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Home , Aframomum melegueta, Alligator pepper, Garlic, Ginger, Turmeric

Azeez et al., 2020 Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment Vol. 12(3) September, 2020 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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This work is licensed under a ISBN: 2141 – 1778 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License Azeez et al., 2020

A REVIEW ON THE AND MEDICINAL VALUES OF TEN COMMON USED IN

1*Azeez, A. A., 1Akeredolu, O. A., 2Igata, D. F., 1Akomolede, L. A., 1Ojokunle, A. M. and 1Ogundoyin, A. A. 1Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho Hill, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria 2Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria *Correspondent Author: [email protected]; +2348054751686

ABSTRACT Herbs are indispensable category of with a long history of use in remedying several health related challenges in many countries of the world including Nigeria. Their utilization dates as far back as the primitive age when there was no orthodox medicine. They are repositories of countless number of important bioactive molecules with therapeutic potentials such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, analgesic and anti-malarial functions in living systems. Through advancement in science and technology, the quest for safe has unraveled via several laboratory investigations, various phytochemicals with great healing potentials in various medicinal herbs. This review took a critical review of the phytochemistry and medicinal values of ten (10) herbs used against various ailments and health problems in Nigeria.

Keywords: Herbs, Orthodox, Medicinal, Health, Phytochemicals

INTRODUCTION However, one of the problems associated with herbs Herbs have a long history of use as remedies against in many countries of the world is that, more often wide range of infections affecting mankind than not, and natural remedies are usually especially in Africa (Abd El-Ghani, 2016). They are prepared under unhygienic conditions. an indispensable source of therapeutic agents used in orthodox and modern medicine. It has been Herbs like other are a rich source estimated that more than 70% of drugs are of phytochemicals that function as therapeutics formulated from herbs and not less than 80% of against wide range of infections and ailments. They rural population depends on them for primary health are regarded as repository of many bioactive care (Akinyemi, 2000). In highly developed molecules which are secondary metabolites with countries such as United States, at least 25% of total biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, drugs produced are formulated either directly or antitumor, antiviral, analgesic and antimalarial indirectly from plants, while in the third world effects (Saxena et al., 2013; Aye et al., 2019). countries such as and , the contribution These phytochemicals are found in various parts of is much more, reaching as high as 80% and the plants, such as the , stems, roots, , contributing substantially to their economy (Abd El- fruits and (Costa et al., 1999). Most of these Ghani, 2016). For centuries, herbs such as , compounds especially the pigments usually , licorice and have been used accumulate in the epidermal layers tissues and to treat various respiratory infections such as the flu they exhibit variation in quantity and quality and pneumonia. As an example, Artesunate and depending on myriads of factors such as plant other related anti-malaria drugs are produced from , environmental and edaphic factors (Saxena artemisinin, a phytochemical extracted from et al., 2013). Research has shown that apart from Artemisia annua (Brisibe, et al., 2008). They are their roles in plant defensive mechanisms they offer believed to be more available, affordable, safe and protections against various infections (Rao, 2003). natural; with fewer side effects compared to drugs.

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Nigeria as a country is blessed with a lot of herbal such as Nigeria, Cameroun, Sierra Leone, Gabon resources due to the presence favourable and Congo Brazzavile (Peprah et al., 2009). It is of environmental conditions that support their growth immense relevance in folkloric medicine and has and survival. Despite the immense benefits with this proven to be effective against many category of plants, a great number of them is affecting mankind. Several laboratory investigations currently facing the risk of extinction as a result of have documented information on its phytochemistry, indiscriminate exploitation and lack of conservation pharmacognosy and toxicity (Ekene and Erhirhie, strategy. Thus, this paper reviews the 2014). Virtually all parts of the plant are essential phytochemistry and medicinal importance of ten and utilized in various ways. However, the seeds are selected herbs commonly used in treating various the most valued. Despite its astringent , it is a infections and ailments in Nigeria with a view to common snack chewed to remedy poor health creating more awareness about their constituent conditions such as coughs, high pressure, bioactive compounds and medicinal benefits they erectile dysfunction and gastric problems. The render. has been reported to have the capacity to hinder Ebola virus replications under laboratory Common herbs used in Nigeria: Botanical conditions (Iwu et al., 1993). The kernel is highly information, phytochemistry, anti-microbial rich in essential phytochemicals such as properties, and previously associated infections and tannins. One of the most important biflavonoids found in the kernel, kolaviron possesses 1. (Garlic) neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-malaria, wound- Garlic, Allium sativum (family Liliaceae) is a healing and anti-inflammatory properties, which species of the , Allium popularly regarded attests to its indispensability in health care world wide as food supplement (Block, 2010). It is (Usunomena, 2012; Nwaehujor et al., 2015; native to but now cultivated worldwide Tshibangu et al., 2016). The roles of the biflavonoid mainly because of its associated numerous complex, kolaviron in the management of benign medicinal benefits. The early men of medicine such prostatic hyperplasia, acquired immunodeficiency as Hippocrates, Aristotle and Ebers Codex ascribed syndrome (AIDS) and neurodegenerative disorders a lot of medicinal importance to this plant (Murray, have also been reported (Nworu et al., 2008; Kalu 2005). Nowadays, it is used as and et al., 2016; Omotoso et al., 2018). to treat a lot of diseases. The world production of garlic ultimately comes from 3. Citrus limon (Lemon) South , , India, China and United States Lemon, Citrus limon (family Rutaceae) is a (Bongiorno et al., 2008). Garlic is one of those small evergreen species consisting plants that have been widely investigated over about 1300 species (Kamal et al., 2011). The ripe several years and used for centuries to fight fruits are ovoid, globose, berry, hesperidium, or infectious diseases (Onyeagba et al., 2004). Most of (Feizy and Beheshti, 2012). Lemon has a lot the documented medicinal importance of garlic is of medicinal importance. Research has shown that associated with some of its constituent crude of the various plant parts possess phytochemicals such as high trace content, anticancer and antibacterial properties (Maruti et al., and . , S-allylcysteine sulfoxide is 2011). Lemon serves as brain and nerve foods, the dominant compound present in garlic at blood purifier and regulates blood . They are 10mg/g in fresh garlic or 30mg/g dry (Lawson, also used for treating asthma, , throat 1998). infections, travel sickness, spots, , pimples, rheumatism, and bone-related diseases 2. Garcinia kola (Bitter kola) (Chaturvedi et al., 2016). Lemon equally has Bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) is an indigenous varieties of traditional uses, a mixture of lemon fruit tree of the family Guttiferae found in moist juice and aids is used in reducing body forests of western and central African countries weight. Lemon juice is rich in C; it helps to

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lighten the skin, stimulate the liver, control nausea as cancer, cold, fever, coughs, nausea, arthritis, and relieve heartburns and . Alzheimer's , , rheumatism Also, it is used by people suffering from urinary (Gang and Ma, 2008). Ginger and tract infection problem to flush out high level of efficacies as remedies are believed to be confered uric . A mixture of lemon juice and by several important phytochemicals which include helps to cure gall bladder and kidney stones. the (such as turmerones) and phenylpropanoid-polyketides (such as 4. citratus (Lemon grass) and -related compounds) compounds (Koo Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) belongs to the et al. 2013). Among these chemical compounds, genus Cymbopogon in the African, Asian, and have received more Australian, and tropical island grass family attention and this is due to the fact that, they have (Soenarko, 1977). It is native to , but been more associated with the cures for ailments now found nearly all over the world. Lemon grass is affecting the world. For example, has a plant characterized with tall, well striped and been reported as a potent cure for cancer, diabetes unbalanced leaves, popularly known for its smoky, and cardiovascular diseases while gingerol has pleasant, herbaceous and lemon-like aroma found use in treating inflammatory diseases such as (Manzoor et al. 2013). Lemongrass is antioxidant, arthritis and asthma (Gang and Ma, 2006; Jiang et anti-fungal and anti-microbial in nature and thus al. 2006). Over the years, ginger and turmeric have very useful in traditional medicine as remedy to been highly regarded in the health and wellness many health conditions such as oily skin, scabies, product market as economically important herbs acne, headache, body pains, , and their demands have continued to rise in many , abnormal perspiration, convulsion, parts of the world (Ernst and Durbin, 2019). insomnia, blood circulation, kidney and gastrointestinal problems (Santin et al., 2009; 6. (Black seed) Hanaa et al., 2012; Kamkaen et al. 2015). Lemon Black seed (Nigella sativa) is also known as black grass is utilized in poultry and fish feeds production . It is an annual flowering plant species in and an important ingredient in , , the family of Ranunculaceae, native to the eastern preparations in many countries (Costa, 2007). Mediterranean, , Northern Lemon grass oil is very important in Africa, and West Asia. The fruit capsule is large for its essential constituents such as citral, limonene, and inflated and bears 3-7 united follicles, each elemol, citronellal, citronellol, 1,8 cineole, , containing numerous seeds which are used as , b-carophyllene, methylheptenone, (Gayle and Josef, 2017). In traditional medicine, geranylformate and geranyl acetic acid derivatives black seed is used in treating various ailments and (Ahmad et al. 2008). Also, it is an important these include, nasal congestion, conjunctivitis, additive in cosmetic industries for soap and other headache, abscesses and toothache. Phytochemical body care productions (Wifek et al., 2016). profiling of Nigella sativa has revealed that, the seed contains 32- 40% oil, which is highly 5. officinale (Ginger) and antioxidant in nature (Sultana et al., 2015). The oil longa (Tumeric) is an effective remedy against internal and external Ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc., and turmeric, inflammations, skin cancers, high blood sugar, Curcuma longa L., are subtropical and tropical arthritis, high cholesterol, asthma and stomach ache. perennial herbs of Asia origin with an age-long history of use as and medicinal in 7. amygdalina (Bitter ) many regions of the world (Gang and Ma, 2008; Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) belongs to the Ernst and Durbin, 2019). Several medicinal popular daisy family and is a small shrub of importance have been attributed to these plants and tropical Africa origin. It has characteristic rough these include their therapeutic properties against bark, reaches a height of 2–5 m and bears elliptical wide range of infections and health conditions such leaves which usually grow up to 20 cm in length

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(Ijeh and Ejike, 2011). Although, bitter leaf is immune system against diseases (Ntonifor et al., commonly found in the wild but its numerous 2010). Studies have shown that seeds contain economic importance has greatly encouraged its important phytochemicals namely, alkaloids, domestication. Bitter leaf is well valued in orthodox glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes, medicine as it offers effective treatments against and oils; some of which are responsible for its myriads of ailments such as stomach ache, prostate pestical and and antimicrobial properties (Edeoga et cancer, measles, chicken pox, pneumonia and high al., 2005; Doherty et al., 2010). Alligator pepper is blood pressure. In many African countries including often included in anti-, anti-flammation, anti- Nigeria, it is an essential ingredient that renders a toxin and anti-ulcer herbal remedies for liver unique and delicious taste in traditional dishes and problems and tumours and its potency can be possesses immense nutritional benefits. attributed also to some of the phytochemicals such as flavonoids (Iwu, 1993). 8. Anacardium occidentale (Cashew leaf) Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, is a tropical 10. (Neem) evergreen flowering tree species usually found in Neem, Azadirachta indica A. (family Meliaceae) is tropical countries including Nigeria. The leaves are a tropical evergreen tree of Asia origin that shares oval with thick veins and midribs and are usually some characteristics with mahogany species 10-12 centimetres in length and 7-12 centimetres in (Roshan and Verma, 2015). It is widely cultivated width. Research has shown that cashew leaves are in many regions of the world especially in Southeast rich in antioxidants and have antifungal, Asia and including Nigeria. In India, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti- various parts of the plant are used in so many ways. inflammatory properties. They contain vitamin B The twigs are used for teeth whitening, the leaves and , also, they are a fair source of eaten as and are effective remedies against and , and also contain , , smeared skin disorders and bugs repellant while the , , sodium and potassium. juice are used for making blood tonic (Roshan and Cashew leaves are very important in traditional Verma, 2015). The neem tree is more popular as a medicine and used for treating various ailments in preventative and curative to various ailments (which many parts of the world. In Africa, they are used in includes malaria, fever, anaemia and skin infections) oral hygiene to solve tooth and gum problems. They than being an exploitable tree for timber production are used to treat diabetes and malaria. in Nigeria. Research has shown that various chemical compounds of important biological 9. melegueta (Alligator pepper) functions have been isolated from various parts of Alligator pepper () also the tree. These include liminoid, and known as grains of paradise, is a tropical perennial nimbosterol compounds. Quercetin, a flavonoid of genus Aframomum and family, compound found in the leaves posses antiseptic, also known as the ginger family antifungal and antibacterial properties and thus (Bamidele, 2019). Alligator pepper is greatly could account for the potency of the leaf extracts in utilized by many countries including Nigeria for treating sore and scabies. Also the leaves are diverse puposes. For instance, it is a common item associated with antiviral properties and could confer used for traditional sacrifices and other religious its widely propagated virucidal potential against rites. Also, several uses of alligator pepper have COVID-19. been reported in the literature and this includes its efficacy in controlling larvae of Spodoptera Conclusions and Recommendations littoralis and Egyptian cotton leaf worm and also This review encompassed vital botanical, important crop pests such as the diamond back moth phytochemical and ethno-medicinal information on Plutella xylostella L. (Ntonifor et al., 2006; 2010). ten herbs used in Nigeria as healing agents against Alligator pepper has immense medicinal importance. various diseases. Not only do they possess the The seed extract heals wounds and invigorates the potentials for treating the mentioned health issues,

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there are myriads of other unassociated health their constituent phytochemicals, but there are challenges they can equally render solutions to. The situations whereby it results in anti-synergy and information provided therein could also help in production of deleterious effects. Also, the unlocking other hidden potentials of the plants, challenge of possible extinction can however not be thereby enriching the ethno-botanical resources overlooked, as many years of continued exploitation available for the management of ailments and health without any recourse for regeneration predisposes challenges affecting mankind. Extensive research is the continued existence of these wonderful herbs to required however into some of these medicinal threat. It is therefore necessary to raise awareness herbs and especially regarding their combinations in on the medicinal potentials of these herbs in order herbal preparations as the quest to combat various to encourage further research, conservation and health problems continues. In many cases, sustainable utilization. combining herbs exploits the natural synergy among

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