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The Risk Assessment Designation = High Risk WRA Score = 9 Family: Bignoniaceae Taxon: Parmentiera aculeata Synonym: Crescentia aculeata Kunth (basionym) Common Name: Cow-okra Parmentiera edulis DC. Cucumber Tree cuajilote Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 9 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 10/14/2011 Parmentiera aculeata (Bignoniaceae) Page 1 of 7 Designation = High Risk WRA Score = 9 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 9 Print Date: 10/14/2011 Parmentiera aculeata (Bignoniaceae) Page 2 of 7 Designation = High Risk WRA Score = 9 Supporting Data: 101 1980. Gentry, A.H.. Bignoniaceae: Part I [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). Flora Neotropica. 25(1): 1-130. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1973. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Gentry, [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2-high] "Native to southern A.H.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Mexico and northern Central America, the species is occasionally cultivated Bignoniaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical outside its range. Reported by Standley as cultivated in lowland Costa Rica, it is Garden. 60(3): 781-977. probably cultivated sporadically in Panama." 202 1973. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Gentry, [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "Native to southern Mexico and northern A.H.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. Central America…" Bignoniaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 60(3): 781-977. 203 1974. Standley, P.C./Williams, L.O./Gibson, [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Moist or dry thickets or D.N.. Flora of Guatemala - Vol. 24 - Part X - lowland forest, often along rocky water- courses, chiefly at 1,200 m. or less" Numbers 3 to 4. Fieldiana. 24: 1-466. [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] 203 2011. Top Tropicals. Parmentiera edulis, [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "The tree is adapted to Parmentiera aculeata. Top Tropicals Botanical a wide range of climatic conditions but is most frequently found in high-rainfall Garden, http://toptropicals.com/cgi- forests where it grows spontaneously. " bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=parmentiera_eduli s 204 1973. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Gentry, [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Native A.H.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 172. to southern Mexico and northern Central America…" Bignoniaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 60(3): 781-977. 205 1950. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.). Flora [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering range? Yes] "Distr. S. Mexico to northern Central America, cultivated elsewhere plants. Volume 8, part 2. Revisions. Sijthoff & in the tropics; in Malesia rare: W. Java, Luzon, also seen from Cairns (N. Noordhoff International Publishers, The Queensland)." Netherlands 205 1980. Gentry, A.H.. Bignoniaceae: Part I [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). Flora range? Yes] "Distribution. Mexico to Honduras, frequently in cultivation or in Neotropica. 25(1): 1-130. disturbed areas along roads or near habitations; naturalized in Queensland, Australia." 205 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic range? Yes] "Occasionally planted in gardens, rarely naturalized in Puerto Rico…" synopsis. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? Yes] "…occasionally cultivated outside its native range." Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 301 1980. Gentry, A.H.. Bignoniaceae: Part I [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Distribution. Mexico to Honduras, (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). Flora frequently in cultivation or in disturbed areas along roads or near habitations; Neotropica. 25(1): 1-130. naturalized in Queensland, Australia." 301 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Occasionally planted in gardens, rarely Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic naturalized in Puerto Rico…" synopsis. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 301 2011. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "An introduced species, originally from Plants [online database] - Parmentiera aculeata. Mexico and Central America, now naturalized in NEQ in the Cairns-Gordonvale http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- area and cultivated occasionally on the Atherton Tableland. Probably introduced server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- because of its edible fruits. Altitudinal range from sea level to 750 m. Found at old 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Parmentiera_ac settlement sites and in disturbed areas of gallery forest." uleata.htm 302 2011. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? A weed of disturbed areas with Plants [online database] - Parmentiera aculeata. environmental impacts. See 3.04] "An introduced species, originally from Mexico http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- and Central America, now naturalized in NEQ in the Cairns-Gordonvale area and server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- cultivated occasionally on the Atherton Tableland. Probably introduced because 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Parmentiera_ac of its edible fruits. Altitudinal range from sea level to 750 m. Found at old uleata.htm settlement sites and in disturbed areas of gallery forest." Print Date: 10/14/2011 Parmentiera aculeata (Bignoniaceae) Page 3 of 7 Designation = High Risk WRA Score = 9 303 1980. Lambert, D.H./Arnason, J.T.. Nutrient [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Potentially Yes] "Associated with shifting levels in corn and competing weed species in a agriculture is a slow movement of people which makes it extremely difficult for first year milpa, Indian church, Belize, C.A.. Plant governments to" develop long range land-use policies. In Belize the practice is and Soil. 55(3): 415-427. known as 'milpa' agriculture and is commonly associated with the Maya Indian population...The species listed above represent only the pioneering species in a new milpa.
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