SANSKRIT WORDS IN TĒVĀRAM THESIS SUBMITTED TO BHARATIDASAN UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SANSKRIT BY B. SREENIVAS REG NO. 016868 UNDER THE GUIDANCE 0F Dr. T.N. ARAVAMUDHAN M.A., M.PHIL., PHD PRINCIPAL POST GRADUATE AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRIT RAJAH’S COLLEGE OF SANSKRIT AND TAMIL STUDIES, THIRUVAIYARU -613 204 JANUARY 2013 RAJAH’S COLLEGE OF SANSKRIT AND TAMIL STUDIES THIRUVAIYARU 613 204 THANJAVUR DISTRICT. TAMILNADU Dr. T.N. ARAVAMUDHAN M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D., Date: 02-01-2013 Principal and HOD Department of Sanskrit, Research Advisor CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the thesis titled “Sanskrit Words in Tēvāram” is a record of research work done by B. Sreenivas under my supervision and guidance during the period of research from October 2010 to January 2013 and that this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award to the candidate of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship of similar titles. Signature T.N. Aravamudhan RAJAH’S COLLEGE OF SANSKRIT AND TAMIL STUDIES THIRUVAIYARU 613 204 THANJAVUR DISTRICT. TAMILNADU B. Sreenivas, (REG. NO. 016868) Date: 02-01-2013 P.G. and Research Department of Sanskrit. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis “Sanskrit Words in Tēvāram “ submitted by me for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sanskrit of the Bharatidasan University is a record of research work done by me, during the period of research from October 2010 to January 2013 and this thesis has not formed the basis for the award to the candidate of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship of similar titles. Counter Signature B.Sreenivas [Supervisor] . RAJAH’S COLLEGE OF SANSKRIT AND TAMIL STUDIES THIRUVAIYARU 613 204 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I’m greatly indebted to my research supervisor and HOD, Dept. of Sanskrit, Dr.T.N. Aravamudhan for inspiring me to do this research work and guiding me all along in this endeavour. My whole hearted thanks to him and to the College staff and Sanskrit Department staff of Rajah’s College for their unflinching support and co-operation. I sincerely thank the authorities of the Bharatidasan University in allowing me to pursue this research topic. I would like to thank profusely Dr. M. Narasimhachary who gave me scholarly support and provided me with many reference materials concerning the topic. My heartfelt thanks to Dr.N.V.Deviprasad of Madras Sanskrit College for his commitment and support, I would also like to thank Dr. Subhash Chandra Bose, Retd. Tamil Professor of Rajah’s College, for his most valuable inputs in Tamil grammar and in giving a linguistic flavor to this work. I would like to thank Dr.Godha Sastrigal for spending his valueble time in reviewing and providing precious feedback to incorporate in this work. Last but not the least; I would like to thank all my family members and well wishers esp. Dr.S.Champakalakshmi, who provided me constant motivation and overall support in completing this thesis in time. TABLE OF CONTENTS SL # TITLE PAGE # 1 THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGES - SANSKRIT AND TAMIL 1 2 GENERAL HISTORY & TRADITION OF ŠAIVA SAINTS 12 BHAKTI MOVEMENT IN SOUTH INDIA (PANCHA 3 21 DRĀVIDA DESA) 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & SCOPE 43 5 ADDITIONS 46 6 CHANGES 104 7 DELETIONS 174 8 CONCLUSION 184 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 187 10 APPENDIX – 1 TIRUMURAI AUTHORWISE INDEX 189 11 APPENDIX – 2 TIRUMURAI ALPHABETICAL INDEX 212 12 APPENDIX – 3 KEY TO TRANSLITERATION 271 - 1 - 1. THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGES - SANSKRIT AND TAMIL 1.1 Introduction Sanskrit and Tamil languages have some of the richest literary traditions among them with a hoary past. Both enjoy a classical language status as well. According to Prof. George L. Hart of the University of California, Berkley, for a language to be classified as Classical, the following criteria need to be satisfied. “It should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own and not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature.”1 Unlike other modern languages of India, Tamil satisfies each one these requirements in vast measures. Tamil is the first legally recognized Classical Language of India, as formally announced by the President of India at a joint sitting of both houses of Parliament2 in the year 2004 CE. Similarly Sanskrit, the mother of all European languages and of many Indian languages is as old as the oldest among them. Belonging to the Indo-Aryan language super family it holds the rank of a classical language, together with other languages such as Classical Greek, Latin, Persian, Arabic Hebrew, Chinese and Tamil. The languages spoken in Northern India, flourished from the Indo-Aryan Sanskritic group of the Indo-Iranian branch, which belongs to the larger Indo-European family. Sanskrit and Pāli, the two languages surviving from ancient times, are important even today. Sanskrit is the classical language of India and Hinduism3, in which most scriptures, epics and ancient literature is written. Pāli is used as the liturgical and scholarly language of Buddhism. Most modern languages in North India stems from these two languages, such as Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Kashmir, Sindhi, Konkani, Rajasthani, Assamese and Oriya. The geographical barriers of rivers, mountains, deserts and forests made it difficult for these languages to mingle, and hence even today, as one country, the languages and dialects spoken in India are very different from each other - either in written script, spoken words, grammar or tones. Further, the many religions, Gods, caste systems and other social and economical factors; have made it possible to nurture many different languages and dialects, within one country. 1 Statement on the Status of Tamil as a Classical Language by George L. Hart Letter on Tamil as a Classical Language ref from tamil.berkeley.edu/tamil-chair/letter-on-tamil-as-a-classical-language 2 BBC, India sets up classical languages, Sep 2004. Ref news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm 3 Etymology of Selected Words of Indian Language Origin, Iranga Fernando,2002 referred from www.wmich.edu/dialogues/themes/indianwords.htm - 2 - When considering the two important language families of Dravidian and Indo-Aryan4, the first languages that proliferated from them, are extinct today, except in literary composition or liturgy. The languages that stem from the Dravidian family, which are still in use are - Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Telugu. These languages are mostly spoken in the South Indian states of Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The exact antiquity of these languages can never be stated with any degree of certainty since new excavations and archeological evidences keep pushing the upper limit further and further. But, the fact remains that Sanskrit was the lingua franca of India for thousands of years with its golden period during the Gupta period (320-550 CE). 1.2 The Sanskrit language Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages of the Indo–European group to possess a substantial quantum of literature. It has also been of enormous and continuing importance as the classical language of Indian culture and the sacred language of Hinduism (Devabhāsha). It has always been believed that Sanskrit was created and then refined over many generations, typically over one thousand years, until it was considered complete and perfect in all respects 5. Sanskrit was not conceived as a specific language set apart from other languages, but as a particularly refined manner of speaking6. The current form of the language is believed to have evolved out of the earlier "Vedic" form of Sanskrit and certain scholars often classify Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit as separate languages. However, both forms of Sanskrit bear remarkable degrees of similarity with each other, with points of difference occurring mostly in the areas of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar. 1.3 Spoken form The spoken form of the Sanskrit language developed into the various dialects of Prākrits. There is ample evidence of rapid evolution during the Vedic period, with the language of the latest phase, attested for example in the Upanishads, showing considerable grammatical simplification from that of the earliest hymns. The later Vedic form is, in broad terms, the form of the language that Pānini described with 4 The Dravidian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti – 2003 Cambridge University Press 5 Concise Encyclopaedia of the Languages of the World, J L Brockington, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 2006 Elsevier Ltd p.918 6 Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages, A&C Black London 1998, p.539 - 3 - such exactness in his grammar around 4 BCE, thereby creating an absolute standard for the language thereafter. His work is clearly the culmination of a long grammatical tradition, based on concern to preserve the Vedas unaltered (hence the stress on phonetics), and is itself intended for memorization and oral transmission, as its brevity indicates. Subsequently, Sanskrit as a spoken language was considerably rarefied, being replaced by its descendants, the Prākrits. One reason for the growth of the Prākrits was its widespread use among those outside the realm of nobility. Sanskrit continued to be relegated into the higher strata of nobility until it eventually became a language of Hindu rituals, as the Vedas were composed in Sanskrit. With literary languages enjoying the patronage of local kings as opposed to the religious orthodoxy, the earliest extant uses of Prākrit is present in the inscriptions of Emperor Asoka. While the various dialects are associated with different patron dynasties, religions and literary traditions, none of these languages developed into a "mother tongue" in any area of India. 1.4 Written form The earliest record of the language is contained in the hymns of the Rig veda, (which belong to around 1200–1000 BCE), but they were not committed to writing until a much later period because of their sacred character, for the Indian tradition has always placed greater emphasis on oral tradition than on written texts.