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IfP UMIFRE 21 CNRS-MAEE UMIFRE 20 BULLETIN OF THE FRENCH RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN INDIA CNRS-MAEE September 2009, No. 31 DE PONDICHÉRY D’EXTRÊME ORIENT SCIENCES HUMAINES

EDITORIAL FOCUS

July and August, relatively quiet summer months in many  “Urban dynamics” at the CSH parts of the world, are among the busiest in Pondicherry, for it is then that we receive most foreign visitors, and it Over the past decade, urban studies have been become a major is then that we organise most of our Workshops. This field of research at the CSH. year we have had three - each of two weeks - one on early tantric literature, one on Classical and medieval The “Urban dynamics” department was created in 1993 when Tamil, and the third on the corpus of Śaiva and Vaiṣṇava Véronique Dupont and Denis Vidal (IRD) joined the CSH to conduct devotional literature in Tamil. Why workshops instead of a collective project on social dynamics and spatial structuring in conferences? And what is the difference? Our workshops Delhi, which involved a close partnership with the Centre for the are not simply longer in duration than conferences, they Study of Developing Societies (Delhi). They had, during a previous are different in conception: whereas conferences are often assignment to India, played a decisive role in co-organising a concatenations of papers more or less loosely related by research seminar on the city of Delhi, whose proceedings were theme, our workshops bring together groups of scholars later published as a volume that remains a reference today. Since and doctoral students with different specialisations to then, the department has proved to be one of the most dynamic focus on exactly the same interpretational problems. This of the CSH, in terms of its attractiveness for students, its ability approach has shown itself to be invaluable for addressing to support collective research projects and to engage in new the interrelationships between early Buddhist, Śaiva and institutional collaborations. Vaiṣṇava tantric literature, for here we find religious practices and ideas shared between traditions that are Firstly, the department has initiated or participated in several usually studied quite separately. innovative and international comparative research projects: “Peri-urban dynamics: population, habitat and environment on But the same approach is also extremely fruitful for the the peripheries of large Indian metropolises” (2003-2005), the study of works composed more than a millennium ago results of which were published in the international journal Cities; in a language about which many details of morphology, “Urban actors, policies and governance”, whose final outcome, syntax, semantics and historical development are hotly a collective book, was launched by Routledge in August 2009; debated. Bringing together scholars with widely different “Social Exclusion, Territories and Urban policies – a comparison specialisations (metrics, grammar, theology, poetics, between India and Brazil” (SETUP), which is currently entering its history, iconography, etc.) but a shared interest in classical third and final year; “Political participation and urban governance and medieval Tamil has enabled us to test out ideas, to in India and South Africa” (ISA), which was initiated in 2008. pool knowledge and to advance our understanding of the development of the corpus of Tamil devotional literature, Secondly, the department attracts an ever increasing number the earliest surviving body of devotional literature from the of students, whether Master students working as interns or PhD Indian subcontinent that was not composed in Sanskrit. candidates engaged in a larger endeavour. The department is

also the site of a number of collective projects that cut across As well as being immensely stimulating for established disciplinary boundaries, and as such it plays an important role in researchers, such workshops are precious opportunities sustaining an interdisciplinary dynamics at the CSH. Indeed the for encouraging and training aspiring scholars, without projects mentioned above involve scholars from the “Politics and whom our institutions, and indeed the disciplines we society” and the “Economic reforms and sustainable development” study, would have no future. These disciplines, relatively departments. poorly represented in the universities of the world, are essential for an understanding of the history of Asia. The series of moves that mark summer 2009 augur well for the further development of urban studies at the CSH. Loraine Contact: Dr. Dominic Goodall Kennedy and Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal are leaving the CSH Head, Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO to go back to the Centre for Indian and South Asian Studies in [email protected] Paris, where they will coordinate research around urban issues in close collaboration with ongoing projects at the CSH, especially the ISA project. Marie-Hélène Zérah, who recently became the

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India new coordinator of the “Urban dynamics”  Challenges to Indian that comprise an ICT cluster in emerging department, will bring her expertise on Federalism: Politics of Identity economies, through an investigation of its Mumbai (continuously developed through initial configuration (outsourcing, public the many internships that she supervises), and Self-determination policies) and its capacity for resilience and will launch a new series of research on (private sector, climb-up of the value- small and medium towns (in collaboration The Charles Wallace Trust Visiting chain, research potential). Deploying the with IFP). Fellowship 2009 facilitated the completion frameworks of “systems of innovation”, of the research work started at the CSH. proximity and network theories, it aims Contact: Dr. Marie-Hélène Zérah This three month Fellowship awarded to put into perspective India’s position in [email protected] by the Centre of South Asian Studies, the global production system. In order University of Cambridge (21 April to 20 July to map the on-going processes in the RESEARCH 2009) allowed access to private papers technopolitan morphology of India, the and other primary material available at study relies on three examples that CSH the British Library and the Cambridge illustrate the diversity of the dynamics of University and the Centre of South Asian  The emergence of hospital evolution in ICT clusters (space, time, Studies libraries. actors and governance) – situated in the chains in India cities of Pune (Maharashtra), Kochi and Based on extensive field survey and Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala). In the In many countries, the provision of hospital other primary and published material, the care is turning into an industry with the course of the last field study in India from project aims at a comparative analysis of March to May, interviews were conducted increasing presence of large corporate the Naga and Mizo movements in North- hospital chains. Since the 1980s, a new with many key actors in the IT field, from East India. It examines factors such as the national to the local levels (public pro-market regulatory environment and threat to culture and identity, neglect and state incentives have allowed new private actors, leaders of firms, entrepreneurs, discrimination, economic deprivation and convergence clubs and organisations, players to invest in the hospital sector. relative backwardness and the role of elites Through public subsidies (tax holidays, scholars and academics, actors in the real and leadership, as possible explanations estate sector). land for free) and new regulatory frames for the separatist movements in the two (liberalisation of insurance sector and regions. To better understand the role of The present project builds on earlier foreign investment, hospital accreditation), British administrators and missionaries in central and state governments have helped research work, done as part of a Master’s the emergence of ‘separatist’ demands, Thesis on Indian InfoTech (IT) parks as the the hospital chains to expand. But hospital the private papers and tour diaries of J H chains did not live up to the expectations most popular configuration of the high-tech Hutton, Charles Pawsey and others were cluster. Through a case-study of Pune, the of delivering free care to the poor. While consulted in England. Useful discussions the demand for hospital care is increasing thesis sought to offer a comprehensive with scholars at Cambridge on issues understanding of the policy process in in India, public and private hospital care like the implications of the British policy providers have failed to deliver, not only in the information technology sector, from of ‘non-interference’ in the tribal affairs inception to reception to consequences. terms of volume (i.e. number of beds), but helped to look at the issues at hand in a also in terms of quality of care. It demonstrated that land acquisition for different light. IT expansion in urban fringes had multi- This research explored the formation of layered ramifications: the creation of new hospital chains in India, their increasing The results of the research are due peripheral centralities; mutations of the prominence in the delivery of hospital care, for publication as a chapter ‘Politics of historical centre; development of a new their impact on access to hospital services Belonging: Identity and State Formation architecture and modern amenities that and spatial distribution, and the pivotal in Nagaland’ in Gérard Toffin andJoanna necessarily entail a rupture with the past role played by the Indian State in this Pfaff-Czarnecka, eds., Citizenship, of the city; and an enhancement of Pune’s transformation. The roots of corporatisation Democracy and Belonging in the Himalayas place within the regional urban hierarchy. and the role played by local and NRI (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2009) entrepreneurs in the inception of hospital as well as in the form of an Occasional Contact: Divya Leducq chains were documented. Secondly, the Paper. [email protected] expansion of hospital chain networks and the geography of the sector were studied Contact: Dr. Sanjay Kumar Pandey IFP with regard to the already unequal spatial [email protected] distribution of hospital services in India.  Indiapolis Finally, focusing on Delhi, the impact of the  The dynamics of ICT hospital chains on the spatial distribution clusters in India of hospital services and access for the Economic liberalisation in India leads poor was assessed. to an economic polarisation in favour of This research work, done from the mega-cities and their surroundings but Contact: Bertrand Lefebvre perspective of economic geography, the most remarkable phenomenon is the [email protected] seeks to identify and analyse the elements recent proliferation of small agglomerates.

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Actually, with the Geopolis approach for the Study of Regional Development at (http://e-geopolis.eu) - agglomerate JNU. EVENTS considered as a contiguous built up SEMINARS / WORKSHOPS / area – an alternative vision of the Indian Contact: Dr. Eric Denis / ROUND TABLES / LECTURES agglomeration process is proposed as Dr. Kamala Marius-Gnanou (For more information, please consult recommended by United Nations for the [email protected] / purpose of analysing and comparing urban [email protected] our respective websites) dynamics. Indiapolis developed at the IFP with Indian partners is part of Geopolis CSH worldwide programme supported by the  Melissopalynology studies Agence Nationale de la Recherche (http:// Opening up or ushering in? Interrogating www.agence-nationale-recherche. discourses of public consultation and citizen fr/), Agence Française de Développement Melissopalynology is the study of pollen participation in urban governance. This (http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/), Caisse content of honey. Bees’ visitations to workshop, that took place in Pondicherry des Dépôts et Consignations and Google. flowers aid pollination as they collect on 25th & 26th July, 2009, was organised org. both nectar and pollen for storage in by the Madras Institute of Development their hives. A study, combining seasonal Studies with the support of the CSH and analyses of the pollen contents of honey the Institute for Development Studies, Till now, the analyses of Indian urban with vegetation typology and phenology Sussex. It brought together academics, dynamics have been based only on the has been initiated recently under the but also policy makers and activists, to official and administrative list of urban “Paleoenvironments of South India” collectively discuss its central thematics units, which represents a considerably research programme. The samples from their different perspectives. The biased picture of reality. After the are collected from hives spatially well- question of participation in polarised standardisation of a diachronic set of distributed within an eco-restoration site cities was a general line of inquiry running data, ground verification and digitalisation consisting of distinct areas of land cover through the course of the conference, as of each morphological form, it is clearly and land use 10km west of Puducherry attendees attempted to consider who does, seen that, apart from the demographic town near the Oussoudou lake. The and does not, get consulted in new urban polarisation by the megacities, India is also main focus here is on different aspects of dispensations, and what the nature and undergoing a much diffused urbanisation. honey bee ecology of our native species quality of consultation and participation These results are challenging the canonical Apis cerana indica that remain poorly are. In the concluding session, attention model of economic geography which understood. These include, the maximum was paid to the importance of ‘thick’ considers metropolises as the unique distance of foraging, preference, if any research to further details of how residents development motor engine. In 2001, the of species for foraging, links between do participate in urban governance. 6,600 agglomerates with at least 10,000 the two, the temporal dynamics of the The possibility of a publication was inhabitants are covering 46,884 km2 (1.4% relationship between land cover and discussed with organisers (Karen Coelho, of the land) for a rate of urbanisation of honeybee preferences in the context M. Vijaybhaskar and Lalitha Kamath), 39% in 2001 compared to the official of intra- and inter-annual weather expecting to carry the process forward. rate of 27%. For statistical and political fluctuations. It is planned to study other reasons, this tremendous proliferation of kinds of samples (surface soil, pollen small agglomerations of less than 20,000 Contact: Dr. Marie-Hélène Zérah traps) to develop a model of modern [email protected] inhabitants is hidden and widely un-ruled pollen-vegetation relationships. The (13% of the urban population). It is also Diya Mehra study is designed for a minimum of three [email protected] estimated that 1,550 new agglomerates years in continuity, in order to enable the between 10 and 20,000 inhabitants will interpretation of palynological results in Contests in contexts: Indian Elections have emerged by 2011. In the context of the light of vegetation studies, phenology rd 2009. This workshop, organised by the the 1992 urban decentralisation (73 and and weather parameters. This project 74th constitutional amendment acts), this CSH, took place at the India International is a field-oriented one and relies on the Centre, on 31st July, 2009. It was meant to is a missing link in the national policy of well-established expertise in ecology, planning and urban development which discuss a series of papers prepared by a bee-keeping and palynology of the team of Indian and French scholars on the balance between urban metropolises collaborating teams. renewal and support for a rural population recent round of elections, with a view to their submission for inclusion in a special stability. issue of the online journal SAMAJ (http:// Contact: Dr. Anupama K. & Prasad S. [email protected] / samaj.revues.org/index.html). The workshop consisted of 8 papers analysing The first results were presented in [email protected] Hyderabad at the IGU international the latest general elections from various conference (30th July-4th August, 2009) perspectives, each paper being commented http://www.igu-urban.com/. They were Lipi Das & Prakash Patel upon by a discussant. The focus of most also presented at a seminar of the Centre [email protected] papers was not on the detailed analysis of

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India the results of these elections, but on some Following the paths of the migrants, Tamil patients turn to Siddha medicine of the multiple contests that constitute the Ayurvedic medicines also found a vibrant generally after consulting a biomedical ongoing dynamics of the polity, and come market in south eastern countries and doctor. They visit Siddha practitioners to a head at the time when the parties and Ceylon by the closing decades of the mostly for bone and join disorders, electorate make their choices – between nineteenth century. A similar flow of ideas, sexual troubles, intestinal or skin candidates, issues and political platforms. drugs and therapeutic practices occurred diseases. However, an increasing part Papers aimed to analyse contests that take from the late 70s of the twentieth century of the clientele today seeks treatment for place in social, spatial and institutional onwards to the Middle East. As the metabolic syndromes and their correlative terrains - in their historical and scientific knowledge of Ayurvedic medicines came to disorders. This paper explored the role contexts. be popularised by the migrant population of played by Siddha medicine in this changing Kerala in the Middle East, there was also a scenario. It examined issues of innovation Contact: Dr. Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal return of the Arabs to Kerala for Ayurvedic in medical practice and the ways in which [email protected] healthcare. The paper sought to examine practitioners adopt and get adapted to their the nature of changes that occurred in the new clientele. IFP production and preservation of indigenous drugs, as a historical phenomenon, and its Firstly, metabolic syndromes were For more details on these events, subsequent re-organisation as quick fixes defined, and the reasons for their increase please consult our website, at the to suit the needs of the migrant tourists in in India were explained. Then, the focus following address: http://www. Kerala. was drawn on the knowledge of Siddha ifpindia.org/-Seminars-.html practitioners pertaining to the treatment Contact: Dr. Burton Cleetus of metabolic syndromes. How are these [email protected] interpreted? What kind of advice regarding Lecture on How to manage the viability nutrition and lifestyle are they giving? of the economic system with regard to The manner, in which they create new, sustainable development stakes: the International Seminar on Making India a deemed efficacious formulations, was also industrial and territorial ecology, at the IFP global healthcare destination, Historical and examined. And thirdly, a comparison was on 20th April 2009. anthropological enquiries on cross-border healthcare jointly organised by the IFP and made between two forms of therapeutic knowledge: one from traditional milieu and This paper focused on the potential of the Cluster of Excellence ‘Asia & Europe’, the other from researches conducted by industrial and territorial ecology. If the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and held at the University of Heidelberg on 14th Siddha institutions. triangle of Kolm is considered, a much th wider range of mechanisms of coordination & 15 June 2009. between the actors are available, than Contact: Dr. Brigitte Sébastia The Indian therapeutic landscape is [email protected] the predominant vision lying on market produced both within and increasingly coordination with a small dose of regulation. beyond the national boundaries of the Apart from market coordination and State country. The global circulation of therapeutic planning, the sphere of autonomy also has Lecture on Biomass estimation of the techniques and practices, medical a potential. Industrial and territorial ecology Western Ghats at the IFP on 10th July knowledge and procedures, patients and is based on the analogy with ecosystems 2009. therapists – all fashion healthcare in India. and on the analysis of energy and matter These multiple flows also have an impact exchanges between human society and on the way healthcare is thought, practised The increase of carbon dioxide in the nature. It aims at a better understanding of and experienced in Europe. Specialised atmosphere and its potential effect on the impact through a spatialisation of energy health and wellness institutions incorporate climate is an environmental issue well- and matter flows. Industrial and territorial ‘Indian therapies’ in their menu, together dealt with in the world, but its estimation ecology is a matter of coordination, but with fragments of the subcontinental remains confusing. Contributing to both should also question the aims of producing cultures. The participants of this workshop inputs and outputs of carbon cycle, tropical goods. Two main strategies relying on explored these issues along three main, forest biomass changes play a major role better governance might be promising: interrelated axes: transnationalisms, in this environmental issue. Within this an increase in territorial autonomy; the cultural encounters and the transformations framework, the paper aimed at exploring economy of functionality. Both strategies of therapeutic practices; labour migration potential methods of estimating the biomass were presented in relation with the triangle and the health tourism industry; and the stored in the Western Ghats forests. Three of Kolm. global construction of India. main points were developed: proposing Above Ground Biomass estimation for the Contact: Dr. Nicolas Buclet Contact: Dr. Laurent Pordié low elevation dense evergreen forests of [email protected] [email protected] the Western Ghats; studying the reliability of the only AGB database specific to Lecture on Leisure, migrations and Lecture on Managing metabolic syndromes. the Westerns Ghats; and studying the Ayurvedic healthcare in Kerala, 1870-1990 Innovation and adaptation in Siddha homogeneity of the forest physiognomy at the IFP on 24th April 2009. medicine at the IFP on 9th July 2009. throughout the Western Ghats, in order

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India to find common structural features among provide nutritious seeds from wastelands; raising the theoretical importance of so- the different forest types. the promise of terra preta in enhancing soil called ‘tourism studies’. The expression health and tackling climate change. “health tourism” was coined in 1987 by Contact: Théo Flavenot Goodrich and Goodrich, with respect [email protected] Contact: Mr. Prakash Patel/Ms. Lipi Das to domestic tourism. Researchers later [email protected] briefly offered some avenues for research Lecture on Measuring sustainability and into the new, emerging forms of “travel environmental performance at the IFP on Lecture on Companion modelling and tree health care services”. Tourism studies 20th July 2009. rights in Kodagu at the IFP on 5th August alone do not, however, suffice to unpack 2009. the complex nature of this phenomenon. This lecture aims at providing an insight The approaches developed in medical into indicators to be used in a multi-criteria Coffee plantations in Kodagu are complex anthropology/geography and the social approach to sustainable development, multistorey agroforestry systems. Modifying studies of medicine help to revisit and through: 1/ characterisation of the attitudes different parameters of the canopy, go beyond conventional studies of health of industry towards the environment and farmers’ decisions and strategies have a tourism. The analytic lens of the proposed towards environmental regulations; 2/ direct impact on their livelihood but also panel shifted from one approach to the identification of the ways in which strong on the biodiversity at the landscape level. other, so as to add to the heuristic potential environmental regulation can encourage These decisions are driven by the complex of the project. This panel examined innovation for cleaner processes, products interactions of economic, agronomical and medical and wellness tourism in four or industrial systems; 3/ presentation of a institutional factors. The consequences different contexts, pertaining to India, set of indicators and index of environmental are the loss of tree cover and an increase Thailand and Germany. The participants performance; 4/ discussion of the analytical in the proportion of Grevillea robusta at the were interested in exploring the rise of framework proposed by the European expense of the native tree species. neo-oriental spas in Europe and Asia, as Commission to assess the sustainability well as the transnational flows of medical impact of international trade measure; and Using the Companion Modelling Approach patients from Europe to Asia and among 5/ discussion of aggregate index versus (www.commod.org), these drivers Asian countries. Attention was given to multi-criteria approaches. were explored and farmers’ strategies the positive and negative effects of health were elicited using Role-Playing-Games. tourism on Asia’s health care systems, Contact: Dr. Patrick Criqui The game reproduces a coffee estate particularly in terms of disparities of [email protected] with decisions to be taken to manage access. the tree cover. It reveals the farmers’ Contact: Dr. Laurent Pordié Lecture on Eco-restoration of a wasteland strategies and builds a shared image of [email protected] near Pondicherry at the IFP on 31st July the future landscape. Resulting scenarios 2009. are discussed between the participants to explore alternate strategies and International Workshop on Methodology The lecture presented an overview of the possible new policies such as Payment and Tamil studies for doctoral and eco-restoration work carried out by Project for Ecosystem Services schemes or postdoctoral researchers jointly organised Ecolake in a wasteland near Pondicherry. devolution of timber rights to the farmers. by the IFP and the Tamil Chair, University This included the use of hardy pioneer of California at Berkeley, and held at the species to green a severely eroded Contact: Dr. Claude Garcia / IFP on 12th & 13th August 2009. landscape consisting largely of lateritic Mr. Jeremy Vendé sandstone in semi-arid conditions through [email protected] / Tamil studies as a discipline has been a programme of rain-fed afforestation, and [email protected] shaped in part by its porous boundaries soil conservation measures, along with and its relationship with more defined appropriate water management methods, International Seminar on Medical and disciplines, including Comparative to reclaim the denuded terrain. This wellness tourism: studies from Asia and Literature, History, Women’s Studies, helped regenerate many species of the Europe jointly organised by the IFP and Political Science, Art History, and TDEF (Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest) and the Cluster of Excellence ‘Asia & Europe’, Anthropology. The methodologies used increase faunal diversity as well. A fairly University of Heidelberg, and held at the to approach Tamil literature, culture and wide-ranging botanical collection has also Daejeon Convention Center, Daejeon, history vary greatly from one university been built up. South Korea, from 6th to 9th August to another, and from one country to the 2009. other. While this flexibility allows for an Specific areas of research include: soil intellectual freedom that can generate studies; vermiculture and vermicomposting; Tourism has long been regarded by social creative scholarship, it can also leave phenology of TDEF species; beekeeping scientists as a rather ‘soft’ topic of enquiry. students of Tamil lost in a methodological with Apis cerana and Trigona iridipennis; It has, however, become the world’s soup, or limited to the approach of their melissopalynology; pollination ecology; largest industry over the last two decades advisor. These different methodological the potential of some Australian Acacias to and anthropologists have responded by approaches have also tended to isolate

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Tamil scholars working in different parts Lecture by Dominic Goodall On the category of Kriyātantras and the of the world, from India to Europe to the Tattvas in the Niśvāsatattvasaṃhitā at the (considerably divergent) views of learned USA. Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 20th Buddhist authors on Kriyātantra texts and July 2009. the type of ritual they typically teach. The This one and a half day workshop, co- Kriyātantra-related commentarial works sponsored by the Tamil Chair, University It is widely known that Śaiva tantric which are known to survive in Sanskrit, the of California, Berkeley, and IFP, brought literature teaches a list of 36 entities, known Trisamayarājatantraṭīkā of an unknown together doctoral and postdoctoral as tattvas, which are said to constitute a author and the Kalyāṇakāmadhenu researchers from universities in Tamil comprehensive ontological list of principles (one folio of a manuscript of which Nadu and several American universities making up the universe. Arranged in a is now preserved together with the to discuss the methodologies used in hierarchical order, they map the cosmos. Trisamayarājatantraṭīkā codex), were their scholarship, and the strengths and The bottommost and coarsest tattva is that briefly introduced. Incidentally to this, limitations of these approaches. of Earth and the highest and most subtle criteria were presented by which two very one is that of Śiva. The bottom 25 entities similar Eastern-Indian hands, in which have been adapted from Sāṅkhya thinkers. Contact: Mr. Kannan M./Mrs. Jennifer Clare a number of important manuscripts of [email protected]/ But when were the others added? Analysis Buddhist tantric works are scribed, can [email protected] of the Niśvāsa-corpus and comparison with be distinguished. Finally, attention was other early tantric literature, in particular drawn to the continuities, sometimes very the Rauravasūtrasaṅgraha, suggest that close and indeed even verbal, between EFEO the classical list of 36 is a combination Kriyātantra-material and some material in of two different shorter lists and that Yoginītantra scriptures. their fusion may have taken place for the Second International Workshop on Early first time in the latest of the sūtras of the Tantra held from 20th July to 1st August Contact: Professor Harunaga Isaacson, Niśvāsa-corpus, namely the Guhyasūtra 2009 at the Pondicherry Centre, École University of Hamburg, Germany (6th century?). française d’Extrême-Orient. The Second [email protected] International Workshop on Early Tantra Contact: Dr. Dominic Goodall, was the second of three workshops Lecture by Martin Delhey on Miscellaneous Head, EFEO, Pondicherry remarks on the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa at planned under the Franco-German “Early dominic.goodall@efeo-pondicherry. the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on Tantra Project” co-funded by the Deutsche org Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Agence 24th July 2009. Nationale de la Recherche (www.tantric- Lecture by Alexis Sanderson on How studies.org/). The lecture consisted of two parts. In the Buddhist is the Herukābhidhānatantra? at beginning, new insights and discoveries the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on regarding the textual witnesses of the Each morning was devoted to reading 21st July 2009. Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa were communicated sessions, which were led by Alexis to the participants of the workshop. In Sanderson (All Souls, Oxford), Harunaga Contact: Prof. Alexis Sanderson, Spalding particular, the Sanskrit manuscripts and Isaacson (Hamburg), Martin Delhey Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics, the *Tārāmūlakalpa (only preserved (Hamburg), Csaba Kiss (Budapest/ All Souls College, Oxford, UK in Tibetan), which in its first section EFEO) and Shaman Hatley (Concordia, [email protected] usually agrees literally with the Montreal). The reading programme Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, were dealt with. covered early Tantric works in Sanskrit Lecture by Diwakar Acharya on In the second part of the lecture, it was of which editions are being prepared Glimpses of early Vaiṣṇavism in shown that the authors or compilers of the by the team of scholars working in the the Niśvāsatattvasaṃhitā and the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa have in some places project. Parts of the following works were Svāyambhuvapāñcarātra at the of this kriyātantra attempted to justify the nd read from our editions in progress: the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 22 new teachings on the attainment of worldly Niśvāsatattvasaṃhitā, the Brahmayāmala, July 2009. success by means of rituals from the point Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, a Sanskrit of view of Buddhist ethics and spirituality. commentary on the Trisamayarājatantra, Contact: Dr. Diwakar Acharya, Kyoto The hypothesis was put forward that and the Kalyāṇakāmadhenu. University, Japan they were not yet able to do this in a way [email protected] which was very convincing for the more Around forty scholars and graduate conservative Buddhist scholars of their Lecture by Harunaga Isaacson on The time. students from around the world attended, Buddhist Kriyātantras and their exegesis: many of whom participated actively the Trisamayarājatantraṭīkā and the Contact: Dr. Martin Delhey, Postdoctoral in discussions of the readings. Every Kalyāṇakāmadhenu at the Pondicherry researcher in the project “Early Tantra” afternoon a lecture-presentation was Centre of the EFEO on 23rd July 2009. funded by the DFG and ANR, University of given by one of the project members. Hamburg, Germany These lectures are described below. This lecture considered the Buddhist [email protected]

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Lecture by Csaba Kiss on The category of figures as an epithet of the alphabet called the Pañcamudrās. The passage the Sādhaka in the Brahmayāmalatantra goddess already in the Brahmayāmala. All is unique, because various elements in at the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on three alphabet deities were then recognised its description suggest that it concerns a 27th July 2009. by non-dualist exegetes. According to their hypethral Yoginī temple. Archeological presentation, when Mātṛkā was ‘creatively remains of such temples dating from the Brahmayāmala chapter 45 gives a 674- shaken’ by Śabdarāśi, she became Mālinī, 10th-13th century are well known, but period verse-long account of the three types the unordered alphabet. literary descriptions are very rare. The main of sādhakas: of the śuddha-tālaka (of feature of the site described in the text is sexual and transgressive rituals), the Contact: Dr. Judit Törszök, Université the khecarīcakra, a circle of Kulayoginīs śuddhāśuddha-miśraka (a chaste and Charles-de-Gaulle Lille III, France said to have existed in material form at the beginner tālaka) and the aśuddha- [email protected] site, but of which a vision in the sky can be carubhojin (a vegetarian brahmacārin). gained by the ardent devotee. References Their hierarchical system allows for Lecture by Shaman Hatley on Clans to the goddess Siddhayogeśvarī, Piṅgalā various interpretations: on the one hand, of the goddesses: kulabheda in the and the presence of Kulayogins possibly as regards purity, which is based on Brahmayāmalatantra at the Pondicherry point to a Trika connection of the site. religious acts performed in their previous Centre of the EFEO on 29th July 2009. lives, the tālaka is the highest rank, the Contact: Dr. Peter Bisschop, carubhojin the lowest. On the other This presentation engaged with aspects of University of Edinburgh, UK hand, the carubhojin, having never fallen, the Brahmayāmala’s classification of female [email protected] seems to be the most directly successful divinities according to ‘clans’ (kula). The of them. In addition, the miśraka is not first section outlined a fourfold taxonomy of Lecture by Diwakar Acharya on Fragments an independent category, but only an yakṣiṇīs taught in Brahmayāmala, chapter of palm-leaves and titbits of evidence: A introductory stage before being a tālaka. 65, which groups these divinities into report of some otherwise unknown Bhūta- The analysis of Brahmayāmala 45 reveals clans called the yakṣakula, brahmakula, and Gāruḍa-Tantras at the Pondicherry an odd, complex and early classification of padmakula, and vajrakula. After adducing Centre of the EFEO on 30th July 2009. the sādhaka, from a period when initiation parallels from the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, (dīkṣā) was still only one of the rites of we discussed the possibility that the Contact: Dr. Diwakar Acharya, Kyoto passage rather than the central and fully Brahmayāmala’s yakṣiṇī-chapter was University, Japan liberating ritual of later tantras. drawn from a Buddhist kriyātantra, perhaps [email protected] with relatively minor modification. The Contact: Dr. Csaba Kiss, EFEO (Project subsequent section reviewed passages Lecture by Nirajan Kafle on The rewriting “Early Tantra” funded by the DFG and ANR), from the Brahmayāmala outlining various of the Niśvāsamukha to create part of the [email protected] ways by which women were held to Śivadharmasaṅgraha at the Pondicherry become yoginīs. This was supplemented Centre of the EFEO on 31st July 2009. Lecture by Judit Törzsök on The alphabet by a close reading of Brahmayāmala 99, goddess Mātṛkā in some early Śaiva which situates the divisions of goddess This lecture presented evidence to tantras at the Pondicherry Centre of the clans in relation to the hierarchy of tattvas show that the many hundreds of verses EFEO on 28th July 2009. and other cosmological categories. found both in the Niśvāsamukha and in the Śivadharmasaṅgraha were This paper attempted to explore how the Contact: Dr. Shaman Hatley, Concordia borrowed and modified by the redactor concept of Mātṛkā, the alphabet goddess, University, Canada of the Śivadharmasaṅgraha. Most of the developed in Śaiva tantras. The earliest [email protected] modifications are intended to clarify the layer of texts does not yet seem to mention phrasing and to improve away perceived this goddess. In the relatively later parts faults of language. The lecture concluded of the Niśvāsa, one can follow the way in Lecture by Peter Bisschop on A 12th- with a comparison of a number of what are which her figure and cult slowly develops century (?) Vārāṇasīmāhātmya and its probably the earliest surviving accounts through various homologisations and account of a hypethral Yoginī temple at the of the liṅgodbhava myth, in which Śiva prescriptions of her worship. Subsequently, Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 29th appeared in the form of a column of fire she also becomes associated with the eight July 2009. before Brahmā and Viṣṇu. mother goddesses in Bhairavatantras. Furthermore, in the second half of the This paper introduces a hitherto unknown Contact: Nirajan Kafle, EFEO (Project Siddhayogeśvarīmata she is transformed Vārāṇasīmāhātmya, transmitted in a “Early Tantra” funded by the DFG and ANR) into a male double of Śiva, Śabdarāśi, Nepalese palm-leaf manuscript belonging Pondicherry, India a figure most probably borrowed from a to the Kaiser Library in Kathmandu, [email protected] Saiddhāntika source. The main alphabet microfilmed by the NGMPP on reel C 6/3. goddess of this text, Mālinī, ‘The Garlanded The paper focuses on chapter 8 of the text, Classical Tamil Summer Seminar 2009 One,’ is probably the latest among the which describes a Yoginī site in Vārāṇasī, organised by the Pondicherry Centre of alphabet deities to appear, but her name associated with a group of goddesses the EFEO, 3rd to 28th August 2009.

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India This year the Classical Tamil Seminar shown that ‘translation’ was understood on the three [kings]”). The Muttoḷḷāyiram (www.efeo.fr/CTSS_2009/index.htm ) and performed as a kind of commentary. constitutes one of the early instances of has been, once again, a Summer Seminar, Poets generally referred to the translations genre mix, since the Puṟam aspect, that for the simple reason that we had planned made for them by religious scholars as is, the praise of a king, is entwined with a double event, that is, a seminar followed ‘commentaries’, and this usage is also the Akam aspect, that is, the desirability of by a workshop. The whole month was borne out by the single ‘commentary- the king and his infallible attraction for the thus devoted to Tamil bhakti, devotional translation’ surviving from the 18th century women of his realm. A date of composition literature. Out of the two weeks, one was as well as 19th century theological texts. well before the 9th century was suggested devoted to Śaiva texts, and here we had On the basis of such commentaries, poets on the grounds that the presentation of chosen the work of Kāraikkālammaiyār, then proceeded to compose ornate Tamil royalty seemed conceptually early than probably the earliest part of the Tirumuṟai, poetry. At the beginning of the 20th century, what is to be found in inscriptions. and certainly not the easiest. In fact, we the notion of ‘literal translation’ displaced were able to cover the Tiruvālaṅkāṭṭu these earlier models of rendering Arabic Contact: Dr Prof. A.R. Venkatachalapathy, Mūttatiruppatikam, two decades devoted texts in Tamil medium, thereby obscuring Madras Institute of Development Studies, to Śiva dancing on the cremation ground the ‘translatedness’ of pre-modern Islamic Chennai frequented by pēy, female demons. We Tamil prose and poetry. [email protected] also had a look at the 12th century retelling of Kāraikkālammaiyār’s story in the Periya Contact: Dr. Torsten Tschacher, University of Lecture by Cristina Muru on Using Latin to Purāṇam. The second week focused on Heidelberg, Germany interpret Tamil. The first attempts made Vaiṣṇava literature. Out of the oeuvre of [email protected] by Western missionaries to describe the another female poet, Āṇṭāḷ, we chose the Tamil language at the Pondicherry Centre th Nācciyārtirumoḻi, less well-known than the Lecture by Timothy Lubin on Indic of the EFEO on 13 August 2009. Tiruppāvai, a decadic collection of Akam- conceptions of legal authority at the like stanza in praise of Viṣṇu. The mornings Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 6th Cristina Muru’s presentation focused on were spent by reading and discussing texts August 2009. several missionary grammars of Tamil with pandit T.S. Gangadharan (EFEO written in Portuguese and on one Tamil– Pondy, Śaiva) and R. Varadadesikan Timothy Lubin presented an experiment Portuguese Dictionary. Henrique Henriques (EFEO Pondy, Vaiṣṇava). The afternoons in comparative jurisprudence, asking in his Sumario da Arte Malavar, dating back were taken up by reading inscriptions with how Indic legal traditions have approximately to 1548-1549, invented G. Vijayavenugopal and by an introduction conceived of what in the West is called some new letters which could be useful in into Tamil Grammatical literature with J.- authority. Drawing on evidence both the representation of sounds peculiar to L. Chevillard (CNRS Paris). On four days, from scholastic treatises and from legal the phonological system of Tamil language lectures rounded up the day. For the documents (including inscriptions and and unknown to Portuguese, such as <Ѵ> final two weeks, then, scholars read and legal formulary compendia), he argued used to represent .ற. and .ã. used for .ழ. discussed particular texts chosen by them that two influential concepts — pramāṇa Some ‘Titles’ of the manuscript version in order to elucidate different aspects of and adhikāra — largely correspond to of Antão De Proença’s Tamil-Portuguese th internal and external chronology of Tamil ‘epistemic authority’ and ‘practical authority’ Dictionary (17 century) can be defined as bhakti texts, on which see below. in Euro-American jurisprudence, although small treatises of articulatory phonetics. in practice pramāṇa can do double duty, Father Balthassar da Costa in his Arte Tamul reduced the number of Tamil case- Contact: Dr. Eva Wilden, EFEO / that is, as ‘proof’ and as ‘authorisation’. markers to six, with a view to reflecting the Hamburg University Latin model; another anonymous grammar, [email protected] Contact: Dr. Timothy Lubin, Washington and Ms 188, and Henriques’s grammar both Dr. Thomas Lehmann Lee University, USA tried to find five declinations of the Tamil [email protected] [email protected] noun which could fit the Latin classification. Dr. Jean-Luc Chevillard These three grammars, together with the jean-luc.chevillard@univ-paris- Lecture by A.R. Venkatachalapathy on Dictionary, possibly represent the first diderot.fr Muttoḷḷāyiram: Convention, Context, attempts made by the missionaries, who Chronology at the Pondicherry Centre of were not yet totally conscious of the Tamil th Lecture by Torsten Tschacher on The the EFEO on 11 August 2009. grammatical tradition, to describe Tamil. Theory and Practice of ‘Translation’ in Islamic Tamil Literature at the Pondicherry A.R. Venkatachalapathy gave an exposé Contact: Dr. Cristina Muru, Università degli th Centre of the EFEO on 4 August 2009. on one of the smaller Classical Tamil Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy texts belonging to the first millennium, the [email protected] Torsten Tschacher discussed how the Muttoḷḷāyiram, an anthology of four-line International Workshop on the Internal notion of ‘translation’ was conceptualised poems dedicated to kings from the three and External Chronology of Tamil Bhakti and put into practice in Islamic Tamil royal houses Cōḻa, Cēra and Pāṇṭiya. Most organised by the centre of the École th literature since the late 16 century. Until probably the collection once comprised Française d’Extrême-Orient in Pondicherry the beginning of the modern era, it can be 900 poems, hence the title (“nine hundred from 17th to 28th August 2009.

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Tamil devotional literature (bhakti) throw much light on the supremacy of Viṣṇu Contact: Dr. R. Saraswati Sainath, McGill comprises quite an enormous oeuvre of and His qualities, sports, incarnations, His University, Canada texts with different sectarian affiliations. omniscient state etc. His vehicle Garuḍa, [email protected] Apart from some precursors in early and His bed Ādiseṣa are referred to in the classical literature, the first millennium Paripāṭal. Only five holy shrines of Viṣṇu in Lecture by Eva Wilden on Transposition sees the advent of a Śaiva corpus, Tamil Nadu find place in Caṅkam literature. techniques in Nammāḻvār’s Akam songs later canonised and named the 12 The Onam festival and a few other festivals at the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on Tirumuṟai, and a Vaiṣṇava corpus, the are described in the ancient period. Some 26th August 2009. Tivviyappirapantam. Dating, as for most stories connected with Rāma which are early Tamil texts, is a problem that has not found in the present Rāmāyaṇas are The Tiruvāymoḻi counts, according to Hardy raised much discussion. In brief, one can mentioned in Caṅkam literature. Coming (1983), no less than 26 decades of Akam say that the traditional approach to the to the modern period, one notices that the songs among its more than a thousand matter is largely based on the transmitted Āḻvārs’ hymns enrich Vaiṣṇava literature poems. 24 of them occur in Hardy’s legendary material, such as the life stories between the 6th and 9th centuries. Here, table of distribution and classification. of poet-saints, the Nāyaṉmār and Āḻvār, instead of stray verses we find groups of Even so this is almost a quarter of the found in the 12th century Periya-Purāṇam verses, consisting of poems which glorify whole text. In fact, however, depending and Divyacūricaritam respectively. This Viṣṇu. After the 9th century, epics on on how one understands the word ‘Akam workshop was meant to revisit the issues Viṣṇu and His sacred sports predominate song’, several more decades ought to be of (text-internal) chronology. On the in Vaiṣṇava literature. Among them, included, perhaps at least as many as 27. one hand, texts and their interrelation the Kamparāmāyaṇam, Villipputturar’s What, then, is an Akam song? It is a bhakti were discussed on the basis of linguistic Bhāratam, Nallappiḷḷai’s Bhāratam are poem where the relationship between God development (morphology plus syntax) remarkable. Besides these, there are and devotee is depicted along the lines of and of intertextual relationship and more than 70 works written in various the model of lover and beloved developed literary affiliation; on the other hand, the centuries. by classical Tamil Akam poetry. Usually ways in which bhakti texts are reflected God takes the position of the male lover, in inscriptions and the impact they had the devotee that of the female lover. The Contact: Dr. R. Varada Desikan, EFEO, on iconographical representation were general opinion is that the basic bhakti Pondicherry examined. [email protected] Akam poem is an adaptation of the Mullai setting. In fact, three things can The Pondicherry workshop worked on two be observed. Firstly, tiṇai elements are levels. In the two-week seminar, seven imported on a much broader basis, and if Lecture by G. Vijayavenugopal on Bhakti days were devoted to common reading movement and Cankam literature at the there is a preponderance, it is of Kuṟiñci. sessions of particular text passages Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 26th Secondly, bhakti stereotypes only a small selected and introduced by individual August 2009. number of Akam situations, creating scholars. These sessions were split into on the way some new and some mixed one morning and one afternoon parts, forms. Thirdly, intertextual repercussions Contact: Dr. G. Vijayavenugopal, EFEO, the duration depending on the length and within the classical heritage are much less Pondicherry complexity of the chosen text and the marked than those within the bhakti corpus [email protected] intensity of the general discussion. The itself, one obvious reason for that being the last three days were devoted to lecture- decade composition principle. presentations, for which see below. Lecture by Saraswati Sainath on The Puṟam ethos in the sixth Tirumuṟai of Appār’s Contact: Dr. Eva Wilden, EFEO Paris/ For more details about the workshop, see Tēvāram at the Pondicherry Centre of the University of Hamburg www.efeo.fr/en/recherche/indologie_ EFEO on 26th August 2009. [email protected] 8.shtml Of the many myths of Śiva, Appar refers Lecture by Dominic Goodall on Śaiva Lecture by R. Varada Desikan on Vaishnava to nearly 57 myths in his sixth Tirumuṟai. theologies in the Tēvāram at the th Tamil literature at the Pondicherry Centre It is argued that Appar’s selection of Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 27 th of the EFEO on 26 August 2009. mythic motifs mirror puṟam aesthetics. To August 2009. support this argument, the myth of Śiva The paper presents the data in two parts, destroying the three demon cities is taken Secondary literature commonly assumes viz., the ancient period (from 2nd century as an example and linguistic and content some sort of privileged relation between B.C. to 2nd century A.D.) and the modern analysis is applied to show the influence the Śaiva devotional hymns of the Tēvāram period (from the 7th century onwards). The of Puṟanāṉūṟu in Appar’s description of with one particular Śaiva theological paper points out that in the ancient period this myth. By imaging Śiva as a fierce school, namely that of the Śaivasiddhānta. there were no epics on Vaiṣṇavism but only destroyer and a winner of battles like the But is the existence of such a relation really stray verses. However, the Caṅkam period puṟam kings, Appar develops a Tamil borne out by the hymns themselves? In the and the period immediately following it identity for Śiva. last decade, much has been discovered

 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India from Sanskrit sources about the early bhakti corpus seems to be the almost tiruṭṭu-p-puraṭṭu-c-cintāmaṇi). However, history of Śaivism, both of the Atimārga exclusive use of the stanzaic form, whereas this paper tried to refute this claim and to and the Mantramārga, and we now have in the Eṭṭuttokai stanzas are found only present the real situation and demonstrated an invaluable tool for the study of the Tamil in the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu. There is indeed no that the Cīvakacintāmaṇi was rather a corpus in the form of the Digital Tēvāram codification for the use of stanza form inside forerunner and a model for the composition CD, published by the EFEO and IFP in the Ceyyuḷiyal of the Tolkāppiyam (T), of Cēkkiḻār’s Periyapurāṇam. Pondicherry, so a new assessment of the although Iḷampūraṇar manages to explain evidence on this question seems called under TP484i that this form of composition Contact: Dr. T.S. Gangadharan, for. falls under paṇṇatti (first mentioned in EFEO, Pondicherry TP482i). (Pērāciriyar, however, has a [email protected] Contact: Dr. Dominic Goodall, Head, different interpretation.) In doing this, EFEO, Pondicherry Iḷampūraṇar presents, in a nutshell, the 12 items called pāviṉam, often called “auxiliary Lecture by Thomas Lehmann on Dominic.goodall@efeo-pondicherry. Morphological changes from post-Cankam org metres”, for which the standard treatment is found in the Yāpparuṅkalam (YA) and to early middle Tamil at the Pondicherry th the Yāpparuṅkalakkārikai (YK). We can Centre of the EFEO on 27 August 2009. by S. Kulasekaran on be certain that this not very homogeneous Lecture Contact: Dr. Thomas Lehmann, SAI, EFEO Nammalvar’s period: a defining classificatory grouping, which has some of its roots in the kali genre, and on which [email protected] moment in the history of Vaisnavism an exploration of the Cilappatikāram can at the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO also throw light, came into being after on 27th August 2009. Lecture by A. Pandurangan on Trends in the T but before the time of the YK and Śaiva and Vaiṣṇava bhakti literature at the YA (to be followed by the Vīracōḻiyam), th Contact: Dr. S. Kulasekaran, Chennai Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 28 because a large commentary, called the August 2009. Yāpparuṅkala-Virutti, while explaining Lecture by K.K.A. Venkatachari on Āḻvārs’ the pāviṉam described by the YA, quotes Before the dawn of bhakti movement Tamil bhakti hymns: travels through fragments from the lost works of early we have a few poems praising Cevvēḷ Śrīmad Bhāgavatam and Stotra literature theoreticians. To the above must be added (Murukaṉ) and Tirumāl (Viṣṇu) in Paripāṭal. at the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on the consideration that there appears to th From these poems we find that each 27 August 2009. exist a strong correlation inside the bhakti group adhered to their own godhead as corpus between the use of various types the Supreme Being. But they did not clash The Śrīmad Bhāgavatapurāṇa is greatly of stanza and the use of various musical among themselves claiming that their own influenced by the Āḻvārs’ Bhakti literature. modes (or paṇs), if we are to believe S. deity is the Supreme Being. Without mentioning the names of the Subrahmanyan [1977: 361-364]. Numerous Āḻvārs, it mentions their birth places, pieces of information about this correlation At the dawn of the bhakti movement such as the Tāmraparaṇi, Kāvīri and are also found in the 15th section (pp. 375- the same attitude prevailed. The first Pālār rivers. In the Bhāgavata, the portion 421) of the Tēvāram Āyvut ṭuṇai (1991, three Āḻvārs and the Śaivite Nāyaṉār, narrating Kṛṣṇa’s birth could be compared PIFI 68.3), jointly prepared by T.V. Gopal Kāraikkālammaiyār who was the with Periyāḻvār’s first decade, which Iyer and T.S. Gangadharan. The paper predecessor of the Tēvāram hymnologists, describes the Kṛṣṇāvatāra. There are attempted to trace the lineaments of this sung the praise of their own God as the many more instances of similarity between complex corpus. Supreme Being. The early Āḻvārs even the Tamil hymns and the Bhāgavata. After attempted to unite Hari and Hara. Similarly the Bhāgavata, Yāmuna’s Stotraratna, Contact: Dr. J.-L. Chevillard, CNRS, Paris Kāraikkālammaiyār equally praises Viṣṇu Kāreśa’s Pañcastava, Parāsara-Bhaṭṭa’s jean-luc.chevillard@univ-paris- in some of her poems. Śrīraṅgarājastava all show the influence diderot.fr of the Divyaprabandham. Vedānta Deśika The next generation of Āḻvārs and too devoted two Sanskrit works to the Nāyaṉmārs conducted a virulent criticism Lecture by T.S. Gangadharan on Cīvaka Tiruvāymoḻi, in which he gives the gist of against the non-Vedic religions. When Cintāmaṇi’s Contribution to Periya Nammāḻvār’s poetry. they gained the support of the ruling kings Purāṇam at the Pondicherry Centre of the they achieved their target very easily. EFEO on 27th August 2009. Contact: Dr. K.K.A. Venkatachari, Chennai When their goal was achieved, simmering voices erupted between the Śaivites and Lecture by Jean-Luc Chevillard on Meters Umāpaticivam (who should not be the Vaiṣṇavites. Tiruñāṉacampantar in bhakti literature and the problem of their known as Civācārya) who composed made it a point to denigrate Viṣṇu in (eventual) description in treatises at the the hagiographical Cēkkiḻār Purāṇam most of his patikams in the ninth hymn. Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 27th condemns the celebrated literary epic, Tirunāvulakaralar and Centarar followed August 2009. the Cīvakacintāmaṇi, as the fabrication of his path. Māṇikkavācakar went one step One of the most visible features of the fraudulent and crafty Jains (muraṭṭu amaṇ further in denigrating Viṣṇu.

10 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Āḻvārs paid back in the same coin through 7th-9th centuries by the three poet-saints negotiate temple status to attract patrons their contempt towards Śiva. By using Campantar, Appar, and Sundarar. Other and pilgrims. legendary stories which are by nature sites are important to Śaivas for different contradictory they tried to uphold their own reasons. This paper explored the variety of Contact: Dr. Katherine Young, McGill God as the Supreme Being. This paper ways in which the Śaiva sacred landscape University, Canada discussed the nature of these trends in the has been mapped, from the times of the [email protected] Śaiva and Vaiṣṇava bhakti movements. poet-saints up until the 15th century. The representations and relevance of sacred Lecture by K. Rajan on Burial practices Contact: Dr. A. Pandurangan, Pondicherry landscape were considered in Tēvāram, and Caṅkam literature at the Pondicherry in the 12th-century Periya Purāṇam (which Centre of the EFEO on 28th August 2009. Lecture by Emmanuel Francis on The depicts the poet-saints as pilgrims in a Pallavas in bhakti literature at the network of sacred places), and in temple Contact: Professor K. Rajan, Pondicherry th Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on 28 traditions (which link places together or University August 2009. forge associations between the temple [email protected] site and the saints), as well as in the The aim of this paper was to present a inscriptions engraved on the temple walls. critical overview of the available sources By tracing chronological change and by WELCOME concerning the connection between the comparing the perspectives presented in Pallava dynasty and the Tamil Bhakti these various sources, an attempt was …at the CSH of the Nāyaṉmārs and Āḻvārs. It dealt made to understand how the tradition with hymns from the Tēvāram and the accommodated a diversity of definitions , Research Fellow, Tivviyappirapantam, inscriptions from of the religious landscape and to discover Dr. Marie-Hélène ZERAH Institut de Recherche sur le Développement the Pallava corpus, sculptures from the if and how the mapping of sacred space (IRD), Paris, joined CSH as the Head of the Pallava royal temples, and temple sites contributed to the consolidation of this “Urban dynamics” division in May 2009. (in order, in this latter case, to assess the sectarian tradition. correspondence between Pallava royal Diya MEHRA, researcher in Anthropology sites and hymn sites). The conclusion is Contact: Dr. Leslie Orr, Concordia University, joined the “Politics and society” division as that, in spite of a conception, explicit or Canada post-doctoral fellow in June 2009. implicit, of a close relation between the [email protected] Pallava dynasty and the Tamil Bhakti, there are few arguments supporting this Iqbal SHAILO, Ph. D candidate, Carleton Lecture by Katherine Young on Negotiating view. University, joined the CSH for 3 weeks in Śrīvaiṣṇava identity, canonising place at June-July 2009. the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on Contact: Dr. Emmanuel Francis, University 28th August 2009. of Louvain, Belgium Kim ROBIN, Masters 2 student, Sciences [email protected] Po, joined the Economics division as an Among the many Vaiṣṇava temples intern on 4th July 2009 for 5 months. Lecture by Charlotte Schmid on in Tamil Nadu are the beloved places Archaeology, epigraphy and the Tirumurai: (divyadeśaḥ; ukantaruḷinanilaṅkaḷ). These Rosalinda COPPOLETTA, ENSAE- the cases of Tirucennampunti, Puncai and are conventionally understood as 96 of the Polytechnique, joined the Palanpur project th Tirumankalam at the Pondicherry Centre 108 places praised by the Āḻvārs between at CSH on 28 August 2009 as an intern of the EFEO on 28th August 2009. the 7th and the 9th centuries. This paper for 4 months. showed how the concept of 108 beloved Contact: Dr. Charlotte Schmid, EFEO, Paris places evolves from epithets, devotional …at the IFP [email protected] Avisions, and names of places in the Āḻvār hymns to enumerations in works by Prof. Yellava SUBBARAYALU, Professor Lecture by Leslie Orr on The sacred Amutaṉār, Piḷḷaipperumālaiyyaṅkar, and from Tamil University, Thanjavur, Tamil landscape of Tamil Śaivism: constructing others. More specifically, it discussed the Nadu, who had joined the Indology connections and plotting place at the significance of the sacred number 108, its department on 1st June, 2005 to head the Pondicherry Centre of the EFEO on relation to the process of canonisation of project on the “Historical Atlas of South 28th August 2009 on the occasion of the the Āḻvār hymns, and its effect on regional India”, was appointed at the beginning of International Workshop on the Internal and identities within Tamil Nadu. To account for the year 2009, as the new Head of the External Chronology of Tamil Bhakti. variations among the lists, one must look Indology Department at the IFP. to at Pañcarātrin and Vaikhanasa priests, The Śaiva sacred landscape of the Tamil Teṉkalai and Vaṭakalai ācāryas, authors Damien LÉCOLE, software engineer country is made up of numerous sites of sthalapurāṇas, movement of images to from the Technological University of where Lord Śiva’s presence is manifest. a new temple, and so forth. Finally, the Compiègne, France, joined the IFP as an Many of these places receive mention in paper examined how some temples that International Civil Volunteer (VCI) from 9th the hymns of Tēvāram, composed in the were left out of these lists have tried to April 2009 to 28th February 2010. He is

11 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India assigned to the LAIG and will be working Pierre PLOTON, agricultural engineer Soline MINIERE, Intern, Ecole on Web-mapping applications, notably in from the Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture Polytechnique, left in June 2009. the framework of the Shiva project, as well d’Angers, France joined the Institute from as on the development of other computer 17th August 2009 to 31st January 2010, as Cécile FANTON D’ANDON, Intern, applications. a trainee, to work on Textural analysis of Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de very high resolution images, under the l’Administration Economique, left in July Jeremy VENDÉ, Masters student in “Forest, supervision of Dr. Raphaël PÉLISSIER. 2009. Nature and Society” from AgroParisTech- ENGREF, France, joined the Managing Simon SCHMIDT, from Leiden University Aditya KAWATRA, Intern, Ecole biodiversity in mountain landscapes project joined the Institute as an affiliated Polytechnique, left in July 2009. from 3rd May 2009 to 15th October 2009, scholar from 1st September 2009 to 31st as a trainee, to work on the Responses of August 2010, to work on the theme Tamil Pierre MEIGNAN, Intern, Institut d’Etudes local actors to public conservation policies: correspondence in the 18th century under Politiques de Toulouse, left in July 2009. The example of rights on trees, in the the supervision of Prof. SUBBARAYALU coffee agro-forest systems of the Western and KANNAN. M Dr. Loraine KENNEDY, Head of the Ghats of India under the supervision of Dr. “Economic reforms and sustainable Claude GARCIA. …at the EFEO development” division since September 2007 left in August 2009. Dr. Eric DENIS joined the Institute on Anne DAVRINCHE, student of the Ecole 19th May 2009, as a researcher and du Louvre, came to the Pondicherry Dr. Stéphanie TAWA LAMA-REWAL, new head of the Social Sciences Centre of the EFEO on 2nd July for a Head of the “Political and society” Department. He was previously period of 3 months in order to prepare division since 2005 left in August 2009. “Chargé de recherche” at the French a catalogue of the art objects displayed National Centre for Scientific Research in the EFEO premises. She is working Dr. Cyril ROBIN, post-doctoral Affiliate, “Political and society” division, left in (CNRS), at the Mixed Research Unit under the supervision of Valérie GILLET. August 2009. 7135 “Societies in development, in , student of the University space and in time”, University Paris 7, Alicia GARDIES of Perpignan, came to the EFEO Centre Frédéric LEMAIRE, Intern, Institut d’Etudes Denis Diderot, France. of Pondicherry during the month of Politiques de Rennes left in August 2009. August to observe and participate in Prof. David BUCK from Elisabethtown joined the preparation of the catalogue of the Mikaëla LE MEUR, Intern, Institut d’Etudes st the Institute as a visiting scholar from 1 art objects of the EFEO in Pondicherry. Politiques de Rennes left in August 2009. th August 2009 to 30 September 2009, to work on Tamil Dalit literature translation Raphaëlle MAUGER, student of the Ecole …at the IFP with KANNAN. M du Louvre, has come to the EFEO Centre of Pondicherry on 25th August for a period Dilip VENUGOPAL, who had joined the Elizabeth SEGRAN from SSEAS, University of 6 months to work on the Digital Photo Dynamics of Forest Diversity project on of California at Berkeley, joined the Archives of the EFEO under the supervision 8th December 2008 to do a study on the Institute as a visiting student from 1st of Valérie GILLET. diversity of Karnataka forests under the July to 30th September, 2009, to work on supervision of Dr. Raphaël PELISSIER, Gender studies and Cankam literature with Hugo DAVID, doctoral student at the left on 8th June 2009 to do his thesis at the KANNAN. M and Prof. François GROS. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, New York University. has returned to the Pondicherry Centre ., who had joined the Rural Richa LEE, student from the University of of the EFEO to continue his studies in PONNARASU S Columbia, USA, joined the Institute as an Microfinance and Employment project on the philosophical Sanskrit literature of st st st 1 July 2008, to carry out surveys in rural affiliated scholar, from 1 July 2009 to 31 Vedānta. August 2010, to work on the topic Tamil areas of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and merchant temples in India and China under GOODBYE other States of India, to process data and the supervision of Prof. SUBBARAYALU organise seminars under the supervision th and KANNAN. M of Dr. Marc ROESCH, left on 30 June …at the CSH 2009. Dr. V. MUTHUKUMAR from SSEAS, , student with a certificate University of California at Berkeley, joined Damien KRICHEWSKY, Affiliate Ph. D Théo FLAVENOT in general agronomy from AgroParisTech, the Institute as an affiliated scholar to work candidate, Sciences Po, left in April 2009. France, who had joined the Dynamics of on the topic Cankam literature from August Forest Diversity project on 12th January 2009 to August 2010 under the supervision Bertrand LEFEBVRE, Affiliate Ph. D 2009, as a trainee, to work on the of KANNAN. M candidate, University of Rouen, left in May 2009. Estimation of Organic Biomass stored in

12 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India the forests of the Western Ghats under the ‘SHASTRAKALPADRUMA’ by Mr. Kapil supervision of Dr. Raphaël PELISSIER, SIBAL, Minister for Human Resource OBITUARY left on 10th July 2009. Development of the Government of India, during a ceremony which was held at the We are sad to inform you that Pandit Soraya DODAT, Master 2 student in Rashtriya Sanskrit Samsthan in New Delhi N. R. BHATT, aged 88, passed away Information and Communication, on 12th September, 2009. on 19th July 2009 at his residence in Management and Intercultural Mandavalli, Mylapore, Chennai, at around Communication from the Sorbonne This title, along with several other 9 am. University–CELSA, Paris, France, who previous ones, rewards his numerous had joined the Social Management of scholarly works, and more specifically Dr. N. R. BHATT was born on 24th th Water project on 17 June as a trainee, to the Sabdabodhamimamsa, an inquiry into July 1920, in the State of Karnataka. work on Water conflicts in Kerala, under Indian theories of verbal cognition. He studied Vyakarana Siromani at the the supervision of Dr. Eric DENIS, left on Venkateshvara Sanskrit College in th 12 August 2009. For more information on Tirupati. the Sabdabodhamimamsa: http://www. Aurélien CARBONNIÈRE, scientific expert ifpindia.org/Les-Doctrines-Indiennes- Member of the EFEO and for many on maritime issues at the European de-la-Philosophie-du-Langage.html years in charge of Indological projects Science Foundation in Brussels, Belgium, conducted at the French Institute of th who had joined the IFP on 8 August as a Contact: Dr. François Grimal Pondicherry, Dr. N. R. BHATT was trainee, to draft an IFP-PondyCAN project [email protected] the principal collector of the manuscripts on Management of Coastal Zones in Tamil of the IFP. He travelled throughout South th Nadu, left on 29 August 2009. India visiting monasteries, temples and  Dr. Laurent Pordié, winner private collections, always searching , Masters 2 student in Sébastien MICHIELS of the “ICAS Book Prize 2009” in particular for Śaiva manuscripts, but “Development Economics” at the University often bringing back entire collections Montesquieu, Bordeaux IV, France, who that included also a great variety of other Dr. Laurent Pordié, Head of the programme had joined the Labour, Finance and Social texts, which explains why the library now Dynamics programme, as a trainee, on 1st “Societies and Medicines in South Asia” at the French Institute of Pondicherry (IFP), contains so much besides Śaiva material. June 2009 , working under the supervision In addition to collecting old palm-leaf th won the “ICAS Book Prize 2009, Colleague of Dr. Isabelle GUÉRIN, left on 4 manuscripts, he had manuscripts of many September 2009 Choice Award”, bestowed biannually by the International Convention of Asian Śaiva works transcribed into Devanagari, in Scholars, Leiden. clearly legible characters on uniform-sized Mathilde LEBRAND, student from the pages. He thus assembled in Pondicherry Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de the largest collection of Śaivasiddhānta l’Administration Économique (ENSAE) The ICAS Book Prize honours the best manuscripts in the world, which was ParisTech, France, who had joined the academic books in Asian studies, after recognised by the UNESCO as a “Memory th Institute, on 20 June 2009, as a trainee, a global competition which includes of the World” collection in 2005. to work on The relations between real and dozens of monographs and edited financial spheres, under the supervision of volumes. His numerous editions of Śaiva texts, p Prof. Vêlayoudom MARIMOUTOU, left on ublished in the series that is now known th 18 September 2009. Laurent Pordié received the prize for the as the Collection Indologie, made him book Tibetan Medicine in the Contemporary famous in indological circles throughout the World. Global Politics of Medical Knowledge world. Of particular note is his monumental MILESTONES and Practice (Routledge, 2008) during a two-volume edition of a major work of ceremony which was held on 6th August 10th century Kashmirian scholarship, th  Prof N.S. Ramanuja 2009, in Daejeon, Korea, during the 6 the commentary of Rāmakaṇṭha on the Congress of the ICAS. Mataṅgapārameśvarāgama. A felicitation TATACHARYA has just volume honouring him for his life’s been awarded the title For more information on the programme achievements appeared in 1994, but ‘SHASTRAKALPADRUMA ‘ and the book: http://www.ifpindia.org/ he continued to publish thereafter, Societies-and-Medicines-in-South- and collaborated (with Jean Filliozat Professor Navalpakkam Ramanuja Asia.html and Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat) in the TATACHARYA, professor associated production of one more important book, a to the French Institute of Pondicherry Contact: Dr. Laurent Pordié five-volume edition and English translation (IFP), leading authority in the fields [email protected] of the Ajitamahātantra (IGNCA, 2005). of shastras (sciences), that are the Nyaya, the Vyakarana, the Mimamsa Before joining the EFEO in Pondicherry, and the Vedanta, was awarded the title an institution where he served from 1956

13 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India to 1991, he worked from 1939 at the Adyar institutions and food products. The ins and developing country. The authors have Library and Research Centre, Chennai, outs of the green revolution are obviously clearly stated their preferences, but the where he became assistant librarian discussed, but so are those of other less comparative studies will enable the reader and assistant editor of the Adyar Library familiar coloured revolutions (white for to obtain a balanced point of view. Bulletin. His first research work there was dairy, yellow for vegetable oils, blue for on medical literature and he published aquaculture), not forgetting horticultural Finally, working within the field of three works in Kannada and Sanskrit in and poultry dynamics, as well as products health, viewed as a key component of this field. that give India its flavour (spices, tea, and the state and society, mutations under other plantation crops). Three core issues globalisation processes, allowed the Dr. N. R. BHATT was a pioneer of the are debated at the end: the unsolved authors to demonstrate its risks, as well academic study of the Śaiva traditions and problem of poverty and under-nutrition; the as its advantages through vital case his contribution to this field has been quite worrying deterioration of natural resources; studies. Major changes can only take simply enormous. and the recent economic liberalisation. place when the global and the national interact in the same direction, otherwise His funeral service was held in Chennai on This half-century review, which takes the the indigenisation of global process will get 19th July at 12 pm. form of a handbook for a broad readership, subsumed under social flux. enlightens us on both the past and future D. Goodall paths of the world’s biggest democracy. Keywords: healthcare, policy, globalisation Head of the Pondicherry Centre of the Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient Keywords: food, agriculture, under- Health Sector Reforms in India V. Marimoutou nutrition, economic liberalisation Director of the French Institute of Edited by Girish Kumar Pondicherry Indian Health Landscapes under Manohar-CSH, Delhi, 2009, 269 pp., Globalization English, Rs. 675 PUBLICATIONS Edited by Alain Vaguet ISBN 978-81-7304-811-1 Manohar-CSH, Delhi, 2009, 386 pp., Health sector reforms, CSH English, Rs. 950 initially touted as the ISBN 97-81-7304-722-0 World Bank’s Agriculture and Food in India: A Half-century prescription and hence Review from Independence to Globalization This volume brings roundly rejected by together a varied concerned scholars, Bruno Dorin, Frédéric Landy array of perspectives have slowly but Manohar-CSH-Editions Quae, Delhi, 2009, on contemporary gradually started to 280 pp., health and health gain grounds in India. care in India. Since Indeed, some of the English, Rs. 695 Independence, in spite reform measures adopted in a few states ISBN 978-1-7304-812-8 of reduced budget, had preceded 1991 economic reforms. India has been able More than a fifth of the to achieve a notable The objective of this book is to capture world’s farmers live in improvement in the life expectancy of the the various strands of reforms which had India, which has over population. After the recent liberalisation started unfolding since the late 1980s a billion inhabitants of the economy, whether the government itself. Following the case study method, to support and feed. can safeguard the autonomy of public this volume also looks into the functioning From Independence health, promote efficiency and escape of Rogi Kalyan Samities (RKS) and lady in 1947 to the lifting of the invariable commodification of health health volunteers, both adopted as critical trade barriers in 2001, services is the question this very timely components of the National Rural Health this book explains volume raises. Mission (NRHM), a flagship programme of how the Indian Union the UPA government which aims at injecting has succeeded in French and Indian geographers, new life into the public health care system becoming one of the world’s leading food sociologists, economists, lawyers, make by strengthening the health infrastructure producers, but also why it is still a land of use of a global perspective to introduce and providing a functional link between the poverty. the outcome of the process of globalisation community and the hospitals. in the field of Indian health systems in this Various aspects of the question are volume. This systematic examination of Not only does this volume draw on addressed, from the environment (cultural costs and benefits seems a good indicator experiences of some of the states but by and natural, local and international) to of the level of integration of a rapidly offering empirical evidences on some of

14 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India the successful initiatives it enriches our between actors. By disentangling formal each other throughout the centuries. understanding of the impact of reform elements of governance (legitimised by These testimonies provide some lessons measures. the state) from informal ones (involving and questions for the present younger actors who are beyond the recognition generation of students and scholars on Keywords: healthcare, reforms, policy of the state) the book ultimately reveals both sides. various power equations at play. Governing India’s Metropolises Keywords: Tamil literature, Sanskrit This volume will be of interest to scholars literature, Indian literature, South Asian Edited by Joël Ruet, Stéphanie Tawa and students of sociology, political science, studies, comparative literature Lama-Rewal development studies, development Routledge, New Delhi, 2009, 315 pp., economics, urban planning, and public Deep Rivers: Selected Writings on Tamil policy studies. Literature. English, Rs. 695 ISBN978-0-415-55148-9 Keywords: urban governance, public policy, François Gros. Translated from French urban planning, development economics, by M. P. Boseman. Edited by Kannan M., Urban governance cities, urban services, decentralisation Jennifer Clare, IFP / Tamil Chair, DSSEAS, today is characterised University of California (Berkeley), IFP - by a multiplicity of IFP Publications Hors série n° 9, 2009, xxxviii, actors involved in the 519 p. management of local Passages: Relationships Between Tamil And affairs. The questions Sanskrit. Language: English. 800 Rs ( 35 €) for inquiry are: who ISBN: 978-81-8470-172-2 are the individuals and Edited by Kannan M., Jennifer Clare, institutions, public and IFP / Tamil Chair, DSSEAS, University of This book brings private, who actually California (Berkeley), IFP - Publications together for the first plan and manage urban affairs? In what Hors série n° 11, 2009, xxxvi, 380 p. time in English all the ways do they do so? Whose interests major essays written are accommodated, and under what Language: English (except 1 article in Tamil). by François Gros on conditions can co-operative action be 700 Rs (30 €) Tamil literature. An taken? And, more generally, in what ways ISBN: 978-81-8470-176-0 impressive range of are interactions between the many actors topics is covered here of urban governance patterned? This volume is an from studies of Cankam independent, extended literature and devotional texts of the Tamil This volume, based on a series of case and enlarged outcome Bhakti traditions to contemporary Tamil studies from Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and of an international novels and short stories. Many of the Hyderabad, discusses the governance of conference, “Affinities essays include an overview of French Indian metropolises with these questions and Oppositions: Indological work over past three centuries in mind. It analyses the changes that have Relationship Between made available to the English-speaking taken place in governance over the last Tamil and Sanskrit” scholarly world for the first time here. While 15 years as a result of liberalisation and held from 12th to 14th the author urges European and American decentralisation, focusing on six collective September, 2007 at the French Institute of scholars of Tamil history and culture to services: primary education, healthcare, Pondicherry. take the intellectual discourses of Tamil subsidised food, slum rehabilitation, scholarship seriously, he insists at the water and sanitation, and solid waste The history of South Asia is in a large same time that Tamil is not be ghettoised management. measure the story of the interaction of but should rather be read alongside texts the Dravidian and Indo-Aryan languages in other South Indian languages, with The book documents the continued and their cultures. These two families reference to the evidence of epigraphy, appropriation of the state by an enlarged have been in close contact at least since numismatics, archaeology and art history. elite (including the vast middle class) and an the times of the Rig Veda – about 1500 incomplete democratisation of urban local BCE – and have borrowed so much from Keywords: classical, contemporary Tamil bodies (evident in the lack of empowerment one another that it is often impossible to studies, translation, French Indology of municipal councillors), which goes determine which one is the source. All along with a new economic regime as the articles presented in this book offer Diptagama. Tome III (Chapitres 63 – 111). defined by new modes of engagement testimony to the plurality, multiculturalism, Appendice et index. between the private sector and the state. multilingualism, bilingualism that Also, the concept of governance as it is has animated the two living classical Edition critique Marie-Luce Barazer- operationalised in this volume highlights languages of India; parallel streams which Billoret, Bruno Dagens et Vincent the importance of class in interactions have continued to influence and nourish Lefèvre avec la collaboration de S.

15 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Sambandha Sivacarya et la participation range, demography, the contributors. It says that any coherent de Christèle Barois, Collection perceptions and approach to mental health in India must indologie n° 81.3, IFP, 2009, viii, 701 p. representations of take into account the holistic environment. environments, their This includes religion, health policy, and Language : Sanskrit, French. 800 Rs (35 €) history, present the common understanding of mental ISBN: 978-81-8470-171-5. examples of resource illness and wellness. management are The Diptagama is one the subject of often The contributors are: Pilar Galiana Abal, of the 28 canonical unprecedented Renu Addlakha, C. Kumar Babu, Gilles treatises pertaining to investigations. Bibeau & Ellen Corin, Marine Carrin, Nadia the Southern Saivite Giguère, Florence Halder, Sanjeev Jain & school known as By associating studies from various Pratima Murthy, Jean Nimylowycz, Brigitte Saivasiddhanta. It disciplines, local knowledge, meticulous Sébastia and O. Somasundaram. deems itself a “treatise fieldwork, as well as archival research, on installations”. the book prompts us to re-examine the Keywords: Siddha, Ayurveda, yoga, The critical edition of catastrophist theories on the degradation of psychiatry, psychoanalysis, religious this hitherto unpublished text relies on Himalayan environments. It emerges that therapy, mental illness manuscripts kept in the French Institute any intervention on these environments Library. It comprises three volumes where should take into account their symbolic Assessment and Conservation of Forest the Sanskrit text is followed by a chapter- and religious dimension, as well as the Biodiversity in the Western Ghats of wise summary aimed at making the reading very knowledge populations have of them. Karnataka, India. 1. General Introduction and easier. Finally, this work contributes to fuelling Forest Land Cover and Land Use Changes debates on environmental changes and (1977-1997). The first volume (2004) deals with to reformulating them. This book was first mantras, installation of the main Linga published in French in 2003. B. R. Ramesh, Mohan Seetharam, M. in the temple, and more importantly with C. Guero, R. Michon, Pondy Papers in architecture and iconography. The second Keywords: Himalayan landscapes, Ecology n° 6, IFP, 2009, pp. 1-64. (2007) focuses on rituals, mainly for the environment, history, local knowledge, installation of statues. The present volume resource management Available online at: http://hal.archives- completes the main corpus with a long ouvertes.fr/hal-00408263/f/ presentation of the annual temple festival. Restoring Mental Health in India. Pluralistic It includes several chapters which belong Therapies and Concepts. PPE volumes 6 and sometimes nominally to the treatise, as 7 are part of a project well as an Appendix where quotations of Edited by Brigitte Sébastia, Oxford report published in the Diptagama found in several agamic University Press, 2009, viii, 318 p. 1999 in collaboration works are collected. Lastly there is a full with the Karnataka Index of the Diptagama’s half-verses. Language: English. 795 Rs Forest Department Keywords: agamas, iconography, Saivism, on the assessment Sanskrit, temple, ritual Divided into three and conservation of sections, the essays forest biodiversity in Reading Himalayan Landscapes over Time. by experts in the field the Western Ghats of Karnataka. After Environmental Perception, Knowledge and explore three kinds introducing the project objectives and Practice in Nepal and Ladakh. of remedies used the study area, this volume deals more to manage mental specifically with forest land-cover and Edited by Joëlle Smadja ; translated disorders ranging from land-use changes over a 20-year period from French by Bernadette Sellers, severe illnesses to (1977-1997), assessed from vegetation Collection Sciences Sociales 14, IFP, mental depression. maps and satellite images. The study 2009, xiv, 671 p., ill. + 1 folded map. The first section deals revealed that forest areas were converted with codified Indian therapies, including to anthropogenic cover types at an Language: English. 1000 Rs (44 €) siddha, ayurveda, and yoga; the second annual rate of 0.63%. Forest loss was ISBN: 978-81-8470-170-8. discusses the therapeutic role of religious mitigated in areas under state protection places and figures; and the third focuses (reserve forest), while degraded or The authors of this book propose a on psychiatry and psychoanalysis in India, fragmented forests lost more area than new interpretation of the diversity and both with historical and ethnographic dense, undisturbed ones. Conservation transformation of Himalayan landscapes materials. priorities and recommendations for forest through a study of the relationship management are discussed in the second between Nepalese and Ladakhi societies An important consensus emerges through volume (PPE 7). and their environment. Natural data on the the diverse points of view expressed by

16 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Keywords: Karnataka, India, land-cover, ISBN (IFP): 978-81-8470-173-9. ISBN land-use, tropical forests, vegetation maps, (EFEO): 978-2-85539-6743 CHAPTERS IN BOOKS Western Ghats. The seed from which CSH Assessment and Conservation of Forest this book germinated Biodiversity in the Western Ghats of was a workshop entitled Karnataka, India. 2. Assessment of Tree “Between Preservation Baixas L., ‘Case Study: The Anti-Sikh Biodiversity, Logging Impact and General and Recreation: Pogrom of October 31 to November 4, Discussion. Tamil Traditions of 1984’, Online Encyclopedia of Mass B. R. Ramesh, M. H. Swaminath, Commentary in Pursuit Violence, 9 June 2009. URL: http:// Santhoshagouda Patil, S. Aravajy, Claire of the Caṅkam Era”, www.massviolence.org/The-1984- Elouard, 2009, Pondy Papers in Ecology held at the Pondicherry Anti-Sikhs-pogroms-in-New-Dehli n° 7, pp. 65-121. Centre of the EFEO in July 2006 in honour of the late and much lamented Pandit T.V. Available online at: http://hal.archives- Gopal Iyer. A presentation of the life and Benbabaali D., ‘Importing new cultures ouvertes.fr/hal-00408305/f/ work of T.V. Gopal Iyer, along with his into the city: the role of Kamma migrants bibliography, is followed by essays. in the development of Andhra culture PPE volumes 6 and in Hyderabad’, in Geetha Reddy Anant 7 are part of a project After a general introduction by Eva (ed.), Emerging urban transformations. report published in Wilden, Thomas Lehmann gives a survey Multilayered cities and urban systems, 1999 in collaboration of the types of commentary found in Hyderabad, International Geographical with the Karnataka Tamil. Jean-Luc Chevillard addresses the Union, Urban Geography Commission, Forest Department interaction between scholastic Sanskrit August 2009, pp. 689-700. on the assessment and Tamil. G. Vijayavenugopal, Eva and conservation of Wilden and A. Dhamodharan deal with Ghosh A., Kennedy L., Ruet J., Tawa Lama- forest biodiversity in the genre of grammatical and poetological Rewal S., Zérah M.-H., ‘A Comparative the Western Ghats of Karnataka. Project commentaries. Martine Gestin explores Overview of Urban Governance in Delhi, objectives and study area are introduced the possibilities of retrieving social and Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai’, in Joël in the first volume (PPE 6). The present anthropological information from a Ruet, Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal (eds.), volume reports: i) an assessment of forest poetological commentary. T.V. Gopal Governing India’s Metropolises, New Delhi, biodiversity and its relationships with Iyer (†2007), T.S. Gangadharan and T. Routledge, 2009, pp. 24-54. regional bio-climate and anthropogenic Rajeswari write about literary commentaries. pressure from a network of 96 1-ha sampling R. Varadadesikan introduces the genre Kennedy L., ‘New Patterns of Participation plots; and ii) an in-depth study of impact of of Vaishnava theological exegesis and, Shaping Urban Governance’, in Joël Ruet, selective logging on the low elevation wet finally, Sascha Ebeling characterises the Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal (eds.), evergreen forest, which revealed that 30- “neo-commentaries” of the 19th century. Governing India’s Metropolises, New 40 years between successive harvests is Delhi, Routledge, 2009, pp. 55-80. the minimum period to allow the forest to Keywords: Tamil literature, exegesis, recover. Conservation values maps and philology Kennedy L., Duggal R., Tawa Lama-Rewal recommendations for forest management S., ‘Assessing Urban Governance through are then discussed from results of the the Prism of Healthcare Services in Delhi, whole project. Hyderabad and Mumbai’, in Joël Ruet, BOOKS Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal (eds.), Keywords: Biodiversity, Karnataka, India, Governing India’s Metropolises, New logging impact, tropical forests, Western CSH Delhi, Routledge, 2009, pp. 161-82. Ghats. Lefebvre B., ‘ ‘Bringing World-class Health IFP/EFEO Ruet J., Tawa Lama-Rewal S. (eds.), Care to India’: The Rise of Corporate Governing India’s Metropolises, New Hospitals’, in Alain Vaguet (ed.), Indian Delhi, Routledge, 2009. Between Preservation and Recreation: Tamil Health Landscapes under Globalization, Traditions of Commentary. Proceedings of a New Delhi, Manohar-CSH, 2009, pp. 83- Sethi M., Nuclear Strategy: India’s March Workshop in Honour of T.V. Gopal Iyer. 99. to Credible Deterrence, New Delhi, Edited by Eva Wilden, Collection Indologie Knowledge World, 2009. Martin F., ‘From Global Policy to Local n°109, IFP / EFEO, 2009, xiv, 319 p. Politics: The Eradication of Leprosy in India’, in Alain Vaguet (ed.), Indian Health Language: English (except 2 articles in Landscapes under Globalization, New Tamil). 600 Rs (26 €) Delhi, Manohar-CSH, 2009, pp. 263-78.

17 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India Mooij J., Tawa Lama-Rewal S., ‘Class in & J. Pouchepadass (dir.), Dictionnaire de communities from a neutral standpoint: a Metropolitan India: The Rise of the Middle l’Inde, Paris, Larousse, 2009. review of models’ structure and parameter Classes’, in Joël Ruet, Stéphanie Tawa estimation’, Ecological Modelling, 2009, Lama-Rewal (eds.), Governing India’s EFEO DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.06.041 Metropolises, New Delhi, Routledge, 2009, (Online First @ http://www.sciencedirect. pp. 81-104. com/science/journal/03043800) Goodall D., ‘Retracer la transmission Tawa Lama-Rewal S., ‘Engaging with the des textes littéraires à l’aide des Marie-Vivien D., Garcia C.A., Moppert Concept of Governance in the Study textes “théoriques” de l’Alaṅkāraśāstra B., Kushalappa C.G., Vaast P., ‘Marques, of Indian Metropolises’, in Joël Ruet, ancien : quelques exemples tirés du indications géographiques et certifications Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal (eds.), Raghuvaṃśa ’, in Gérard Colas and : comment valoriser la biodiversité dans Governing India’s Metropolises, New Gerdi Gerschheimer (eds.), Écrire et les Ghâts occidentaux (Inde) ?’, Paris, Delhi, Routledge, 2009, pp. 3-23. transmettre en Inde classique, Études Autrepart, 50, 2009, pp. 93-116. thématiques 23, Paris, École française Tawa Lama-Rewal S., ‘Local Democracy Minobe S., Fukui S., Saiki R., Kajita T., and Access to Health Services in Delhi: d’Extrême-Orient, 2009, p.63–77. Changtragoon S., Aini N., Shukor A. B., Preliminary Remarks’, in Alain Vaguet Latiff A., Ramesh B.R., Koizumi O., Yamazaki (ed.), Indian Health Landscapes under Vijayavenugopal G., ‘Tolkāppiyam - A Treatise on the Semiotics of Ancient Tamil T., ‘Highly differentiated population Globalization, New Delhi, Manohar-CSH, structure of a Mangrove species, Bruguiera 2009, pp. 351-70. Poetry’ in Eva Wilden (ed.), Between Preservation and Recreation: Tamil gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) revealed by one nuclear GapCp and one chloroplast Traditions of Commentary, Collection Zérah M.-H., ‘Reforming Solid Waste intergenic spacer trnF–trnL’, Conservation Management in Mumbai and Hyderabad: Indologie - 109, Pondicherry, Institut Genetics, 2009, DOI 10.1007/s10592-009- Policy Convergence, Distinctive Français de Pondichéry and Ecole 9806-3 Processes’, in Joël Ruet, Stéphanie Tawa Française d’Extreme - Orient, 2009, Lama-Rewal (eds.), Governing India’s pp 133-43. (Online First @. http://www.springerlink. Metropolises, New Delhi, Routledge, 2009, com/content/xj2545112l445738/) pp. 241-69. ARTICLES IN REFEREED IFP JOURNALS Stropp J., Ter Steege H., Malhi Y., ATDN, RAINFOR, ‘Disentangling regional CSH and local tree diversity in the Amazon’, Indology Ecography, 32, 2009, pp. 46-54.

Himanshu, ‘Electoral Politics and the Subbarayalu, Y., ‘Visaki and Kuviran’, in K. Manipulation of Statistics’, Economic and Social Sciences Indrapala (ed.), Early Historic Tamil Nadu, Political Weekly, XLIV (19), May 9, 2009, c 300 BCE – 300 CE, Colombo – Chenai, pp. 31-35. Denis E., ‘Les sources récentes de Kumaran Book House, 2009, pp. 95-122. l’observation foncière urbaine dans les pays Jaffrelot C., Verniers G., ‘L’Inde aux en développement. Vers l’harmonisation Social Sciences urnes. La prégnance du regional et du vote et la transparence ? ‘, Etudes Foncières, ethnique’, Commentaire, 32(127), Autumn 139, 2009. Dufrenot G., Marimoutou V., Peguin- 2009, pp. 747-58. eissolle F A., ‘Finite sample properties Guérin I., Lapenu C., Doligez F. (éd.), of tests for STGARCH models and Krichewsky D., ‘Supercapitalism and ‘La microfinance est-elle socialement application to the US stock returns’, in C. the Indian Corporate Economy’, Indian responsable?’, Revue Tiers Monde, KYRTSOU (ed.), Progress in Financial Journal of Human Development, 2(2), Special Issue, 197, January-March 2009. Markets Research, New York, Nova 2008 (appeared 2009), pp. 483-90. Science Publishers, 2009. Guérin I., Roesch M., Venkatasubramanian Sethi M., ‘Conventional War in the G., Héliès O., ‘Microfinance, endettement Guérin I., Roesch M., Servet J.-M., Presence of Nuclear Weapons’, Strategic et surendettement‘, Revue Tiers Monde, ‘Microfinance, financial inclusion and social Analysis, 33(3), 2009, pp. 415-25. responsibility‘, in H.-C. de Bettignies, F. 197, January-March 2009, pp. 131-46. Lépineux (ed.), Finance for a better world. IFP The shift toward sustainability, Macmillan, Marimoutou V., Peguin D., Peguin-Feissolle Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 7-29. Ecology A., ‘The “distance-varying” gravity model in international economics: is the distance Marius-Gnanou K., ‘Madras’, in C. Beeravolu C.R., Couteron P., Pélissier an obstacle to trade?’, Economics Bulletin, Clémentin-Ojha, C. Jaffrelot, D. Matringe R. & Munoz F., ‘Studying ecological 29(2), 2009, pp. 1157-73.

18 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India EFEO INSTITUTES Varada Desikan R., ‘TiyaakicaTaayu’, CENTRE DE SCIENCES HUMAINES Desikadarsan 1.5, 2009, pp. 13-19. 2 Aurangzeb Road Administration New Delhi 110 011 Prerana Sathi PATEL executive assistant Vijayavenugopal G., ‘New Pallava Tel: (91) 11 3041 00 70 [email protected] Inscriptions’, Avanam 20, Thanjavur, Fax: (011) 11 3041 00 79 [email protected] Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, http://www.csh-delhi.com For further details, please visit our website: July 2009, pp.1-2. http://www.efeo.fr/recherche/indologie. + (from France): CSH abs. shtml Vijayavenugopal G., ‘New Inscriptions Valise Diplomatique pour from Kanchipuram District’, Avanam 20, L’Ambassade de France en INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE Inde, 13 rue Louveau Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu Archaeological 92438 Chatillon Cedex PONDICHÉRY Society, July 2009, pp.16-17. 11 Saint Louis Street Director PB 33, Pondicherry 605001 Dr. Basudeb CHAUDHURI Tel: ( 91) 413 2334168 Vijayavenugopal G., ‘New Inscriptions [email protected] Fax: (91) 413 2339534 from Villupuram District’, Avanam 20, http://www.ifpindia.org Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu Archaeological Administration Society, July 2009, pp.22-24. Jean-Luc GOURMELEN Director secretary-general/financial officer Prof. Velayoudom MARIMOUTOU [email protected] [email protected] Vijayavenugopal G., ‘New Inscriptions from Karnataka State’, Avanam 20, Arpita MITRA Administration Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu Archaeological publications in-charge Yvan PRIKHODIKO Society, July 2009, pp.26. [email protected] secretary general [email protected] Rémi DE BERCEGOL Anand PAKIAM Vijayavenugopal G., ‘Tirutturaiyūr scientific secretary communications in-charge Inscriptions’, Avanam 20, Thanjavur, [email protected] [email protected] Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, July 2009, pp.78-85. Research Divisions Scientific Departments Dr. Marie-Hélène ZERAH Prof. Yellava SUBBARAYALU head, urban dynamics division head, dept of indology [email protected] [email protected] REFEREED PAPERS Dr. Raphaël PELISSIER head, dept of ecology ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE D’EXTRÊME CSH [email protected] ORIENT Dr. Eric DENIS head, dept of social sciences Krichewsky D., ‘La régulation sociale et Director: Prof. Franciscus VERELLEN [email protected] environnementale des entreprises en Inde’, Secretary General: Valérie LIGER-BELAIR Etude du CERI, n°155, Paris, 2009. (EFEO, 22 avenue du Pdt. Wilson, F-75116) Other services Dr. Frédéric BORNE head, Lab of Geomatics Mazumdar M., Rajeev M., ‘Output and The Pondicherry Centre and Applied Informatics Input Efficiency of Manufacturing 16 & 19 Dumas Street Pondicherry 605 001 [email protected] Firms in India: A Case of the Indian Tel: (91) 413 233 2504 / 233 Anurupa NAIK Pharmaceutical Sector’, ISEC Working 4539 / 222 5689 head, Centre for Documentary Resources Fax: (91) 413 233 0886 / Paper, n° 219, Bangalore, June 2009. [email protected] 233 5538 [email protected] Mazumdar M., Rajeev M., Ray S. C., ‘A For information on Pattrika & Publications, http:/www.efeo.fr Comparative Analysis of Efficiency and please contact:

Productivity of the Indian Pharmaceutical The Pune Antenna Arpita Mitra Firms: A Malmquist-Meta-Frontier C/o Deccan College [email protected] Approach’, ISEC Working Paper , n° 223, Yerawada, Pune 6 Bangalore, August 2009. Anand Pakiam Pondicherry Head [email protected] Dr. Dominic GOODALL Prerana Patel sanskrit, saivism [email protected] [email protected]

19 Bulletin of the French Research Institutes in India