TAXON:Bignonia Magnifica SCORE:9.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Taxon: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull Family: Bignoniaceae

Common Name(s): bignonia vine Synonym(s): Arrabidaea magnifica (W. Bull) Sprague ex Steenis (basionym) glowvine Saritaea magnifica (W. Bull) Dugand purple bignonia

Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 14 Sep 2021

WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk

Keywords: Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Tropical Liana, Ornamental, Vegetative Spread

Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 1 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents)

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 2 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Supporting Data:

Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants [No evidence of domestication] "Status: Exotic, cultivated, of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from uncommon in Puerto Rico. Distribution: Native to Colombia and the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. Ecuador but cultivated throughout the tropics." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA

103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Distribution: Native to Colombia and Ecuador but cultivated the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. throughout the tropics." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 3 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. (2021). Glowvine, Purple Bignonia "Hardiness: Bignonia magnifica. USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55153/. [Accessed USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) 13 Sep 2021] USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" Collected from 20 m elevation at 08°57'00"N 079°32'00"W in Tropicos.org. (2021). Missouri Botanical Garden. Panama, to 2350 m at 02°15'00"S 078°56'00"W in Ecuador. Found in http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 13 Sep 2021] tropical latitudes, but broad elevation range, exceeding 1000 m, demonstrates possible environmental versatility Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber zones 10-11 Press, Portland, OR

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Distribution: Native to Colombia and Ecuador but cultivated the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. throughout the tropics." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Pienaar, K. (2003). The South African 'What Flower is "cultivated for its showy cluster of flowers" [South Africa] That'? Struik Publishers, Cape Town. South Africa Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). (1977). Flora Malesiana. Series "Distr. Colombia and Ecuador, widely cultivated through the tropics I, Spermatophyta: Flowering plants. Volume 8, part 2. and common in SE. Asia and Malesia, never setting fruit. Obviously Revisions. Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers, first introduced in Singapore; the Bogor Botanic Gardens received it Leiden, Netherlands from Banka in 1911." Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Distribution: Native to Colombia and Ecuador but cultivated the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. throughout the tropics." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden "It is native to northern Colombia and widely cultivated elsewhere. Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other This species rends to bloom continuously and merits additional Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI cultivation in Hawai'i."

301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "I was out at the Kunia Orchid Show pre-opening dinner and this woman walked up to me and reminded me that I visited her house Martin. C. (2014). CGAPS Public Information Officer. Pers. after a talk I gave at her club back in 2007." ... "She is quite Comm. 21 March concerned about this plant which she said is continuing to spread in the gully below her house (it was a beautiful mix ohia/uluhe/non- native forest, still quite nice)."

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 4 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Queensland Government. (2021). Saritaea magnifica. "Naturalised Distribution: Occasionally naturalised in the coastal https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Ht districts of northern, central and south-eastern Queensland." ml/saritaea_magnifica.htm. [Accessed 14 Sep 2021] "Saritaea magnifica, known as glowvine, saritaea or purple bignonia is a garden escape that is a growing problem around the Cairns- Kuranda area. It is also proving difficult to control in some gardens around the Daintree area. One property owner there recently referred to it as ͞a mongrel of a thing͟to try and remove...Glowvine has awoken from its ͞sleeper͟weed phase around Kuranda with Hucks, L. (2006). When good gardens go bad. Weed numerous infestations around the town and one near the Barron Spotters Newsletter 5: 5-8 River weir now estimated to cover several hectares (Sid Clayton, pers. com., 24th August, 2006)...Editors note: The Queensland Herbarium has 12 records for Queensland (seven of these are cultivated plants). Three naturalised records for Cook, one naturalised record for South Kennedy and one naturalised records for Wide Bay." "Table 1. Queensland introduced plants recorded as naturalized first Batianoff, G. N., & Franks, A. J. (1998). Weed invasion of in the Mackay region (current to July 1997)." [Includes Saritaea the tropical Mackay coast, Queensland, Australia. Plant magnifica - Comments: Vine: Native of Colombia and Ecuador. Protection Quarterly, 13(3): 123-130 Queensland record: Hector Beach, Mackay (21 °16'S, 149' 17'E), August 1992 (G.N. Balianoff).] "This climbing species is a native of Colombia in S. America and is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. In Thailand it is often cultivated in the open in the central and northern parts, but its fruits have not yet been recorded there. However, it is apparent that the Santisuk, T. (1973). Notes on Asiatic Bignoniaceae. Kew plant has occasionally escaped into the wild, although the only Bulletin 28(2): 171-185 collection so far was made by the Kyoto University Botanical Expedition Team which visited Thailand during the years 1965-1966; it is cited above. The specimen was found close to the mixed deciduous forest." Imada, C. (2019). Hawaiian Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (February 2019 update). Bishop Museum Not recorded or vouchered as naturalized as of 2019 Technical Report 69. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI

302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2012). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 5 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2012). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall

304 Environmental weed y Source(s) Notes "Glowvine (Saritaea magnifica) is regarded as an environmental Queensland Government. (2021). Saritaea magnifica. weed in northern Queensland. It is currently most troublesome in https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Ht the Kuranda area, with numerous infestations around the town and ml/saritaea_magnifica.htm. [Accessed 14 Sep 2021] one near the Barron River weir that is estimated to cover several hectares." Cairns Regional Council. (2021). Dirty Dozen Garden "Native to South America, Glow Vine is regarded as an Plants. https://www.cairns.qld.gov.au. [Accessed 14 Sep environmental weed in northern Queensland and is currently most 2021] troublesome in the Whitfield and Stratford areas."

305 Congeneric weed y Source(s) Notes "Bignonia capreolata" ... "Crossvine can spread aggressively. This USDA NRCS. (2006). Plant Guide - Crossvine, Bignonia plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and capreolata. https://plants.usda.gov. [Accessed 14 Sep may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed." ... "If 2021] not properly managed, crossvine can spread quickly by root suckers and become problematic."

401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes "Liana that climbs by tendrils, 3-7 m in length. Stems cylindrical, lepidote, compressed at the nodes, interpetiolar zone not glandular; cross section of the mature stem normal. Leaves opposite, 2- foliolate, sometimes with a simple tendril, of short duration; leaflets Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants 4.2-11.5 × 3.1- 6.4 cm, obovate, chartaceous, with the venation of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from slightly prominent on both surfaces, the apex obtuse, the base the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. cuneate or decurrent, the margins entire; upper surface dull, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. minutely lepidote; lower surface dull, sparsely lepidote, with domatia in the axils of the basal secondary veins; petioles and petiolules lepidote, the petioles 1.7-2.8 cm long, the petiolules 0.3- 1.6 cm long; pseudostipules foliaceous, 0.6-4.2 cm long."

402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication Unknown

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 6 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer 403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals "Lianas;" [No evidence. Bignoniaceae] of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977

404 Unpalatable to grazing animals Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication Unknown

405 Toxic to animals n Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, No evidence Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Wagstaff, D.J. (2008). International poisonous plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca No evidence Raton, FL Kubitzki, K. & Kadereit, J.W. (eds.). (2004). The families and genera of vascular plants: Volume VII. Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae No evidence of toxicity in genus including Avicenniaceae). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 7 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens Source(s) Notes "Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith 1896) Smith 1914) is a common disease of tomatoes in the northern coastal areas of the Northern Territory (N.T.). It occurs less commonly in a number of other hosts and in isolated localities as far as 350 km from the coast. The disease has been reported previously from the N.T. by Heaton and Benson (5), Aldrick (1) and Pitkethley (9). Host records from these reports and from unpublished records in the N.T. Pitkethley, R. N. (1981). Host range and biotypes of Department of Primary Production are collated in Table Pseudomonas solanacearum in the Northern Territory. 1...Comparison with the host indexes of Kelman (7), and with other Australasian Plant Pathology, 10(3): 46-47 reports in the literature available, indicates that six of the fifteen species listed in Table 2 may be new host records for P. solanacearum. These are Saritaea magnifica which is apparently the first record from the family Bignoniaceae, Curcurbita moschata, C. pepo, Acacia difficilis, A. mountfordae, Canavalia gladiata and Solanum seaforthianum." [this species has a very broad host range including numberous families, and it is distributed throughout the tropcial world] "Plant diseases recorded for the first time in Sarawak, are given Turner, G. J. (1967). New records of plant diseases in below. The causal organisms are arranged alphabetically under their Sarawak for the year 1965. Gardens' Builetin, Singapore individual hosts." [Bignonia magnifica - Leaf blight - Corticium solalli XXII: 123-128 (Prill. & Delacr.) Bourd. & Galz.]

407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, No evidence Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Wagstaff, D.J. (2008). International poisonous plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca No evidence Raton, FL

408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Native to Colombia and Ecuador but cultivated throughout the the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. tropics." [No evidence of increased fire risk] Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals No evidence of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977

409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

Source(s) Notes

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 8 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Desert Tropicals. (2021). Glow Vine. https://www.desert- tropicals.com/Plants/Bignoniaceae/Saritaea_magnifica.ht "Sun Exposure: Light shade" ml. [Accessed 14 Sep 2021] Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Full sun Press, Portland, OR

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y conditions if not a volcanic island) Source(s) Notes Riffle, R.L. (1998). The Tropical Look - An Encyclopedia of "Average well-drained soil" Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR Rauch, F.D. & Weissich, P.R. (2000). Plants for Tropical Landscapes: A Gardener's Guide. University of Hawaii "It thrives in most soils in full sun" Press, Honolulu, HI

411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y Source(s) Notes Rauch, F.D. & Weissich, P.R. (2000). Plants for Tropical "A climbing woody vine from Colombia, this species climbs to 60 Landscapes: A Gardener's Guide. University of Hawaii feet." Press, Honolulu, HI Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Liana that climbs by tendrils, 3-7 m in length." the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

412 Forms dense thickets n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Liana that climbs by tendrils, 3-7 m in length." [Climbing and the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. possibly smothering habit] Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

501 Aquatic n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from Terrestrial the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 9 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer 502 Grass n Source(s) Notes Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals Bignoniaceae of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977

503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n Source(s) Notes Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals Bignoniaceae of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from "Liana that climbs by tendrils, 3-7 m in length." the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 n habitat Source(s) Notes Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). "Capsule linear, compressed; seeds thin, bialate, the wings hyaline- Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals membranaceous" [no evidence] of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977

602 Produces viable seed y Source(s) Notes Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). (1977). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering plants. Volume 8, part 2. "...common in SE. Asia and Malesia, never setting fruit." Revisions. Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). "Capsule compressed, linear, the valves parallel to the septum; seeds Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals thin, bialate, the wings hyaline-membranaceous." of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977 Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants "Capsule linear, compressed, coriaceous, brown, 20-25 × 1-1.2 cm; of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from seeds numerous, oblong, 2-winged, the hyaline wings the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. membranaceous." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H.& Oliver, R.L. (1993). Flora of "fruit linear, compressed, 10-22 x 1 cm, midrib not raised; seeds with Micronesia, 5: Bignoniaceae-Rubiaceae. Smithsonian membranous hyaline wings." Contributions to Botany 81: 1-135 Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber "It is not known to produce seed in the United States." [May not be Press, Portland, OR pollinated in parts of cultivated range]

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 10 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Riffle, R.L. (1998). The Tropical Look - An Encyclopedia of "Propagation by seed and cuttings." Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR Some Magnetic Island Plants. (2021). Bignonia magnifica. "The fruit is a long flattened capsule containing 2-winged seeds. The https://somemagneticislandplants.com.au/glow-vine. plant may be propagated either from seeds or from cuttings." [Accessed 14 Sep 2021]

603 Hybridizes naturally n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants "A monospecific genus native to Colombia and Ecuador." [Although of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from now included in the genus Bignonia, there is no evidence that this the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. species has hybridized with any other Bignonia species] Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

604 Self-compatible or apomictic Source(s) Notes "Fritz Muller (Darwin) thought that there was self-sterility in certain Bignonia species, and Delpino reported it in Tecoma grandiflora East, E. M. (1940). The distribution of self-sterility in the Delaun." ... "A sufficient amount of selfed flowers have set on flowering plants. Proceedings of the American various species of Catalpa, Crescentia, Jacaranda, Kigelia, Oroxylon, Philosophical Society 82: 449-518 Parmentiera, Spathodea, and certain Tabebuias, to show that they are self-fertile. I am-l inclined to believe that there is no true self- sterility in the family, therefore, but possibly it may exist" Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber "It is not known to produce seed in the United States" [Suggests Press, Portland, OR plant is possibly self-incompatible]

605 Requires specialist pollinators y Source(s) Notes Barrows, E. M. (1980). Robbing of exotic plants by "APPENDIX 1. Flowers perforated by Xylocopa spp. Females showed introduced carpenter and honey bees in Hawaii, with this behavior unless otherwise indicated" [Xylocopa latipes comparative notes. Biotropica, 12(1): 23-29 perforates flowers of Saritaea magnifica without pollinating plant] "When cultivated in Panama and Venezuela, the bignoniaceous vine, Saritaea magnifica is visited by the males of Euglossa aff. Cordata, which brush on the limb of the corolla but do not enter the flower or effect pollination. It may be that Saritaea is normally pollinated by Dressler, R. L. (1968). Pollination by euglossine bees. another species of euglossine male in its native area (northern Evolution 2 (1): 202-210 Colombia), and that Euglossa aff. cordata may be considered as an accessory visitor. It is equally possible, though, that it is an "accidental" visitor, and that no other euglossine male is attracted except in search of nectar." Dressler, R. L. (1982). Biology of the orchid bees Saritaea listed as a perfume flower for Euglossine bees [a specialized (Euglossini). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: pollinator] 373-394.

606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y

Source(s) Notes

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 11 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). (1977). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering plants. Volume 8, part 2. "easily propagated by cuttings, found up to c. 1000 m." Revisions. Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands "It becomes problematic when gardens are not maintained or if garden waste is dumped in inappropriate places" ... "Saritaea Hucks, L. (2006). When good gardens go bad. Weed magnifica encroaching on the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area near Spotters Newsletter 5: 5-8 Kuranda through inappropriate dumping. Photo courtesy Gary Wilson." [can spread by vegetative fragments]

607 Minimum generative time (years) Source(s) Notes Plant This. (2021). Saritaea magnifica. "Flowering Time: Any time of the year" ... "Growth rate: average" http://www.plantthis.com.au. [Accessed 14 Sep 2021]

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) Source(s) Notes "It becomes problematic when gardens are not maintained or if Hucks, L. (2006). When good gardens go bad. Weed garden waste is dumped in inappropriate places" ... "Saritaea Spotters Newsletter 5: 5-8 magnifica encroaching on the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area near Kuranda through inappropriate dumping."

702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y Source(s) Notes Liogier, A.H. & Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico "Cultivated as an ornamental vine and persistent in Puerto Rico; a and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second native to Colombia, much cultivated throughout the tropics. " Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden "This species tends to bloom continuously and merits additional Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other cultivation in Hawaii." Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n Source(s) Notes "It is not known to produce seed in the United States." [No Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber evidence, and unlikely as seed production in cultivation is rare or Press, Portland, OR absent]

704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y Source(s) Notes Woodson, Jr., R.E., Schery, R.W.& Gentry, A.H. (1973). "Capsule compressed, linear, the valves parallel to the septum; seeds Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Bignoniaceae. Annals thin, bialate, the wings hyaline-membranaceous." of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(3): 781-977

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 12 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants "Capsule linear, compressed, coriaceous, brown, 20-25 × 1-1.2 cm; of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from seeds numerous, oblong, 2-winged, the hyaline wings the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. membranaceous." Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

705 Propagules water dispersed n Source(s) Notes "Capsule linear, compressed, coriaceous, brown, 20-25 × 1-1.2 cm; Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants seeds numerous, oblong, 2-winged, the hyaline wings of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from membranaceous." [Seeds, which may be rarely produced in the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. cultivation, are adapted for wind dispersal. Although they could be Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. moved by water, this does not appear to be a vector for dispersal within the introduced range]

706 Propagules bird dispersed n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants "Capsule linear, compressed, coriaceous, brown, 20-25 × 1-1.2 cm; of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from seeds numerous, oblong, 2-winged, the hyaline wings the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. membranaceous." [No evidence, and not fleshy-fruited] Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants "Capsule linear, compressed, coriaceous, brown, 20-25 × 1-1.2 cm; of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from seeds numerous, oblong, 2-winged, the hyaline wings the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. membranaceous." [No evidence, and unlikely. Capsules and seeds Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. lack means of external attachment]

708 Propagules survive passage through the gut n Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2005). Vines and Climbing Plants "Capsule linear, compressed, coriaceous, brown, 20-25 × 1-1.2 cm; of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from seeds numerous, oblong, 2-winged, the hyaline wings the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. membranaceous." [No evidence, and not adapted for internal Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. dispersal]

801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n Source(s) Notes Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber "It is not known to produce seed in the United States." [May be Press, Portland, OR pollinator-limited outside native range]

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 13 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) Source(s) Notes "It is not known to produce seed in the United States." [Unknown, Llamas, K.A. (2003). Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber but lack of seed production would prevent the formation of a seed Press, Portland, OR bank, whether seeds could persist in the soil or not]

803 Well controlled by herbicides Source(s) Notes Unknown. No information on herbicide efficacy or chemical control WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication of this species

804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Source(s) Notes "may be kept as a bush by pruning, or it may be allowed to grow Holttum, R.E. & Enoch, I. (1992). Gardening in the Tropics. over a pergola, or into a tree." [Unknown if tolerant of heavy Timber Press, Portland, OR pruning]

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication Unknown

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 14 of 15 Bull) TAXON: Bignonia magnifica W. Bull SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk

Summary of Risk Traits:

High Risk / Undesirable Traits Thrives in tropical climates Elevation range exceeds 1000 m Naturalized in Australia and possibly elsewhere Classified as an environmental weed in Australia Other Bignonia species have become weedy and invasive Climbing and smothering growth habit Tolerates many soil types Seeds, if produced, are adapted to wind-dispersal Can spread vegetatively, and from discarded garden waste

Low Risk Traits Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs) Non-toxic May requires full sun Possibly self-incompatible Requires specialized pollinators Seed production may be limited or absent outside native range, minimizing risk of long-distance dispersal

Creation Date: 14 Sep 2021 (Bignonia magnifica W. Page 15 of 15 Bull)