . / i * / C i* ] High front unrounded long vowel occurs in all positions. B*g< [i lya] €> Subfflinii&al pairs. 3 2 [ni *r] [-toili:] 1 .3 4 . / e / [e] Mid front unrounded short vowel oj^urs in initial and medial positions. S .g . Celi] [nel] 1 .3 5 . / e * / [e*] Mid-front unrounded long vowel o«|surB in all positions. E .g . [e *vi] [oe:l] [va:yes] 1 .3 6 . / a / l/li] iow central unrounded short vowel occurs in all positions. E .g . [taa] [tu*va] 1.37 /a * / [a»] Itow central jfcnrounded long vowel 8 in all positions. E .g . [a:l] [ka»tu^ [vila»] 3 3 1.38. /o / [0] Mid back rounded short vowel ocottls Initial and medial poaitions onlyJ E.g. [oru| [col] 1 .3 9 . / o i / [01] Mid "back rounded long vowel oocur^ in all positions. E .g . [oita] [poiy] [vaiQO *] 1 .4 0 . / u / [ui] High back unrounded ultra short W ^ e l occurs finally after stops exceptept I in mono-ayllables having a short v o w i. E .g . Laitui ] [pancui ] [ka*£rui ] [u] High back rounded short vowel ocofdfs elsewhere. E.g. [un] [ku:vum] [atu] 3 4 1 .41. /u * / [u:] High back rounded long vowel ocoVs In all poeltione. E .g . [u»«] [au*kJcui ] [pu*] 1.42> Distribution of Towelst Vowels used to occur (1) initially or before consonant (2) medially before consonant (S) medially eifter consonant or yowel and (4) finally after consonant or vowel. In the case of vowels occuring medially before or after vowels the long vowels occur I before short vowel only and short vov/els occur H after long vowels. In the final position only short vowels ocourl^ alter long vowels. Not all the five long vowels occur before short vowels in the 1 .43. / i / occurs initially before all consonants except /fi/» medially before and after all consonants and finally after / i i / and after all conMUllfts except /a and y / 1 3 5 s.g* Initial Medially J'inal before after /n ir iii i : /ippV /alappa/ /p i|V /olapi/ P /itaX/ /n l t i / /tiri/ /kuti/ t /i t a / /p iti/ /a |ittu / /ktt|i/ t• /I r a / /tlra/ /najiya/ /u j i / £ /io a y/ /tloay/ /o il / /pe*oi/ 0 /ikal/ /aika/ /kilay/ /a ik i/ k /ia a y / /viama/ /mio/ /ku^uai/ a /in a y / /p in i/ /taniyum/ /t u ^ i/ n• /ifiiya/ /pie/ /efiil/ /kani/ & /piflnakais/ /iiiairu/ n / n / /oilay/ /valiya/ /o l i / 1 /ila y a / /k i l i / /a ^iy a / /kaLi/ 1• /v i l i / /a o li/ /il a y / /p o lil/ I /I r u / /t i r i / /v a ril/ /e r i / r /iv ay / /tivalay/ /▼ il/ /k ila v i/ T /iy a l / /piyal/ /kuyil/ 1 y 3 6 1 .4 4 . / i i / oocura initially before all oonsonante except /a *l and 1 / medially before all ooneonants exoept before after all consonants and finally after all consonants exoept after /k,n,8,l and y/ B.?. Initially Medially PinaJ. before after /n i r i i i / i /iippaJyum/ /ciippu/ /pi *tu/ /nampii/ P /iitta/ /niiti/ /t i l s / / t i * / t /l » t t a / /pi:tu/ /itiir/ /cu»ti*/ t • / i tru/ /cixra/ /n in ^iir / /p i f i j i i / S /iio a n / /▼ilea/ / c i it/ /kaykeiel;/ c /it k a / /niikka/ /k i i r i / k / i ijaln/ /niimki/ / a i m / /m il/ m / i inti/ /a iin ta / /k a m i ir/ n : • /i » n / /ti*n/ /e^i *r/ /fii*/ n /paynniili/ il /p i H i / /c o liir / / i l i * / 1 /i» la y / /k i l l / / k e iAw l W /v illa / /t o il iir / /to Ili l/ 1 /i*r/ /niir/ /o iri 13“/ /a r i l / p / i * W /v i lYlj/ /v i i t i / /v i * / T /i* y a / /t i *ya/ /atiyia-/ y 1 3 , 1.45 /«/ oooura initially before all oons| except /p and 11/♦ medially twfore all consonants except /fi/» medially alter iall consonantB except /l/and A / i / and finally only after /c! and t /* E .g . Initially Medially Finally before after /oeppa/ /p e ja / P /•t u / /n e t i/ /t e r i/ t /katterumpu/ /ettu / /lce|a/ t• / • s V /oeru/ /terrena/ £ /eocu/ /meooa/ /cel/ /ce/ c /elckar/ /n ek il/ /kelu/ k /•«/ /cem/ /mi»S/ n /ten / n /•?/ /v e ^ a y / • /e n / /tea/ /flel/ & /Slerimtu/ n / e l i / /mel/ 1 1 / ^ / / ^ • l / • /ela/ /kelu/ « I / • r i / /teru/ /kairel/ r /evar/ /c e v i/ /T e l/ /v e / V / « y / /n e y / /Jcayeia/ y 3 8 1.46. /e * / occurs initially before all oonsonanta except; /p, !i, andl/« medially before and after all consonants except /B / and finally eifter all oonsonanta except / a / ^ ' S K S.g . Initial Medially final before after /teippa/ /p ein i/ /karumpe */ P /e *tu/ /peitam/ /tern/ /pat tel/ t / e » W /kei^u/ /pattetn/ /vantei/ t• /e *r a / /oeiru/ /tetreil/ /eiret/ I /e*ca/ /peio i/ /c e ir / /aracet/ 0 /ei)ii/ /teiklca/ /keil/ /alakei/ k /eJaapi/ /teim/ /metti/ /ulaae/ III • >1 /e*ri/ /pein/ /katnean/ /kaime*/ n• /ein/ /te*n/ /aine>s/ /te*n e*/ n ns /e » l / /c e l l / /poileig/' /kuyilei/ 1 /k e i l / /keilet^i^ /kollei/ 1• f t.£a_X a.'/ /e l l / /p« »i/ /a le *l/ 1 /eir/ /teir/ /ir e iy / /n iir e i/ r /e*vi/ /▼ei^a/ /▼ «»!/ /vitave*/ T /c *y / /pe *y/ /a|iye*n/ /va*ye*/ y 3 9 1 .4 7 . / a / occurs Initially belore and finally after all consonants except /ft/ and medially before and alter all consonante. B .g. Initially Me^dially Pinal before after /appa/ /vlyappu/ /patrV P /aW /nati/ /ta^ /ceyta/ t /nattt/ /katal/ /atl/ /ku*|a/ t• /» r a / /k a r i/ /^ a m / /us a/ £ /poal/ /paoi/ /oa»ku/ /pe»oa/ c /akal/ /takka/ /kan/ /aika/ k /am/ /tam/ /a a ti/ /viiOflia/ ffl /a n i/ /ta n / /k a m a / n /unara/ • /anfia/ /t a ^ / /sat a/ /a:ga/ & /jaaHnay/ /ilayfiar/ n /a la y / /p a l/ /kalam/ /pala/ 1 /k a l/ /kalam/ /a *la / 1 / a l V • /alay/ /v a li/ /alaku/ /ula/ i /aru/ /naray/ /purala/ /u *r a / r /avar/ /Icavi/ /▼ ali/ /tutva/ V /ayal/ /kayal/ /puyal/ /po*ya/ y I 4 0 1-43. /as/ occurs Initially an finally after all oonsonan-bB eacent /fi/ and andially after all oonaonants • Initial Medially Final before after /aippu/ /kaippa/ /p a»ti/ /p a l/ P /a Jta l/ /kastu/ /tairay/ /tai/ t /kai^u/ /•i-jaita/ /a it a i/ t /a i t i / • /a:2u/ /caJru/ /ajaita/ /u ja i/ r /a :o a y / /p a :c i / /ca*y/ /▼ircai/ c /a l i i / /nii»kku/ / k a * ^ /k a i / ic /aim/ /kaimpu/ /aaig/ /a a i/ m /ain/ /kain/ /ujQiaita/ /onai/ n • /a»sa/ /ka:na/ /ma*n/ /kagai/ 5 ^aaiyiru/ H /a * l / /icail/ /u ia :y a / /p a la i/ 1 /a * l / / t a : ^ /a la iv i/ /a i l a i / 1 • /a * l / / t a :l / /e la ita / /▼ ilai/ 1 /atr/ /kair/ /taraita/ /v ir a l/ r /nivag/ /ca*va/ /v a il / /v a i/ V /a :y / /ka*y/ /yainay/ /a*yai/ y 1 4 I / o / occurs Initlaiiy before aXi oonBonants excep and /y /f arid medially before and alter all ooneonalits excep-fc /ii/. It ocoura medially after the vowel /o * / . It never occtirs finally. E.g. Initial Medially Final before after /pojoy/ 01 /oppa/ /koppuil/ /pos/ P /otta/ /potu/ /to|ar/ t /o tti/ /ko|u/ /a*tto|u/ t /oruttu/ /poray/ /onro^u/ V /o o l/ /koccay/ /o o l/ C /oklca/ /tokka/ /o i l / k /o / /kompu/ /moli/ n /konar/ /v e M e y / n /onnai/ • /onna*/ /pon/ /vaiQOtu/ n n /o l i / /kol/ /to *lo i|u/ 1 /k o l/ /va*lo-jfu/ 1 /o l i / • /oluku/ /k o li/ /tamilotu/ 1 /o r u / /o o ri/ /malarotu/ r /o w a * t a / /k o w a y / /aravo-jfu/ V /koy/ /naraj^^u/ y 4 2 l.SO . /o » / ocoTirs initially before cojisoaants A , t 0, k ,3i , laedlally befora the vowel /o /, medially before an^ after all consonants except / n / and finally after all consonants except /li and 1 /. £*g< Initial Medially Final before after /poioy/ 0 /koippu/ /po *y/ /p o */ P /otta/ /koitay/ /tolya/ /a-atoi/ t /u ^to i/ / o * W /k o i^i/ /pa|o i»n/ t• /o o iju / /teiroiis/ /anyoi/ r•• /oicoa/ /kotcaram/ /coilay/ /acooi/ c /o * kkine:n/ /poiku/ /k o iti/ /k o i/ k /o llttpl/ /no m / /ttto ir/ /laagaffloi/ a /o i]^aiB/ /to ini/ /kam e in/ /kaj^o i/ n• /koig/ /aiaoia/ /vaino i/ Q a t n /o ilay/ /k o il/ / ilo im/ /koloi/ 1 /k o i y /ulo ir/ /ivaloi/ 1• 1 /koiii/ /puk^oim/ m /o ir / /coira/ /pairoir/ /fceytii/ r /oivai/ /nolya/ /poivo »a/ /t'akavoi/ ▼ /o *ymtu/ /toiy/ /taiyoin/ /aiyo i/ y 4 3 1.51 /u / occurs initially before, iaedially before and alter and finally after all consonants except /!!/• E .g . Initial Medially Final before after /uppu/ /tuppu/ /p u i/ ^ s p V P /u tay i/ /n uti/ /tunru/ /u tu / t M a y / /cu^u/ /katum/ /kaitu/ t « /u jay / /muri/ /kiirum/ /c ir u / r /ucoi/ /mucu/ /cunay/ /paicu/ 0 /uka/ /puku/ /kuri/ /vayku/ k /um/ /tumpi/ /mu®/ /yimmu/ m / u y /tu n i/ /peinum/ /ennu/ n • R /u© / /punam/ /esum/ /tanu/ n /ulay/ /kulay/ /ftilum/ /nailu/ 1 /p u l/ /miilum/ /u llu/ 1 /u l / • /u la / /k u li/ /celum/ /u lu/ 1 /u r i / /nuray/ /kiiruti/ /karu/ r /uTay/ /k uv i/ /ku*vuifl/ /lomivm/ v /u y / /k u y il/ /kuta/ujn/ /yaJyw' y A 4 4 1.52. /u»/ 000UT8 ioLljially before /t , t, o, m ' Q» '^i( and r/, medially before all - ooneonante except / S / , medially after sJ.1 consonants exoept /t , n 1 and 1/ and finally after /p» t Ml !»/ B.g. Initial Medially iinal before after ! /lcu*ppu/ /pu:r/ /pu*/ P /ui1;a/ /t u :t u / /tu*n^/ /tui/ t /u*1fl/ /kuita/ /u * r i / /IcuJja/ /vatape»ju*r/ £ /u*oal/ /p u io i/ /ou»la/ 0 /muikku/ /k u*rl/ k * /uiaasair/ /puim/ /mui^u/ /aui/ m /ttin/ /puin/ n• /u »s/ /ku*n/ /ijuil/ & /nu*3pi/ a 1 1 /outlay/ /pulcaluir/ 1 /t u i l l / /koilu*r/ 1 / u . l / /icuil/ 1 /u ir / /icu»r/ /a ir u ir / r 1 /leu *vi/ /kataTU*r/ T /kuty/ /puliyuir/ y 4 5 1.53.Dlpthongs: There are two dlptbongs found in the data [ai and au]. Phonemically the non-syllabio vowels oocuring after [a] eu:*e treated as allophonee of /y / and /▼/• These always occur after the vowel [a] and before a consonant or pause.® In the case of [u] it never A occurs before the stops [p and k]. ^All allophones of /y / and /v / will be ^?iven later. There are a few words having [v] after [a] are in free variation with [u] whioh may support the treatment of dipthongs as A. seq.uenc(j0 of vowel plus consonant. /mavval/ [mawal] ” jasmine” /mavval/ [aauval] ’•jasmine*' A 1 .5 4 . Consonants. /pttrekmnnfilllrvy There are sixteen consonant phonemes and all are non-syllabio, ^ t of these /p t t r c k / art stops /m n n n/ are nasals, /l 1 1/ are laterals /r/ is flap and /y / are continuants. 1.55. Contrast. The contrasts between consonants in all positions are shown below. 4 6 Initial |»osii;ion» In the initial position /t r n 1 1 and r/ never occur. i 1.56. /p/ io in contrast with /t o k a n n 1 v and y / £.g< /p a ir / "earth** /tair/ ’’garland’* /pern/ ’•protecting" /c ein / **high* /p a r / ''melody” /kao/ •eye’* /p ey / “putting'* /mey/ '^truth** /p al/ "many*’ /mel/ ^tender” /p a ila / ”white'* /B a lia/ “world* /poikam/ •’pleausure'^ /loikaa/ ’•world” /pall/ ’♦milk'* /rail/ “tail* /p a ir / * earth** I yair/ '‘who” 1 .5 7 . / t / iB in contract with /c k m n !i 1 v and y / B.g. /tall/ •lulling” /call/ "lurrow in ploughing** /t a in / ’’oneself” /k ain / “forest** /t e g / *» south’* /men/ '"tender” /tarn/ '•them” /nam/ ’’us” /tainam/ *gift” /ila inam/ "wiMom ” © /toiyam/ "water** /loikam/ “wdirld” Subminimal pairs. 4 7 /tarn/ ♦'oneeeir" /v a m / im/ •‘themselves’** /ya*ia/ ”we*’ 1 ,5 8 . / o / is In contraBt with /k m n R 1 ▼ and y/ E »gi /c u ll/ ’’surrounding*’ /k u *l/ '*food* /c e l / **la8ting" /m el/ "tender** /o & t j/ ‘'colour" /na*y/ Mog’* /o u *la l/ '•flieanB*’ /iia*lal/ '•fat id cassia** ® /coirUm/ ’’which will /lo*icara/ *’world* rain” /cell/ ’*^ind of fish” /veil/ •’lane*'*' /cairu/ *'i)uioe" /yairu/ ’♦river” 1 .5 9 . / k / is in contrast with /m n n 1 v and y / E*g' /koy/ ‘'plucking” /aoy/ “crowding” /kain/ *ate” /gai^ »’bow string” /kainru/ ^having /naifiju/ "time” emitted” & /kotlam/ ’’beauty’' /loIkam/ ”w orld” /kaiy/ ’’buining’* /vaiy/ '•mouth” /ka»r/ ’’cloud” /y a ir / ”who” 1.60. /m/ is in contrast with /n fi 1 v and y/ E.g. /main/ "deer” /nain/ “I'* • Subminimal pairs. 4 8 /matnam/ “dignity’' /Rftinam/ ’‘wisdom’* e /aaxkam/ “sky* /loikam/ '•world'* /aaJya/ **to die" /vaiya/ •’of 1;he place** /aa*tu/ ’♦woman /yaitu/ '•what'* 1.61. /n/ is in contrast with /n 1 t and y / E.g. /nam am / /Rainam/ "wisdom'* © /na * kam/ ’* e erp ent' /lo*kaft/ ^ o r l d ’* /nail/ "four” /va*l/ nail" /nasl/ '•fault •• /y a s l/ **lute’* 1.62. /fl/ is in contrast with /I y and y / £*g' ^ /Ballam/ '•world" /lo*kam/ •world” /fia*lal/ *fatid cassia** /vailal/ •’the act of living* /iiu*ru/ ’’hundred'* /ya*ru/ driver” 1.63. /v/ is in contrast with /y/ B .g. /v a i l / ’•living'* /y a *l/ ’*lute* Medial l^osition. 1 .6 4 . / p / is in contrast with /ttrckmnnii 1 1 1 r T and y/ @ Subminimal pairs. 4 9 B*g« /katappa/ ”to measure'* /fcatatta/ **to cry* /ke*tpa/ '*60 hear” /keitta/ **whioh «pp«€i agreed^ /e:rpu/ *‘reoeption" /e*rru/ **ox** /iyampa/ *‘to sound'* /iyamka/ "to move* /appu/ "water" /ampu/ " arrow" /ka*ppu/ ’’protection" /kampu/ ** sight" /anpu/ **love" /ajipu/ ’♦water" ® /ilayppX/ ’’weariness'* /ilayioar/ ”young men** /icoipaia/ •’anger** /koilam/ beauty** /llppu/ "deliciousness** /uLlu/ "think** @ /aiu»ppu/ "oldness’^ /mu*ika/ "to* be hidden" © /tiipam / ‘•lamp*’ /ti»rum/ cease" /ceppa/ "to aay** /covvi/ "beauty** /oappa/ "to say** /oeyya/ "to do" i .6 5 . / t / is in contrast with /trc k m n n f i 1 1 1 r T and ,y/ E.g. /a tu / **that it" /atu/' "alflicting** /uitu/ "blowing” /u«ru/ " springing /patu/ "ten" /pacu/ "cow’* /putu/ "new’' /puku/ **the act of entering" /vitta/ "to sow" /vimma/ O Subminimal pairs. 5 0 /t u t i/ “^the aot of /tuni/ "cloth" worshipping” /p a t i/ •♦abode” /pani/ '‘cool** /aattu/ '•laus-b of rutting /maiinay/ ♦•peaeook** olephent” /katay/ "story'’ /kalay/ /k a t i/ •’refuge*' /kaXi/ “revelling” /atu/ "that-itw /a iu / *’weeping'‘ /i t u / **thiB-itH /i r u / ♦•two** /katay/ •’story" /kavay/ ’♦('leavage'* /mutal/ '• first cause♦♦ /iRuyal/ •'hare” 1.66. /t/ is in contrast with / t o k m n n f i l l 1 r V and y/ /m t u / '•deJioing” /a :r u / '*river" /a »|u / '♦dancina:'’ /a»cu/ "fault" /a *ta / "to dance” /a ik a / "to become" /atara/ "to ruin" /amar*a/ •♦to remain* /it ay/ "waist" /in ay / "two" /a *t a / **to dance* /a in a / "which became” /mattu/ "honey* /mafiJlay/ "peacock" /a |a r / "dense" /alar/ "flower” /at ay/ "reach* /a la y / ’♦curds" /a t a l/ 'the act of /a la l/ "fire” killing" /a t u / "' afflicting" /aru/ *♦formless” /ku»|u/ "uniting" /ku*vi/ "having called" 5 1 / atal/ •’■the act of /ayal/ "neighbourhood" killing'' /pa»ta/ "to aing* /pa*ya/ ’♦to flow** 1 .6 7 . / r / l8 in contrast with /e k m n# n• a 1 1• r T and y / E .g . /narrjy/ '♦honey'* /nacay/ •’desired object" /e*ra/ *‘to raise* /e *ka/ "to go" /aray/ ’’sounding” /dnay/ /k a r i/ "diah*’ /k an i/ "fruit** /narray/ "other” /mallnay/ "peacock" /aray/ '•sounding" /a la y / "wave" /a r i / ” to know'* / 4 i / ”'bee" /muray/ border" /mulay/ "tender shoot /iduci/ ’’breaking" /muri/ "short" /afay/ ’^aoundin# /avay/ "that-they" /te*ra/ "to be /teiy a/ "to 1»e destroyed" elarilted'* 1 .6 8 . / o / is in contrast with /k m n n fl 1 1• 1m r T and y / E .g . /eica/ *to abuse” /e ik a / "to go" /ioay/ "music" /imay/ "eye lid** /pe*ci/ "having said’' /p e :n i/ "desired" /pad/ "hunger" /pagi/ •^dew" \ 1 ©/peujcay/ ♦’green oolour''* /maSfiay/ ••peacock” /vac ay/ '^defect'' /valay/ /aooy/ •the act of /a la y / ’♦curde** movln/s;’* /vl»ca/ •♦•to spread'* /v i :l a / ♦♦to die'^ /naoay/ '^desired object’^/naray/ •'whitish'^ /kuJoi/ •^having been /k u iT i/ “having sh] called** /eio a/ ’♦to abuse‘s /e*ya/ "which was hit* 1.69. /k/ 1b In contrast with /m ,n ,n ,!l,l»l,lfr ,v a&d y / E.g' /akay/ ’♦buming'* /amay/ “ attewshed” /a*lci/ “^having become” /aini/ "superiority* /atka/ ’’^to become'* / a m a / ”whlch became" e /askkay/ '•body* /maMiay/ ♦‘peacock” /eika/ "to go“ /e *1 a/ " suit ably’* /uka/ **to fall** /u la / ’’which has” /takay/ "nature” /talay/ ’♦leaves'” /taku/ ♦♦suitably’^ /taru/ "giving” /a*kl/ ”having become" /aivi/ ”breath” /a ik a / *to become” /a»ya/ ••Itlfh became’* 1.70. /m/ is in contrast with /n, n, !l, 1, 1, 1, r| and y / S.g< /atmay/ "turtle specious" /amay/ ”wter” e Subminial pairs. 53 /ampu/ '^arrow^ /anpu/ '•love'* /immay/ "thiB tirth'* /manllay/ **pe acock" / aaay/ " b fjiaboo *’ /■iaXay/ ”wave‘* V / -fe aaar/ ;|{el at ions « /talay/ "tottering^ /imay/ •*eyelid*‘ /llay/ "ornanent’* /amay/ **bamboo** /aray/ "waiet** /icu.aay/ “trouble” /kuvay/ '*heap^ /umar/ Vour friends /uyar/ ”lofty** and relations” 1.71. is in contrast with /n, !i, 1, 1, 1, r, v and y/ E.g< /anay/ ”bed‘* /ag;ny/ "mother'*' /mannay/ '’earth*' /ma'Piiiaj^ "peacock** /in ay / ’♦two" /ilay/ "leaf" /tuaay/ "support” /tuiay/ "hole‘s /kanay/ “ arrow” /kalay/ “bafflboo*' /p a * n i / "laexody'’ /p a *r i/ "-Che patron Pa*ri" /aini/ '•superiority* / a i T i / "breath" /unar/ •"knowing” /uyar/ "loX-|y*' 1.72. /n/ is in contrast with /ft, 1, It 1, r, ▼ and y/ S*g* iviAp n tt'.y /krfia^/ ’'king" /laaMlay/ ^peacock" /inanay/ ”house" /malay/ '•mountain” O Subminimal pairs. 5 4 /a m a / •'which became'* /alia/ *'to rule* /kanay/ ’•Bounding/ /kalay/ ’•bamboo” /vinay/ "karma** /viray/ ^iragranoe** /ka*nal/ •’sea shore” /kaival/ "guard** /kasnam/ "lorest" /k a *y a V •'body'* 1 .7 3 . /!!/ is in contrast with /1» If If r, v and y / E.g. /mafiRay/ "peacock** /maliay/ "isiahaibali- puram'^ /malillay/ ’♦peacock" /callay/ "grey river m u l l e i ; ' * @ /maMfiy/ "peacock* /raalay/ ’*rain" ® /maflRay/ ’^peacock" /marpy/ " Ind 1 gn elk* © /llayliar/ "^oung men” /irayvar/ '•Lord Siva** © /ilayRar/ ♦jroung men’* /irayyar/ "3tord Siva* 1 .7 4 . / I / is in contrast with /I f If Tf v and y/ E»g< /alay / "wave** /alay/ "curds'^ /ila y / "leaf** / I I sy/ "ornament'* /taLay/ ••head'* /taray/ "plaee*^ /il a r / '^not they‘d /iv a r / **this-they" /a *la a / "poison** /aiyam/ "manner** © Subminimal pairs. 5 5 1 .7 5 . / I / is in eontraat w ith/l, r, ▼ and y / E .g . /ulay/ **mane” /alay/ '^call" /kalay/ ‘‘beauty*’ /karay/ /kali/ •'revelling’* /kavi/ "poera* /kalam/ ’’expanse'* /kayam/ ’’tank" 1.76. /l/ 1b in contrast with /r , ▼ and y / E .g . /a l i a / ”to sink" /asra / ’*to combine** /a»li/ ’'diecuss weapon** /a*ri/ "breath” /kadal/ "anklet** /kayai/ ”oorp" 1 .7 7 . / r / is in contrast with /▼ and y / E .g . /ku»ra/ "to be abundant” /ku»va/ "to cry** /a*rmta/ ^whioh was /aiymta/ ’’which full" celebrated** 1 .7 8 . /▼/ is in contrast with /y / E .g . /aiTatu/ "that which /aiyatu/ "that which will become** become^ /uvar/ "yonder-they** /uyar/ ’*lofty* 5 6 ylnal Poeltlon* In the final position all the stops and the nasal / ^ / never ooour. 1 .7 9 . /m / is in contrast with /n , n, 1, 1, 1» riV and y/ /a*m/ •will ‘become'* /a :n / •males*’ /tam/ •them** /taij/ "onestlf** /nam/ •‘ue" /nal/ •good’* /ta*m/ '♦themselves'* /tatl/ •foot” /ya:m / ♦•we" /ya*l/ ”lute^ /ti:m/ •sweet” /tisr/ “curing" © / e V '*our** /oev/ "reddish*' /oem/ "reddish^ /oey/ ”doing” 1.80. is in contrast with /n, 1, 1, 1, r, v and j / £*g' /na *§/ '^how- string^ /n a m / “I'* /kain/ "see" /k a »l/ -leg" /kan/ "eye" /kal/ "honey" /pein/ "protecting" /peil/ •largeness* /pain/ "praise" /pa»r/ "earth^ t @ /p e n / "womai" /cev/ "redness* / p e ^ "woman" /pey/ "putting" @ Subminimal pairs. 5 7 1 ,8 1 . /n / is in oontras-t with A t 1» 1» r , ▼ and y / /i n / ^aweet** / i l / «house* /a n / /el/ ’♦gingill” /v a ;s / *»eky« /rail/ "living” /tein/ "honey" /teir/ ‘’seeking’* © /e n / "my" /cev/ "redneBB** /ku*a/ •'bend" /k uiy / '‘having called'* 1.82. /l/ is in con-fcraet with /1» 1, r, v rud y/ £>g< /p u l/ •'graee” / v ^ / ’'bird'* /a * l / “banyan tree” /a * i / "sinking'' /e * l / •’reeembling'’ /e i r / "beauty** «> /e l / "night* /cev/ "rednesf?'* /n e l/ "grain of /n ey / "poliahed** paddy** k.83. /l/ ie in oontrasi; with /l» r, v and y / S.g< /v B *l/ ’’sword’' /va*l/ "living'* /nixl/ “long" /ni»r/ "water‘d ® / n i i y wiong" /oev/ "redness'^ /t o il / shoulder" /toiy/ "touching* 1,84. /l/ ie in contrast with /r, v and y/ S .g . /ell/ "seven“ /e*r/ "beauty" O S«bainimal iilrs. 5 8 © /e l l / ” seven” /oev/ "redneas* /tall/ ’’desending’' /isaiy/ "molihtr** 1.85. £g in contrast with /v and y / E .g . /o e ir/ ’♦existing'* /oev/ ♦'redness’* /a i r / "^fully” /a *y / *'selecting’* 1.86. /v/ is in contrast with /y/ £>g« /cev/ ” redness" /cey/ "doing** 1 .8 7 . Long Ooneonantai- Long consonants are treated as seq.uenoea ol the •peape^tlv» consonants. 1.88. Allophones. The nasal /m / and the continuants /v and y / have more than one allophone^ and the rest have only «ne allophones each. Stops I [pt t, t» r, o and k] are stops. They have only one allophonei^ each. / p / [p] Voiceless bilabial stop occurs initially and medially< 9 Subminimal paira. 5 9 S>g* [pakal] [anpt4- 1.90. A/ [t] Voioeleao dental stop ooours InitiaLly and medially. £ [tarn] [Itu] 1.91. hf Ctl Voiceless retroflex stop oeo^s medially only. E .g . [atal] 1.92. /£/ L£] Voiceless alveo-palatal stop 1 ooours medially only. £.g. [aram] 1.93. hi [c] Voiceless palatal stop occurs initially and medially. S .g . [cey] [aoal] 6 0 1 .9 S . / V t^] Voiceless yelar stop occurs Initially and medially. £*g* [kal] I [akam] Nasala» [®» n» Q# R aJid Aj nasals. tiJLJiiJi ( i ) [m] the d^fral nasal occurs in all positions. Initially it occurs before vowels, medially before identical nasal and homorganic stop, medially after [m, n, n, 1, 1, r and yj and initially. In the final position it occurs alter vowels except £i] and Lo] and the semi vowel [i] /S £.g< [mar am] [ammam] [ampm] [cemmi] [um ai] [tanmai] [ko^in] [vailmig] fniirmai] [noym| [kamal] [ti*m] [em] [nesmj [am] [am ] [aim] [noim] [um] [pu*a] [aim] 6 1 (i l ) [n] the dental^occure initially and medially. Initially it occurs before all vowels, medially beiore the hoaorganio atop, before the identical nasal and intervocally* s.g. [ni^] [ni*r] [nel] [neir] [nam] [nam] [noyya] [noim] [nun] [nuil^ [pantm] [cenneri] [cerunar] (i i i ) [n] the retroflex nasal ooours medially and finally. In the . medial position before [p, t and Ic], before the identical nasal, the bilabial nasal and the velar continuant and intervocally. S .g . [panpui] tlcanta] [kai^lca] [annal] [unmai] [pu^ya] [ani] (iv) [n] the alveo-palatal nasal occurs medially and finally. Medially before the stops [p, g and k], 6 2 and the nasRls [m and n] and interyooally and flnaily after all vowelb . E .g . [anpu4 tu*nra] [nankui] [tanmai] [annam] [efla] [ig] [iin] [en] [ilem ] [tan] [a*n] [pon] [Icoin] [ug] [u*n] (y ) [fi] the palatal nasal occura initially and medially. Initially it occurs before [i, e, at, and u*]. Medially it occurs before the homorganio atop and Identical nasal» after the seiai Towel [i] and the identical nasad. A. E .g . [nimirui ] [fierimtui] [iiailamj [iiuirui^ [naficm] [mannai] [paka^ar] [pai^i ili] (vi) [,n] the velar nasal occurs medially before the homorgsuiic stop and 6 3 0 the identlal nasal. S*g* [snkux] irmn^aot ] The nasals [n n and n]^ ocouring helore the homorganlo stops are treated as the allophones of the bllabial nasal /ffl/* ^or they are not oocuring^any other stops except as mentioned above. Moreover their occurence is restricted. This ia a oaae of overlapping. This grouping is supported by Bernard BlockS and are treated likewise in ‘Descriptive graaiuer Oilappaci- I karam'. The velar nasal ocouring bexore the identical I nasal is also grouped under [m]®. The dental nasal [n] ocouring initially and medially other than before the homogranio atop in treated as the allophone of / q / The n ocouring initially and medially other than before the homorganic stop is treated as separate phoneme. , olynIaY' The nasal [n] is treated separate phoneme^/^/ Thus the six nasals are reduced to four nasal phonemes and the full picture can be understood by the followingf 6 4 /ffl/ [n] Voiced dental nasal occurs medially before voiceless dental atop [t] E«g« [ Yantai /Tamta/ [ft] Voiced palatal nasal occurs isedially l^efore voiceless palatal stop [c] E .g . [paiicu] /paacu/ [n] Voiced velar nasal occurs mcidially beiOre the voiceless velar stop [ic] and interyocally. £»g* [inkui] /iiftku/ [iU^anaDi] /asm ^m / [ffl] Voiced bilabial nasal occurs elsewhere £*g* [makan] /makag/ [ampui] /ampu/ [a*kum] /a*kum/ / s / [h]Voiced dental nasal occurs initially aUd medially after [u] B .g . [nakiam] /n&kam/ 6 5 [cerunar] /oorunar/ [oeimajl] /oonnerl/ [Voiaed naeal-oeetB^ne44ednLy and fiaal^y] [_n ][ Voiced alveo'*palatal naaal occurs elsewhere. B .g. [kani] /kagi/ n [anpux] /anpu/ [aeS-*^] /asaa/ [an] /a a / 1 .9 8 . / n / [n] Voiced retroflex nasal occurs medially and finally. E .g . [tani] [lean] [ n a ^ i] 1 .9 9 . /ft/ [n] Voiced palatal nassJL occurs initially medially. E.g< [flaiyirm] [ilaifiar] [painni*li] A 6 6 l.lo o . / r / [r] Voiced alveo-palatal tlap ooours medially and finally. [e *rl] . [e*r] IiateralB 1.101 / ! / [l] Toioed alveo-palatal lateral occurs initially medially nnd finally. £.g« [loikam Coli] intll 1 .102. / I / [1] Voiced retrotlex lateral occurc medially and finally. B.g* [all] U>1] 1.103. / l / [l] Voiced retroflex palatal lateral with n slight continuance (retroflex continuant) ocwps medially &jid finally. E.g. [elaj [▼ail] 6 7 Continuanta 1.104. /v/ [ •*.] Voiced veiar continuant^ with soaae friction onours medially before stop only. E .g . [a.'.fca] /avka/ [u] volar eeiai vot»el ocours after the central A.• '* vo;vel [s] said before continuants except stops. It freely varies with, [v] in the easae position. E.g. [pauvani] ~ [paTvaui] /pawaia/ [t ] ocoars elsewhere. E*g. [val] [av>or] [lyiilvu] [co:rvu] [cev] 1.105. /y/ [i] palatal semi vowel ocours after the central vowel [a] and before consonants. E .g . [aintui] /aymtu/ 6 8 LXl yoioed padatyoozitiuuaat occurs elsewhers. S*S • [yairui] [ayai] [ka»y] Dletrlbution of Oonaonants Consonants used iso ooour (1) initially before Yowels (s) medially before or after Towels or ooneonanta (3) finally after vowels or coneonants. Out of the six stops, four stops (/p , t* c, k/) ooours Initially and the remaining two stops(/t and r/) never ooours initially. All the stops do not ooour finally* In the oase of nasals all of them ooour initially, medially. Finally except the nasal all of them ooour* The flap never ooours initially* In other position it ooours. Szoept 1 all other laterals .do not ooour initially* But they ooour in the other tvd positions. She continuants occur in all positi 1.108. / p / occurs initially before all vowels, before all vowels except / e / and identical consonant and medially all vowels and the following com T------ 6 9 /p» t» r» m, n, n, 1» i» r, y/. finally this stop consonant never occurs. - Initial Medially before after /p i s / /anpil/ /ip p i/ i /p li|u / /pa^pi *r/ /ti»ppa/ ii /pen/ /oeppa/ e /pe»r/ /vayppeig/ /teippa/ et /paci/ /kainpa/ /appa/ a /p a »l/ /ka*npa»r/ /aippu/ &* /p®s/ /anpotu/ /oppa/ 0 / po im/ /icagpo ir/ /Icoippu/ 01 /p u l/ /Icarpu/ /uppu/ u /put/ /koppuil/ /ku*ppi/ UL.'. /oeppa/ /^•ppi/ p /keitpa/ 1 S /karpu/ I /cempu/ a /kainpu/ /aspu/ £ /cailTu/ X /kolpavar/ 1• • / va*lpavar/ I /oa*rpu/ T /oeypavar/ y * > • « t. 1 7 0 1.109. / t / occuTB initially bclore ail vowels, medially before all vowels and before the identical conaonant and /r / medially after all vowels and after the following consonants /t, m , 1, p, y/. Finally it never occurs, Initial Medially before after /tiru/ /kati/ /1-ppV i / t i l / /o i t i i / /ti*ppa/ it /te g / /teitena/ /oeppa/ e /te :n / /karute *1/ /teippa/ • 1 /ta n i/ /i t a i / /appa/ a /tai/ /eitta*/ /aippu/ at /to l/ /pattotu/ /oppa/ Q /toil/ /oitoim/ /koippu/ 01 /tuti/ /atu/ /uppu/ u /tuiy/ /puttuir/ /kuippi/ u* tb /icayya / /Irattu/ t /amta/ m. /vailtal 1 1 .1 1 0 . / t / never occurs initially and finally. It medially occurs before all vowels except / e / and before the following consonants 7 1 /p* t» c, k/ and niedlally after ail Yowele and after tbe identlel conaonaxit and the consonants /n and y / Medially before after /a ^ l / AW i / i | i i r / / i * W ii e /van|ei/ / « * w et /a «ta / /atu/ a /it a it u / /a *t a / ai /to^^otu/ /kotu/ 0 /pato la/ /o *ta/ ot /a |u / /utal/ u /u i | i / Ut A e i | p a / V /k eit|a/ / o |1 f i/ t /Jcaitci/ c /keitlca/ k /kanta/ n • /kaytavar/ y 1.111 / r / also neyer oooux^ initially and iinally* In the medial position it occurs before all vowels weeept A / and before the consonants /p* n/ medially after all vowels and consonants /r and g / 7 2 before Etfter /a r i / /k i r i / i /p atiriir/ /k i r i i / it / )rr Ji-t, /e r i / e /air® i/ /e ira / el /a r e / /ara/ a /▼ayirai /a ir u / at /uirotu/ /▼eri/ 0 /airoitu/ /ve»ru/ 01 /a j u / /u j l / u /Tatapei£u*r/ /u * r i/ ul /k ^ p u / p / • r r i / /u i r j i / r /arkam/ k /onji/• (5 1.112 M occurB ini-tiaZly befora all vowele and medially before all vowels and before the consonants /k and r /. It occurs medially after all Towels except /o / and the con sonants /t, r, k, m, n, n, l,'l, r, ▼ A. and y / Initial Medially before after /k i l i / /a *k i/ /ik a l/ /kill/ /pakiiratan/ /niikka/ ii -rW-TS- O-TSC 7 3 Initial Medial before after /kelu/ /cikkona/ /nekil/ e A e i l / /poikeil/ /eika/ e 1 /kan/ /a*W /akay/ a /ka»y/ /aika^ /a*ka/ ai A /k o l/ / /toku/ 0 /k o / /t arukoim/ /poika/ 01 /kuta/ /taku/ /uka/ u /ku »r/ /kuruku»r/ /kuikay/ ui /keitka/ t• /arkaa/ r /akku/ /tu:kku/ k /amku/ a /kainku/ n• /nanku/ n /naika/ 1 /kollca/ /muilki/ /calcrapa*ni/ /peirkal/ /melykay/ 1.113 / o / 000UT 6 initially before all yowels. Medially before ai.1 vowels and the identical consonant and medially after all vowels and after /-J, o, m, 1, r and y /. Jpinally 7 4 It never oooura. Initial Medial before after /o il a/ /attci/ /io ay/ i /o i i r / /v i*o iir/ /k iio u / ii /oem/ /puricay/ j/ecou/ e /ce*r/ /pe loe m/ /eica/ es /caaicu/ /ao a l/ /acay/ a /oa:y/ /uoaivi/ /a*cay/ ai /c o l/ /kaoetu/ /o c i/ 0 /oosju/ /aoitay/ /otoay/ 01 /cunay/ /aracu/ /ucatvu/ /e u » l/ /miiyaccuirar/ /kuioi/ /lcai|oi/ -J /o tool/ /peioou/ 0 /amoa/ m /taJlcoi/ 1 /arocitta*r/ r /paiycoi/ y 1.114. / k / ocours initially before all vowelB, medially before all vowels and /k and r/ medially after all vowels and all consonants except /pt t, o, and n /. i’inaily it never Occurs. 7 5 Initial Medial Tsefore after /k i l l / /aiki/ /kal/ i /k i l l / /paki irat an/ /g l * kka/ it /k elu / /cikkena/ /n ek il/ e /k e il / /poikeil/ /e»k a/ et /kan/ /aika/ /akay/ a /Icaiy/ /a *k a i/ /a*ka/ at /k o l/ /ko imkotu/ /toku/ 0 /k o i/ /taruko *ia/ /poika/ ot /k u i'U / /taku/ /uka/ u /kttir/ /kurukuir/ /kuikay/ Ut /k«itka/ t /karkum/ r /atkka/ /okka/ k /amku/ a /kainka/ n• /nanicu/ S /nalka/ 1 /kolka/ 1• /m u*lki/ 1 /oakrapa*ni/ /u irkal/ r /avkai/ ▼ /meiykay/ 7 1.115 /m/ ooours Initially before all vowels, medially before all Towels except / e / and before 7 6 /p , t, C, k, m/, medially after all vowels and after /m, n, u, i , 1, r, y / pjid finally after all* vow el 8 except /i / and after the consonant/'// E*g. Initially Medial i ’i i i a l before after /aiica/ /taall/ /imay/ i /rails/ /oirumiir/ /iimin^' /tiim / ii /mey/ /oempu,'' /em/ e /me *ya^/ /aim ei/ /neimi/ /taim/ e 1 /man/ /kamal/ /amar/ /am/ a /main/ /ko ima in/ /ko imar/ /a im/ at /moy/ /titukumottu/ /icompu/ /nota/ 0 /moir/ /aimoi/ /oimpi/ /noim/ 01 /mul/ /amulsJcL/ /Wraar/ /u»a,^ u /mu i/ /perumuir/ /kuimpu/ /puim/ Ul / c empva/ p /amta/ t /amca/ e /aaku/ k /viami/ /oemmi/ m /tanjaay/ n /tagmay/ nm /k o ^ i n / /va ilmia/ 1 /niirmay/ r /noiymay/ /aym/ y 7 r 1.116. / y never ocoure initially. Medially it occurs before all vowels eiRoopt / i , "h, surt/u*/ and before the coneonants /p , t, a, n, and y/, medially after all vowels and after identical nasal. Finally it occurs after ail vowels except / i * and 01/ B.g« Medially Final before alter /a n i/ /in ay / /kumln/ i /kaniirei/ /iin ^ u / ii /enney/ /nenti/ /«?/ e /kaine *n/ /pe m i / /p ein / e: /in a r / /a n i/ /tan/ a /u ^ a i/ /a m i / /a in/ a* /pannotu/ /o^nai/ /on/ 0 /viBuno :r j /ko m a l/ 01 /unar/ / u V u A u m i / /u rn / ui L-e^-err-i. ■ o-cftL T /kam pu/ P /kantu/ t /kainka/ k /unmay/ ■ / e m i / /unna/ n• /punya/ 7 7 8 1.117. / n / ix'ore vowels It occurs in all posi-fcionB. It oocura medially beiore the coneonante /pf m and n/ and medially alter identical consonant. S*g. Medial Initial Before after Final / s W /kani/ /iniya/ A s / i /n i *r/ /e n iir / / i inujfl/ /t i i n / it /nel/ /arsfleri/ /e n e / /en/ e /ne tr/ /aine m / /e:naia/ /ile *n/ e * /nam/ /anal/ /taa/ a /§a:a/ /kanai/ /a*na/ /a *n / at /noyya/ /pailigotu/ /conga/ /pon/ 0 /no *m/ /atno im/ /poiga/ /k o m / ot /nun/ / i inua/ /kuni/ /u n / u / b u iI/ /palayyanuir/ /icum/ /u»n/ ux /anpu/ P /p a n ji/ £ /^anku/ k /tanmay/ a /wfisV / “ iS5^/ n 1.118. /IS/ oocuTB initially before /i , e, at stf^d ui/ only. Medially it occurs before Tjhe vowele / i : and a /. Medially it occurs after the v o w e l./V and consonant /y / 1 ■ \ 7 9 B*g» 1 Initial i /nimiru/ - /neriatu/ /Si&tlam/ 1 /Iluiju/ 1 M«dially beior« /p a y M iili/ /mafifiay/ 1 Medially after 1 /ilayfiar/ /piRBLaicaB/ 1.119. / I / ocoure Initially only before the vowel /o :/ Medially it ocours before and alter all TOwels and before the ooneonants /p» k . 1 and r/t medially after the identical consonant and finally after all -vowels. E .g. Initial Medially i’inaa before after M i / /ila y / / i l / i /kttlali*/ /p i*li/ /n i i l / il /cillena/ A i / /ee l/ e / U e m / / e ilyu/ /me*l/ Li 8 0 /alaku/ /alny/ /akaX/ a /ulaiTu/ A*lay/ /asl/ a* /toilotu/ /oli/ Aol/ o /loikam/ /Uoir/ /oilsy^ /koil/ oi /ulaku/' /pul/ u /nailuir/ /nuJlar/ /nu>l/ /lalpu/ p /njaka/ k /ellay/ /aUl/ 1 /eJlTu/ V 1.120. / I / nevsr occure initially. Medially it occurs before all vowels except / e / and before /p» k, 1 and v/. Medially alter it occurs after all vowels and after identical consonant and finally after all vowels except / i / . E.g. Medially final before after /ali/ /ilam/ I /keiliir/ /iilay/ /kill/ li /•Iki/ /el/ t /e lie in/ /keilyi/ /ke*l/ ei /alia/ /ali/ /nal/ a /mailai/ /a:la/ /ail/ ai 8 1 /itsyatlotu/ /o l i / /k o l/ 0 /ulo Jr/ /k o il/ ot /ailuffl/ / u l W /u l / u /peruv«ilu*r/ /t u i i i / / c u * y ut /Irolpavar/ p /icolka/ k mni /icolla/ 1• /ke ilvi/ V 1.121. /!/ nerer oours initially. Medially it occurs before all TOwels etoept /© / and before /p» t, e, k* a, and t / and medially after all vov/ela. i'inally it occurs after r11 vowela except /e , o and u/ E .g. iiediallT final before aiter / 4 i / /il a y / /tam il/ i /t o ilit / /k illay / / k i . i j it / ^ a / e /k # i l a l / / ’« ' 1 / 9t /u la / / a la k ^ /kaiaal/ a /a u la »/ /a*la/ /va 11/ at /tamilotu/ /raoli/ 0 /pukalota/ /k o ili/ /p o jl/ 01 Zulu/ /u la / u / u :l i / / u a / ut 8 2 /vn:lpnvOT/ P /vatltal/ t /cuJlccl/ e /mu tiki/ k /vatlalg/ m /▼ailru/ T 1 .122. / r / neTer oocure initially. Medially it oce*xre ■befor<3 /p , w, c, k, ra f'Jtid V after and^i^/. y im lly it ooouTB after all vowela except / e / E .g . Medially I'ins>l before after /u r i / /ir u / / avir/ i /tairiir/ /iirum/ /ciir/ ii /Icairel/ /eru/ e /aire*]j/ /e Jri/ /ear/ el /a*ra/ /aru/ /iconar/ a /i *ra*/ /aira/ / a : r / at /malorotu/ /oru/ /o r / 0 ! : /pairoir/ /oiruffl/ /potr/ 01 /iru/ /urum/ /catur/ u /a iru ir/ /utra/ /uir/ ui 1 /oairpu/ P /u ir t i/ /citraJtu*tam/ t ... Jt . .. 8 3 Medially before after /arooltta*r/ o /pe i r k 4 / /oaicrapaini/ k /n il may/ a /a:rvam/ T 1.123. / t/ oooure initially before the vowels /i, it, e, e», a^ a«/ 04, it apa Medially it occurs before all vowels except /»/ and after all vowels and before /t» k and v / and after /l, 1, 1, p, T and y/. Finally it ocours only after / e / . Initial Medially Final before after A l ? / /a iy i/ /iT a r / i /r t *ca/ /aivi »r/ /iivu/ ii /vem/ /evar/ /cev/ e /ve ly/ /po *ve *g/ /•» T l / el /v a l/ / avar/ /kavar/ a /▼ a*l/ / ava i/ /a iv a l/ ai /iyalvo^u/ /k o w a y / 0 /a*VO in/ /oivu/ 01 /e ivV /kuvi/ u • /icatavuir/ /kuiva/ ul /avtu/ t /avka/ k / oelvV 1 /^ka^raer/ /mi tlvu/ 1 • — —------'— ■ 1 8 4 /T a il v V 1 / amiarvu/ r /covvi/ /vRWi/ V /uyvu/ y 1.124. /y/ ooc^jr?? Initially beiore /a, ai, aad 01/ Medielly it occurs before all vowels and before all ocxnsonants except /r , n. s. ^ 1 'Hnd r/. M )4ially after all TOwele and after the consonants /n and y /. I'inMlly / y / after all vowels except / i and i i / i Initial .«6dial I'insl before after /aiyin/ /iyal/ i /vatyiir/ /i*ya/ ii /li:ayyela/ /e y il/ /cey/ e /vatyei/ /iae*ya/ /peiy/ et /yavaij/ /a*ya/ /ayal/ /ay/ a /y a m / /a*ya*/ /a*ya/ /a:y/ at /vinayyotu/ /koyta/ Aoy/ 0 /y o ik i/ /a*yoir/ /oiymtu/ /toiy/ 01 / ayliiavu/ /uyar/ /u y / u A /puliyusr/ /tu*ya/ /tu*y/ ut /oeypavar/ P /eyta/ t /aatttkayt avfd / t• /paiyoci/ 0 8 5 Initial Madially l^inal loeiore after /poykay/ k /aym/ m /punya/ s /ilaySar/ a /nayru/ T /nayya/ /mayya/ 7 1 .1 2 5 . ?honea« of lanffthi Thare are long vowels and long ooneonants. Long Towela are treated as unit phonemea. fhey used to ooour in all positions, for the purpose of analysis of words in Morphology long vowels are treated as geminates of short vowels. Extra long vowels are treated as long vowels plus the 00rreSpending iljort vowels. Except / r and \/ aJ.1 other consonants occur as geminates of the preoe/ftding consonant. !Che^ooour only in medial position. 1.126. Supra-segmental Phonemes» There are six 8upra~segmental phonemes. Two kinds of junctures, three kinde of terminals and a phoneme^^ of accent. Junctures I One is open and the other is close. a 6 Open junoture is marked with a space and close juncture is marked with a hyphen. S.g. /Tloumpil aaraakay/ **in the sliy garland and hand** /yioumpilaar amkay/ ♦’celestials' beautiful hand** Terminal a : / , / simple / . / falling / ? / rising S .g . /pejpitum, egnum afoay&tl/ ••will bear we which will be said** /a*ii kan^e*Q./ '•saw-1 discus weapon” /atraroo? aal/ “will they become? slave* Accent* / ’ / -stress I E.g. /peruma*a/ "God** /peruaa*’n/ '•Grodl'* 1,127. Clusters* Clusters generally represent^ the seq.uence of yowel phonemes or oonsonant phonemes, fhus we haye two types of clusters, one representing vowel clusters and the other consonant clusters. 8 7 1.128. Vowel clusters: We have no vowel olusters of short vowels. But we have clusters of long vov/els as first member and identical short vowel as second member. This type of vowel clusters are limited in occurence. We have only identical long two vowel clusters of oi + o and i* -fi. The former occurs in the medial position and the latter in the final position only. E.g. /poioy/ A 1.129. Oonsonant cluet^r^-' There are two types of consonant clusters. One is two consonant cluster and the other being three consonant cluster. In the two consonant cluster type we have identical consonant clusters and non-identical consonant clusters. All consonant clusters occur medially except /ym/ which occurs both medisdly and finally. 1.130. Identical oonsonant clusters* The Identical consonant clusters are of two types. One is stop consonant clusters and the other is non* / / stop consonant clusters. All except / r l / occur in identical consonant olusters. 8 8 1.131. Identical atop oonsonanb clusters* The identical stop oonsonont clusters occur before or after -yowela. Distribution of stop consonant clusters^ /p p / occurs medially before all vowels except / e / and after all vowels except /e * / E .g . / appl/ /ip p i/ i /kaippiir/ /titppa/ it /ceppa/ e /ukappet^ et /appa/ /appi/ a /ailippair/ /ka*ppa/ ai /neruppo|u/ /oppa/ 0 / u-Juppo *ia/ /ko *ppvv^ 0 1 /uppu/ /uppu/ u /jcoppu*l/ /ku*ppi/ ut 2. /t t / occurs medially before all vowels except / u * / and after all vowels. B.g. /k u tti/ /atittu / i /aagattlire */ /giittu/ ii /mettenjV /mettega/ e /atitte*a/ /e*tti/ e ; 8 9 /litta/ /pattu/ a / e *tta*/ /aitti/ at /manatto|u/ /otta/ 0 /aaQattoir/ /o ittu/ ot /kaittu/ /kutti/ u /ku*ttu/ ut (3) / « / occurs medially before all vowels except /u*/ and after all vowels. s*g* /u»tti/ /itta/ i i /cttit^itre*/ /iitta/ ii /katteyumpu/ A e t t i / e /o||e:g/ A e i t t a / et A e i t t a / /ka^ti/ a /keit|air/ /aitti/ at /tattoll/ /o||i/ 0 /pa|-Jo m/ /oitti/ ot /katttt/ /cutti/ u /uitta/ u* (4) /rr/ occurs medially before and after all Towels. /eyffi/ /fiavijyi/ i /pejjiit/ /ti*rri/ ii /tejnreoaTV /e»rri/ e /p«rre*0/ /•»rri/ • t 1, 9 0 /• i j r a / A a j j a * / a /ejjaiy/ /ertiryi/ ai /ooifjo|u/ /o j r i / o /kajjoin/ /to ijjl/ • t /o e jju / /uyra/ tt /ka>talayft>nu*r/ /uiyjl/ c c (5) /oo/ OTirarfl attdlally before all Towala exocpt /i t , t, and at/ and aftar all Towelfl. /atleol/ /atleol/ 1 /kettltooaran/ li /e o o U / e /petoolj^^ at /aaooa/ /oaool/ a /aatyi^patoeal/ at /kaooo|u/ /koooay/ o /aooo •/ /otool/ ot / k a o o v t / /uool/ a /mi tyaoou tra t r/ /pu toou/ at (6) /k k / oooura before all vowele except /e / and after all Towela. /atkkl/ /ailkklsra/ 1 /l^itkki/ it 9 1 /clkkega/ /e k k m / e /mutkket/ /teikkam/ e* /takka/ /takka/ a /takka*r/ /a ik k i/ ai /muikkD|u/ /okka/ 0 /takko *n/ /no:kk«»/ 0 1 /nu*kku/ /aj^ukka/ u /tiruva*kku*r/ /nu»kka/ u* 1,132. Identical non-etop consonant olusterat This typ® of cluster occurs medially only after ahort vowels and before alaoet all vowels. (1) /ma/ occurs medially beiore all vowels except /ii.i^d u*/ and after all short vowels. E.g. /anaiiki/ /viiflmi/ i /oeani/ s /vayirammei/ e> /amma/ / amiai/ 8 / aisMia */ a* /^ a 1 kai#ao-|u/ /koamay/ 0 /taamo-jfu/ 01 /▼immujn/ /uauaatu/ a (2) / oq/ oooutb medially before all vowels and after all short vowels. 9 2 E.g. / e ^ i / / v i m a a i r / 1 / k a n a i * r / i i / e i m a j / / e n n i / e /k a o n e * / et / e n n a / / n a n n i/ a / k a n n a i/ a i / p a ^ o ^ u / /o im a .t / 0 /e n n o im / 01 / e ^ u / / u n n a i / u ( 3 ) / s b / oocurs medially before all vowels except /e and u*/ and after all short rowels. E .g. /kasnl/ /Inflair/ 1 / e n ^ i J r / i i /o e Q S l/ e /m aQQe*/ e l /o o g n a / / k a n n i/ a / e n n a i / at /nigno-jiuja/ /e o g n a / 0 /c o g n o :m / 01 / t u f in u / / u n n i / u (4) /fiV occurs before the yowele /i* and a/ and after the short Towel /i/ /payW liili/ , /mafiRay/ j p e n F) j 9 3 (S) /ll/ ocouTB medially before all vow®1b except /«/ and after all short vowels. E .g. /v i l l i / /v i l l i / i /a a l l i :r / ii /c e lla / e /e o H # iB / el /co lla/ /k a l l i / a /a l l a i/ ai /v illo |«/ /feolli/ 0 /gallofr/ 01 /oellum/ /p u lli/ u /galluir/ Ut (6) / l l / oecure before all vowels except /©i o and o s .g . /v e l l i / ' /v il l a / i /u l l i i r / ll /v e l l i/ 0 /toollesn/ /ullaa/ /vaLli/ a /u l l a :y / at /k o lla/ 0 MW < u /alluiriya/ ut 9 4 (7) /r v / oeeurs bafore all tow^ I s except / ! » , e*, 0, 01 and u*/ and after all short vowels except / i and u/ £*g* /yaTTi/ i /o e w i / e /o e w e i / et /eTvam/ /v a w l / a /oevraiy/ at /koYvay/ 0 / e m o a / u i be{o*-e (8) /y y / ocoura aedially^all vowels except / e / and after all short vowels. E .g . /ceyyil/ i /oeyyiir/ li 1 /eyya/ e /oeyye*!/ e> /eyya/ /raalayyei/ a /eyyaifctt/ ai 1 I /▼i^ayyolu/ /aoyya/ 0 /ioayyo »tu/ 0 1 /oeyyum/ /uyya/ u /gajayyuir/ ul 9 S 1.133. Non-ldentloal two eonaonant clusterat In the non-iflentioal two coneonant cluBters^stops, nasals, laterals, flap and continuants occur as first and second members. (a) Stop as first member* Out of the six stops all occur as first member in non-identical two consonant cluster except / c / (1) Stop plus stop* S.g* /fp/ /iceitpa/ /to/ /kaitoi/ /tk/ /k«i|ka/ /jp/ /kajpa/ /rV /cojkal/ ( 2 ) ato-D plus flap t B.f;. /tr/ /oitrakuitam/ /kr/ /cakrapaini/ (b) Kaaal as first member* Only /m, n, g / occur as first member in the non-identical two consonant dusters. (1) Nasal plus stop» /mp/ /cempu/ 9 6 / ^ W /a n ti/ /mo/ /im oi/ / ^ W /amku/ /n p / /kainpa/ /n t / /kanta/ / n V /kainka/ /bp/ /igpu/ /bi/ /B^QrV /bV /nagku/ (2) Nasal plus nasal * £*g* /na/ /unaay/ /W /t a m a y / (*3^ Nasal plus continuant* E.g* /ny/ /punya/ (e) Lateral aa first ]n«aberi All the three laterals ocour aa first aember. (1) Lateral plus stop* B .g. /Ip/ /cailpu/ /I k / / p u l W /Ip/ /kolpavar/ /Ik/ /ulki/ 9 7 /I p/ /TP.rlpavar/ /it/ /ygtltal/ /I k / /autlkl/ (2) Xiateral plua naeali S. g« /Im/ /va slmin/ (3) Iiateral plug oontlimant < S-g* /I t/ /e *1tu/ /If/ /v« ilyl/ /iV /taavu/ (d) glap as firet a»aber» There Is only one flap and it occurs as a first member. (1) glat) and stopt /rp/ /mairpa/ /rt/ /punarti/ /rV /u*rkal/ ( 2) flap and nasalt E»g • /rm/ /ni*3miay/ (3) glap and eontinuanl;» S*g. /rr/ /ayarru/ 9 8 Cd) Oontiimant nP first member? The oontinuar.ts /v and y / occur as first member* (1) Oontinuant plaa atop» /v t / /avtu/ / t V /avka/ /yp/ /ceypavar/ /y t / /eyta/ / y |/ /kaytavar/ / y V /melykay/ (2) Oonttnuaat plue naaalt /ya/ /solyaay/ (3) Oontiimant plus oontinuant t /yv/ /oeyvu/ 1.134* Three oonaonant olustere* The first members of the three consonant cluster are / l , r, y /. The second and third members may be ” f either identical stops /pp, tt *, oc , -kk-/ or the nasal /m/ and either /p/ or /t/ have no ^ p or nnp or rm 4 types, (a) 1 as first memberj /Itt/ /yailttu/ 9 9 /lo o / /xailcci/ /Ik k / /▼a :iiOiay/ /Im t/ /va»l»itu/ (b) / r / as first raeiaber* / r p p / /ceirppa/ /r t t / /at art t a/ /ro c/ /arcoittair/ /rkk/ /pe :rkka/ fc) / y / as first member* /moyppa/ 1 / y p p / /y t t / /uyttu/ /yoc/ /pa*ycoi/ / y W /vaiykkum/ /y a t/ /o lymtu/ /p a p / /moympu/ /y a ? y /paynfiiili/ 1.135. Syllabic division: A syllable consists of am onsett nuclear and coda. Some syllables haye both onset and ooda beside the nuoleufl. Onset is present only in initial syllable. Coda can be found in all syllables. The absence of coda in initial syllable and the absenoe of onset in other syllables is a oomiaon pattern* i^s there is no initial 10 0 consonant clusters found in the word Initial the onaet in the initial syllable is always siiaple. Coda is either aimple or complea: (two elements) or hyper complex (niore than, two eltfaents). In the final syllables except in certain words^are always simple. The nucleus is either short or long vowels. In the cape of Alapetay'a oocuring tm4 in a word ( i .e . e.Ttra long vowels) the eyllable cut is in between the long vowel and the short vowel, e.g . /poo-oy/ ( 0?- 70 ) /n i f i 11/ (WO-?- y) There are sixteen syllabic types found. They are V V VO 70 voo 700 7000 7000 07 07 070 070 C700 0700 07000 07000 (V -- ^ o r t vowel, Y— Long vowel) B.g. /a/ /a*/ / i l / /e e r/ /aya/ / a * rv-am/ /t«J:-arcc-i/ /a*ycc-i/ /v e / /k a */ 10 1 /kal/ /ka»l/ /poyk-ay/ /cairv-u/ /vaypp-u/ /pa*yco-i/ The maximum number of syllables found in a word ia eight. The minimum is one. Eight types of syllabic words are found. The following will show the syllabic types of words. (1) Bight syllabio type word* A word whioh has •iKht syllables is called s«k syllabic typeir wordA . E .g . /per-ump-ayp*att-anp-uliy-uir/ (2) Seven syllabic type wordsi E .g . /tol-ayv-ill-im-amk-al-am/ /ag-e »k-at-amlc-aiT-at-am/ (3) Six syllabic type word: E .g . /kur-amk-an-inm-utt-am/ /kaar-im-a» r-ap-ir-a in/ (4) Five syllabic type word si E .g . /kump-ak-ar-an-ag/ /mat-ur- ak- av- i/ (5) Four syllabio type wordsi E .g . /tal-ayce-aak-aVf /ar-an-er” i / (6) Three syllabic type words* /kail-att-iy-ain/, /al-ak-u/ 10 2 (7) Two syllabic typ« wordsi E.g. /pairtt-an/, /a*y-a/ (8) Monosyllabic type words* E.g. /paym/^ l<>-{ The occurence of these syllabic types of words differ among them. Three and four syllabic types "el words exceed the others. The eight syllabic type words are less in number* The phonemes which begin a word begin the initial eyllable and which end a word will end the final syllable of multiyyllabic word. Phonemes end the syllable if it is also t mono syllabic. Word* The unit of analysis is a word which can be defined as a linguistic uxiit consisting of a free form plus or minus a suffix» occuring between two boundaries, k form which can occur in isolation is a free form. A free form consists one or more morphemes. Our difinition includes both primary and secondary words of Nida.^ Initial * k consonant or a vowel that occurs initially begins a word. They are /p , t, 0, k, m, n, ii, v, y/ and all TOW el 8. 10 3 Medialt ^11 consonants, ooneonant oluaters, Towel and vowel cluaters oan occur. Finalt A consonant or a Towel that occurs finally ends a word* They are /m, n, n» If If 1» r, T, y / and / i , i : , a, ai, 01, u» at/, / e / occurs linally in ft two words /c e / and /v e / 1 0 4 l\JO‘l3tlQrd3 1. Heoonstruotlon, miiaeograph:fed copy by 7*I.SubramonlaQif Kerala Univer«ity» Trlyandrua. 2. Phoncmlos, p.l38» by K«nneth Jj. 3. DeBorip-fciy# Analysis o t lulu, p.7, by D.N.3axi4ar Bhatt. 4. i*honenilo8 of Old Taail, p*52 £ t . , by O.H.i^anicaran. 5. Kliaria, p.l2» by H .S.B lligiri. 6. 'Phonajiiic Orerlapping' by Bernard Blooh, Headings in I « 0 * A XiinguiatioSy p .93. Desoriptiye &ramfflar of Oilappatikaaram, footnot«i^p«31, ( by S.V.Subrpaoniatt. 7. Morphology, p*85, by Sugene A.Nida CHAPTER II S A N D H I 2.0. Sandhl is of 1:wo types. Intemal and external. An Internal sandhl le a sandhi that ooours with in a word bound by word junctures. Bxtemal aandhi takes place between two words. Ihere are indeed common rules for both sandhis. Sinoe syntax is not analysed in this thesis only intem al sandhi rules are given. 2.1. Vowel sandhi» 1 .1 . Alapejjayi. This is for matrio demand. V > VVV S.g. nifii + i > niyiii poo t oy > poooy 1.2. e/a/o/u ^ V > e/a/o/u v 4 V K.g. tataa in > tataayig too t ee > icoovee oru + ar > oruTar 1.3. i/e ♦ T > i/e + y + T B.g. aji a > ariya 1 .4 . before 7g in close juncture becomes E .g. camku ^ o-{|u > camko^u 10 6 2 .2 . Oonsonant Sandhi» 2.1. (C)VO f V > (C)7007 E .g . oey 4 a > oeyya en a > enna Exception I oeya, ena 2 .2 . CV t 0 > OVOC E .g . ra -i ain > vanuiia 2.3. 1/1 before Og > fi/n E.g. amoeel ^ min > amoeemln kol t ain > to^in 2.4. m befor# Og > |^ E.g. maQaa f ar > manayar 2.5. l/§ before 0^ > rVrr/ro/rp or > fik/sr/*s0/sp B .g. eel -♦ kka > etrlca gal + kku > nafilcu ♦muyal + ooi > muyajci nil -tppa > nij*pa pooyin + ttu > pooylryu vel tti > vejfji > venjl 10 7 2.6. 1 /n before 0^ > tV|t/-|c/tp or > nk/ixt/*no/n^ S .g . keel -V Jcka > keetka pural * tti > puratti niil +■ oci > nlitol kaan t ttl > kaattl gal + ppu > natpu > nanpu 2 .7 , OjL before 0^ > Oi 0^ B .g. uruk t kku > urukku oot f ttu > oottu eeo * oou > eeocu ft. 2*8. 3*/t before tt > rj/tt E«g» • • r ^ tti > eejji oot tti > oo|ti 2.9. Og before 0^ 0^ > 0^ B.g. nerumk -t kki > nerukki amo ^ eoan > aooam porumt + ttaa > poruttaa ▼iruap ppu > riruppu 2.10. nt/sr before tt/tt/jy E .g . iint t ttiya> iit^iya uun.j|^ t ttu > uuyyi*- 10 8 2.11. V t/r iJafore t > Ick/tt/ix E.g. mik + tu > tu miktaa *1’ tu > attu ay + tu > arju 2 .IE . 1 / q before mt > nj* S.g. nil + mtu > ninju en -t* mta > egr& 2.13. l/n before mt > n-J S .g . aal t mta > aanta kan t mta > kanta 2.14. y before mt > yt S .g . cey mta > oeyta 2.15. 7V1 before n > n S .g . vaai + nar > yaanar 2.16. pp + ri > ppi S.g, tavirpp vittu > tavirppittu 2 .1 7 . All 00 or 0 except m» n> n, r» 1> 1 and y before Word Junctures will be COu or Ou. S .g . e«Qtu man ootu kati 10 9 Exception I uuruf gcllu, |^ilru» pii^^Uf coilu and Taaru occur before word juncture also. Note I (l) lC( tf c« p Cg^ a. n, n(n) ( 2) Here long yowels are treated ao geulnatee of short yowela. Ref* CHAPTER III MORPHOLQOY 3,0 Ttic ooRStituenta of a morpheraio word are Stem t affixos + olitios. There are four types* (1) Those Tfri'-ieh take either a tense marker or negative marker are called Verbs■ ( 2) Those irtilch take case markers are 0ailed Nouns* (3) Thoae which do not take a tense or n»?abive mai*Aer or oaae markers but take another elitio are called Olitios. ( 4 ) Those which do not take any of the markers or clltio are called Urioool. Suffixes are numbered for ready reference. Decades indicate the pooition of classes of the suffixes oocuring in Verbs, Among the numbers that follow them the first indicate Suffixes occuring in Appellative Verbs and Nouns are indicated by first and second centuries respectively. Y g H B S 3 ,1 , Verbs are those which take either a tense marker or a negative marker. 1 1 1 P • • tifl u > QQ 00 H tiD H •• • • CO 9* t« rH 0) • • • • 8 Pi Pi •H S i CQ M . n tv o H to w 9 o ISS w Mo w H t> »n • * P4 fi Pi •8.Ot ^ • >■ o O M Oi to Ift to M At M ta (H t> 0 O PSsi ft t> O n H M » m men M a 112 3,2.1.1. Transitivesi Tranaitives are indtc^ated by overt markers. ^11 the sterna do not take transitive markers. Stem f i “tt- } /** “tt“ ~ **pp” ~ -kk- ~ -00- •» - utt- -upp- ~ -ukk-/ 1 . 1 1 , OB -tt- occurs after stems of Class 1, 11, llAt IIB aiid before the Causative marker -uvi-(1.2l)i the Past tense markers -in- (20.15) -i- (20.16) and »^- (20.19), the Future tense markers -um- (20.23), -u-v-(20 .^)_uk- «^9c_ (20.-32), the Present tense marker -ukinr- (2 0 .3 1 ), the QJ=L Negative markers, the Derivi^^i^ Verbal noun markers -tal(^°-^3 ), -utal(^oni ) and the Imperative marker -umin(2>o-93 ), It alternates with -pp-(l.l2)-kkv (1.13) and -ce-(l.l4) B.g. /ceer-tt-uvi-tta/ “which caused to unite"* /kaan-tt-in-aan > kaat—J-in-aan/ ^ showed-he** 1 1 3 "having shown” /me«y-tt-^-u/ “having grazed** /kaan-tt-um > kaat-t-um/ ’‘which will show” /meey-tt-^-i/ "will graze-youCsg)** /Icfian-tt-ut-i > kaa-^--^“ut-i/ *will show-you(sg)'* /aa-^-tt-UT-ar > aat“ |-uv-ar/ "will cause to dance** /eer-tt-uli-een > eer-r-uk-een/ '•will light-1** /kaan-tt-ukinr-aan > kaa^“'j|*‘ukinr-aan/ '*is showing-he* /maar-tt-eel >aaar-r-eel/ '^change-not /tiir-tt-tal > tiir-t-tal/ '‘the act of reaoving** /porumt-tt-utal > porutt-utal/ "the act of uniting" /ouu^-tt-umin > ouut-'J-umin/ " adJiorn“yciu(pl)" /valar-tt-um/ "which will grow’* ~ /valar-kk-um/ ‘^which will sleep** Voliytt-uvaag/ ~ /oli-^-u-vaan/ "to remove** 12. ~ ”pp“ occurs after class I, I I , IIA and IV (so .3 9 ), the Negative markers, the D e r i v ^ ^ e Verbal Houn marlcer-vu (ao 'oT). It freely variea with -kk-(1.13) beiore Inllnltive I marker -aC^o5i=) E.g. /elu-pp-i-jrf/ '‘having awakened** /kuump-pp-um-^ > kuump-p-um-|^/ '•which will worship** /ituuap-pp-aat-a > kuump-pSnat-a/ ••which (will) not join hands** /punar-pp-vu > punar-ppu/ **oraation** /alay-pp-a/ '*to rub»* /alay-kk-a/ "to harass** 15. “ -utt- occuxB after 01 ebb IVA stems and before fiir-, the Past tenae marker -i- (20.16) -|^-(20.19) the 1‘uture tenae marker‘-um(20.23) and the Deriva^^f« Verbal noun marker -tal ) , It freely varies with “upp- (1.16) and -ukk- (1.17) E«g* /pat-utt-i-/^/ "having caught'*' /ar-utt-^-o/ "whioh out" /nir-utt-i-jrf/ ^having made to stand** /mik-utt-tal > mik-ut-tal/ "the act of increasing" ~ pat-upp-a ~ ’*^at-ukk-a/ *to appear*** 115 3,3.1.2. Oa^afeivee: -r- Stem + Transitive'^ { -vi- 3* /to -uvi- «• -ppi- » -vi-/ 1 .2 0 . « -uvi- 00CUT3 after atema of olase I and l7Aand after Transitive markers and before the 1?aat tense marker -tt- (R 0.13), the Future tsnse marker -dp"*C80.29) the Boapty marker -kk- (10.11) E.g. /ceer-tt-uvi-tta/ ^'whloh will oause to unite** /per-u/i-pp-f>ar/ "ttIII cause to get-they" /oot-uvi-kk-um/ '♦will cause 6o flee” 21. «• -ppi- occurs after atems of Class IIA and III and before the l*ast tenee marker -tt-(2 0.13), the Future tense marker -pp- (20.29) and the itresent tense marker -kklnr-( 20 .32) E .g . /pira-ppi-tt-u/ *which caused to be born** /kal-ppi-pp-oom > kar-pi-pp-oom/ "will teach-we** /tali-ppi-kkinr-aan/ "is causing to rejoice-he” 22. •• -vi- occurs elsewhere. 116 E.g. /cey-vi-tt-u/ "having caused to do” /cel-vi-pp-aaa/ "h.e who will oause to go" /tolay-vi-(y)-eel/ “^cause not to end" 3 .4 .1 0 .1 . Bapty Marker* Stem If Tranedtive + Causative *■ { -kk } / 00 -kk- ~ "pp“/ 10.11 « -kk- oecure after after the Clasa IIA, I I I and stems and after Transitive or Causative markers and before the future tense marker -urn (2 0 .2 3 )t the Verbal Participle I marker -a (20.56) the Conditional Verbal lartioiple I markers and the Derived Verbal noun marker -al (20.12). It freely varies with -pp- (10.12) before Verbal Jartioiple I marker -a (20 . 56) E.g. /o-kk-un/ "will resemble" /akal-vi-kk-a/ "to oause to separate" /iru-kk-il/ '♦if reTiain" /etu-kk-al/ "the act of taking up" /^il-kk-a > n i ^ k a ~ nil-pp-a > nir-p-a/ "to stay" 117 3.5.00.1 Past teneei Stem + TraneitlveiOauaatlTe + Bapty marl^r + I ^ -tt- 3* / «» -t- •• -ttt- w -tt- «• -mt- *> - 00 -1- 20.11 «» -t- occurs In between the Class IVA steias and verb al'iixea. E .g . /eer-t-a > cer-j-a/ "which deetroyed’* /puJc-t-u > puJc-k-u/ •♦h^iTln^? entered'' /uy-t-aal > uj-j-aal/ " I f h'lppened'* /p«l-t-p^ > puk-k-nnan/ ’♦entered-he* /uj-t-ar-ar > ur-r“ a‘vfar/ "they who reached" /pat-t-ee-n > pat-t-ee-n/ ’♦w&s caught * " , • m ^ If /pej-^li-r > pej-j-il-r/ ”got-you( eg) /ur-t-a-tu > u£-r-artu/ "was haj|«ned 12 «o -ut- occurs in between Glass IV B stems and Verb al’fixea. S .g . /ul-ut-a/ ’’which Bcratched* /tol-ut-u/ "having worshipped** /tol-ut-paJ./ ” 11 worshipped** /por-ut-a-ay/ ”you(sg) who fought" /tol-ut-oo-a/ "worshipped-we" 13. M -tt** occurs steffls of Olass I I I and III A stems and alter Oausative markers and before verb affixes* f 118 a.g. /etu-tt-a/ "which raiaed’' /aak-jtk-uvi-tt-a > aak-t-uvi-t-fc-a/ ’’which caused to make** /yay-tt-u/ "having placed" /piiayppi-tt-u/ “having caused to be missing” /kay-tt"aaX/ "if it was unpleasant" /o-tt-an-a-// ’•resembled*'they” /utay-tt-an-ay/ ”’*lcLcked“you( eg)'" /cli-tt-o-o-§/ "he who hide" /vay-tt-eero/ ” kept-I* /nool-tt-aa-y > nooij-j-aa-y/ '•practised au0terity-you(sg)** 14 «o -mt- occurs in between stems of Glass II » IIA and IIB and v^b si'fixes. B.g. /ouul-mt-c/ ’’which surrounded*^ /▼a-mt-u/ ’•having come** /kuvi-mt-an-ay/ ’’contract ed-youC sg)** /kaay-mt-a-an/ ”he who killed” /puun-mt-aa-y > puo^j-t-aa-y/ ”put on-you(ag)’' /en-at-aa-n > «m-r-pa-n/ 15. « -in- occurs after Class I stems and after Transitive marker* and before Verb affixes. It freely varies with -i«C20.l6) before 1 1 9 Sclative Jartioiple marlcei* -a, the Conjugated noun-^® (Ao is") and the Dhird person aarker -ft- (5o>>4). It also alternates ^ ^ <4 E.g. /kaay-cc-in-a/ »‘whioh was ^ated** /ulll-in-aal/ " i f thought* /pa^-in-i-ir/ **You(pl) who made!** Ji /cuut-ig-^-ao/ "he who wore" /pook-kk-in-ee-n/ "sent-1" poov— - O-C.-'O/ /kaan-tt-in-ii-r/ > kaa-J—t-in-ii-r/ showed-you( pi) “* /gir-utt-in-aan/ '‘made to stoy-he" /nay-ls“a/ "that which becaae'* /aay-/^-?/ "that which becaae" 16. «> -i- occurs after class I stems and after Transitive markers and after cellii-, kcl-, nirii-, yerii-, and it alternates with -ii- (20.17) before -/!{- (Jo.iD iHfinitivc Ii E.g. /cel-utt-i-(y)-a/ "which discharged" / aak-1- ji/ '• having b e c cm e»* /kolii-i-;^/ ^having set" /celii- i-^/ "having passed away** /talii-l-/i(/ ^having embraced'* " 1 2 0 /▼erii-i-^/ “having been afraid^ /mann'^i-(y)-aT-al/ **ehe who stayed" •^havln/5 roared^ 18. «• -n- ooours after the stems aa^poo cog- and before verb affixes. B»gf /aa-n-a/ "which became" /oon-n-aal/ " i f said" /aa-n-av-ar/ "they who became** 19. o« ooours after the etema i^ay, icuuy» tulaay, taay,tuuy, nilaay, pocy, meey, ulaay, icatpay, valnay, aa and after tr-'iasitive niarkerg -tt- ( l .l f ) and -utt- (1.15) and before Relative participle marker -a (30.1g) B.g. /aeey-tt-j^-a-an/ "he who grazed" /pat-utt-/J-ee-n/ "caught-I" /aay-/i-a/ "which became" /kuuy-(^-^/ "having called" /tulaay-/-f^/ "having caught" /tuuy-/^-// "having strewn'* /pooy-/rf-frf/ "having disappeared" /iir-^-aa/ "having sawed" /^ilaay-^-av-an/ "he who stayed" 12 1 /taay-^-o-o-g/ “he who strode** /meey-/-aa-r/ “abode-they** In the followiiag words instead of the past tense marker -mt- (20.14) ik^v/a. _Tnnc—. /u-mo-u/ ^having been sayed'* /Q-mc-u/ '^'having dropped** wUA We have also the corresponding words -at- /uy-mt-u/ **having been saved** /gay~mt-u/ ''having drooped** »- The ocoj^rence of -me- in the words may due to the presence of -y in those stems y-mt- > -me. This may be due to l>alatalization. 3 .6 .2 0 .2 Future Tense Stem + Transitive i Causative + Empty marker + { i / “ " i “ “ "®" ^ -ua- ft' ^ -ut- ~ -f" “ tt“ -p” "PP“ ~ "kk- oc -uv** ~ -uk- CO -V- -k-/ 20.21. *9 -i- occurs in between Empty marker -kk- (10.11) and First Person marker -a- ) E .g . /uray-kk-i-(y)-am/ **will aiP»we** 18 2 2£. » -m- ocoara after the steaa aa, ulaa, kolu, caa, talaa, poo, niee» noo» r li. E.g. /ulaa-ia-/ii/ "which will combine with" /oaarm-jiJ/ "which will die" /tulaa-m-/rf/ ’'which will broad” / aarm/ “will becoaa*' /noo-m/ "will feel pain" /poo-m/ "will depart" 23. «» -uju occura after Class I, II A, IV A and IV B staas and after Transitive markers, and after Empty marker and before Relative participle marker-/- (30.11) or W.J. E.g. /paaj-um-// "which will sing" /kaan-tt-um-/^ > kaa-J-t-um-/^/ "which will show" /paar-kk-um-/[^/ "which v/in see" / a|-um/ "will destroy" 24. CO occur a before Imperative or Optative markers. E .g . /eett-/ii-i > eett-/({-u/ "praise" Mbt /elu-ppr/iJ-ilr/ "cauee to awake -you(pl)" /kee|-;d-Kka/ "let (it) hear'* yjV‘<2.a.t -f-k,a.j 12 3 25. « **ut- ooours after a-feeiiia of Class I, IIB, 17 A and IV B and after the Transitive marker and bafore i'irst Person marker -u- (50.13) and Second Person marker -i- (5 0 .2 4 ). It alternates with -t“ (20.86) after the stGfli unar and vaal T?.p. /nook-ut“ i-/ ''will look at-you(sg)'‘ /kaan-tt-uti-^ > kaat-t-ut-i-/^/ ’♦will 8how-you(sg)*’ /nataav-ut“ i-r/ *will rule-you( pi) •♦ /unar-ut-i-r ~ unar-t-i-r/ **will loiow -you(pl)” 27. « -tt- ooeurs after steDiH of class II III and III A, and the stea nil and before the Jirfit person Eiarker -u- (50.13) the Beoond person marker -i- (50.24) j .g . /o-tt-l“/{/ "will reseiable-you( sg)** /kU-tt-i-/^/ "will be able-you( sg)« > kir-r-i-jy /nil-tt“u-a > nir-r-u-m/ ’•will persist -we** 28. « p- occurs after the ebems of class I I , I I A un, en» kaan, kumaytin, puun, tiri and before conjugated noun markers -a- (40.12) and before personal markers* 12 4 B.g. /un -pV-a-ay/ ’’you (ag) who will suck." /en-p-ay-an / •'he who will say. •' /un-p-/ii;^a-tu/ "that which will be taken food.** / atay - p -av -ar / *'they who will reach.” 29, 00 -pp- occurs after stems of class II At III and III A.and after transitive markers and conjugated nouns markers and it ao-a.9?- variea with -kk- (2QSQ) B.g. /iru - pp - av -ar / "they who will remain" /inatir-vi-pp^a-an/ "he who will cause to resemble* /uray*pp“ een~uray-kk-een / “will say- I." eaboo-uv- occurs after stems of class I, IV Aand IV.B and after the stem kol and after Transitive markers and before conjugated noun marker-a- ( )• 12 5 Ilj altematee with -ufe* (^.S«)before th« First person fliarker-ee- ( ‘So-\[ ) E.g. /aat-UT-tt-a-n/ ”thay who will dance.** /eyt-UT-iir/ **You (pi)who will attaint** /p e 5-UT-«-«-n/ **I who will Ret.** i /▼1| -uT-ee-n ~ vl^-uk-ee-n/ (will) not leavo^I.** /kaan-tt-UT-a-a-n > kaa|-t-uv"a-a-n/ "he who will show.** /kol(l)-uv-«e-n/ '♦will have-I.** *T- oeours elnewiiare. It altemat«B a^.e . with -k- (20.34) before i’iret person narker* S .g . /ail-v-o-o-m/ ’’we w|[o will inow.** /poo-T-ee-n/ **will go - I . " /aa-T-aa-y/ **will beooauZ'* you (e^ic).^ /unar-v-ar/ ** will know-they. ** /kol-v-a-n/ ’’will think- I .« 'Vkol(l)-ucT-a-n/ "will have.^ " 3 .7 .2 0 .3 Present Tense. [-klnj-] / * < * -uWLnj - «> -itkinrfl » -kijw «*» -kinj-/ 20.31. • -ukini— ooours after statae of olasns I and IV A and after Transit- -ive aiarkers and before Yerb affixes and in w.J, 12 6 E.g. /atamk-ukinr-a/ "which is subsiding” /kaan-tt-ukinr-a > kaat—t-uklnr-a/ "whicii is showing*' /veent-ukinr-a-ar/ "they who are desiring** /ur-uitijff-ee-n/ ** , ” am reaohing-I'* /oot-ukinr-a-tu/ **that which is being reciifed** /tur-ukinr > tur-ukinru/ **is bedecking** 32. •» -kkinr- o II, III and III A and after Causative laarkera and before Verb affixes and in W.J, B.g* /kaa-kkinr-a/ **which is protecting'* /ulay-kkinr-e-e-n/ **I who is suffering** /keel-kkinr-ee-n > keet-kkinr-ec-n/ **am req.uesting-1” ^ V 2 f / 1 al i r- ppi- kkin r- aa- n/ '*is causing to rejoioe-he." /muu-klcLnr > muu-fcilni-u/ **becoming i l d ." 33. 00 -kir%i. oocura in "between the steta cey and the Second person marker- E .g . /oey-kii»‘«^i-jrf/ “are doing - you (sg)V 34. oo -kinr* oocura elsewhere. S .g . /uray -fcLri-a/ •* which is residing.” /ar-ukk-kinr-a > suc-uk-kinr-a/ '* V*. " ••which ^remaining. ** /cuul-kin^^-jarf^/ “that which w«?€ said.” /cey-kiEr'i?^©o-ni/ “are doing-we.” /ulaa-kinr-a/ •'which is naoving about." /kulaa-kinj-a/ "which is being bent.** /nilaa-kinr-a/ **?vhioh is staying*" /poo-kinj-a/ **whioh is going." /mee-kinr-a/ ’•which is loving." ' /cuuL-kinj^ > cuul-kinr-u/ **is considering. 3.8.20*4 Hagativea. » “ aa “ "S” «v» — e — <>/ — o“ ~ “i ~ CO — al“ “o- eel “fi -/ 12 8 20.41 -aat- occurs between stems and verb LAj'ttK affixes. It alternates^-at (20.43) after the stem al. E.g. /arl-(y)-aat-a/ "which will not know** /en-(n)-aat“ u/ “without considering** /en(n)-aat-'a-kal/ **that which (will) not be thought** /peec-aat-aw/ "Bay-not** /tol-aat-av-ar/ **they who (will) not worship** 4!^. eo -aapp- occurs after the stem nallr-t ilay-, and nil- and before the second person marker (So.3l'> / aa/^ and which third person « marker/aa/C^o^'^ E .g . msasxB. /nalk-aapp-aarn/ **(will)not show grace-he** /i^ay-aapp-aai^y/ '♦(will) not weary -you( Bg)*» /nil-(1)-aapp-aa-y/ **will)not stay -you(sg)« 44. «> -aa- occurs after steas and before V-cn.ir«L the II mark«rB -1 (30.S3) -m al (3o atf), -may (3 o .S f), -mee ( 3o at) •f i ( 30 .3-7) 12 9 E.g. /al-aa-l/ “not only** /ceer-aa-mal/ ^without reaching* /pira-CT)-aa-may/ ’♦without being born'* /iil-aa-mae/ "without scratching” /ooor~&er^/ ’•having been tired’* ~ -a- occurs between etem amd -Native farfciciple or Person markers -a- B.g. /ajl-(y)-a-a/ ”which (will) not know** /kaan-a-/^-an/ ’•he who(will) not see* /peec-e-e-n/ ’^il l jn o t , say-I” 46. ~ -e- occurs between stetas and Person marker -®- ; £.g. /▼een]|-e-/i-e-n/ *(will) not desire-I’* /peec-e-e-n/ *\^ll)not say-I” 47, ~ -0- occurs between stems and Person marker -o- E.g. /arl-(y)-o-/^-o-m/ *wa who (will) not know” /un-(g.)-o-o-m/ **(will) not swallow -we” 48# ~ -i- occurs in between stems and Person marker -i- B .g. /oor-i-i-r/ "(w ill) not consider -you(/i|)” 13 0 49. CO “ al ooours after atems and before Optative marker or luper&tive marker or Person marker8« It freely varies with -eel (20.i€.) E .g . /eyt-al-kka > eyt-ar-ka/ •♦let (it) (vdll) not attain” /amc-aXl/ *fear not* /amo-al-a-m/ ’(will) not be freightened -we” /varumt-al!/ ~ varumt-fteli/ §Q, CO •fi- onoura elaei^ere E .g . /al-(l)-an-/J-a-/rf/ ’’unjust-they* /cepp“ vj}i^-a-m/ *^111) not say-we” 3.9.20.S yeia)al Partioiple I Stem + Transitive * Causative ± Empty Marker t i -a- J / «• -unaan » -vaan •» -paan » “ ppaan «» -a ~ -iya/ 20.51. -uvaan occurs after stems of Class X, ar.d VI B find after Transitive markers. E .g . /paa|-uvaan/ ”to sing* /tol-uyaan/ ‘‘to worship" /oli-cc-uvaan/ ”to remove* /elu-ppruvaag/ ”to rsmove” 0.uralCu 13 1 52. • -vaas occurs after stems of Glass II and II B or after Transitive -pp- (1.12) E .g. /cear -vaag/ *to reach’* /ail-pp-vaaa > ali-ppaag/ '^to destroy'* /kol-vaag/ ’•to receive* 53. -paae occurs after kaan E.g. /kaan-paag/ '*to see* 54. «-H|^paan occurs after stems of Class II A III or Causative markers. E .g . /ala-ppaag/ **to measure” /viil-vi-ppaag/ •’to cause to fall” 55. «» occurs after^aa er^aaA E .g. /aa-/^/ ”to become” 56. -a** occurs elsewhere. It alternates with -iya (20.57) after kaag I and milir 3.10.20.6. Conditional Verbal Participle I Stem t Transitive t Causative t Empty marker * { -il } / to -1 ~ “e ** "il ~ “is/ 20.61. «• -1 occurs after the stem ee and is in free variation with -g (20.62) 1 3 2 E .g . /ee-1 ~ ee-s/ •’if (it becomes) 63. » -il occurs after stems and after Transitlye markers or after Saptu marker a, and it alternates with -ig (20.64) B.g. /akal-il/ “if leaTea” /j|eid.4-kk-ii/ “if separate” /aal-il ~ aal-ig/ **if rules** 3 .1 1 .2 0 .7 . Derlyed Verbal Haunt 1 Stem j; fransitiTe i Causative t Empty marker.^ Action -tal f / « -utal • -al « -tal/ 20.71. -utsJ. occurs after all consonant endixig stems or after Transitive markers and it is in free variation with -al (20.72) E.g. /nan-(n)-utal nan-(n)-al/ "the act * of ’ reaching** /kaan-tt-utal > kaa^-t-utal/ **the act of showing** 72. •> -al occurs after stems oa|-Class I, II, II B, III A, IV A, IV B or after Transitive marker or after Empty marker. It is in free 13 3 variation with -tal (20.73) E.g. /cey-al ~ oey-tal/ •‘the act of doing" /etu-klc-al/ "the aet of conceiving'* /e^u-tt-al/ ••the act of taking** 3.12.20.8 Reeixlt of an action: { “*U“ J / 00 -u 00 -cci ~ “pu «> “Uti «» ”tti oe -jrf 00 - t t u / 20.81. «• -u occurs after -pp- (1.12) the Transitive marker or -pp” the Empty marker (10.12) E .g . /ali-ppu-/ '• destruction** /aa-pp-u/ “tie** 82. «o -cci occurs after aal, unar, kaan, cuul, taal, to Jar, nii:^, miil, viil and is in free variation with -pu (20<83) -tti (20.85) E.g. /tojar-cci tojar-pu/ **as8 0 ciati0 n** /valar-cci velar-tti/ ’♦growth** /mi?yal-cci > muyaj^ci ~ muyal-tti > mu|yi/ ••effort'* A 83. CO -uti occura after i j - E.g. / i j -uti/ **extinction** 13 4 86. «> "S/i occurs after stems. E.g. /en-ji/ ''thought.** 87. 00 -ttu or'ourB after irul« and marul. E.g./irul-ttu > irut-tu/ ’’darkness.” j ^ - ttu- 7^ vw_ c x r u u jb — IZ c j 'A j i i X a n , ryve-*\ir 3.13.20.9 The State» t -kay ^ / oo-kaatu <» -uicay ~ -am oo-kkay oo-kay/ go.91 °o-kaatu occurs after caa- i’.g . /caa-k-kaatu/ ’’death.” 92. -ukay occurs after the stem,al E.g. /al-ukay/ ”weep.” 93. ~ -am occurs after stop ending stems. E .g. /urakk-am/ ’’sleep." 94. 00 -kkay occurs after caal, veel, I iru, klta, utu. E .g. /'vaal-kkay/ ’’life . /veel-kkay > veet-fcay/ ^desire.” /iru-kkay/ ’’residence.” / kit a- kicay/ ” recumb ent. ” / U ^ - KKo.y/ " “ 96 oo -kay occurs elsewhere. 13 5 E.g. /uva-kay/ •‘pleasure.*’ /kol-kay/ "taidLng.'* /mee-icay/ ^gracing. ” /yaru-kay/ ‘•coming.*’ f 3 .14.2 0.10 The Result and Objeol; o£ aotlon; i - Y U / w -avu <» -aa oo -ul » -vay » V \ . > *» -ay ~ *ivi <» -i « -vu/ 20.100* 00 -avu occurs after eel kal var * E.g. /celtravu/ ’’the act of going.’* kal-avu/ ’’stoallng.** /var-avu/ ’’the acb of eoming.** ■ t 101* -aa occurs after un• * E.g. /un-aa/ ’’food.” 102. «w -ul• occurs • after the stem kata E.g. /kata-vul/ "Ood.** 103. oo -vay occurs after uri, kala, paar^ • £.g. /uri-vay/ ’‘skin.** /kala-vay/ ’’mixture.” /paar-vay/ ”iook.” 104. oo -ay occurs after kaval, kot, kol» Xol,• tot> • veet- • E.g. /kaval-ay/ ”di*tress.” /kot-ay/ ”gift.” r 13 6 /koi-ay/ "-fciie act of killing. /kol-Ci)-ay/ '•captivation.'* /tot-ay/ "verse.” 105. ~ -vi occurs aiter kal» keel, veely ending steme. E.g. /kal-vi/ ’'learning.’* /keel-vi/ ”the act of ie>a}THing. /veel-vi/ "sacrifice." 106. «> -i occurs after a ending stems and uvar, poorr- vekul, ceer. /pira-Cv)“ i / "bSfth." /uvar-i/ "brackish water.'* /poori-i/ "the act of worshipping. /vekul-i/ "anger." /ceer-i/ "village." 107. eo -vu occurs elsewhere. E.g. /vaal-vu/ "life." 20.110. Process. t ”L- } / ~ I i ~ D ( + am) ~ H ( ■+ am) / 13 7 20.111. ~ L ( - V occurs VV in the first syllable) occurs with /!- £ • > iiyu/ •’end*’ /un- > u u ^ •* eating” /ket- > keejfu/ ”ruln'^ /kol > kool/ ’'the act of seizing*’ /p e j - > peeju/ ’’objectiTe’* /por- > poor/ ’♦fight’* /vit “ > vii|u/ ’'the act of prostrate* 112. D (am) ( -duplication of the stop t am) occurs with /aa|-> aa^tam/ ’’dancing^ /oot- > oottu/ ’’uttering’* /perukr > perukkam/ •’increase” 113. H (+ am) (-hardening of homorganic nasal to atop am) occurs with /amc- > aocam>/ /inam- > inakku/ ♦'union'* /tayamk- > tayakkam/ ’•manifestation" % /porumt - > poruttam/ ’’joining” > In one instance /aacam/ ”fear” occurs. © and @©. The doubling of stop or hardening o£ homor- ganic nasal to stop plus am can be treatea in another way. TeUcing -kkam, -ccpim, -ttam as suffixes instead of -am. Then we have two rules. 1. Dropping of m/^n before ’^kk/cc/tt 1 13 8 Derived Verbal Koun II i "0 } / "UQ ^ -jj-/ 20.121. ~ -*u|^ ooours after stop ending stems. E .g . /aik-u^-ar/ •*superior person” 122. -B. occurs aftor y ending stems. E .g. /pakay-n-ar/ ‘•enemy” 123. « -g- oocurs elsewhere. E .g . /ceru-g-ar/ ’♦waurriors*' /vaal-n-ar > Taan-ar/ ’•resiaent^ 3 .1 5 .2 0 .1 3 0 . Agent ire Stem f Transitive + { -i } / «. -i/ s .g . 20.130. /ouu|-i/ **wearer** /paayoo-i/ "thruster'^ mk/o/t-kk/oo/tt > Is/o/t-kk/oo/tt, nt/ny -tt > t /r -i!t 2. k/c/t-kVoc/tt > kk/oc/tt, t/j -tt > t ^ jj Thus tayamk-kkam > tayakkam amo-ooam > acoam, iinl-ttom > lit|am toojij-ttam > toojyam. In the same way oot-yyu > oottu aat-ttu• > aattu • • 13 9 i.v(o.3o | Relative Par(;lolpl»» Stem t Transitive * Causative ± Tense t f-aj- /«f>-/Joo-a/ 30.11. «» -/J- occurs after Future tense Diarker -m- (SJO.22) and -urn (20.23) E .g . /eg-um-;i/ ”wHioh will eay” /ceer-vi-lck-uia-/^/ ’’will cause to reach'* 30.12. w -a occurs elsewhere. E .g . /iii-i^-i-(y)-a/ ’’which caused to lower” /ceer-tt-;i-a/ ’’which caused to Join** /valar-kk^kinj^-a > valar-kkigy-a/ “which is growing” /aji-(y)-aat-a/ ’'which (will) not know” 3.17.30.2 Verbal Participle II Stem + Transitive + Causative t Tenae -u ^ / CO -u 00 -aa « -1 oo -mal ~ -mcy -aee ~ 30.21. « 'U occurs after Past tense markers -t- (2 0 .1 1 ), -utr (20.12) -tt- (20.13) -mt- (20.14) and -/tJ- (20.19) and Negative markers -aat- (2 0 .4t) -al- (2 0 .S ) 14 0 E .g . /puk-t-u > puk-k-u/ ”having entered^ /tcl-ut-u/' “having worshipped'* /vay-t-fc-u/ “having placed** /va-nit-u/ ’’having come*' /ali-(y)-aat-u/ ’'without suffering" /al-at-u/ ’‘not only" 22. fi® -aa- oocurs after the Past tense marker " i - E .g . /arul*»/^-aa/ "having been gracious" bU 23. « -1 occurs Negative marker -aa- A (20.45) proceeded by al. E.g. /al-oa-1/ '♦not only” 24. *• -mal occurs after the IJegative Dia.rkei- -aar (£0*45) and it freely varies with -may (30.25) and -me« (30.26) in that position. /eyt-aa-msil/ •‘without reaching” aJbtouX^ ~ /eut-aa-nec/ ”without eiialng'' IV /varuat- aa-mal/ **vjithout ^ diet reesed'* ~ / V arum t-aar may/ “without suffering* 27. CO -/rf- occurs elsewhere. E .g . /pilir-ii-/iJ/ «having roared** Zpooy-/^-/^/ "having gone** /kaan-aa-x^ ~ kaan-aa-mee/ "without seeing" 3.18.30.3 Conditional Verbal Participle II Stem i Transitive + Causative + Empty fiarker •+ T en se f { - a a l j / » - a a l / E . g . 3 0 . 3 1 . / a a - Q - a a l / ” i f became** /iru-m t-aal/ ”if remained** 3.19.30.4 Optative Stem ♦ Transitive ^ Causative t Tense f “ lea ^ / <» “ uica « -a » “ icka «> -i ~ -iya «» -iyar -ica/ 3 0 .4 1 . w -uka occurs after the Future tense maricer -/6- (20.?!4) proceeded by aa^- » it- , ur - , col, Qiimlc-, eyt- and after Transitive marker-4- * E.g. /aat-/^-uka/ "let (it) do** /it-je$-uka/ *’let (it) give*' /u j -/6/uka/ **let (it) reach** /col-(l)-/i-uka/ “let (it) say** /eyt-/5-uka/ **let (it) attain'* /2ilmk-/^-uka/ "let (it) leave** /vaai”tt-/5-uka/ ’♦let (it) praise** 42. «> -a occurs after the stem ket-^followed by the I'uture tense marker - f i" ( 2 0 . 2 4 ) 14 2 E .g . /ke-t-p-V **161; (i-fe) be destroyed** / /Xt^LVlAcI . 43. «» -kka ms* occurs after keel, talay followed by Future tense marker (20.24) or after Negative marker -al (20.5i) E .g . /keel-/i-kka > keet-^J-kfi/ »'let (it) hear” /talay-/(J-kka” **let (it) prosper** /eyt-al-kka > eyt-a^-ka/ “let (it) (will)not attain** 44. CO -i occurs after future tens® marker -/(J- (20.24) preceeded by yaal and pool. It freely varies with -iyar (30.46) E .g . /vaal-;^-i/ **let (you) live** ~ /vaal-x^-iyar/ **let (they) live** 45. «» -iya occure aftelr the future tense marker -/i- (20.24) preeeed by man 'rrN3>.-0 — E .g . /<3B-(B)“/^-iya/ "let (it) be ^ permanent** 46. » -ka occurs elsewhere. /varu-/5-ica/ "let (you) come** 3 . 20.30 . 5. Empty Marker Stem i Transitive t Causative + lense f ^ / 14 3 { -an /*” / 30.51. «* -aa- oocure before Conjugated Noun mariners or Person maricers. E.g. /kal-ft-aQ-a-m > kaj^f-an-a-a/ ”leam t - we” /cey-(y)-aat-aB-/^“a-jrf/ **that which (will) not be done” 3,21.30.6. Imperatlye Stem + Transitive + Cauaativs ± lense Imperatives are of three typesi (1) polite (2) Non-polite and (3) Prohibitiou. 3 0 Non-polite { -1 } /- -.•/ I I E.g. 30.71. /paj;a-/!<-1/ ”play the game** AI /ouu|-tt-/i-.* > ouut-t-/i-l/ * '’adtHoni" " 3 0 . polite Singulal^- y { -aay 3 / ** *®^ay/ E.g. /arul-irf-aay/ **be graoious-youCsg)** /poolo-ilc-/J-aay > pook-ick-aay/ ••remove-youC sg)** 30.^.3 polite plural -iir ^ /«» -iir ~ -min -umijj/ 30.51. «• -iir freely varies with -niin(30.92) and -umin (30.93) 1 i 4 ~ eQ-/rf-mlg/ ” aay -youCpl)** /ouut-t-/J-ilr ~ cuut“ t-/i-unilg/ ** adhorn-youC pi) • 3©. W- ;grohll3ltla aingular i -ae } /«» “/^ «• -ee/ 30.101. «» -/J ocouTB after Negative marker -al (20.51) and eel (20.52) E .g . /amo-al-/i/ **fear not’* /al-eel-/rf/ ♦•weep not/ 102. « -ee occurs elsewhere. E .g . /peeo-aat-ee/ ♦•say-not^ 3o t'*? 30^110. ^rohlbltia Plural ■£ -mla J / » -mijj/ S .g . 30.111. /kol-(p-eel-mis > kol(p-eej^-mis/ ”have not-you(pl)’* 3 .2 2 .4 0 .1 . Oonjugateci Moun ^ “av" ^ /*» -aT 00 -a" -I- -e- -o- » 40.11* » -av- occurs before Third person marker -a- ( ^0‘H) where it alternates with (40.12) E .g . /efl-p-ssv-a-g ~ en-p-a-a-n/ "he who will say** nuL 13. ~ -e- occurs before Person marker A -1- E .g . /iru-mt-i-i-ree/ ’•Tou(sg) who remained I** 14 5 14. ~ -e occurs before fereon marker -e- (50 IX ) £*g» /nay-v-ii-e-g/ “I who (will) be distressed” 15. ~ -0- occurs before person marfcer -0- (<50 E.g. /aji-v-o-o-ra/ *‘we who will Itnow** 16. <» -/i^“ occurs elsewhere. E.g. /aay-in-/-a/ “became-they” /con-Cs)-/!^-^ '•that which were said** /kaan-kiny-/J-a-/^/ ”that which are * " being seen** /kan-mt-;rf-a“ tu/ ’’that which was seen” 3 .2 3 .5 0 .1 . first Person Stem + Transitive i Causative i Empty marker + Conjugated noun.t- -ee- ^ /<• -ee ~ -e- «- -u- « -oo-"~ -o- «o -a-/ 50.11. CO -ee- occurs after Tense markers and before ( to ) the Singular marker. E .g . /kan-mt-ee-n > kan-t-e«-s/ ’•saw-I” 50.12. -e- occurs after Negative marker -e- (20.47) or after Conjugated noun marker -e- (40.14) and before -{j( to I* ) the Singular marker. 1 4 E. r . /ayi-(y)-4fe'-e-rj/ '♦(will)not know-I** /en-at-o-e-g > eQ-j-e-eo/ ”1 who said” 13* flo -u- occurs after the Future tense markers -ut-C20 . 25) -t" (20.26) and -tt-(20,27) and before rlursuL mark ,er ) E.g. /kuur-ut-u-ta/ ’•will aay-we** /kaan-t-u-ni > kaan-t-u-m/ '•will see -we** /^il- tt-u-ia > ^if-i'-um/ •’will persist -we*' 14. « -00- occurs after tenj^ markers and before -a ( t o a.| ) the plural marker. E .g . /cey-kl^jp-oo-m/ “ are doing-we” 15. ~ -o- occurs after Negative marker -o- (20.43) and Conjugated Koun marker -o- (40.15) and before -m (Wo a.f ) -the plural marker. E .g . /en-(n)-o-o-m/ "(w ill) not think-we" /pija-mt*o-o-m/ "we who were bo m ” 16. » -a- occurs elsewhere. B*g» /nanuk**i|i-a-m/ •'approached -we" /amc-al-a-a/ ‘twill) not (be) freight ened-we" /a|ay-mt-aB“ a-m/ ♦'reaohed-we*' 14 7 3 .2 4 .5 0 .2 Stoond pTaon -i- 3* / w -a- «" -aa- » -il- <» -1-/ 60.21. «» -a- oocura after Tense or Negative marker -a- (20.46) or Conjugated noun marker -a- (40.12) E.g. /aat-ig-a-y/ •*dld-you( ag)” /ot|-a-a-y/ "(w ill) not tolerate -you( sg)** /ii-pp-a-a-y/ ”you(sg) who will give" 22. « -aa- occurs after Tense markers and before Singular marker - y E .g . /va-mt-aa-y/ **oame-you(sg)" / 0-kkL^iy- aa-y/ •* are re sembling -you(sg)“ 23. «o -ii- occurs after Tense markers and before flural marker -r ( U a-i-) E .g . /uka-mt-ii-r/ •‘enjoyed-you(pl)*’ 2-2>0- 1 unra_- e './C fi>3 _ ^ - \c.c.V - 24. «B -i- occurs elsewhere. E.g. /arul-ut-i-r/ “will be gracious -you( sg)" /cel-v-i-i-r/ **you(pl)who will go* 3.25.50.3 Third Person /V/-0- 14 8 50.31. « -RB- oooure after lense markers and bexore Numlaer gender maxkers. E .g . /▼aru-ki?ir“ a»‘B/ oomiag-he” /aar-tt-aa-r/ “tied-they" 32* 00 oooura in between Jaat tense marker -1^- (20.15) and Neuter Singular -tttt ) E .g . /poy-is-/6-ttu > poy-ij-^-ru/ 33. r^-o- Wpaased-it*’ P -« • /boi-o.'y rfs jrTTkC-YlaiY 34* * -a- ooours elsewhere. B .g . /jaakil-ittt-a-tu/ *’rejoioed-it‘‘ /aal-T-a-r/ •’will accept-they’* /v e «5^-a-a-// ‘♦•(will) not be neoesaary^ /etu-tt-ag-a-g/ •*took-up-he’* /gilaay-av~a“s / '^he who steyed*** 3.26.60.1. Singular Stem j;_ Transitive t Oausatire + Tenae * Empty marker ^ Oonjugative noun + f ereon ♦ i “S } /«» -s « -y •• - ii/ 60.11. «> "U occurs after First person markers -ea- (50.11) -e- (50.12) -a-(50.l6) E .g . /kan-mt-ee-g/ "aaw-I** /e|u-tt-&*e-|j/ •*! who brought up** /amc-uT-a-n/ "will fear-I” 14 9 12. «» -y ooouri^fter the Second person markers -a- (30.21) -sa- (50,22) E .g. /aBt-ift-R-y/ ’*did-you(0g )’' /ya-mt-aa-y/ '•came-youC ag) •• 13. « -/J- oeours elsevyber*. E .g . ^wlll resemble-youCsg)" 3.27.60.2 plural« { -a } /•> -a «o -r/ 60.21 «> -a ooours after Pirst person marker* -u- (50.13) -(50.l4)-o-(50.15) -a- (50.16) (t Double IPlural) B«g* /toi-ut-u-a/ “will worship-we** /kan-mt-00-11^ '*eaw-we** , • - c -»o--«nr./ /u r “ UT-o»o-m-kal/ "we who will lore* /kal-tt-ae-a-m > Jcaj^j-as-a-n/ ”learnt-we'* 22. «® -r oocure the Second person aarkers -li- (S0.23)-i- (50.24)( t Double plural) E .g . /kali-kkigf-ii-r-kal/ "are spending -you(pl) / uj-ut-i-r/ ’•will think-you( pi) 3*28.60 . 3 fiuaber Gender Markera Masculine Singular i -fl J / •»“B ] 15 0 I 60.31. «» -Q ooouPB af-ker the Third Person merlcerp -aa- ^50.31) -o- (E0.33) -a- (50.34) E .g . /^il-mt-aa-Q > jjl^-j-aa-s/ "atood-he^ /taay-^-o-o-fl/ '♦he who strode'* /aa-g-ara-n/ "he who beoaae" /gllaay-/rf-aT-a-B/ "he who stayed" 3*28.flO.4. Pealnlne Singular [ -1 } /•» -y 60*41. • -1 occurs after Third fereon markers -aa- (50.31) -a- (50.54) £ .g. /peE -t-aa-l/ "got-she'* /uj-a-a-1/ "without-she'* 3.29.60.5. Gender plural C -r } / •» -r/ •• -r oocura after the Third Person markers -aa- (50.31) -o- (50.33) -a- (50.34) ( - Double Plural) E .g . /aBj.-mt-aa-r/ "wore-they" /gi^ay-T-o-o-r/ "they who will think" /ukarmt-a-a-r/ * enjoyed-they" 3 .3 1 .6 0 .6 . Neuter Singular { “ tu J /••-ttu « -tu/ 15 1 80.61. -ttu occurs after the Third Person -/<- (50.32) pracosd ty -ig (2 0 .1 5 ). E .g . /pooy-iQ-/^-ttu > pooy-ir-/-iV ’’paaaed-it’* 60 . 62. «• -tu occurs elsewhere. E .g . /Qil-mt-a-tu > siQ-j-a-tu/ '•etood-it** /eQ-p-a-zd-tu/ **that which will he said" 3.32.60.7. Keuter Plural i -y } /- -y -/rf/ 60.71. «> -y occura after the Ihird Person aarker -rr (50.34) ( :: Double plural) E .g . /kal-pp-av-a-y > kaj-pp-av-a-y/ ’’that which will be learnt* 72. « -jd occurs elsewhere. E .g . /cOQ-2“/<-a-/!J/ <*that wW-ch were eaid* 3 .3 3 .7 0 .1 . Double plural { -kal } /» -kal/ 7 0 .1 1 . ** “ ^al ocours after the plural markers -a (60.21) -r(60 . 22)-r(e0.5l) -y (60.71) and -/(J (60 . 72) E .g . /vilayyaa$-uv-o-o-a-kai/ ’♦we who will play** 15 1 3.34. at»» Altemantfl I f akal J / «> akan «» akaX/ 00 akag ooouTB before stops and nasals. B.g. /akan tujay/ /akaQ iiaalam/ II { o« } / •» 08 « oaa/ o> 09 oooura bsfore past tense. ®.g. /ce-tt-aag/ /oaa-(v)a/ I I I i 07(C) } / « 0V(0) • 0V(0) tense o» 07(C) ooours before past^aarker -mt- (20.14) B .g. ®/no-at-u/ /ve-mt-n/ /kan-mt-a > kan-t-a/ » GTf(O) occurs elsewhere. B.g. /BOO-(v)a/ /▼ee-(v)a/ ‘ /kaan-um/ /kaan-aat-a/ @ In one instance no is In free variation with $oo before -a (20.22) 15 4 B.g. / b o -bh/ •'which will suffer" ~ /noo-a/ ”will feel pain** 17 { (C)?n } / «• (0)vn - (C)77k/ •* (V)V71 is in free variation with OWk E.g. /elli ~ elU/ /ulli ~ ulki/ /pi4 1 i ~ pulki/ ? •£ C?Yv 3-/ •» CVV ~ O W «> CVVV/ « 077 ooouTB before (20.19) the $ast tense aaricer. It is in free variation with C77. E.g. /kuuy-iS '*«’ Icaurfi/t /taay-// « 077v occurs elsewhere. E.g. /kuuv-ukinyaan/ /taar-i/ /kttUT-UDl/ 71 { (0)77k } / 0* (0)77 « (0)77y « (C)77k / *» (0)77 occurs before -a- (20,18) -/rf- (20.19) the $ast tense markers and *tal (20.73) the Derived Verbal noun marker. E.g. /aa-nay/ /poo-^/ 15 4 •» (Q)VVy ooours before -/eJ- (20.19) or -in-(20.15) E .g. /aay-/rf/ /pooy-in-a/ •0 (o)VVk ooours elsewhere /aak-i/ /ppok-±/ VII f CVVO / V07)CV } « (VVC/VCV)OV CO (7VG/7av)070 ^ (7VC/7CV)0VV o» (??CA0V/CVC7 •* (VV0/VGV)C7 ooours before the last tense marker -mt- (20.14) B .g. /ta-Jtttaar/ /Ta-mtu/ /alama-mtaar/ /oo||a-mtu/ 00 (V7C/70V)070 occurs before the Derired Verbal noun aarkers -ayu (20.100) and Imperative plural -mlg (30.92) E.g. /var-aTu/ /Ta-(m)mig/ » (77C/7G7)G77 ooours before Negative and it varies with 07 E.g. /taar-een tar-e 15 5 » (VV0/T07)0VCV ooeurs elsewhere. B.g. /t^ru-(Y)ar/ /varu-(-v)aan/ /alaiaaru- kinr aga/ /oo'^|ar-Uifl/ v m { (0)?0Vt } / •» (0)V07V « (0)V07Vy 00 (a)fOVY ~ (a)YOVVyy/ oo (C)7CVV 000UT3 before -m (20.22) the future tense marker. E.g. /ulaa-m/ » (C)707Vy oooura before (20.19) the Past tense marker. E.g. /uiaay-^/ /tataay-^(/ /nilaay-^(/ /alaay-/^/ •* (C)VCVv ocoure elsewhere. It Is in free variation with (C )v a v fy B.g. /ulav-ua ulaav-um/ SlEiM OlASSII'igAIIOH 7erb stems are classified on the basis of the Tast tense markers they take. 1 5 6 ClaflB I takes Past -in, Suture u t and Present ukinr and transitive markers ari. tt/pp and Oausatiye.M-'^'^- amo-, att-, ataak-, anaiik-, anav-, anuk-, a t a v , app-, aaukk-, aramk-, aruk-, aruat-, arul-, arump-, aruv-, aXk-, alamk-, alamp-, alajj-, alaj-, avaav-, alumk-, aiumt-, alutt-, alump-, alujttp-, all-* alav-, ajk-, anj-, agujak-, aak-, aat-, aaj*-i aal-, Ikal-, iku-, i t a y , ituk-, Itukk-, inamk-, inar-, iyamk-, iyamp-, iraak-, ilak-, ilamk^, ilukk-, ilak-, iramk-, ijuk-, Iraymo-, iint-, ukk-, uoaav-, utk-, u^aak-, vitaT-, eee-, eett-» eemt-, eer-, e e y , ot|-, o-Jumk-, otumk-, orumk-, oruv-, oik-, OTT^, oluk-, olir-, ogj-, ogj-, oomk-, oooo-, oo|f-, oot-, oomp-, 00T-, katt-, katar-, katuk-, katt-, katav-, katar-, katuv-, karuk-, karut-, kail-, kalamk-, kavr-, kalar- kaluk-, karaiflk-, kanr-, klnt-, kill-, kilar-, kiir-, kutt-, kuta|-, kumir-, kulumk-, kulaap-, k u la y , kuluv-, kujuk-, kuQT-, kuuc-, kuu|-, kuujap-, kuug-, Iiuut-, kuur-, komo-, kot^-, koluk-, koluv-, koo|-, koon-, koot-, kool-, koolaav-, caa|“ , oaatt-, oaartt-, oaajj-, cimk-, oitartt-, eitay-, citayk-, oimt-, cllaap-, oiluiap-, cijr-, ci^uk-, oiir-, outt-, ourumk-, culaav-, oujr-, ouu-J-, cepp-, oerma-, oerukk-, coomp-, ooop-, tamk-, tatt-, tatar-, tatumaar-, tanakk-, tatt-, tatump-, tapp~, tayamk-, tarukk-, taruk-, taiuv-, taiump-, ta^uv-, tall-, taamk-, taav-, tiyakk-, tiruk-, tiru^|-, tirumt-, tiramp-. 15 7 tllnt-, tumc-, tu-jfakk-, -fcuraT-, tulanik-, tUYaiaic-, twjMMW tuXaaT“ » tull"* tttiamlc-, tulump-, tuumk-, tuukk-, tuunj-, tuujf-, tuuT” , tell-, terj^, tenr-, teemic-, teet-, tear-, teemp-, te«r-, tomk-, to|amk-, toon-jf-, toonr-, saoo-, jia-Jumk-, gann-, nanuk-, ’^gatav-, fiamp-, Qalk-, sail-, Qaa|-t-, aaat“ » saan, fiiramp-, flllav-, niruT-, nlimk-, nilmt-, niir-, nujfamk-, nanuak-, nunukk-, gumt-, nuukk-, q u u t -, nent-, nerumk-, Qeru-J-, nee-J-, fiookk-, pakatt-, pann-, parav-, parimaaj-, paruk-, parumk-, palak-, pajy-, paQQ-, panuv, paa|-, paaraatt-, paav-, paarr-, pinaiak-, pltakk-, pitaj;r-, pillljj-, pllij-, piraak-, pijav-, pinn-, pily-, pull-, pulamp-, pulaar-, puuo-, pook-, peruk-, peeo-, pe»n-, pomk-, poot|-, pott-, potul-, porumt-, poruvu-, pOQr-, mamk-, aatamk-, mant-, ma:^-, mayaak-, aaruv-, malk-, ♦malamk-, marukk-, majuk-, mann-, maatt-, maamt-, maaj-, mime-, mint-, mila^j-, poorx-, migg-, minuak-, mukk-, mutt-, mutakk-, mutuk-, mutt-, mumt-, muyamk-, mulamk-, muluk-, muluo-, mujj-, miqjji-, muu-ft-, muu|-, muulk-, meoo-, melk-, ma*T-, moot-, mooy-, vanaak-, varagr-, varut-, varumt-, vaw-, yalamk-, yalur-, valaav-, vayj-, yaamk-, yaat-, vaar-, vikk-, yioir-, vitt-, vimm-, virav-, virump-, ♦vllak-, yilamk-, vllumk-, vilamk-, vllamp-, rllar-, Tilayaat-, vinar-, rlikk-, yiimk-, yilo-, yiit-, vett-f v«tump-, veruv-, veru-jf|-, velk-, ve«n|-, rayk- Claas I I takes past mt, Future t and iTesent kinr Xransitive tt/pp and Oauaatlve vi, 15 8 a o a y , a^ar, a t a y , ag.1, anay, atir, aaar, amay, ayaTf ari, alama, 8Llar, a la y * avi, avir, avli» all, all, alay, ari, a ra y , aay, aaly ikal, icay, In a y , lrl» il l , u|ay, unar» ui;lr» umll, uy, uyar, ular, ulay, uray, uur, etlr, erl, elu, eri, e t y , oci, oily olir, oot|ay ooy, oor, kaol* Icata, kati* katay, katay, kamaly karl, karayy kaluly kavary karily kaliy kalay, kaniy kaayy kill, kilar, kutay, kutay, kuraayy kulay, kuviy kuli, kulayy kulir, kuj-ay, kuur, konary caayy oaar, oaati, citay, cukir, oetu, curl, ouli, cuuiy cey oeer, ooriy cori, eoory fieri, tay takar, takay, tatiy taniy t a t a r , ta, tavir, talay, talaTy taaPy taal., tikaly t i ^ y titay, tiriy tiiyy tiiry tu^i, tutayy tuvary teriy teliy teey, teery l!0"||ar, tolay, tooyy gakary Qamay, fialiy galir, nanayy gikary §iray,Bikaly glairy B^ray, ftijay, nigay, gukary fiuiayy nskll, neriy nelly gerly geery gay, go-, pakar, paoayy patery pati, pani, para, pavary paji, pajayy paay, pirily pinaypitlry piriy pijal, pi^iy pukaly pimar, putay, pjjy, p u r l y puray, p u l a r y peer, po|i, potuy potl, pori, poll, poil, poo, pool, maklly mati, mayary malary maliy iftalayy m ^iy maray, manay, maay, mitayy ’^milayy milir, mutl, mutir, muri, mulayy mu^iy mugiy meliy me^y molly vatly va-y varly valiy valary valayy vaayy vaary v a a l y viriy Tlrs^y viliy Tilayy v i i l y viiy ve-y veey Olaas II A takes Past mt, future pp and Present kklgr and Transitiye tt/pp and Causative ppi am kaay annaa, ula, alay itay iyay iray iruy ilay lya, uka, 15 9 ul&y UTa» ula> eemaa, kata» kara* kala* kalakalaf kara» kltat (ura, viva, cira, cuma, cura, oemmaa, tura, tuja, nata, naya, nira, paya, para, para, pila, plra, mara, mita, muka, mayyaa, vaya, vara, viya Olaaa II B takes Past mt, Future v, Present kiny and Transitive tt/pp and causative vi. akal, alal, anal, aal, aan, iyal, irul, iig, utal, un, urul, ey, eg, kan, kaval, kalal, kstal, kill, koy, kol, kol, caal, ourul, oulal, oey, cel, col, talal, tavil, ti§, tuyil, tuval, terul, gavil, naal, pural, puun, pool, marul, maal, aaal, maa|^, mill, muyal, aural, mel, va^al, vaay, v il, v iil, vel Class III takes Past tt, Puture pp and Present kigr and Causative marker vi. akay, atu, ati, a]wi» ayar, arcoi, aramati, ari, arutti, alafflkari, e^ay, ali, aa, aar, aaravaari, aali, ioci, ioay, imay, iray, ilay, i i , ilr, ilay, uku, ukay, alu, utay, uyir, ' uru, uray, uvar, ulay, u^ni, uul, etu, ey, eyi, eey, oli, oru, kati, katu, kani, kali, kavi, kali, kaju, kana, kanay, kaa, kaatali, kaay, kaar, kaal, kilaay, kilay, kuti, kuray, kuli, kuri, kuur, kay, kotu, koppali, koli, koo, kooti, camkarpi, catir, camti, cali, camai, cavi, caati, cimti, ciri, ciray, cilar, ciray, oiir, ouvay, ouli, ce, oeku, oeri, ceju, cee, ceeti, ceevi, oooti, tati, tatu, tatay, tari, talu, tali, talay, talay, taari, tikay, titti, tilay, tuti, tutay, tuni, 16 0 tuti, tuvar, tuii, tuuor, teli, teri, Q&kax, nati, ^aray, ^ikar» nil, padt pa^ay, pa^i» patay, pat>i> pamtl» paru» pall, paiu, pagi, paappa|u, paar* paarl, paavi, paal, piti^» piiay» putay, puuy puuoly puurl> peru» pay» po, poy, p o ^ , poor, mat-^i, fflatlf mata» matiy laonitiri, maya» marUf mlrayt mlti, mllay» mukll, muj^yallf muui Jney» may» moy, maku* vamolf yaoitl. Tali, vajpu, ▼aaoi, yaatl* vaay, yioay, viyar, y ili, vlii, velyaray, yelu» yerl, yeru, yeer, yay, Claaa II I A takes ^ast ut, future uy and Present uklgj and Caueatlye uyl. eel, ^s:aX, keel, tool, gll, guul, Qool Olaes ly A takes Past ut, i’uture uy, Present ukinj and Transitive utt and Oausatiye uyi. at, £^, it, ijr» uk-, ket-, out-, tak-, tar-, tur-, tot-, n a ^ , na|T»pat*» puk-, pujappat-, peetuj-, mik-, yalipatr, yit- Olaflg lY B takes past ut, future uy, and Present uklnjr 8uad Causatiye uyi. al-, ul“ , tol-, por- The following stems taking tt/ut of Class I I I /I V A also take the past tenne markor at/&uat. e«y, oli, oor, nigay, mulay. puk-» J®ik- 16 1 © puk-, mik- take past tense marker here. This marker Is not Inoluded* When the past tense aarkera are analysed. Pattern of Verb eternal Claeg I TO, V070, 70V00, 70V70, 7V0, OVOO, C70700, 070VC, CVTOC, 7CVCC0, CVCVOVYO, 07V07V0C, CV07C0C, CVOVOWO, 0VVCC77C0, OVOVOOO, 0VCVC0V7C, OVOVVC, 0V7CVT0 Endingst e, u, p, t, t, r, o, k, m, m, n, r, 1, 1, ▼. Olaaa II VO, 70V, VOVO, VOVOV, W O , VVOOV, OV, OVOV, OVOVO, ovv, ow e Endings« 1, e, a, o, u, r, 1, y> OlaSB n VOV, VOOVV, W O W , OVOV, OVOOW, OVOVOVOV Endings t &t a. OlasB I I B VO, VOVO, W O , OVO, OVOVO, OWO Bndlngst n, g, 1, 1, 1, y. Class II I VOV, VCVO, VOOV, VOOOV, VO VOVOV, VOVOOV, VV, W O VOV VO W O , VO, OWO VOV, OV, o w , ow e, OVOOV, OWOCVOVO, OVOVO, OVOOVOV, OVOVOVOV, ovocvovc. Endingst 1, e, a, o, u, r, 1 Class III A WO, OWO, OVO Endings* 1, 1. 1 6 2 Clafla IV A ?C, CVO, CfTV'OVO, OVCVOCVC Endingai t, k Olaee IV B VC, OVC Sndlnjtet r, 1 Oompoimd Verb stems t atlldcool, a llu u y , uXluur-, uilur-, oruppatutt-, kattuppat-, kattaej-, kayicool, icaayppajj, kayyaicaj^-^ kumaytiirr-# yatuppat-* kuX^akkuLlr, ayappat- etc. » § M : ■ OHAPTBR IV A It'S, k 1 L 1 ^ 11^3 s 4*0 ^pp«Uative la called as Kurlppu ylnay In Tamil* It has two oharaoteristics. (1) It takes a noun or pronoun or derlyed yer\>al nouns or a olltlo as its base. (2) It does not take tense marker. It can be oxpanded like a verb oi' a noun. ?03ITI0N OltASSigt 100 110 120 130 ll+o Stem 100.1 S.M. 110.1 J^dj. 120.11,'.?. 130.1 Pi-l 110.2 Adv. 120.2 £ie.p. 130.2 V l. 110.3 C.N. ISO .3 130.3 M 130.4 £eSg. 130.5 G.pl. 130.6 H.Sg. 130.7 N.Pl. 4.1.100. Bmpty markert 16 4 100.11 CO -as occurs after Adj. bases and alter ayal» mukam, me el and Taay. • S. /ari-(y)-a£-/i^*-kal/ "rare-they" /peri-(y)-anV“’W / ’*t)ig-they** /ayal-a^-/ii-a~/i/ ^nearby-they ” /muicattu-an-^^-sr^/ > IUui:att-an-J^^-a-^/ ’•ol the face-they” / m e e l - a n - a - * ’oi' the place-they’* /vaay-an-^-a-^/ "oi thg mouth-they” 100,12 « -ig. occurs elsewhere. £*g. /catay-(y)-in-a-a-n/ «of the matted locks of hair-he** /lllvu-in-ttu, > illT-irru/ ”of the loimess-it” /vaay-an-^-a-^/ "''of the mouth-they ~ /vaay-in-/^-a-r/ ”of the laouth -they** ~ /vaay-(y)-in-a/ ”oi the mouth** 4.2.100.2 Adjoctiyes* Stem ♦ Empty marker * •t -a } /oo -a/ 16 5 S*S • /pal-a/ ’♦many’* /mayll-in-a/ ’’of the peacock’s feathe#” 4.3.110.3 Adverbs: Stem * i • ‘tu 5 / » -aa ~ irttu ~ -kku ~ -ppu 00 -a ~ -tu/ 110.31 00 -an occurs after oe. E.g* /ce-(vv)-a^ ’•rightly*' 32. ~ -ttu freely varies with -kku(110.33) and -ppu(110.34). B .g. /nal-ttu > nan-ru/ ~ /nal-kku > nan-ku/ ~ /n a l“ ppu > nan-pu/ ’’well” 35. -a occurs after vey» pay. E .g. /vey(y)-a/ »*to be hot*' /pay(y)a/ ’’slowly*’ 36. ~ -tu occurs elsewhere. E.g. /ini-tu/ ’'•pleasantly” 16 6 4.4.110.4 Oonjuyited Moune? Stem J Empty marker i i -av 3 / ~ -o-'« -i- ~-e- »^a- ~-av-~ “i ” / 110.41. ~ “ 0- occurs before the i'irst person marker -o- (120.15) and the Third person marker -o- (120.33) E .g . /pillaykal-o-o-m/ *inf ants-we*' /utay-(y)-o-o-r/ ''they who have*' 42. ~ -i- occurs before the Second person marker -i- (120.21) E.g. /vali-(y)-i-i-r/ ’'of the strength -you(pl)’’ 43. ~ -e- occurs before the i'irst person marker -e- (120.14) E .g . /vinay-(y)-e-e-g/ “of the Karma-I* 44. -a- occurs before the Second person marker -a- (120.22) and the Third person -a- (120.31). It freely varies with -av- (110.45) and (120.46) before the Third person -a- (120.31) E.g. /aaii-(y)-a-ay/ “of the discus weapon-you(sg)“ /val-(l)-a-a-r/ **of the ability -they’* /ati-(y)-a-a-n ~ ati-(y)-av-a-n/ •'devotee-he^ 16 7 /tool-a-a-r ~ tool-jrf-a-r/ '•of the ehouldel -they'^ 46. ~ occurs elsewhere. E .g . /nal-(l)-#^-a-^/ “of good-they** /utay-^-#^-ttu/ '‘had-it'* /vaay-an-j^-a-;^/ ”of the aouth-they"^ 4 .5 .1 2 0 .1 . glrst Person Markers! Stem + Empty markers + Conjugated no»m + -ee'"}’ /«' ~ee”» -oo” “ sr ~ -e" “ O-/ 120.11 00 -ee- occurs between Stem + Empty marker before Singular marker -n (130.12). It freely varies with -a- (120.13) E.g. /u^ay-(y)-ee-n/ ”have-I** /val-(l)-ee-n ~ vaiTl)-a-g/ '^of the abUity-I« 12* 00 -00- occurs between Stem + Bftpty marker before Plural marker -m (130.21). It freely varies with -a- (120.13). E.g. /utay-(y)-oo-m/ **have-we" /oooti-(y)-oo-m ~ cooti-(y)-a-m/ "••of the light-we** 14. ~ fte“ occurs after Conjugated noun markers -e- (110.43) E .g . /ati-(y)-e-e-n/ '*devotee-r* 15. ~ -o- occurs elsewhere. E .g. /tuuy-o-o-m/ '♦pure-we'* 1 6 8 4.6.120.2. Second Personi { -ii- ^ /oo -i-o- 00 -a- oo -ii-/ 120*!:21 «» -1- occurs between Conjugated noun marker -1- (110.42) and plural marker-r (130.22 E.g. Aali-(y)-i-i-r/ *<0f the mind-you( sg) i — 22. » -a- occurs alter stem or Empty marker or conjugated noun markers -a- (110.44) and bel'ore the Singular marker -y(130.11 E .g . /aali-y-a-ay/ ” of the discus weapon -you(sg)« /tirattu-in-a-y > tiratt-in-a-y/ *of the doctrine -you(sg)« /itattu-a-y > itatt-a-y/ ’’of the place -you(sg)« /val-(l)-a-y > val(l)-aa-y/ ’’of the ability-you( sg)** 23. 00 -ii- occurs elsewhere. E.g. /me^i-(y)-in-ii /catay-(y)-ii-r/ “of the matted locks of hair-you(pl)* 4 .7 .1 2 0 .3 . Third Peraoni Stem + Empty marker i Conjugated noun + t -a- } / » -a- ~ -aa - ~ -o- « -oo-CK>-/^-/ 16 9 120.31 *0 -a- occurs between Stem 4 Empty marker 4 Oonju^ted noun markers -av- (1 1 0 .4«) -a- (110.44) -jrf-(110.46) and Person Gender markers. It freely alternates with -aa-(120.32) E.g. /kay-(y)-in-a-r/ '•of the hand-they** /ari-(y)-aT-a-n/ '•rare-he” /nal-(l)-a-/rf/ *of the good-they" /val-(l)-a-r val-(l)-aa-r/ **of the ability-they** /nal-(l)-a-a-l/ *’of good-she” /in-(B)-^-a-tu/ ‘’of this nature-it** /ari-(y)-an-/rf-a-// ** rare-they “ 33 ^ -0- occurs between Conjugated noun marker -o- (110.41) and plural marker -r (130.22) E.g. /tolil-o-o-r/ »*of the deed-they” 34 <» -00- occurs between stem and Plural marker -r (130.22). It freely varies with -aa- (120.32) E .g . /takk-oo-r ~ takt-aa-r/ ’* eminent -they** 35 » occurs elsewhere. E.g. /eli-tu/ ’'easy-if* /oelkay**/rf-ttu/ ” of tho going-it*' 1 7 0 /illvu-in-ttu > llivirru/ ••of the lowne0s-it'‘ 4<8.130.1. ffumber Markers: Singular: i -n } / « -y oo-n/ 130.11 «• -y ooours after Second person marker -a- (120.22) E.g. /aali-(y)-a-a-y/ ’♦of the discus weapon -you(sg)» /▼al-(l)-a-y/ *of the strength-you(ag)« 12. 00 “n ooours elsewhere. /ati-e-e-ft/ '♦'devotee-1” 4.9.130.2 plural: -£ -r } /» -m oo-r/ 130.21 » -m occurs after first person markers. B.g. /Tali-y-a-m/ "of the strength-we” /utay-(y)-oo-m/ ”have-we'* /kanniyar-o-o-m/ '•young women-we*' 22, «B -r occurs elsewhere. E .g . /aeeni-(y)-in-ii-r/ »*of the body-youCplJ /val-(l)-i-i-r/ "of the ability-you(^|[/^ T 1 7 1 4.10.1*0.3. Maiicullno Singular* Reft €0.3{ eOO.3. 4 .1 1 .1 8 0 .4 . gemlnlne 81ngular» Befi <0.4; S00.45} 200.46: S00.47. 4.12.130.5. gender flurali Reft 60.5} 220.16} 220.19. 4.13.130.6. Ueuter Singular# Ref: 60.6} 200.5. 4.14.140.1. ylural III Refi 70.1} 230.1. OH^ITSR T N 0 U N a Nouna are those which take «w w mariners. •POSITION q]^AS3Eg 200 210 220 230 240 Stem 200.1 Sg. 210.1 E.M. 220.1 a.Pl. 230.1 pl-II 240.1 Aoo. 2 PI I 2 Ins. 3 l^Sg. 3 Soo. 4 £^Sg. 4 Dat. 5 N.Sg. 5 Abl. 6 Ag. 6 Gren. 7 Loo. 8 Upon 9 Among 10 Dietri Isutlve 11 7oe. [ 1 7 3 t i 5 .1 .2 0 0 .1 Singular-. i Stem + i -n 5- A -4 oo-n/ 200.11 » occurs after the stem nil - a .g. /nli- ^/ <»you(sg)'‘ 12. OB -n occurs elsewhere. B.g. /naa-n/ '*!'* /yaa-n/ /•- n / "ny** •‘your'* / S § / ’*your« /ta-n/ •‘oneself’ /fc«xa.-TD/ " crv^,-=>tA^ /nu-n/ "your” 5.1.200,2 flural • SteiB * { -m J /(» -r « -m/ 200.21 « -r occurs after the stem nii- S.g. /gll-r/ '•youCpl)'* 200.22 «o -m occurs elsewhere® /yaa-a/ **we" /e-m/ '‘our** /§aa-m/ "we** 17 4 /na-m/ /nu-m/ "your'*» /ta-a/ '*th«a’' /t aa-m/ " th em s el ve a ** •m oocurfu between nii-and leal (2?^0.13) E.g. /nil-ra-kal/ '’youipl)*' 5.3.200.3 Maaouline Singular i -an } /*» -iiaag «» -§ "S -litaj <» -kk^ 00 -oon » -an ~ -aan/ 200.31 00 -msian oooura after the stem aa** koo jpm- p«ru- and it alternates with -n (200.32) after the stem koo E.g. /aa-aaan/ •’Ood’* /pem-maan/ "GrOd*** /peru-maaji/ •'Sod‘* /**koo-maan ~ koo-n/ •*king'^‘ 200.32 00 -g ocoura after piraa-, koo and -a- (2.42) the third person stea. 3.g. /piraa-n/ “Lord'^ /koo-n/ ” king;^ /av-a-n/ "that-he** 200.33 « -ttan oocura after oru* where it flXternatea with -an (200.36) 1 7 S S*g* /oru-ttag ~ oru-(▼)-«£/ **one man^ £00.34'«• ooeurs olter ol^u- where it. aXtemates /" with -as (S00.36) B«g. /oljii-lckag/ **boy" ~ /e lr u - ( v )-a g / ** aon" 200.35* «> * 00^ oooura after frfeeaifl where it altematea with -aan (S00.3f) S .g . /naa5na£a3r*(3r)*oon ~ naaQiiajay-(y)-aan/ **Brahaa* /«a5i!y-(y)-ooB ~ Ba5ay-(y)-aag/ "Brahaa” goo .36* oo-AB occur a elaewhere and it aLteraatea with -aan (200.37) E .g . /«raJck-an/ •'demon'* /aak-an/ •aon** /maaa*a]g maRH*aan/ ’•father-in-law** 5.4*200.4* J?eainine ainguXar* f -i } /— -Tiooi •• -ooi -tti -|^i -1 -al « -aal -i/ e 00 e e ' 200.41* •» -Tiooi onoura after the aten kat|a B .g . /ica$^u-viooi/ ’♦leaiale diyiner** 200.42. «• -ooi ocoiira after the atene itay'> ati'-» aay f oeeti'^ A B.g. /i^ay-oei/ ^woaan of ooMherd •aate’* 17 6 /ati-coi/ '•woman slaye** /aay-ooi/ "woman of cowherd oaste” /oeeti”Cci-(lcaL)/ ’’female servants* 43* ~ -tti occurs after Ut a, 1 ending items 2.g. /oru-tti/ "one woman” /kura-tti/ ’'woman of Kurava tribe** /ilamkay-Cy)-aaL-^ti > llamkay(y)aatti/ **Surpanaka*' 44* occurs qfter -aa ending stems. E.g. /plraa-||l/ "Iiadyl* 45* 00 -1 ocours after -a- (2 *42) the Third person stem* B.g. /iv-al/ *’thie-she" /a-r-a-1/ ’* that-she’* /uv-a-1/ "yonder-she** 4 6 -al occurs alter mak- £.g. /aaip-al/ *daughter^* 47. 00 -aal occurs the stems avani, alar, kamkay, namkay, umay, taanarayi mamkay, maatar, mat# a » E.g. /avanl',(y)-'aal/ "Goddese of earth* /alar- aal/ ’•Iiaksmi'* /kamkay-(y)~aal/ **the river Ganges'* /umay(y)nal/ ’'consort of Siva* /taamaray(y)aal/ ’’iaksmi'* I 1 7 7 /iua4akay-(y)“ RBl/ ’•wo^aan'' /maatar-pal/ "wouan" /jialaraal/ '’Lakami* /aa|a-Cv)” aal/ ’‘woman'* 48 «o -i occurs eisexviiere. S .g . /tool-i/ ”lady companion’* /orakk-1/ "dsmoness* /clrum-i-(y)-ar/ ’♦girls'* 5 .5 .2 0 0 .5 Neuter Singular Stem - i -tu } /co-tu/ 200.61 0® -tu occurB after -jrf-(2.4l) the Third person marker. E .g. /a->^-tu/' ”that-it'* 5 .6 .S 0 0 .6 Affentive Stem * i- ± } h -V E.g. 200.61 /noonpu-i-kal > noonpi-kal/ **ascetle»’* /auurtt-i/ ’’God"’ /vil-i > vil(l)-i/ ’’areher*' 5 .7 .2 1 0 .1 Bmuty Marker Stem ^ noun ^ -in" } /«» -an~®o -am- » -in-/ 1 1 7 8 2 1 0 .1 1 . t» -an- ooours altera neuter Singular -tu (200.51) B.g. /a-tu-an > at-an/ "that-it” 12. «> -am- freely varies with -in (210.13) after aali, katal, mullay, yaalay. B.g. /aali-(y)-am aall-Cy)-!^/ ’•disoua weapontt /katal-am ~ katal-in/ "ocean'* /aulla-(y)-ara ~ mullay-(y)-in/ ’‘Arabian Jasmine'' /vaalay-(y)-am ~ Taalay-(y)-is/ "a kind of fish" 13, *» -in occurs elsewhere. B.g. /kanru-is > kanr-ig/ "oali” /kulal-ie/ "flute'* /onru-in > on^-i^ •’one'*' 5 .8 .2 2 0 .1 . Gender flu r a l: Stem + Masculine singular ^ feminine singular + J Agentive + Empty Marker + { - a r J / - i r ~ - i i r » -m a r » - a r « -maar « -apr ~ -oor ~ -ttar » -ar/ 220.11. 00 “ ir ooours after the stem pantu and after Person markers. It alternates with -iir (220.12), -aar (220.16) 17 9 E .g . /pen-lu-ir > pentir/ ’’women** /mak-aX-ir ~ mak-ai-iir/ "women** /piraa-n- ir- ee/ '*Lordl( s ),' ** I piraa-n-oar/ "LordC s) J ” « 13. 00-mar ooours alter en E .g . /en-aar/ ’’eight persons* 14/ <» -r occurs after -a- (2.42) the Ihird Person marker and after -i (200.48) the Feminine ainguXar marker where it aLternatea with -maar (220.15) E .g. /a^-a-r/ *'that-they** /maam-iiar > maam-i-r/ ’’Mothers-in?/ law! * ~ maam-i-maar/ ”mothers in-law’* ■ is, 00 -maar occurs after stems or after Person gender markers. It alternates with -ar ( 220.19 ) -aar (200.16) E .g . /anay-maar/ '^others” /taay-maar ~ tay-(y)-ar/ ’’mothers’* /tool-an-maar/ '’friends** /aay-coi-(y)-ar/ ’’women of cowherd caste /manaTaatti-m^ar < manavRal-ttl-maar/ ’’wives’* /ay-(y)-an-mawr ~ ay-y-an-aar/ '*ii0rd (8)” 18 0 16. «« -aar oocurs after ateas or after person gender markers or after iQ (210.13) the Empty aarkera. It alternates with -oor (220.17) and -ar (220.19) E.g. /maatar-aar/ ’’women” /perumaan-aar/ •’Lords** /koo-n-na*/ ” king s’* /nemou-in-aar/ ”Mlnd(s)'* /koo-(v)-l^-aar/ *‘kings" /vin(n)-aar ~ vin(n)-oor ~ vin(n)-ar/ ’’celeatials*' 18. «o -ttar ooours after oru where it auLternates with -ar (200.19) E.g. /oru-ttar ~ oru-(v)-ar/ "one person** 19. <» -ar ooours elsewhere. B.g. /amar-ar/ ”immortals’' /tool-ar/ ’’friends’* /nuurru-(v)-ar/ ’’hundred persons’* 5.9.230.1. Plural II Stea + plural I + Person gender + Agentive i (render plural * i - k a l 3" / «» - y e o -kkal «» -kal/ 1 8 1 230.11. oo-y occure after the Third person stem -a- (2.42) E»g» /av-a-y/ "that-they** 12. CO -irkalL ooours freely varies with -kal after ati, lcoti» marul E .g. /kuru-lckal/ XpriestB** /ati-kkal ~ ati-lcal/ •’feet" /koti-lclcal ~ koti-kal/ "creepers** /marulkkal > marutkai/ "bewilderment** ~ /marulkal/ ’’iaelody typee" 230.13. «o -kal oocures elsewhere. B.R. /mak-kal/ ’'sons* /em-kal/ **our” /ir-ar-kal/ «this-they” /ku^|ag“kal/ '’young ones* /kura-tti-kal/ "women of Kurava tribe'* /aaar-ar-kal/ "immortals'' /aay-oci-maar-kal/ "woman of cowherd caste" /noogp-i-kal/ "ascetics” 5.10.240.0. Oases: Stem + Noun 4 Empty Marker + Sender Plural + plural II + A noun. Conjugated noun. Derivative verbal noun 1 8 2 THO lA-irv toJ, syntactic category it ie not included here. 5.11.240.1* Acouaative; { -ay } /« -ay/ E.g. 240.11 /aayfooi-iiHar-lcal-ay/ ••women of cowherd caste** /en-(n)-ay/ “myw /at-an-ay < atu-an-ay/ "that-if* 5.12.240.2* Instrumental: t -aal J /«» -aal/ E.g. 240.21 /taaap-aal < tsftoipu-aal/ **by the rope* /amp-in-aal < ampu-is-aal/ **\)y the arrow*'______ii 5.13.240.3* gooiativa; •fc -oo|u f / « -ootu ~ otu ~ -utan/ 240.31 oo -oo|u freely varies with -otu (240.32) -u^an (240.33) E .g . /umay-y-oo|u/ "consort of Siva-with" /paamp-otu <- paaapu-o|u/ ~ /paa®p-utan <■ paaapu-u-Jan/ *’ serpent-with" /paal-oo-^u ~ pa«J.-o|u ~ paal-u^an/ •'milk-with* T 1 8 3 5.14.240.4* Sati've: { -Idcu J /oo -akku ~ «> -kku ~ -ukku ~ -poruttu/ 240.41-co -alcku oocure after singular Jlural I markers. B*g* /en-akku/ "me-to** /nam-akku/ •’us-to’* 42- eo-kku freely varies with -uhJcu (240.43) and poruttu (240.44) E .g . /maal-kku > aaar-ku/ ~ maal-ukku/ "Iiord Vianu-to”• • /oiitay-kku ~ oiitay-poruttu/ ^Siita* -for the sake of” 5.15.240.5. Ablative. i -ifi } / » -in “ i l / 240. s i - «o -in alternatia with -il (240.52) E.g. /aymtu-il > aymt-il/ ~ aymtu-is > ay»»t-il/ ’•five-troia'* /mokktt^-il/ "bubbles-lik#" 5.16.2 40. 6* Grenitive* i -atu J /eo -atu ~ -patu ~ -u^ay/ 240.61. <» -atu freely varies with -aatu (240.62) -u^ay (240.63) 1 8 4 E*g* /un-atu ~ nin-aatu/ **your" /en-(n>-atu ~ en-(n)-utay/ ”my*' 5.17.240.7. Locative. { -11 } / » -kpial « -paattu «> -maattu «» -aun oo -11 <-j -ul ~ -Itay -vaay ~ "lean -paeJ. ~ -"talay ~ -akattu -akam ~ -klil ~ -mukattu ~ -mutal ~ -in• ~ -Itattu. • 240.71* «o -kaal occurs alter mulay E .g . /iiulay-(k)-kaal/ *woaan*s breast-in” U 72. 00 -paattu occurs after natuvu S.g. /natwvu-paattu/ *‘middle-in" 73. 00 -maattu occurs after maavall, kontaaQ. It freely varies with -itay (240.77) after maavali. E.g. /mmavali-maattu ~ maavaLi-(y)-itay/ "the A sura-in” /kon^aan-uiaattu/ ’*he who had-in** 74. 00 -uun freely Tariee with -itay (240.77), -itan (240.79) and paal (240.80) E.g. /en-mun ~ en-(g,)-itay/ **in front of* my- /en-mun ~ en-kan ~ en-paal/ *;^ln'^ 75* «o -11 freely varies with -ul (240.76) 1 8 5 -itay (240.77), vaay (240.78), -kojQ (^40.79) -p^ai (240.80), -talay (240.81), -akattu (240.82), -akfua (240.83), -kill (240.84), -/Bukattu (240 .85),-autel (240.86), -in (240.87), -itattu (240.88). E.g. /vaiay-(y)-ll yalay-(y)-ul/ /nemo-11 < nemcu-il nefflo-i-Jay < ©•mcu-ltay/ ’’laind-in** /katal-11 ~ katal“vaay/ •’oceaji-in'* /v«elvi-(y)-il ~ veelvi-O^lcaB/ »*sacrifio»-in'^ /malay-il ~ malay- /ooolay-(y)-il ~ ooolay-(t>talay/ flower garden-in** /kaat-Ji-il < taa^u-il ~ lcaa^-|i-akattu < kaa-J'fu-akattu/ "burning ground-in** /varay-(y)-il ~ Yaray-(y)-akam/ '*;aountain-in* /peatal-il ~ pamtal-kiil/ **pandal-in“ /amar-il ~ amar-mukattu/ ""battle-in’** /vin-(n)-il vin-mutsl/ "celestial world-beginning with’** /maarp-il < aaarpu-in/ "ohest-in*’ /kanar-il < kanavu-il kagav-ltattu < kanavu-i"Jattu/ *dream-in'^ 18 6 5.18.240.8. Upon; <£ -meel } /«»“Jttecl ~ -aicay ~ -laiitu/ 240.81 w -meel freely varies with -mioay(240.82) and -miltu(240.83) S.ff. /aalar-aeel ~ malar-mioay/ “lotus -upon'* /katal-aieel katal-miitu/ ’♦ocean-upon” 5 .1 9 .2 4 0 .S Among- i “ ul 1- "U l/ E»g* /aayiratt-ul < aayirattu-ul/ ** t ho usand-among" 5.20.240.10* Distributive; •jt -toju 3* A® "toru “tooju/ I 240.101 oo -toru freely varies with -tooju(240.102) E .g . /gaal-toj^u ~ flaal-tooju/ " time-each” 5.21.240.11* Vocative-. Vocative is expressed by overt marker op by process. f -ee } / « -kaal «» -ee ~ -oo ~ -.'/ I 240.111 0“ -kaal occurs after -kal (230.13) 18 7 E .g. /kulaamkaXlt:aal/ ^Swarms!** 4 112. 00 -ee io in free Yariation with -oo (240.113) and (240.114) AI E.g. /neaoee/ i /vantulcaiee ~ Yantuicaloo/ '♦Baes!** At /a^ayee ~ aagay/ "Elephant I" ' 4 5.22.240.12, IrooesB; 240.121, Substraction of the final consonant. E.g. /naatan > naate/ Lord I** J 122. Substraotton of the final oonaonant and doubling of the penultimate yowel. E.g. /koovimtan > koovimtaa/ "Lord Visnul** ( 123. Doubling of the penultrate vowel. E»g. /emtay > emtnay/ •*I»ordJ** 124. Doubling of the final vowel i E.g. /aati > matii/ •'Moonl'* A4 125. Replacement of the finpl ay — ee S*g« /annay > awee/ •MotherI” AI 126- Replacement of the penultimate vowel fa -“> oo 1 8 8 E .g . /aaariataay > ajuarm'tooy/ •*Tou (eg) who abode!” 0kI Deviation In one instanca. !Phe penultimate vowel aa Is replaoed by 0 and addition of ee* S .g . /kpfidiyaay > ka^aiyoyee/ ”In kaali -you( sg)!,'*' I 127 Replaoement of the penultimate TOW el a — > ee E.g. /atiical > ati^eel/ ’’Deity! •t * 4 1B8 Kcplacement of the penultimate vowel a/aa — > ii E .g . /to^tar > ton-Jiir/ '♦Devoteee-youCpi) mi /maakaymaar > mamkaymiir/ '^Womenl" * I The following ocourrenoee in Vooative have double prooeBBee i .e . bhs doubling of the penultimate vowel (240.123) and replacement of a/aa — > il/?-4o- The former in the vowel of last auifix and the latter in the vowel of the preoeeding suffix. This may be due to the oocurrenoe of -kal prece^ded by -ar (220.19) and -mnar (2 2 0 .1 5 ). But the above prooecessei are not regular in the process aa — > 1 8 9 B .f . /ton-Jjlirkaal < tOBtarkal/ ’'Devotees!'* /puZavilrkaaX < pulavarical/ '»l»oetsi** )ff ^ /nampimiirkaal <. gampimaarkal/ elite among men."* »«A /peetaymlirkfi.aL <^peetaymaarkal/ "Ignorant personB-you(pl) I'* I /namkaymilrkaal <*gamk:aymaark^al/ "Women of distinction -you(pl) I** /toolimiirkaal <^toolimaaBkal/ ’♦Lady companions" /tontarkaal < tontarkai/ ’’Deyoteesl** I /tooiiyarkaal tooiiyark^al/ ”Xiady companions!'* < /manitarkaal <^manitarkai./ "PeopleI“ a /aatarkaal <^aatarkal/ ’♦Blindsl'** I 129. Replacement of final consonant n —> oo B.g* /aramkag > aramkavoo/ "In Arangam -you(6g)i'* •m t /vanjTian > Taj^avoo/ ”0f the colour -yOu(sg)l*» S T m qLA3ai;?I0ATlOl!r 5.23.1.0. Direction Koimat Pattern! CVO CVC7 O^OVOV cv(o\r)cov 07V0 V0C7C7C 1 9 0 1.11. CVC 0V07 077C CVCVOV C7VC 7CCV07G form adjective bases and ooour before W.J or M .J. E.g* /ten kar-xy/ ’♦south bank** /vata paal/ ’’northern side** /icLil tte«y/ **east sky” ( /meel tioay/ “west direction" /ten(n) an/ "pandyan” /kuta ticay/ ’‘west direction* /ku|aica (t) tilay/ ”west Siva shrine" /uttara veeti < uttaratn veeti/ "west pial" 1.12. CV::(CV)r50V is oblique base. E.g. /kilakku-il > kilakk-il/ ^»in east** /vatakku-il > vatakkil/ "in north” /tekku/ "south** Exoemption* In /terjkol ticay/ ten(CVC) occurs as oblique base* 5 .2 4 .2 .0 . pronominalSt Pattern» 077 nominative bases (C)V’ oblique bases. 5.25.2.1. yirst Person» Exclusive* i yaa- 3’ /** y C » " ~ naa- «> e-/ 1 9,1 2,11 oo ypia- cccuTB initiaJ-ij before the Singular aariCer -g (200.12) and Jlural marker -m (200.22). It I'reely yaries with Qaa- (2.12) before -g (200.12) E,g. /yaa-n ~ naa-n/ *!•* /yaa-itt/ 2.13 « e- oocurs initially before the Singular mark:er-n (200.12) and the ylural marker -m (200.22) / « " 5 / ”ay'^ /e-m/ *'our*‘ { naa- } /•» na- » naa-/ 2.21--«> ga- ooours before the plural Barker -ui (200.2ii) E .g . /na-m/ ^ub’' 22 00 naa- occurb before the plural marker -m (200.22) l.g . /naa-m/ *we'‘ 19 2 5.27*2.3< Seoond feraon: i gii- } /«o nu- -S' u- ~ ni- ooqH-/ 2.31- 00 nu oeours before the Singular marker -n (200.12) and the ?lv^al marker -m (200.22). It freely varies with u- (2*32) in the sarae position and varies with si- (2.33) before (200.12) B .g. /nu~s ~ u-n/ ’*you(sg)« /iju-itt ~ u-m/ ’♦your’’ /jju-n ”you(Bg)*' 34 nil- occurs elsewhere. E.g. /gii-^/ ’’you(sg)" /g.i.i-r/ *»youj^l)'* /gii-m- kal/ " you( pi) ** 5.28.2.4- Third Personi i -a- } /«» -jrf- 00 -ar/ 2.41 • 00 occurs in between after demonstratives and Feuter Singulfcr -tu (200 . 51) 5*g« /a-^-tu/ '•that-it'* /av-^^-tu/ ’'that-it* 1 5 3 "this-it” "this-if* /u-^-tu/ "that which is between the near and the more remote* 42 » -a- occurs eleewhere. E.g. /av-a-r/ Hhst-they” /iv-a-l/ **thi8-she** /i-?-a-y/ ” this-they” /uT-a-n/ "yonder-he" S . 2 9 .2 ,5 Reflexive gronouni t taa- j A* ta- •» taa-/ 2.51 w ta- occurs before the Singular marker -n (200.12) and the plural I -m (200.22) E.g. /ta-Jj/ "o n eself /ta-m/ •’them*' /tam-kal/ "them” 52 ao taa- ooours elsewhere* E .g. /taa-n/ ^oneself** /taa-m/ "themselves'” 5.30 Observation! The first two persons and reflexive have separate 1 9 4 bases both for ncmin.'itlye and oblique. But in two instances the first pereon exduaive noiainative yaa- is used for oblique aiid oblique base e- is used for nominatiye naa-. The third person has one and thi» same for nominative as well as tor oblique, (2) The Third person is conditioned both its preceeding and following aorpheniasi. But in the case of third person stem preceeded by distant demonstratiTes this distinction is not found. B-e* /a-^~tu ~ ar-^^-tu/ •’that-it* 5 *31.3.0. Numeralsi (1) Adjective bases. (2) Noun bases. 3 .1 . Kean B a S In Pattern* m (7)70 (0)7(n/n) 700 077 (07)70 (07)70v 0707 3.11 70(7) occurs before 0 in W .J. and before 0 or 7 in it.J. E.g. /oru-naal/ ’‘one day" /iru-patu/ ’’twenty'* /oru-knal/ *six legs * 19 5 /eiu malay/ ’'se-veii raovuitaina*’ /en-itanaffl/ “ eight celestial hosts'* /oru-ttag/ '*one msn” /oru-(v)-an/ ’*one man^ /iru-(v)-ar/ "*two perf-ons*' /a£u-(v)-ar/ six persons" /en-nar/ ’•eight personB* 12. (V)VC occurs before V in W.J. E .g . /Hr- a|i/ •’two feet*' /oor-aaru/ one-six'* /ir-aayiram/ **two thousand*' /ay-(y)-iran-5u/ **ten** /or aaifirafl/ ’’one thousand** Deviation» oor and or occurs before 0 in W .J. also. E.g. /or- Itay/ ''one hand" /oor caraui/ "one arrow'* 13. (0)V (n/n) and VOC occur before C in W.J. E .g . / to^-fiuurru/ ”ninety” /on-patu/ **nln«*‘ /mu-(p)-patu/ "thirty** /pan-nuuru/ ** thousand ** /aya talay/ ’’five head” 1 9 6 Deviation: occurs before V in W .J. alao. E.g. /pan-(n)-irantu/ ’♦twelve'* 14. OW ocoure before 7 in V.J. gud M.J. E.g. /nauu-(v)-ulaJru^^ ”tbree worlde* /muu-(v)-ar/ "thres persona" 15. (C7)70v ooours before 7 in M.J. B*g. /ayvar/ ‘’five pei’eons** /naalv-ar/ ”four persons’* 16. OVOCV occurs in before 7 in M .J. and 0 in W.J.Y E.g. /pefflca-(v)-ar/ "the five Pandava Brothers^ /pataca-tut tan/ ”on« guilty of Janehama Pataka'^ 17. 0V07 occurs before C in W.J. E .g . /t ir i ouulan/ "trident** /catu aukaii/ "Brahaa” 3.2 Houn Basest Pattern 1 C7707 77C7C70 0707 707007 rnr(7)007 700(0 )7 0770( 7 ) 770 ( 7 ) 3.21 0770 7 7707070 070V occur in M .J. also. E .g. /§uuru a{3csriram > nuuras^iraia/ ’’hundred thousand" 19 7 /'\aylma peAir/ **thonsnnd nRmea'* /patu-is-6ttu/ > patlset-feu/ eighteen** /t aca( k) fcLriivao/ "Rayana’* /nava mani/ < r.avam mani/ "nine gems'* /atta putpaia <; at bi^mputpam/ ** eight flower s'* /nuuf ua/ "hundred** /a«yiram/ "thousand” /gaTad/ ’*nine" /attaa/ ” eight‘* /nuurru-(v)-ar < nuu^u-ar/ “hundred persons'^ /sayira-(T)-ar < aayiram ar/ "thouBand peraona** 3.22. 70VG07 07(7)007 700(0)7 0770(7) 770(7) oeour elsewhere. E .g . /iran^u ati/ ’*two feet** /auunr-ael < muugrjfeel/ ’’twenty one** /e^tu(t)ticay7' "eight directions'’ /aymtu raay/ '’£iye mouths’* /^aal irantu/ **four-eight” /naalu veetiyar/ "four brahmins” /kooti nuuru/ **crore-hundred** /eel katal/ ’’seven oceans** /aaru oamayam/ "six r^igious ______systems”______1 9 8 /lr«nt-il < irantu-11/ "two-froa** /muunru./ **thre®'* /nnank-qy < noi«»nku-9y/ ♦'four'* /patt-ootu < pattu-ootu/ /et-^-ootu/ < et-^u-ootu/ ’‘eight-with’' /amo-11 < amcu-il/ "flve-froa" /e e l oerra/ '*seven-which overetwae** /eelu katamtu/ '^having crossed seyen** / r b t u ukamtaar/ "they who liked six** 3.4. Single Alternants» V0C7 VOCVC S.g. /ogru/ '‘one'* /orray(k)kan/ "one eye” 5.32.4.0. Adjectives I 4 .1 . Single Alternants have the following pattern. 4.11. (0)YC7 /u r i / ‘^belonged*' /andu/ ”fvai’» /ay/ ’’beautiful'* /may/ "black** 4.12. CVVCC) /k i l l / ’’younger'* /tii/ •sinful*' 4 .13. VOVa /u|ay/ "having** 4.14. C77CV7 /ofianaa/ '‘various’* 19 9 5.33.4.2. Double Alternantfl•* 4.21.CV0(7) > (C)yO(y)CV in «.J. E.g. /in > Iniya/ “sweet** /anaar -s'- s:miire.gx/ near-they” /tan > tanni«y?a/ “cool” /t in > tinniya/ *♦ compact” /nujjfiqj > nun5.iyan/ *• acute intellect “he** /putu > putiya/ "new** /▼ilu > ▼ilumiya/ "eminent'* Devi at ion I in ie in free Tariation with iin E .g . /in-tulaay iig tulaay/ sweet sacred basil*' 4.22. VCJ70 > WC before 7 in W.J. B.g. /irum ari > iir ari/ 4.23. (C)VCfii > (O)VCy In i«.J. E .g . /ilaia > ilayya/ '♦of the young" /palam > palayya/ "old** 4.24. 0707 > 07707 before 7 in W.J. and M.J. B.g. /autu pati/ "ancient abode** /mutu uur/ > muutuur/ "ancient village’* /autu ar/ > auutuvar/ '* eldere" 2 0 0 4.P5. 071 Ruies CVl needs two rules. (1) OVl becojaee CVn before stops and nasals, Elsewhere the fined- 1 Is retained* E .g . /vel peey > van p e ^ / ’’‘barbarious devil** /val kanay > van kanoy/ “ strong arrow” /nal oamkam > nag camkam/ ”good conchshell* /val tuun > van tuun/ *etrong pillar'* /nal malar > nasmalar/ ’♦good flower** /nal naanam > nan naanam/ "good wisdom** /val nemo an > vaij nemo ana/ "hard mind** /nal vinay/ "good Karma** /nal(l)inpam / •'good pleasure** /val(l)arakkan/ *♦ strong demon** /viyal tuiaay > viyantulaay/ '•excellence-sacred basil** viyal and viyan are in free variation before vowel. B.g. /viyal it am/ "wide place” ~ /viyagjalaku/ *wide v»orld** (2) C7i becomes CVn only before nasals. Elsewhere the final 1 is retained* E .g . /pal naal > pag naal/ "many days** /c il moli > cin moli/ *few words** 2 0 1 /tol malar > ton malar/ *>old flower” /paal mp.ti > paag mati/ "white moon** / p ^ y-ftaickay/ ♦'iaany body** / t o l c II t / “ oldi fiame** /to l vinpy/ **old karma” /p.-^nl Tennllru/ “white sacred ash** /pal(l)ia,7ir/ ^many-living beings** /cilCl)it8m / ‘'small pl*ice« 4.26.1. OVCVm > 0707 before M.J. G S.g* /netuai > netiya/ ” of the tallness** /netuffl tu > netitu/ “long time” /naruia > ^ariya/ '< odour” /kottua > kotiya/ •‘roughneea” /kotumtu > kotitu/ **crttel-it'* /katum > ka^iya/ ♦*rough'<* /katum tu > ka^itu/ ”rtire-it” 4 .2 6 .2 . 07070 > C70707 in M .J. S.g. /celua malar/ "beautiful flower” /oeluu p o .lil/ **prosperous-pleasure grove* /kolum caaru/ ”rieh juioe** /celum > * celumiya/ "proBperous’' /kolum > * koluffliya/ ”large" ® ka^u-p-poti '’excessive sacred ash” ne^u-(v)-uidi ”long aeon*' SOS 5.34.4.3. Triple Alternanta. 4.31. (1) OVOVO > OTOOV before 7 in W.J. > CVCVW) before V/c in M.J. E .g . 4 .3 1 .1 ^teuiirujn oevsl > kurreevel/ "amall Bervice” & /verum aray > ver|jaray/ ’*bare waist** /kurum talay/ •’small head'^ /feuruma > kuriya/ ’♦short** /verumtu > veritu/ ’’uaeleaaneBs'* 4.31.2 (1) (C)v(v)i/i > (C)7Cv)n/n before nasals or stops in W.J. (8) > (0)T(V)i(i)/i(i)v E.g. 4.31.2.1 /ol mati > on mati/ ^bright moon* /o l nutal > o ^ u t a l / **bright forehead** /tel niir > tenniir/ '’clear water*" /pul muruval > puymurttval/ "gentle smiled /mel naicay > mennakay/ **tender smile* /yel aati > vemati/ "white moon” /vaal nirattu > yacm nirattu/ **whitish colour” ...... I II ...... ■■I..,— ...... \ © Deviation! In one instance kurum alternates with i kuurum. /kuru natayya/* ~/kuurum natayya *.*• > kuuru natayya/ p— 2 0 3 /o l oujar > on cacar/ ’♦larigh-t light ^ /te i tiray > tentiray/ ^oleave wave** /nal pakal > ^janpakaX/ **middle daytime'* /pul Jtavi-fcay > pun kavitay/ ’♦amall poem** /jiel k^ruTipu > laen karumpu/ ’•tender sugar oane** /val polil > vnn polll/ grove** /vel oamku > van camku/ "white conch shell** /▼aal pini/ > vaan plni/ **big disease** 2.2. /olli(y)aan/ '*wise-he’' /telliya / *olear** /v«allCy)ptu/ **pure** 2.3 /ol(l)eri/ "bright fire'* /telCl)aruvi/ *'olear water fall** /nal(l)irul/ "intense darkness** /pul(l)ilay/ **3 Dining leaf'* /tnel{l)ati/ '*tendar-foot** /v a l(l)u k ir / " aharpness-nail* /vftl(l)eyirru/ **white teeth** /c l vaal/ '•bright sword* /mel viral/ "tender finger** /velvalay/ '^brif'ht bracelet" Deviation* puQvaatay "aucflicting mind** 2 0 4 4.31.2. (1) (C)\rV(7)l/l > (C )V (7 )^n before nasals or ntope in W.J. (2) > C\r(7)l(l)/l(l)y in M.J. Elsewhere the l /l is retained. S . 4.31*2.1 /ol mati > oniaati/ *'bright moon” /ol nutal > o ^u ta l/ ^bri^^ht forehead• (3) (O)VOVO > (C)\rvC before 7 in W.J. > CO)VOV(-f i) before V and 0 in M.J. £.£• 4.31.3.1 /karum > kaar atell/ ^blaok eaglewood** /perum > peer o li/ ’’loud sound’* /parum > paar uruvi/ “expanse-wide earth^ /arum > aar amutu/ •’rare atobrosia” Exception* /kaar mukil/ '’blaok oloud** /kaaarkkatui/ ’♦black ooean^ /kaar y'\ripai^/ •'black cloud* /p^rum ceri > paru-o-oevi/ ear* /karumkpar > karu-k-kaar/ ’♦bj^ack blacks 4.31.3.2 /karuma > kariya/ “black* /karumtu > karitu/ “black-itfr 2 0 5 /perum ya > periya/ "big'* /perum tu > peritu/ great-it’* /arum a > ariya/ ’♦rare” /arum tu > arltu/ ’’rare-it** 5 .35 .4 .4 . Alternants that cannot be brought under rules ^ tilm } /» tiim ~ tlin/ 4.41 M tilm ooours before W.J. where it freely Taries with tiin (4*42) S.g . /t i i a karumpu ~ tiin karumpu/ sweet sugar cane" 4 . 5 1 /«o am/ occurs in W .J. where it freely varies with a«a (4.52) B.g. /am kay ~ oamkay/ ^beautiful hand** 4.61 ~ tuu occurs before C in W .J. where it varies with tuuy before the consonant /n / S .g . /tuu matiyam/ **bright moon” /tuu-t-toonipuram/ '’immaculate Siva shrine'* /tuu valampuri/ White conch'* /tuu n«ri/ "purifying path of virtue'* £06 ~/tuu nemcee/ ’♦'PuriITtyIns 4.62 ~ tuuy occuTB eleewhare* B. /tuuytu/ "pure-lt'*’ /t uuyaay/ ”purity” 5 •38.4*7* i Ten 5 /»• vey ~ re » v»a/ 4.71 •• v«y oocurti In M .J. S .g . /v«y to/ **eru«l-lt^ A « y (y )« / "hot*» 7£ ~ ▼* oooura b«i’ore 7 in W.J. S.g. /ve(TT)aJLal/ '’hot lire” /▼ •(r?)uray/ ”8«vere Baying" 73 m v*a oricurs el?'«whe3?ii. K.g. / v m ellay/ "g^lowiivj; bow** /▼e« naraku > v«nnaraku/ **dr«'adfttl hell»» /T«m vinay > YeTTlgay/ "oruel kania'* 5.39.4*8. i paoum } /•• paoi- peiaeu paoou *» pftMBUta ~ paya/ 4.81 «o pact- oooura in M .J. S.g . /paoltu/ ’•green-lt”' 82 T)aaou oooura before V in W,J. i^ere it altornRtes with paoou (4.83) r I. B.R. /priacu ilay > pHOcilay/ ~ /paccu Hay > paooilay/ '*^;reen leaf” 83 » paoiua oeours elsewhere where it varlea with paym (4>85) E.g. /paouiB olrumameal/ **good smell tunaeric** /ptioum hill ~ paym Id li/ **green parrot** S»c».v 5 .4 0 .4 .9 . { oem •+ /«®oe3r - ~ oee ~ ce «» oem/ 4.91 00 cey- occurs in M .J. E.g. /oey tu/ ‘^red-it’* 92 ~ oee ooeurs before V in W.J, where it varies with oe (4.93) E.g. /oee(y)ari ~ ceCTv)ari/ "reddish lines in the white part of the eye” 94 » cem occurs <^^s«?*:sre. E.g. /cem kaiji/ “reddish eye** /cell naayiru > ceMaayiru/ ’•reddish sun** /cem Taay > cov Taay/ '^reddish aouth^ Exceptions* /cey kalal/ •’reddish anklet* /ceem poatu/ "excellence pl«ije« 5.41.4.10. ciru 3’ /* eiS’* ciru- ~ oiruju cirru ciiru ciru/ £ 0 8 4.101 00 oin- ooours before V In fl.J.^olri- (4.102) E.g. /oin(n)a/ ”small'* ~ /ciri(y)an,'^ ’‘young-he** 102 « oiri- oocuTB before C or V in M.J. It freely alternates with olru (4.105) before V E.g. /oiritu/ "aaall-it’* /o iri(y )a n / •*young-he'‘ ~ /clru(v)aQ/ ’♦son'* 103 oirum occurs before -i- (200.47) E.g. /oiruml“(y)-ar/ ’•girls’* 104 ~ cirru occurs before V in W.J. where it freely varies with ciiru (4.105) E.g. /oir^aa-^ey > eirraatay/ ''Bnall gartaent” /ciiru ati > ciirati/ ’’aaall foot” 106 » ciru occurs elsewhere. E.g. /ciru Jculal/ "aaall flute” /ciru «psn/ '^small deer'* /ciru viral/ "small finger” /ci^'u klcan/ ’♦boy’* 2 0 9 5.42.5.0. Nouns The noun stems can be classified into three heads. (1) Bound forms. (2) Potentially free forme. (3) Free forrus. 5 .4 3 .5 .1 . Bound format-added to number (gender) markers. piraa-» ®-taY» amar-, t e e v , mak-, arakk-, maay-, am-, naat-, muurtt-, iio-, patt-, oelv-, van-, tool-, param-, imay-, uttam-, att-, muniv-, talayr-, amtan-, naayakr-, irayv-, pir-, kaly-, aray-,aray punit-, koovel-,koovaL-, taana-, par-, gamp-, vikivikirt-, n kuaar-,kuaar paak-, nimal-, kamp-, punniy-, citt-, ant-, viir-, paal-, paalak-, nimal-, araiak-, cool-, ▼eet-,I y manic-,f mRamt-, f niic-, V f - caakki-,--- f aat-, , r mutt-, TT kunt-, ma«a-, pa^aam-, tav-, tattuv-, ceevsJt?*, kura-, veemkat-, mayttun-, manayv, paar-, pnat-, pacupat-, pavittir-, parama-, niilkant-, tiirtt-, cur-, kinnar-, iraakkat-, iyakk-, am al-, vaykumt-, virutt-, ▼icoaater-, msruk-, puttir-, nicaacar-, taacarat-, ceemt-, oi|t-, aatt-, oayan-, anamk-, amt-, arutt-, at ip-, aruk-, a a ta v -, katt-, kant-, kanav-, kaam-, kaay-, kuramp-, camay-, o a ia -, ciil-, cumtar-, naan-, teeva-, nakk^-, n^r-, naac-, peUcav-, @ -tay ia added to Pro-oblique baseCemtay, tamtay) 2 10 paantaT-, putaiv-, pui'aan-, aarut-* marumak-, maarat-, munt-, varat-, varun-, vittak-, aafc-* acal-, at ale-, atir-, am t~ t agamk-, a§nat-, loooan-, arput", agak-, aak-, aan-, imp-, eoo-, oomkear-, kamkaal-, kantak-, kattlri-, kar-, kf^amtapp-, kaarak-, knar-, kukk-, kura-, I^tar- , keekay-, kay-, koopaaiak-, itoopaal-, Jioolaiap-j camkaai;-, raac-, oaarmk-, oaaran-, ceeti-, cayv-, kiriiv-, taak-, taac-, taan-, tiyampak-, turutt-, -fciirttak-, tunayv-, nat-, amtak-, naak-, nicioar-, nitk^tak-, nitt-, Qiit-, aeeo-, pantamk-, parat-, pavutl;-, paatak__, pitt-, pulay-, puLlu-, klla-, wtttrt-, puut-, pootk-, matt-, manit-, mparut-, maanit-, muul-, muu-, meek-, meetaav-, yaak-, vamo-, yaatav-, yaam-, vala-, vala-, vaanik-, vimal-, 5.44.5.2. potentially free formsIf a form which can elsewhere be uttered in isolation is annexed to some BuflixeB, then it is called potentially free form. aay» koo, atl, aal, tontu, man, kan, maray, ay, aour, kay, matam, yinay, malar, kuuttu, veemtu, maatar, matu, vaag, peey, vin, catay, avun, kanam. 2 1 1 katir, vsetu, veeti, msink^y, tool, piil*?., knatal, ka^^l, taamaray, amaii, mutulrunru, aracut l^aali, T5Pa», maalpy, laaymtu, vartu, aalamkaytu, uuli, caman, Qaamsia, puttvi, ina®, maarpu, tuutu, unay, tiray, puTfia, pulan, tatnil, taay, pittu, malay, muti, vaaraanag, t 11| kunaui, putuvay, IraYf eelay, katal, kani, cooti, meekam, uylrf' mulay, alaku, asti, kapaal, kaatu» Jtaarikay, kulaajn, namkBy, pentu, mayil, meeyi^ yeetanaa, aaiinanay, uru, kamalam, kpgQ., Jculalf niir, paatam, pPavam, puut?ai, maatam, konray, poy, malu, mukkaii, mey, vitay, aruvi, an^am, ulakam, kPapFPl, talay, tayyal, nooy, paou, porul, polll, matucuutan, yaai, vaJay, viral, nrampay, nutal, kotl, cutar, teer, paavay, maal, atautu, ayal, aravu, alar, aali, aaru, iney, mir, kalay, kaaksy, kiitaw, kulaii, kon-Jsl, kooli, ouijay, -fealam, tioay, tolil, peetay, mataia-Say, matil, manay, yook, vacu, v a^ny, -vnalay, veey, aranaji, arlvay, itar, imtlrakoopsa, iruti, ka;Maalani, kayal, karam, kalam, kaatu, kaamargm, kaala, kaali, kutam, kuntalam, kuyil, kuru, kulaku» kuun, kool, cilampu, civan, cinnam, oevi, iiaanam, tatain, tavm, talay, pui'am, tirara, gaaian, naray, fisavaluur, nilam, niiru, put 9/a, pan, panpu, paalay, puu, puuvay, peetay, potl, poykay, gaatu, nsmcu, ma'ntl, maatlranji, maalikay, iaullay, aiu^i, -varaui, -veali, -veetaia, a\ani, ■ryv^xi-vv-, . 2 12 aatlray, kannaray, karuttu, kavi, kural, kuurru, catuppeeti, curuti, tlru, neri, noonpu, paaaku, marul, vaay, veel, akklramaoi, ajakam, s^ay» ampu, amaraavati, ay, arcoanay, aruvu, aii, anpu, aakazn, aakaaif>ta, eaoay, aatay, aa!at®*y, itanx, itay, imtira.^aalaitt, imtirar., iyalvu, iravl, irul, ilamkay, ilay, llay, ukam, uravu, ui’i, uravu, uiooku, ulara, ekku, eyinf; erutu, eruaay, eetam, ka-^ay, kannan, ± bm kannl, kanay, karutar, karumpu, karujaaifl, karuyilay, karay, kal, kallaal, kali, kalanl, kalu, kalam, karayay, ka^nia, kaacaa, kaauam, kaaaian, kiaranam, kaalaiu, kaavi, kaalatti, ki'icay, klllay, kin^aram, kir^aicrAitunam, kxunlQuaam, kuraniku, ^uruku, kulam, kuranlcu, kuuttam, kuul, kuulay, keelal, komku, kon.pu, kootjif kotal, konay, koolay, caiakam, caaitl, eaaa y ^, casraa, oarlcay, canaxa, caais-kiyan, oittiram, c l n m , cilay, cukaa, curapiuj^ciy, ouTfiiriiifcain, cuur, cevitu, ce n n i, ceevnl, o«el, ceetu, eokku, coolay, coorru-tturai'', tattu^nm, t a r r r A j , tanam, t^aapu, ta'nootaraQ, taarakay, baaray, taal, ■fciruiaalay, tiruTiaruaparpa, tiruvaattray, tinay, tiirttaai, -fcutara, tuppu, turapi, tuiaxakam, turay, tunni, tcrivay, teenvantu, tolufctay, toottiram, toomaraxa, naaou, nafci'jn, natalay, nay am, naray, nalam, n?.a^u, naaoaa, naavay, naa, niyamam, nlllam, Qiiru, nuul, neettiraiU, pakaii, paraki, paccay. •2 13 patakkar, pataa, pati, paral, palaa, palaa, palam, palakar, paampu, paarttan, paarata, piti, pinti, plnam, pinaa, piraman, piralayam, pukaX, putay, puyam, pul, puucanay, puutu, petay, perri, paytal, poruppu, pori, pooli, makutati, maMiay, man, maturay, maatlram, maruttu, malatu, iaa.rul, manaui, maakaffl, maan, aaaran, maaran, maanltam, mltaru, mukam, mukuiatan, laucu, aulamcu, muruval, mecl;!, meeru, ynamaw, ypanay, yookaci, vakay, vatuka^ vayiru, ▼as^ay, vaal, vManaraai, vijamku, viiti, veemkay, ye etam* 5 .4 5 .5 .3 . tree torme iree forme are first divided into two groups. (1) Vouel ending foiias, (2) Oojasonant enaing forms. Thosti forms ai'e again olaBeified into two groups according to their altfcrnatee. Vowel ending forms (Single Alternants) The / i / ending etems are classified according to their atructural pattern. The numbero indicate the total number of the Vi'ords of each pattern. I (C)VV (4) B.g. /ii, tii/ 2 14 CO)VO(7)OV(V)OV (35) S.g. /amtari, a tt a a n i, karkuil, kaykeeol, areneri, ara c a an i, icuruiaani, malap^’ati/ III C77C(V)0V(V)CV (5) E.g. /maaricali, paaaoaalif veekavati, kaalaneeini/ '' 17 0V(7)0CV07CC7 (2) E .g . /oeiniruriuiioi, puuiaturutl;!/ 7 C7C07CC7707C07C7 (1) E.g. /pullampuutaiakutl/ 71 (0^^70)07007OCV (2) E.g. /oirrunti/ 711 070(0770)0700707 (2) E.g. /ka^amkuti, cemkaattamkuti/ 7III 07007070707(07) (2) E.g. /itattiyarici, tontaratippoti/ IX 070007(07) (3) E.g. /kiirtti, poarppati/ X (7V)070007707 (2) E.g. /payfifiiill, aamayijtaali/ XI 707007(7)07 (6) E.g. /akampa^i, aru^aari/ 2 15 XII OV(V)OCV(CV) fl4) E .g . /oeru-ati, Irnalatti, ku^umkuti, niilakkutl/ XIII 707(V)CC7 (2) E.g. /ayootti, arutti/ XIV cvcvCv)cc\rocv ( 2 ) E.g. /kurukkatti, oiraappalli/ XV GVV(OV)CCVVOCV (2) E .g . /meerroonri, kaamakkootti/ XVI (O)VCVOOV (2) E.g. /iraycci, totarooi/ XVII (V)VCVCV (9) E.g. /aruvi, aalai*!/ XVIII CV(V)CVCV)OV (44) E.g. /kalani, maavali, kooneeri/ ouDnaall/ XIX CVOVOVOCV(VCOV) (4) E.g. /kalikanri, murukanpuunti/ XX CVVOVOVCOVVOV (1) E.g. /kaavalampaati/ XXI VOVCVVOOV (1) E.g. /iruvaatoi/ XXII OVOVCVOVCV (2) E.g. /maturakavi/ XXIII o w e wo VC V (1) E.g. /ouulaaoani/ M I (0)VCV)(C)0V (152) E .g . /anu, uutu, tiru, kaatu, anpu, f^antu, vantu, paampu/ II (0)VCV(C)CV (102) E .g . /alaku, parioUf utampu, vicumpu/ III CVVCV(V)COV (3) E .g . /koorampu, me el nap pu/ IV VCVCOCV (1) E.g. /akappu/ V OVOVOCVV(CV) (2) E.g./cevlppuu, kotumpaatu/ VI CVCVVCV (2) E.g. /oataayu/ VII CV(V)OCCV (4) E .g . /maymtu, vaayppu/ VIII WOVCV(C)CV (2) E.g. /aataravu, aavallppu/ IX cvc(v)cvvoov (2) E.g./pallaantUt kutamuukku/ 2 16 X VOOv^VCV (1) E .g . /i n l i r u / XI (vc)vncvcvcv ( 2 ) R*g* /a^vuravu, ifeayiarutu/ XII OVOOV’OV (2) ??.g. AfflraJcurii/ XIII 0V(0)0VCVWCCV (4) TC.g. /\r41mutakku, kattirapaaUu/ XIV VCCCVCVCCV (1) B*g* /uyttunarru/ XV OVOOVC!V(C)CV (8) B.g* /nallcuravu, katterumpu/ / e / CC)VV (3) S.g. /ee, cee/ / o / CVV (1) E .g . /koo/ / a / I (OVV)CVV ( 4 ) E .g . /aaa, taarf^a/ II (C)VCVV ( 3 ) E.g. /uvaa, tataa/ III CVOV(V) E .g. /n a r a , vatuka/ IV CVCOV(V) (3) E.g. /tenna, tennaa/ V CVOCVOCVV (1) E.g. /nellikkaa/ VI OVVCVOVCOVV (1) E.g. /ouurapamaa/ VII CVVOCCVCVOVV (1) E.g. /ouurppanaicaa/ IX GVCVVCVVOVVOVCVV(OV) E .g . /namoonaaraayanaa, namoonaafaayanaaya/ CVCVVCVVCVCVV B.g. /namoonoaranaa/ ^Olf-lrrta CoKBonant ending (Single alternants) / y / I (0)V(V)C (21) E.g. /ay, kay, aay, r a a y / II (C)V(V)(C)OVC ( 2 2 4 ) E .g . /ilay, aatay, vinay, maalpy, in^ay, oottay, konray, Qaamkay/ III CV(V)OVVC! ( 4 ) B.g. /tulaay/ naavaay/ IV OVO(V)OVVC (3) E .g. /oew aay, katuvaay/ V VVC(V)CVVC (2) B .g. /iiiokooy, aalavaay/ 2 17 VI (C)VCCVCV’C (14) E .G ‘ /ckkaliiy, vellaray/ VII COV)OVOOV\rOVO (3) S .g . /ctaikilr??y, Icalippaalny/ VIII C7VC0V(C0\r)CV0 (3) E.g. /paa^rursy, eoorrutturay/ IX OVVCOVCVVO (1) E.g. /puutataraay/ X CVGOV(av)CVCVO ( 2 ) s.g. /vllliputuvay, vellWay/ XI CVCVCCVCCVO (1) E.g. /kataniallay/ XII 0V(V)0VCV3 (66) E.g. /atikay, oocanay, paravay, t ?^amar ay/ X III CVOVV(OCV)CVC ( 4 ) E.g. /makootey, tlloottamay/ XIV CC)VCVC(V)aVO ( 3 1 ) E.g. /u.^kay, kutamtay, itavakay, karuvilay/ XV 0vvav(0vcv)ccvc(3) E.g. /veeluklcay, vaacavatattay/ XVI (n)v(v)0vn0vnvc ( 9 ) E .g . /arutturay, aalamturay, patikkaray, kaarikkaray/ XVII (CVVC)VCVCCVVCVO (3) E .g . /iruuooolay, i.iaaliruincoolay/ XVIII COVVOVCV)VCCVOVO (2) E.g. /aympatay, teevanaarctokay/ XIX OVVOCCVO (1) E.g. /vaarttay/ XX CVCV0CVVCCV)CVCV0 ( 2 ) E .g. /§otittaamttalay, kur am kaat ut ur ay/ XXI (O)VVCVCVGVOVO ( 2 ) E.g. /aavatuturay, viiliailalay/ XXII OVOVCV(V)OVOVO ( 2 ) E.g. /manimeekalay, Tatamaturay/ XXIII CVVCVCCVCVC (1) E.g. /ooolaymalay/ XXIV VCVOVOCVC (1) E.g. /itayemtay/ XXV OVCVCVOCVCOVCVOCVCVC (1) B.g. /palamaj^ippatikkaray/ XXVI CVCCCVCVO (1) B.g. /pulajf-kkatay/ XXVII VCVCCCVVO (1) E.g. /ataykkaay/ 2 1 8 /s/ I OV(V)C (0) E.g. /poi.., kuim/ I I (G)V(V)0VC! (14) E.g. /styun, liuison, uui'an, vaanan/ I I I ( 7 CVC(7)0VVCV0V0 (3) iS.g. /tuooootanan, kuiaoeeitaran/ VI (OV)CVC/OCVOVCVC (2) £.g. /oa^attira^'an, tirivikkiraman/ VII CVO(V)OVVOVO (5) B.g. /cantiioan/ oatakoopan/ VIII OVVO(VV)CVCVO (3) E.g. /caakkiyan, taanootaran/ IX CVVavCVVOVO(VCVVG) (2) E .g . /cacuteevan, kaarlaaara- piraari7 X OVVGVOVOVCVGVO (1) E.g. /kaalapajriravas/' XI (CVVCV)GVCOVGCVO (3) naanacampamtan, vanrontaQ/ XII (O)VCVCCVO(VC) (9) S .g . /anamtan, pilampan, akattiyan, oalaintaran/ XIII VVOVCCVCVO (1) E.g. /aatittiyan/ XIV VVCVCCVVC (1) E.g. /eeyarkoon/ XV CVVGV(0)0VC (7) B.g. /kaaliyan, koovimtan/ XVI cvcvocvcvcvnvo (l) E .g. /vayicciravanan/ XVII (0)VCCVC(V)0 C I O E.g. /iiabirpn, camtlran,eytfiunaan, naintakoon/ XVIII CV(VO)CGVC (5) E .g. /takkaii, p.iarttan,'" XIX OVCCVOVOVO(V)OVC (2) E .g . /kuapakaranan, oiinkatiyappan/ XX GVCCVCV(V)CVC (3) E .g . /pamcaca^an, parpanp.apan/ XXI vvcvaooweave (l) E.g. /aanayooaattan/ XXII OVVOVOOOVVOVVO (I) E .g. /naalai^ppoovaan/ XXIII CVVCCOVC(CVV)OVG (2) E.g. /aaBrkkan^an, maarkkanteeyan/ /r/ I (€.)VVO (13) E.g. /eer, kaar/ 2 19 II (C)VCV(7)0 (30^ E .g. /It a r , eutar, pukaar, anaar/ I I I (6)7?CC)CVVC (7) £*g. raruuT, laookaur, aakkuur» Qaamkuur/ 17 (C)?0CVC0V\r)0 (7) B.g. /appar, oekkar, ojriyuur, tlfflkaluur/ ? CfVCO?(V)OVVC (d) E.g. /pttumpuicaar, kiilveeluur/ VI (0VC?0)VC?C0VV0 E.g. /alumtuur, kalayanaliuur/ VII CVCCVO(\r)CVVC ( 4 ) E.g. /paatayyuur^ cemkaiuniir/ V III (OICCVO)CVCOVVC (3) B.g. /Tilllpputtuur, puttuur/ IX (C)V(V)CVCVVC (13) E .g . /ila n lir, kurukuur, aatanuur* paaoe^uur/ X CVCVC(W)CVVC ( 4 ) E .g . /ti;^a77uurt peruTeeiuur/ XI fO)j«H0a-YOVeyvC ( 2) E.g. /©rukkattampullyuur, Cc) c_s/ c-oNj cc-NfecNJcVcMVc. p eru «p a^ap p u liy u ur/ XII (CVO)VCCVOOVC (2) E.g. /innaapar, cijuttontar/ X III CVCVOOVOCVCCVCOVOVCVVC (1) E.g./perumparrattanptaiyuur/ XIV CWOVVCCVCVOOVVC (1) E .g . /kfxanaattuaiulluur/ XV CVVOVCVCCVVCCVVC (1) S.g./kttutaiayynarruur/ XVI CVCVCOVOVVO (1) E.g. /paiayyaQuur/ /V I CC)VC (8) E.g. /al, kai/ II (0)V(V)(0)CVC (112) E.g. /elll, aarai, icatai, Jcf-atal, anpil, aarral, vaykal, kuumtal/ II I (CV)CVVC (15) E.g. /tool, pulaal/ IV (C)VOV(C)CVC ( 2 0 ) E.g. /aricilf aurural, alaoikal» yllankal/ V CV(V)OOVOVC (3) E .g . /eemkayal, kuukkural/ VI CVVO(V)COVVOVC (2) E.g» /kaarkkootal, m‘Hatakkooyll/ VII (C)VCVCCOVVCVO (2) l.g . /ilamkooyll, peruakojnrll/ 2 2 0 VIII C707CV(07V)CV0 (2) /periyakooyil, matavaral/ IX VVOVCVVCVC (1) B.g. /aalavaayil/ X CVVCVCCVVCCVC (1) fi.g* /maavinpaacoal/ XI CVCCVCCVCCVC (1) B.g. /pallikkattil/ XII cvccvccvvovcovvcvo B.g. /tamcaymaaiaanikkooyil/ XIII C7CCV\rC(V)C (2) E.g. /tankaal, kukkuu-fal/ /!/ I (C)v(7)0 (16) S.g. /elfaal, kal, tool/ II (C)707C (12) S.g. /ir u l, porul / III CVVCVO (1) B.g. /keiarel/ IV (O)VCOVC (4) S.g. /ewul, tiakal/ V (OVC)CVVOOVC (3) B«g* /paamtal, cemkaamtal/ VI (O)VCfCOVVC E«g. /utayvaal, paQamtaal/ VII OVCCVOVCOVO (1) E.g» /pacrumamcal/ VIII CVCVCVC (1) B.g. /ka|avui/ / w I (C)(V)VO (15) B.g. /aan, en» naa&» k a ^ II (C)VOVO (4) B.g. /amant muran/ III (V)CVCCVO (2) S.g. /kukkan, alakko^ IV CVOV(C)OVO (2) B.g. /tacukan, kalaykan/ I (0)V(0)VC (12) B.g. /uni, keel, ital, tamil/ II CVO(OV)CVVC (3) B.g. /koppuul, vallavaai/ H (more than one alternants) /m/ ending I’orms have the following alternants that are oodlfied into two rules, 1.1 (a) -m + u + (a)ttu I . I I M il— ■ ■ I . . I I. ■ III I II..I. II ...... - I I .1 . I II..IHW l«l In a /fli/ ending stem -.iJ^u occurs instead oi -ttu. /laaQam^kku > manakku / 2 2 1 /i l l am i l illattu/ /ilam /vaanam vaan«• vaanattu/ /giilam niil ni ilattu/ l^aanam aan aanattu/ /utalam utal• utalattu/ /p^^atam paatamattu/ /iravu iravattu/ /ilattu ilattuvattu/ /unarvu unarvattu/ /uravu uravattu/ /mutuku mutukattu/ 2. -m tar All the /m / ending stems stand as nominative base. All the /-ttur / taking forms stand as oblique bases and are capable of taking morphemes .M, adj. etc). Both are in free variation before sociative case /naakamotu Qaakattotu/ /nnanamootu ~ naanattootu/ /u / ending stems have the function of /m/ ending stems. (ii) Bxoeptioni The following fonas are not taking /-ttu-/ /teem» puum, maamyneemf urum/ 2 2 2 (iii) (0)707m forms alternates with (O)VCVn B.g./alcam ~ akan/ /payam ~ payan/ Exceptions* ^♦uva^affl ~ uvama^/ /te«A ~ taeQ/ (2) CY(Q)Vm forms alternates with C7(C)Vi E.g./tiram ~ tiral/ /pakicaa ~ pakkal/ ^nittam ~ nittal / (3) /kaamam ~ b^aaar/ (4) (m < y / f i ) before Ai c, t, p/ B./?. /panam < pa.liay/ /taalam ^ taalay/ /maatulam <- maatulay/ /puum < puu/ /maam < maa/ (5) The following forme are having diff.J’ence from the above stated forms. E .g. /ucoam uoci/ /puvanam puvani/ /nitiyam niti/ /matiyam mati/ / i t ay am ilay/ /matuvam matu/ /vamcanam vamcanay/ 2 £ 3 Slnglg Altwpante (C)?(V)(0)0VC (256) £.g. /inm, ootm, naakeua, narraia» antanif teyTam, toorgam/ II (C)VC(V)OV(V)CVC (57) £.g. /affloanamf naiitlrajii, aickaar;^, kai^aal iBiy atloayaAf kalunalaAt aplamaneua, maniaaataa/ i n (O)VVCOVVOVO (4) E.#?. /aamJcnaram, kaantHpam/ IV r!7V(CVC)C0VCVC (8) B.#?. /▼eemkatam, koo'rarttanaa/ Y (ov)ovocvccvo (n ) E.^;. /vaykuataa, kaiukkugjaia/ VI VOCV(C)OOVOVO (2) S.je;. /uQQiattakaffl, amonykkaian/ VII CVCOVOVOOVO(VO) (3) £.g. /ganiiiva|-taai» pamcaoa^iyan/ VIII cvvcCw)ccvc (6) S .g . /tilrttan, oir>atoo|taia/ IX CVCCCVVOVC (2) S.g . /geyttaagaia/ X VCOVCV(V)CVC (3) E.g. /a^aTaoaHt antakoooaa/ XI CVCCV(0)0V0VC (6) /pattioaram, oir^^aoipalaai/ XII CVV(C)CVCVOVC (6) E.g. /toonlpuraoi» paantiTa|attu/ XIII (VCVVCV)CVCCVVCVOVO (li) E.g. /oimkaaoanam, is^eekataiakaa- r a t a m / XIV CVCOVCVCCVVCVC(VO) (3) E.g. /oakklraTaalaait p at t ayii00 0 annm/ XV (C)VCV)CVCCVC (28) E.g. /araakaa, taraakan, aaQaalsamf mnanlkkata/ XVI (C)VOVCCVVCVO (5) E .g. /atfl^aalan, karuppuuram/ XVII VOVV(C)CVCVO (2) E.g. /aknarlyata, Ir^aoolyaia/ XVIII CVVCV(V)COVCVC (2) E .g . /muullkkalaat ke«tliooaraiB/ XIX cwcvo(cv)avvcvo ( 2 ) E .g. /vllrattHaQaiB» ogialakklr! XX (O)VOVCCVVCVOVC (2) E.g. /llaakaapuraia, vlrumtnptranam/ XXI OVVCVCVCCVVOOV(CCV)CVC (2) E .g. A ^a^akayylicoarata, kaavlrippuumpattinam/ 2 2 4 XXII ovCv)cvvcmc ( 3 ) E«g*/taaraaJ£anani, kaXeeparam/ XXIII 7V0CVCVCV)GVC (3) E.g. /aaparanam, OLaravaaram/ XXI7 CVC)0VCVCVCVC70 (3) S.g . /talacayanam, attapuyaJcaram/ XXV mavcvCc)cvc (3) E.g. /ufrarapamtam, anavaratam/ XXVI cvccvovvcvcvcvo E.g. /naymioaaraniyaa/ XXVII (a)VCVOCCVCVO (3) E.g. /i|aycouram, pataykkaXam/ XXVIII VCVCCVOVCVCVC (1) E.g. /ayimtirapuram/ ex. XXIX CVVCVCOCVVCVVCVG (1) E.g. /nakaykkaaroonem/ XXX CVOVCOCVC(CVO) (2) E .g . /ouvarickam, talayccamkgm/ XXXI cvovocvcvc(ovocvo) E.g. /puraapayaa, kuramkaninmuttam/ XXXII (O)VCVOVCCijVC (3) B.g. /aravlmtani, matimuttam/ XXXIII OVVOV(V)OVOOVC (2) E .g . /ceetupamtam, naaloolakkam/ XXXIV OVOVOCVCOVOVCOVCVC (1) E.g. /tolayvillimamkalam/ other Alternants 1. Doubling (of stem final) E.g. /aaru aarru/ /akatu akattu/ /pitaku pitakku/ 2. Hardening (of Homo-orgfinic nasal or Btops) E.g. /kaoru karru/ /muiatu muttu/ /karujapu karuppu/ /palimku palikku/ /namou naoou/ 2 2 6 3. Addition (finally u and n and V in initial^’»'«^^^ E.g. /fiiir niiru/ /aa aan/ /lookam ulookam/ /puny am pu:^iyani/ Addition ( 7 > VV ) E .g . /i-Jaa iitam/ /stravu araavV /karat i karat ii / /nilal niilPl/ /pet ay peetey/ 4. Dropping (initially y/o) E.g. /yaaru aaru/ /yaali aali/ /cavay avay/ Medial CO > 0/jr7 > 7 S*g> /annaja anam/ /till ay til ay/ /mull ay mulay/ /cu^am cunam/ /ervam etram/ /annay anay/ /veyyil veyil/ /paaram param/ /puntacriikaa puntarikam/ 2 2 6 Metatheala /fiaaylru naayiru/ /naalal naaXal/ /naagru naanru/ Haplology /Icanakam kanam/ /nemcakan nemoaw/ ^ /▼aanakara ypianm/ / eekampan kampaj/ /campamtan pamtsn/ Replaclve li ( 7u < a) /aravu araa/ » r-' /Iravu irea/ /kanavu kanaa/ /kurayu kuraa/ /gilavu nilaa/ /paiavu palae^ /mulavu muZaa/ /vilavu -yilaa/ (2) (a <— > e/ee/i) /cayam oeyam/ /caaiakaia oaaleekaja/ /oakkarattu cakkirattu/ e_ (3) (i « — > #/ee/u) /niti /neti/ 2 2 7 /kaavlri kaaveeri/ /paiflou paraoi/ (4) o <—> y /aoal ayal/ /aaksaoam aakaayam/ /ucir uylx/ /teeoem teeyaa/ I \V \ (6) 1 r 1 /kutal kutar/ /pamtal pamtar/ (5) V <--> p /i|apam 1-Javam/ /maarpu aeiarTu/ /tuXapam tulavam/ (7) 1 <-> 1/b/o /alaru alaru/ /pavalam pavalam/ /talal tanal/ /liukku Icukku/ (8) 1 < - > ^ / 1 /kallru katiru/ /mat 11 mat 11/ (9) n < — > n /aaiatan.aoi oamtaaam/ 2 2 8 (1 0 ) p > j /▼aanlpa» yaaniyam/ i (11) 00 > c(o)vo /citraJoiutattu clttlrafcuu-Jfattu/ /puryam pu^niyam/ (12) y ^ —> V t /icooyil koovll/ /vitay viray/ (13) T > k /vayteevi Tayteeki/ (14) ^ <^—> y /acavu aoayyu/ /ayam ayyam/ /pamtu paymtu/ /vioayan vioayyag/ (15) CVOV(V) <■— > G n G /peyar peer/ /polutu > pootu/ .All theee forms except the following forme are freely varying. (16) -may ~ tanmay Exceptional /klllay kill/ 2 2 9 Ooapound Hour, at eras autunllr, oemkaaatalf paramlcu^am» munnllr, arlyanay, palllkka^til, icayttaalaoif pa|aykkalan etc. CHAPTER 71 0 I< I T I 0 S I- 6.0 , Clitioe are those which do not take either the tense marker or the case affix but take or are capable of tak;ing another clitioe wher they are free. They are of two types (1) free clitios and (2) bound clitics. 6*1. gree olitios. Clitics whioh take clitica oo, ee or um are free clitics. 30 0.1.1. { pin } / «* pirray ~ pig ~ pira>:xi ~ pinnaal ~ pinpu ~ pinnar ~ p i ^ a y / 300.1 .1 1 . »» pirray occurs before nouns. E .g . /pirray naal/ ” subseq.uent*^-<=^ ' 1 .1 2 . pin occurs before yerbs and is in free variation with piraku, pignaal, pinpu pi^ar and pi^ay. E.g. /pin-pooy/ ”having gone behind” /pin-(n)-uJB-aanaaQ/ "he who become again" /piraku-ittu/ ♦'having put on back” /pinnaal-taan-ceyyum/ "oneself whioh will do sifterwards** /pinpu poovar/ "will go-they after" 2 3 1 /plQfiar-ua/ ’’aitwr** / pl-Bgay" u«/ •♦ait er" /plBgay-t«/ "again* /piei}ay>totarmta/ ’•haYing followed after" 300*1.S. { -mug 3“ / •■ “»uo auQpu aiunQaa aiqjnay/ « 300.1.21. • oiug freely w ie n with aogpaC300.1.22) oitt^aaC300.1.23) ounnay (300.1.24) aui^ay (300.1.25) B*g. /mun-ocyta/ "which aade before" /saugptt-oola/ "to ro before" /kaluTAa->>auQ(n)**et/ "which (will) not be wanhed before** /vltu-nui^naai'efl/ ’^hleh will do before’* /aun-’geud/ "previous day" /iausnay*p->paataa/ "preTlout bondage" /auc^ay-naa^/ "previous blae** 300.1.3. { BiuBtu.} / •• aunttt ~ nuntl/ 300.1.31. •> *auaitu Is In fres variation with muBtu (900.1.32) S.g. /isuatu£0/ "before to happen" /attntl**p-poru/ "dashing before" 300.1.4. i aumtay munt<9y/ B.g. /auatay-aaylrattu/ "antiquity thousand" 8 5 2 300.1.5. i in ^ / 00 in «» ini ~ innam/ 300.51. <» in occurs in M .J. and it alternates with ini (300.1.52) E .g. /in-(n)-ita/ **even now” ~ /ini-(y)-ee/ ’’now'* 300.52. w ini occurs in M .J. and W.J. It alternates with innum (300.1.53) E .g. /inl-(p)-pooy/ "now having gone” ~ /innum-uramkuti/ *• still-will aleep-you(sg)" 3 0 0 .1 .6 . t u|an}- / «> u^an/ E.g. /u|aQ loon-Ju/ ’’having taken together” 3 0 0 .1 .7 . { orumku J / » orumku/ E.g. /orumk?-ee-pirala/ ^to shine entirely” VJOui, /orumku-otta/ ”which hsea suitable entirely” 3 0 0 .1 .8 . faamku ? / «» aamku/ E.g. /iruti - aamku-ee/ ”extinction” /oenru-Ramku/ ”having gone similarity” /untu-aamku/ ”having enjoyed” 6.2. Bound 01itiog» Bound clitics can be a word or part of a worda If it is a word than two or more clitics will occur together. If it is bounded to a noun or verb or a clitic, it is part of a word. There are four types of 2 3 3 bound 300.2 IrC'cIitioEi. 300.3 Snclitioe. 300.4 Inolitics. 30 0 .5 Base oilblea. 300.2. l>roc-lltloB. Troolitics are tlioss which ooour "before a noum or anothar cli-tio. Share are two types of Proolitlos. (1) Demonstrative /’Said (2) Interro* gativ#. ■300.2.1. PemonatrativeB. {▼3" 2.11. V 7 oocura before conaonanta except y in iC.J. It freely varies with V (21.12) and ?0 (£1.13) before -tu (200.51) the neuter Siiigular marker. E .g. /ii-ttt - i-tu/ •‘thia-it'* /*aa-tu ~ RV-tu/ ’♦that-it*' 12. «* \T occurs before coneonants eatcept y in M .J. and W.J. and before vowels in W.J. It freely varies with VO (21.13) inM.J. S.S» /a-i£-lcunyu/ **that mountain" /a-(v)-vaii/ "that path” 2 3 4 /i-(vv)-ulaku/ "this iForid** /i-(m)-maay?im/ •‘■this wonder" /a-tu ~ av-tu/ *• that-it** 13. ~ 70 occura elsewhere. E .g . /uT-ar/ •♦yonder-they’* V av-ya aij ay/ ** th at el e ph 'int •• 3 0 0 ,2 .2 . Interrogatl-ve clitics. f yaa ^ /~e«'^aa~e~ya~ yaa « ejj ~ eg^a ~ e n a y / 2.21. «« is in f r e e variation with aa (22.2) ii (22.^) ya (22.4) yaa (22.5) among themselyes before -tu (200.51) the N.Sg marker. E .g. / ee-tu aa-tu ~ e-tu ~ *yafitu yaa-tu/ •♦which’’ 22. aa is in free variation with yaa before - r. S.g. /aa-r~ yaa-r/ ^who** 23. e is in free variation with ya (22.4) in jit.J. and yaa (2 2 .5 ) in M .J. and W .J. except before -r. E.g. /e-(v)-a5 ~ ya-(v)“as/ ♦‘which man” /ej-(v)->ar/ /ya-(v)-ar/ •*which people/who** 2 3 5 /e-(m)-i2?3.vil1;tvi/ ^whloh great** /yaa-raataitt,^ V h ich la&naion” 24. yaa oceups fre«ly varies with ya- (21.4) E«g. /yaa-(v)-ar ~ ya-(v)-ar/ •’who” ~ "which men** 25* «o eg occurs before verb^ base or before another oiitic. E .g , /eg ceylceen/^ “what I will do* /eQ-kol/ ^why” 6 .300.3. Bnclltioe are those which occur after or before a n o rm or verb or both. 300.3.1. Noun elltloa i “ 3Q 3" / ~ -ag ~ -ig/ 3.11. ~ -ag occurs after Pronoun. E .g . /atu-aa > at-an/ “that-it'* 3.12. ~ -ig occurs elsewhere. B.g. /ulak-ig/ "world"* Expletives. 300.3.2. { oor / ~ oor/ 31.2. E .g . /oor kannaalam/ "wedding" 3 0 0 .3 .3 . •{ yae^^si Ra*vanaBes/ ’♦P.aivana** 2 3 6 yerb Olltlos Time olltloa { -nil ~ u ii/ 300.3.4• ~ uli occurs after verb atems. E.g. /pukka-uii/ "at cIiq tisae” Expletive 300.3.5. i aal } / ~ W ~ aal ooourg after Finite Verb. /pukaa afil/ ••will not enter-they** 300.3.6. i naatoo } / ~ maatoo/ aaatoo oeours after Finite Verb. E.g. /aam-maatoo/ "will become** Noun Verb Olitica. Interrogation { kol J / ~ kol/ 300.3.7. E.g. /aaayay-kol/ '♦la preaordial matter?” /Tfi^ta^aQ-kol/ •’ic he oonaidered?** 300.3.8. { 00 } / ~ 00 ~ ee/ 3.81. ~ -00 ie in free variation with ee. E .g. /unt-oo ~ untoo/ “iB (it) have** Expletive 300.3.». i 00 } / ~ oo/ E.g. /oor-oo/ “one'* 2 3 7 /uyittiuij^-Ott/ **bb saved-you(pl)'* 300.3.10. f «e } / ~ e«/ B.g. /uiatiiuuttma*/ ”a Siva shrine** /oaeeuitaar-ee/ "lihey who took shelter’^ 300.3.11. •[ mariyu-} / ~ majru/ B*g» /p®*r majju/ "name** /]£an-^u aayju/ "having seen" 300.3.12. { kaan } /icaan/ S .g . /lioas **Gtod" /ceytaaij kaan/ ’^did-he" 300.3.13. i eel 3- / ~ eel/ E.g. /taal-eel/ "lulling" /kulimt-eel/ ’N^ae consoled" 300.4. Inclitice are those which occur between steas and affixes and between affixes. Verb stema * 300.4.1. { -kk- } / » -kk- *“PP“/ 4.11. « -kk- same as 10.11 4.12. ~ **pir same as 10.12 Verb Bteme i Empty marker i Transitive ± causative t tense 2 3 8 300.4.2« { -an- / « -aaV 4 .2 1 . 00 -aQ- Bade ae 30.61 Noun B-feeme - 3 0 0 .4 .3 . i -Ig- } / «» Safi- «» -an- «■ -ifi-/ 4 .3 1 . « -8|^- saiae aa 210.11 4*32. -am- same as 210.12 4 ,3 3 . tt> -ifi- same aa 210.13 300.5. Base Olitloe are those which occur after olltlcfl. 300.5.1. plural Olltlce { -ntu }■ / •* -an ®» -mku -mkan ~ -mkuttay/ 300.5.11. 0* -an ocotirs after demonstrative VO E.g. /ar-an/ **that place” 5.12. «» -aku occurs after demonstratiTe V7 or V and freely rariee with -mkan (300.5.14) and (300.5.1S) » S .g . /il-mlcu i -m k u / •’this place** /i-aku ~ imkuttay/ ♦'this place** 5.13. eo -n|u occurs after deaonstratiye \TY and it freely raries with -aku. £ .g . /ii-ntu ~ ii-mku/ **thia place** S 3 9 Manner olltiod 3 0 0 .5 .2 . { -mhmkan } / ~ -akmkag m^mkaijaa/ 5.21. ~ -mlnakaB fre«ly varies with -mlmkanam (52.12) E .g . /i-mJoakan ~ i-mkakagaa/ *thiB place** /e-mkmka^ e-aloakaBam/ “how'* liae olltioB 300.5.3. { } / «* Bfu/ B .g. /a-^ju/ **that tim«** /i-nru/ *to-day** /e-Qju/ "what time** 3 0 0 .5 .4 . { maay 3* / •“ ®“ay * £ S ^ / 300.5.41. « mmay freely varies with » fjay (300.5.42) E .g . /i-mmay/ **thi8 birth** ~ /i- jjay/ **to-day»* Clltio of similarity 300.5.5 { say 3“ / *• S^y ~ SS ~ ‘“V 3 0 0 .5 .5 1 . » nay freely varies vdth (300.5.51) and at (300.5.52) B .g . /s-n;©-a ~ a-§ay-(y)-a ~ a-at-a/ '♦which is like** CHAPTER VII U R I 0 0 0 L 7 .0 . TJrlecol is the eategorg of words which do not take any verb affix or noun affix or clitics. There are three kinds of Urlcool. 7 .4 0 0 .1 . OnomatopoeioBt 4 0 0.1.1. aa 1 . s • oil 1 .3 . tin• 1 .4 . tettee 1 .5 . t eettu 1 .6 . teetu 1 .7 . kanakana• • 1 .9 . oaleusala 1 .7 . oalaarpilaar 1 .8 . motufflotu# # 1 .9 . kalakala Noun Urloool) Those ooouring before noons. 400 *2.1 , kali **abundanoe" meem ** emineno e** uyu •exoeeding" kuur “ abund ant ** 2 4 1 7.400.3. Verb Prioooli Those ooourlng before yerbs. 400.3.1. oaala ** abundantly” 3.2. gani •'abundant** 3.3. meem ’•eninenoe" 3*4. oeppan "oorreotly" A meem ooours before noun also. me«m porul SSI.SOT BlBmOGBAPHY SMtliah* Blligiri, H.O. Khcxia* DeoeaR Oolle^re POfrtfradaat« and R«««aroh Instltatttf Poona (1965) Bloeh Bemnrd Phone«nle Overlapping, Fendinci In Jjizigaistioli* by_ utartin____ Jfoes, < Sacond edition, Haw York (1958) Bloeht Jules Tha <^raouBatlcal Btruotora ol DrBvidlan XiancuaXGB, Baeoan Oollaga postgradUHte and Hesearch Inatltuliaf Poona (1954) Caldwell* Hobtfrli A eomparatlTe Oramaiar of the Dravidian or South Indian laiaily of iiianguagea, UnlTereity of Maaraa (1956) £u«n«aut tf«B. i^lavlt a Lrayltiian -Languaice (Publioationa in Mnffttlstio8>8) Annanalai University (1961) Oleaaon Jr.* An Introduction to Leaoriptive Xiingaiatios (Heviaed Edition) Holt, Kinehart and Wlnaton, Kew Tort (1961) i^inhiiamartl« B^H. lelttgu Vezbal Baaas. Univarsity of California, Puolioation in Xdn^niatioe (i9«5) Xiisk«r Journal of the Aaerioan Oriental Soolety (Vol. 71), Yal# (Tniveraity Preflfl» M t m Bayen Oonnaotiout, U.S.4. II een&kahi aund ar an» f .p. A History of Taail -Langttage, Peooan College PoafeKraduate and Heee ^ h Inatitute, Poona (196f) Kida, S » A • MorpholiM^y < fhe Daaoriptiois. Analyaia of words, Ann Arbor, University of Miohiffan Press (1949 and 1959) Vilakanla S^ntri A Bistory o£ ^outh ladin (Third Edition) o«lord Imiyernity Pr««« (1966) ?htt Cdlaflt UniT«rtit7 oi 4adrn« (1955) V t k 9 , K.li. Phon«Eiiofii A feohnique lor H»duciii|^ ijiiiiffun^osto writing* Uni'rcrfity ox .4iohi«can Troaa (IS47) Sankar Bhatt» Pasariptive Analyaia ol fuiu* lto»ttbiif '3aniiar«n» n.R. Phontaion ox Uld raAil» I^oooan Coil afro ?O0 tffr^duato and aet^aaroh InvtittttOf '^'OOjiA (1951) Sttbrnaaiiian, S.V* li«8oripti’vo Gr^auaw oi Oilftppatlkaiikraai with Ind«x» ?sarl Kllftyaay 4^flr xr(196S) SubraaanlaA* \r.I« Zndox Oi Puraaannuurut Univaraity ox Kar^a# friv^drtta(196t) taoonatruotlon, talaaoi'raphad oopsr* 8u&darai&> Uai« A Qleasaaiatio A&alyaia oi Pattuppaattu, Unpublishad Ihenii* Karala Uaiveraityt 7riv>uidrufli (1966) V«il7«parl T>111a1, 8. . Riatory oX T%all i««ni;tt^a and ijltarftturat N«w Cantury Book liouvtaf iadma (1956) **rantatiTa parlodlaation ox |ha , davalepoiaat ox £a»ll** faiall dulturat Vol. VI Ifo. 1» ilanuary* 1957. Taaili i i 9x i a o n fol. I - VI fubllnhad by tha 4adr*ia UaiYaraity. f w U . firuviruttaa (^oauiantary) M«a*OoTinda»aal Raidu* 4airaa(19S0) Halayira Oivya rr«ibandiM (Saeond Edition) ^^ttbliahad by f^onaontator* firuaeaataviruttaa (ioorth Idition) Sath^ranta 'Prnkaaaaa Sabha» 4adra« (1967) 2 4 4 J}iruppa*vai (jsiftb Edition) (1960) Na*colya*r lirumoli Edition)^ (1966) 5eruma*l liriuaatal (Commentary) (Fifth Edition) Sathgranta Prakaaana Sabha, Madras (1966) Tiruaaslal, liruppallioluooi, Aaalanaitipira:n^ Ka^inuncirutatmpW (Commsritary) (Third‘Edition)(1966) Tiruvaiinoli - sixth ten, Grrantaaala Office, i<*iCanoheepuraa.. TiruvaJimoli - Sighth Ten. Sixtith Birthday Memorial Series, Vol. 18 (1953) Grantamala Offioe, Ii.Kanoheepuram. Tiruvatimoli - Tenth I£en (Commentary) ('Pbird Edition) Grrantamala Oifioet Ii.iCancheepuraui,sepuram, (1957) . . Tirujppalla*ntu and Ieria*lva*r lirumoli (commentary) ffourth Edition Grant'amaila Office, i.Kgnchaep or am, (1962) . • Peria Tlrumoli (Oomraentary) First to*iourth Tens, G-rantamala Offioe, Jj.ilanoheepuram , (1966) •• Peria Tirumoli (Commentary) Third to Fifth Tens, Orantamala Office, L.iCaneheepuram, (Third Edition)(1953) . • Peria Tirumoii (Commentary) Tenth and“Eleventh Tena(Third Edition) Grantamala Offioe, Xt.iCancheeparam, (1956) . . TirukkuruntaiBtakam and Tirunetuntamtakam (Third Edition) Grantamalli Office, L.i^anoheepuram, (1956) S 4 5 flruYA*olrlaia w A T>«rla ?lruT(iata OrantnoinXA Oiflo*. u . ^a^chetpuram U » 5 » ) Ija£pA> Aiylratfla 4ut«i fnaiptt|aa (ftoaiaeniiaryOC Third iolurth edi ions) Orsnt fli'iia Oa11r«, i«.Xanohecpur^ (L9 S9 ^^<^ ?«rla firunoll (CToaaentary) . (sirlta to ninth f«n«(fhlrd Fdltion) OrantM'iIa li.^^ohvcpurfvtdssfi) f.S. Thevara ullno^i (SundHr>ir) fh« South India Salva Siddanta worka ^ttbiii4ii»r Sooiaty i nr) 7ha South India '^aiva Siddnnta tvorlta rubii# inir Sofliaty ^td.»4adrai^ (1963,s 1964) MasrUaimXair * IlaMttmkanaatr • 2hav»T9di At oikaiuiurai» firuvarulaiuiai, 4adraa (1953) (i«rh An niolopaadio i