ENGLISH-INTERLINGUA: a BASIC VOCABULARY This List Has Been Issued to Serve New Users of Interlingua Who Need a Basic English- Interlingua Vocabulary

ENGLISH – INTERLINGUA

B.C. SEXTON

Union Mundial pro Interlingua 2019 Original edition: British Interlingua Society, 1979

This edition is a reprint of the original edition, except for a few printing errors

ISBN 978-2-36607-057-6

Tote derectos reservate. Iste texto es facite disponibile pro uso non-commercial solmente. Tote formas de re-vendita o re-distribution electronic o imprimite es prohibite sin permission in scripto. Nulle parte de iste publication pote esser reproducite, copiate, conservate in un systema de cercar o transmittite in ulle forma o per ulle methodo: graphic, electronic, mechanic, photographic, registrate sur disco o cassetta, transferite a bases de datos o in altere maniera sin permission in scripto. Es permittite citar in recensiones con indication del fonte.

2 ENGLISH-INTERLINGUA: A BASIC VOCABULARY This list has been issued to serve new users of Interlingua who need a basic English- Interlingua vocabulary. Although it has only just over 2000 entries, they represent the most frequently employed meanings of the most commonly used words, the core vocabulary of the English language. The Interlingua translations help beginners by deliberately omitting unwanted synonyms and are based on current usage both in Interlingua and its control languages. Abbreviations and grammatical notes are kept to a minimum. When an English word has just one common meaning it appears in bold letters and its Inter- lingua equivalent in normal letters, e.g. aeroplane avion. If it has one meaning but we have given more than one possible Interlingua equivalent, these are separated by a comma, e.g. ugly fede, repulsive. If the Interlingua words are not in alphabetical order, the first is the more commonly used. If the English word has two or more different meanings, each with a separate Interlingua translation, they are separated by a semicolon and clues to the meanings, unless obviously superfluous, are given within curved brackets. An example is trunk (of tree) trunco; (= box) coffro. Many English words are capable of use in more than one grammatical category. For instance, milk can be an attributive noun in milkman, a noun in a bottle of milk, and a verb in can I milk the cow? In this vocabulary such uses are separated by the semicolon and preceded by a grammatical abbreviation, in Italic: a means adjective or attributive noun, n means noun, v = verb, adv = adverb, conj = conjunction, int = interjection (=exclamation), prep = preposition and pron = pronoun. Not all adverbs are given as so many of them can be made from adjectives by addition of the suffix -mente, e.g. since free is “libere”, then freely will be “libere- mente”. Verbs constitute a special case as some are transitive (marked vt), others intransitive (marked vi) or can be either (marked vt/vi). The categories are not marked if the English and the Interlingua verbs are both transitive or both intransitive. A few examples will clarify the method. There is no mark for happen because happen and its Interlingua equivalent “evenir” are both intransitive (= do not take an object): you cannot “happen” anything: Similarly kick has no mark because both it and “calcar” always take an object and are therefore transitive. Then look at grow. If you feed a boy he will grow (intransitive = crescer); roses grow (intransitive = vegetar); but to grow carrots uses grow in a transitive sense (object: carrots) and the translation for this is “cultivar”. Often, when an English verb can be used either transitively or intransitively, Interlingua uses the reflexive for the English intransitive. This is indicated in the vocabulary by se in curved brackets, e.g. melt funder (se). This simply means the same as meet vt funder; vi funder se, so that we melt the wax is “nos funde le cera”, but the wax melts is “le cera se funde”. Simi- larly, Tom meets Dick = “Tom incontra Dick”, but Tom and Dick meet = “Tom e Dick se incontra”. Care should be taken to distinguish the English word used as adverb, conjunction and preposition. Adverbs answer the question how, where, and when; con- junctions link phrases, and prepositions govern nouns and pronouns. For instance, he came before uses before as an adverb (translate using antea). He stands before me uses it as a preposition (translate by ante) and He died before I was born uses it as a conjunction (translate ante que). In sub-headings the main English word is not repeated but replaced with a ~. An asterisk indicates a word not included in the Interlingua-English Dictionary

3 but correctly extracted from the control languages by the official rules for the forma- tion of vocabulary. Feminine designations ending in “-a” are omitted, as they can be formed by substitution from the masculine and general forms ending in “-o”, e.g. “italiano/italiana”. B. C. Sexton, Sheffield 6/78

ABBREVIATIONS a adjective; attributive m male noun med medicine adv adverb mil military anat anatomy mus music arith arithmetic n noun biol biology parl parliament com commerce prep prepositions elec electricitate pron pronounce f female rel religion fig figurative rly railways fin finance theat theatre gen general v verb geog geographical vi intransitive verb hist history vt transitive verb indust industry vt/vi verb used both int interjection transitively and jur juridical intransitively

MEASUREMENTS (Note that in Interlingua the comma takes the place of the decimal point) acre 0,405 hectares foot 0,3048 metros gallon 4,546 litros; (U.S.) 3,785 litros horse power 0,750 kilowatts hundredweight 50,8 kilogrammas; (U.S.) 45,36 kilogrammas inch 25,4 millimetros mile 1,609 kilometros ounce 28,35 grammas pint 0,57 litros; (U.S.) 0,473 litros pound 0,453 kilogrammas quart 1,136 litros; (U.S.) 0,946 litros ton 1,016 tonnas; (U.S.) 0,907 tonnas yard 0,9144 metros

4 ENGLISH-INTERLINGUA: A BASIC VOCABULARY

a un; (= per) per advice aviso, consilio A ability capacitate, habilitate advise consiliar able capace, habile; be ~ poter aeroplane avion about adv approximativemente, circa; affair affaire, cosa prep (= around) circa; (= concerning) afford (= give) dar; we cannot ~ nos de, in re, relative a, super non pote tolerar le expensa de above adv/prep super afraid, be timer, haber timor abroad al estraniero Africa Africa absence absentia African a african; n africano absent absente after adv postea; conj post que; prep absolutely absolutemente post accept acceptar afternoon postmeridie accident accidente again de nove according to secundo against contra accordingly in consequentia age n etate; (hist.) epocha account n (= report) conto, reporto; (in agency agentia bank) conto; (= bill) factura; ~ for dar agent agente conto de; on ~ of a causa de ago retro accuse accusar agree consentir, esser de accordo accustom accostumar, habituar agreeable agradabile across trans agreement accordo act n acto; v ager; (theat.) jocar, agriculture agricultura representar ahead avante action action aim n scopo; v aspirar (a); (gun) active active punctar activity activitate air aere actor actor airport aeroporto actress actrice alike a simile; adv similemente actual effective alive vive actually effectivemente, realmente all a omne, tote; n toto; pron omnes, add adder; ~ up additionar totes; at all del toto address n adresse; v adressar (un allow permitter littera) almost quasi adjective adjective alone sol admiration admiration along preter admire admirar aloud a alte voce admission admission already jam admit admitter also anque adopt adoptar although ben que advance n avantiamento; v avantiar; altogether (= quite) completemente in ~ anticipatemente always semper advantage avantage ambition ambition adventure aventura America America advertise annunciar American a american; n americano advertisement annuncio among inter advertising publicitate amount n amonta, quantitate; v

5 amontar (a) ash cinere amuse amusar ashamed, be haber vergonia ancient antique Asia Asia and e; (arith.) plus Asian a asiatic; n asiatico angle angulo aside a parte, al latere angry irate ask demandar animal animal asleep, fall addormir se annoy irritar association association another (additional) ancora un; astonish stupefacer (different) un altere at a; ~ the al answer n (=reply) responsa; (to a Atlantic n Atlantico problem) solution; v responder (a) attack n attacco; v attaccar anxiety anxietate attempt n essayo, proba; v essayar, anxious anxie probar any alicun; (emphatic) qualcunque; attend (meeting) assister a; (task) anybody alicuno prestar attention a anything alique attract attraher apart a parte audience auditorio appear apparer; (= seem) parer August n augusto appearance apparentia aunt amita apple pomo Australia Australia apply applicar; ~ for sollicitar Australian a australian; n australiano appoint appunctar Austria Austria approve approbar Austrian a austriac; n austriaco April april Autumn autumno arch arco avenue avenue are es; (optional plural) son average a medie; n media argue (= offer reasons) arguer; (= avoid evitar dispute) disputar awake vigile argument (= reasoning) argumento; (= away foras dispute) disputa arise provenir baby baby, neonato arm bracio; (weapon) arma back adv retro; n dorso B army armea bad, badly mal around circa bag sacco arrange arrangiar balance n balancia; (fin.) saldo; v arrangement arrangiamento equilibrar (se) arrest n arresto; v arrestar ball balla; (large) ballon; (dance) ballo arrival arrivata band banda arrive arrivar (a un loco) bank (river) ripa; (fin.) banca arrow flecha bar n barra: (for drink) bar; (chocolate, art arte soap) tabletta artist artista bargain n (= agreement) contracto; (= article articulo purchase) acquisition a bon mercato; artificial artificial v negotiar as adv como; conj (= since) pois que, barrel barril proque; ~ white as snow si/tanto base n base blanc como le nive basin bassino

6 basket corbe birth nascentia bath banio; ~ room camera de banio; birthday anniversario have a ~ baniar se bit pecietta; a ~ un pauco battle battalia bite n morsura; v morder bay baia bitter amar be esser; (commands) esse, sia black a/n nigre bear v (= carry) porter; (= stand) blade lamina supportar blame n blasmo; v blasmar beard barba bless benedicer beat v batter; (= defeat) vincer blind cec beautiful belle block n bloco; v blocar, obstruer beauty beltate blood sanguine because proque; ~ of a causa de blow n colpo; v sufflar become devenir blue a/n blau bed lecto; ~ room camera a dormir board planca; (= committee) consilio beer bira boast vantar se before adv antea; conj ante que; prep boat barca ante body corpore; (dead) cadavere beg (= entreat) peter, precar boil vi bullir; vt facer bullir; cocer in begin vt/vi comenciar aqua beginning comenciamento bold hardite behaviour conducta bone osso behind post book libro being n esser border bordo; (= frontier) frontiera Belgian a belge; n (both sexes) belga born nascite; be ~ nascer Belgium Belgica borrow facer prestar se believe creder both ambe; both ... and e ... e bell campana bottle bottilia belong pertiner bottom basso, fundo; (anat.) culo below adv in basso, infra; prep sub boundary limite belt cinctura; (fig. ) zona bow n arco; v inclinar (se) bend n curva; v curvar (se), flecter se box cassa bench banco boy puero beneath adv infra; prep sub, infra brain cerebro beside al latere de branch branca; (office, etc) succursal besides de plus brave brave best a le melior; adv le melio Brazil Brasil betray trair Brazilian a brasilian; n brasiliano better a melior; adv melio bread pan between inter break vt/vi rumper beyond extra, ultra breakfast n jentaculo; have ~ jentar Bible Biblia breath sufflo bicycle n bicycletta; v bicyclar breathe respirar big grande brick bricca bill (= account) factura; (parl.) projecto bridge ponte de lege bright brillante bind ligar bring apportar; ~ about effectuar; ~ bird ave back reportar; ~ up educar

7 Britain Grande Britannia case caso; (= suitcase) valise British a britannic; the ~ le britannos castle castello broad large cat catto brother fratre catch v capturar; (a train) prender brown a/n brun cattle bestial brush n brossa cause n causa; v causar build construer cent cento; per ~ per cento building construction, edificio centimetre centimetro burn vt/vi arder centre centro burst vt/vi rumper century seculo bury interrar ceremony ceremonia bus autobus certain (both senses) certe bush arbusto certainly certo business affaires, commercio chain catena businessman commerciante, chair sede negotiante chairman presidente busy occupate chance fortuna; opportunitate but ma; (= except) excepte, salvo change n cambio, vt/vi cambiar butter butyro character (= person) persona; (other button button senses) character buy comptar charge n carga; (price) precio; v cargar by per; (= before) ante; (= near) apud charm charme cheap a incostose; adv a bon mercato cake torta check verificar C calculate calcular cheer acclamar; ~ up allegrar call n appello; v appellar; (= summon) cheese caseo vocar cheque cheque calm a calme chest (anat.) pectore; (= box) coffro camp n campo; v campar chief a principal; n chef can n cassa de latta; v present tense pote child infante Canada Canada China porcellana; (country) China Canadian a canadian; n canadiano Chinese chinese canal canal choice n selection cap bonetto choose seliger cape (geog.) capo Christmas Natal, Noel capital a/n capital church ecclesia captain capitano cigar cigarro car automobile cigarette cigarretta card carta circle circulo care n attention, cura, sollicitude; v circular circular prestar attention; (= worry) inquietar city citate se; ~ for curar citizen citatano careful attentive civilization civilisation careless negligente claim n pretension; reclamation; v (= carpet tapete assert) pretender; (= demand as due) carriage carro; (= transport charges) reclamar porto class classe carry portar; ~ out exequer clay argilla

8 clean munde; v mundar complete a complete; v compler clear a clar, libere; v liberar; ~ away complicated complicate portar via; ~ off fugir; (as order) foras compose componer de hic!; ~ out vacuar; ~ up (a composed calme, tranquille mystery) elucidar; (= tidy) regular concern n (= firm) interprisa; (= clerk commisso worry) anxietate; v concerner clever habile, intelligente concerning concernente, de cliff precipitio condition condition climb montar conference conferentia clock horologio confess confessar close a clause; adv/prep presso; v confidence confidentia clauder (se) confuse confunder cloth drappo; (piece of) panno connect vt connecter; vi junger se clothe vestir connection connexion; (rly.) clothes vestimentos correspondentia cloud nube conquer conquirer club (= society) club conquest conquesta coal carbon conscience conscientia coast costa conscious consciente coat mantello; (=jacket) jachetta consciousness conscientia coffee caffe consider considerar; reguardar coin numisma considerable satis grande cold a frigide; n frigido; (illness) consideration consideration rheuma; feel ~ haber frigido contain continer collect colliger container receptaculo college collegio; universitate content a contente colony colonia contents contento colour n color, v colorar continue vt/vi continuar comb n pectine; v pectinar; ~ one’s continuous continue hair pectinar se control n controlo; v diriger, governar; combine combinar (se) (= check) controlar come venir; ~ in entrar convenient commode comfort n conforto; v consolar conversation conversation comfortable confortabile cook n coco; v cocer comma virgula cool fresc command v commandar copper cupro commerce commercio copy n copia; (of book, etc) exemplar; v committee committee copiar common commun corn cereales; (= maize) mais companion companion corner angulo company compania correct a correcte; v corriger compare comparar cost n costo; v costar comparison comparation cottage cabana compete concurrer cotton coton competition concurso; (com.) council consilio concurrentia count n computo; (nobleman) conte; v complain planger se (de) contar complaint querela; (= illness) maladia country pais; (= opposite of town)

9 campania ficar, guastar courage corage dance n dansa; (= ball) ballo; v dansar course curso; (of meal) platto; of ~ danger periculo naturalmente dangerous periculose court corte dare osar cousin cosino dark obscur cover n copertura; (= lid) coperculo; v darkness obscuritate coperir date data; (fruit) dactylo; v datar cow vacca daughter filia crack n fissura; v finder day die crash n collision; (sound) fracasso; dead morte ruina; v crepar; collider; (fin.) faller deal v tractar (de); commerciar; a cream crema great ~ multo creature creatura dear (both senses) car creep reper death morte crime crimine debt debita criminal a/n criminal decay n decadentia; v decader critic critico deceive deciper critical critic December decembre criticism critica decide decider crop (plants, etc) recolta decision decision cross n cruce; v transir; ~ out declare declarar supprimer decrease diminuer crowd n turba; v affluer deed facto crown corona deep profunde cruel cruel defeat n disfacta; v disfacer, vincer crush v applattar, tunder; (= beat) defence defensa vincer defend defender cry n crito; v critar; (sweep) plorar degree grado cultivate cultivar delay n retardo; v retardar cup (for tea, etc) tassa delicate delicate cure n remedio; v curar, sanar delight n delecto; v delectar (se) curious curiose delightful delectabile curl n bucla; v buclar deliver (= free) liberar; (goods) livrar; current a/n currente; ~ events (speech) pronunciar actualitates demand n exigentia; (com.) demanda; curse n malediction; v maledicer; (= v exiger swear) blasphemar Denmark Danmark curve n curva; v curvar (se) depart partir cushion cossino department departimento, section; ~ custom costume store grande magazin customer cliente departure partita cut n incision, sectura; (=wound) defend depender (de) vulnere; (in prices) reduction; v secar; descend descender ~ off excider describe describer description description daily quotidian desert n deserto; v desertar D damage n damno, injuria; v damni- deserve meritar

10 desire n desiro; v desirar medico despair n despero; v desperar dog can destroy destruer dollar dollar destruction destruction door porta detail detalio double a duple; v duplar determine vt determinar; vi decider, doubt n dubita; v dubitar determinar se doubtless sin dubita determined determinate, resolute down a basso; (= below) in basso; (a develop developpar (se) street) per development developpamento dozen dozena devil diabolo drag tirar, trainar diamond diamante draw (= pull) tirar; (art) designar dictionary dictionario dream n sonio; v soniar die morir dress n roba; v vestir difference differentia drink bibita; v biber different differente drive v pulsar; (a car) guidar; ~ back difficult difficile repeller difficulty difficultate drop n (= globule) gutta; (= fall) cadita; dig excavar, fossar vt lassar cader; vi cader dining-room camera a mangiar drown necar (se) dinner dinar drunken inebriate direct a directe; v diriger dry a sic; v siccar direction direction; (= way) senso due a debite; ~ to a causa de director director dull pauco brillante; stupide; (sound) dirt immunditias surde; (= boring) enoiose dirty immunde during durante disappear disparer dust pulvere disappoint disappunctar Dutch hollandese discipline disciplina duty carga, deber discontented discontente discover discoperir each a cata; pron cata uno; le un le discovery discoperta altere E discuss discuter eager alacre discussion discussion eagerly con ardor disease maladia, morbo ear aure disgust disgustar early a precoce; (= first) prime; adv de dish platto bon hora, tosto distance distantia earn ganiar distinguish distinguer earnest serie district districto earth terra disturb disturbar, perturbar ease facilitate; at ~ in reposo disturbance perturbation, tumulto east a del est, oriental; n est divide divider (se) easy facile division division eat mangiar do facer; (= finish) finir; (= suffice) edge bordo bastar, sufficer; (in questions and educate educar negative sentences) (omit) effect n effecto; v effectuar doctor (gen.) doctor; (= physician) effective effective, efficace

11 effort effortio equality equalitate egg ovo escape n escappata, evasion; v eight octo escappar (a), evader (a) eighteen dece-octo especially particularmente eighth a octave; n octavo essential essential, importante eighty octanta Europe Europa either o le un o le altere; (= each) cata; european a europee; n europeo ~ ... or o ... o; nor ... ~ ni ... non plus even adv mesmo elder senior evening vespera, vespere elect eliger event evenimento election election ever (= always) sempre; (= at any time) electric electric jammais electricity electricitate every omne eleven dece-un everyone omne personas, omnes else altere; or ~ alteremente everything toto, omne cosa elsewhere alibi everywhere ubique empire imperio evil a/n mal employ emplear exact exacte employee empleato exactly al puncto; exactemente employer empleator examination examine employment empleamento examine examinar empty a vacue; v vacuar example exemplo enclose includer excellent excellente encourage incoragiar; (= promote) except excepte promover exception exception end n fin; vt/vi finir excess excesso enemy inimico exchange n excambio; v excambiar engine motor; (= machine) machina; excite excitar (rly.) locomotiva excitement excitamento engineer ingeniero; (= mechanic) excuse n excusa; v excusar mechanico exercise n exercitio; v exercitar (se) engineering ingenieria exist exister England Anglaterra existence existentia English a/n anglese expect expectar Englishman anglese expense expensa enjoy gauder de, (= have use of) fruer expensive car, dispendiose de experience experientia enough a sufficiente; adv satis; be ~ experiment experimento bastar, sufficer explain explicar enquire demandar, inquirer explanation explication enter entrar (in) explosion explosion entertain amusar; dar hospitalitate a; express exprimer (an idea) considerar expression expression entire integre, tote extend extender (se) entirely completemente, (in) toto extension extension entrance entrata, ingresso extensive extensive envelope inveloppe extent amplitude, extension equal equal extraordinary extraordinari

12 extreme extreme well sentir se ben extremely multo feeling sensation eye oculo fellow companion; (= man) homine female a feminin; n femina face facie; (of clock) quadrante fence barriera F fact facto; in ~ de facto fever febre factory fabrica few a pauc; pron pauches fade distinger (se) field campo fail faller fierce feroce failure fallimento, insuccesso fifteen dece-cinque faint debile fifth a quinte; n quinto fair eque, juste fifty cinquanta fairly (= enough) assatis; (= justly) fight n combatto; v combatter (un justemente persona, contra un persona) faith fide figure n figura; (= number) cifra faithful fidel fill plenar (se) fall n cadita; (season) autumno; v cader film n pellicula; (cine) film; v filmar false false find trovar familiar familiar fine a belle; (= not coarse) fin; n family familia mulcta; v mulctar famous celebre, famose finger digito fancy n phantasia; v imaginar; (= like) finish n conclusion, fin; vt/vi finir amar fire n foco; (destructive) incendio; v far a distante, lontan; adv lontano; as (gun) discargar; ~ engine pumpa de ~ as usque a incendios farm a agricole; n ferma; v cultivar firm a firme; n firma farmer fermero first a prime; adv primo; ~ aid prime farther a ulterior; (comparative of succurso “far”) plus lontan; adv ultra fish n pisce(s); v piscar fashion (= vogue) moda, voga; (= way) fit a apte, convenibile; n attacco (de modo, maniera apoplexia); v installar, provider; fast a rapide; (=immobile) firme; adv (clothes) vader ben (a); be ~ esser in rapidemente; firmemente forma fasten attachar, fixar five cinque fat a corpulente; (= fatty) grasse; n fix fixar grassia fixed fixe fate fato flag bandiera father patre flame flamma fault defecto, falta flash n fulgure; vi fulgurar faulty defective flat a plan, platte; n appartamento favour n favor; v favorir flee fugir favourite favorite flesh carne fear n timor; v timer float vi flottar; vt facer flottar feast festa; (= banquet) banchetto flood n inundation; v inundar feather pluma floor solo; (= storey) etage February februario flour farina feed nutrir (se) flow n fluxo; v fluer feel sentir; (with fingers) palpar; ~ flower flor

13 fly n musca; vi volar; vt pilotar frightening espaventabile fold n plica; v plicar from de; (when “de” would be follow sequer ambiguous) ab; (= out of) ex; ~ the follower adherente del food alimento front a anterior; n parte anterior, fool idiota fronte; ~ door porta principal foolish stupide fruit fructo foot (all senses) pede full plen football football fun divertimento(s) for conj nam; prep pro; (= during) funny comic, divertente; (= odd) durante; (= since) depost curiose forbid prohibir fur pelle; ~ coat pellicia force n fortia; v fortiar furnish fornir; (a room) mobilar foreign estranie furniture mobiles foreigner estraniero further a ulterior; adv ultra forest foreste future a futur; n futuro forget oblidar forgive pardonar gain n ganio; v ganiar fork furca game joco; (= match) partita G form n forma; (for filling in) gap apertura, brecha; (fig.) lacuna, formulario; v formar vacuo formal formal garden jardin former anterior; previe; (= first of two) gas gas ille, illa, illo gate porta formerly previemente gather vt colliger; vi (people) reunir se; fortunate fortunate (things) accumular fortune fortuna gay gai forty quaranta general a/n general forward in avante generous generose four quatro gentle dulce, suave; (breeze, etc) fourteen dece-quatro moderate fourth a quarte; n quarto gentleman senior frame quadro German a german; n germano framework armatura Germany Germania France Francia get vt obtener; vi (= become) devenir; ~ free a libere; (of charge) gratuite; (= away partir; escappar (a); ~ off generous) liberal; adv gratis; v liberar descender (de); ~ on montar; freedom libertate succeder; ~ up levar se; he got it freeze vt/vi gelar printed ille faceva imprimer lo French a/n francese gift dono Frenchman francese girl puera frequent frequente give dar; ~ back restituer; ~ up fresh fresc render, resignar Friday venerdi glad contente friend amico; (f.) amica gladly de bon voluntate friendly amical glass (both senses) vitro fright terror glasses berillos frighten espaventar, terrer glory gloria

14 go ir, vader; (= become) devenir; (= half a medie; n medietate; ~ an hour depart) partir; ~ down descender; ~ un medie hora on proceder; ~ out exir, sortir; ~ up hall (= entrance) vestibulo; (= large montar room) sala god deo, Deo hammer n martello; v martellar gold auro hand n mano; (of clock) flecha; v dar, golden de auro; (in colour) aurate passar good bon; ~ afternoon/morning handkerchief pannello (de naso) bon die; ~ bye a revider nos; ~ eve- handle n manico; (of cup, jug, etc) ning bon vespera; ~ night bon nocte ansa; v manear goodness bonitate hang vt suspender; vi pender goods benes happen evenir govern governar happy felice government governamento harbour porto governor governator hard a (= not soft) dur; (= not easy) grace gratia difficile; adv multo gradual gradual hardly a pena grain grano harm damno gram qramma harmless innocue grammar grammatica harvest n recolta; v recoltar grand grande; grandiose, magnific haste n haste; v hastar grandfather granpatre hat cappello grass herba hate n odio; v odiar grave a grave; n tumba have haber; (= cause to be done) facer; great grande (something to eat or drink) prender; greatly multo he had to sell it ille debeva vender lo green verde he ille greens verdura head capite; (= chief) chef; ~ for greet salutar diriger se verso grey gris headache mal de capite grind moler headline titulo ground n solo; (plot) terreno headquarters quartiero general group gruppo heal vt sanar; vi cicatrisar grow vi (= become larger) crescer; health sanitate (plants) vegetar; vt cultivar healthy san growth crescimento; augmento, heap cumulo expansion hear audir guard n guarda; v guardar heart corde guess n conjectura; v conjecturar; (= heat n calor; v calefacer believe) creder heaven celo guest invitato; (at hotel) hospite heavenly celeste guide n guida; v guidar heavily pesantemente; (= strongly) guilty culpabile forte gun arma de foco; (= cannon) cannon; heavy pesante (= rifle) fusil; (= revolver) revolver height altitude; (= peak) culmine; (= stature) talia habit habito help n adjuta; (= succour) succurso; v H hair capillo; (= head of hair) capillatura adjutar; succurrer

15 helpless inope hour hora her a su; pron la house casa, domo; (parliament) camera here hic; ~ and there hic e ibi; ~ housewife *menagera is/are ecce how como; ~ many quante; ~ much a hers le sue(s) quanta; adv quanto; ~ do you do? herself se como sta vos? hesitate hesitar however adv comocunque; conj hide celar (se) nonobstante, totevia high a alte; n alto hullo hallo highly multo human a human; n humano hill collina humble humile him le hundred cento; two ~ duo centos himself se hungry famelic; be ~ haber fame hinder impedir hunt n chassa; v chassar; ~ for (= hire (men) ingagiar; (things) locar, search for) cercar prender in location; ~ out locar hunter chassator his a su; pron le sue(s) hurry n haste; vt accelerar, hastar; vi history historia accelerar se hit colpar; (a target) attinger; ~ back hurt vt (= cause pain) facer mal a; (= defender se harm) nocer a; (=wound) ferir; vi hold tener; (= contain) continer; ~ out doler; my head ~s le capite me dole vt extender; vi durar husband marito hole (= cavity) cavo; (= perforation) hut cabana foramine holiday (as in ”bank holiday”) die I io feriate; (= vacation) ferias; be on ~ ice glacie; ~ cream gelato I feriar idea idea Holland Hollanda ideal a/n ideal hollow a cave; n cavo idle otiose; (= without work) holy sancte disoccupate home a domestic; interior; national; n if si casa; (sentimentally) focar; at ~ a ill a malade; n mal casa; go ~ ir a casa illness maladia honest honeste imagine imaginar; (= suppose) honesty honestitate supponer honour n honor; v honorar imagination imagination honourable honorabile imitate imitar hook croc, uncino immediate immediate hope n sperantia; v sperar immense immense hopeful plen de sperantia importance importantia hopeless desperate; (= useless) inutile important importante horizon horizonte impossible impossibile horse cavallo improve melior (se) hospital hospital improvement melioration, host (at party, etc) hospice, hoste; (at perfectionamento an inn) tavernero in in hot calide; feel ~ haber calor include includer hotel hotel increase n accrescimento; vt accrescer;

16 vi crescer it illo; (as object) lo; (impersonal) il indeed in effecto, vermente; (with Italian a italian; n italiano adjective) multissime its a su; pron le sue(s) independence independentia itself se independent independente India India jacket jachetta Indian a indian; n indiano january januario J indoors al interior Japan Japon industrial industrial Japanese a/n japonese industry industria jaw mandibula; (upper) maxilla influence influentia jewel joiel inform informar jewellery joieles information information job posto ink tinta join junger (se), unir (se); (a club) facer inner interior se membro de inquire demandar, inquirer joint a juncte; n junctura; (of body) inquiry inquesta articulo insect insecto joke n burla inside intra journey viage instant n instante joy gaudio instantly presto judge n judice; v judicar; (= estimate) instead of in loco de estimar instruction instruction judgement judicio instrument instrumento juice succo insult n insulto; v insultar July julio insurance assecurantia jump n salto; v saltar intend intender June junio intention intention just a juste; adv justo; (time) justo interest n (all senses) interesse; v nunc interessar; be ~ed in interessar se justice justitia de/pro interesting interessante keep vt (gen.) tener; (= old on to) interfere ingerer se retener; vi tener se; (= stay) restar; ~ K interference ingerentia on continuar, progressar; ~ right international international tener se al dextra interrupt interrumper keeper guardiano into in, a in key clave introduce introducer kick v calcar introduction introduction kill occider invent inventar kilogram kilogramma invention invention kilometre kilometro inventor inventor kind a amabile, benevole; n genere, invite invitar specie Ireland Irlanda kindness benevolentia Irish a/n irlandese king rege iron a de ferro; n ferro kingdom regno is es; ~n’t it? nonne? kiss n basio; v basiar island insula kitchen cocina

17 knee genu least a minor; adv minus; at ~ al kneel genicular minus knife cultello leather corio knock v colpar leave n permission; (= time off) knot n node; v nodar congedo; v lassar; (= depart) partir know (facts) saper; (people and things) (de) cognoscer left a leve; n leva knowledge cognoscentia, saper, leg gamba scientia lend prestar length *longor lack n carentia, manco; v carer, indiger less minus L lacking, be mancar (a) lesser minor ladder scale lesson lection lady seniora let lassar; (= may) que lake laco letter (both senses) littera lamp lampa level a plan; n nivello land n (opposite of sea) terra; (= liberty libertate territory) pais; (soil, etc) terreno; vt library bibliotheca (from ship) disimbarcar; vi (plane) lie n mendacio; v (gen. and fig.) jacer; atterrar (in bed, etc) cubar; (= tell lies) mentir landlord proprietario; (of pub) life vita tavernero lift n ascensor; v levar (se) language lingua light a (in weight) leve; (fig.) legier; large grande (colours) clar; n lumine; v accender; ~ largely in grande parte up illuminar last a ultime; adv ultime; v durar, like a simile; adv como; v amar permaner; ~ year le anno passate likely a verisimile; adv probabilemente late a tarde; (= dead) defuncte; adv in limb membro retardo limit n limite; v limitar lately recentemente limitation limitation latter a iste; pron iste, ista, isto limited company societate anonyme laugh n riso; v rider; ~ at rider de line n linea; v (clothes) foderar laughter riso lip labio lavatory W.C. liquid a liquide; n liquido law lege list n lista lawful legal, legitime listen to ascoltar lawyer advocato, jurista literary litterari lay poner literature litteratura lazy indolente, pigre litre litro lead n (metal) plumbo; v (= command) little a parve; adv pauco; a ~ un pauco diriger; (= guide) conducer, guidar live a vive; v viver; (=inhabit) habitar leader chef load n carga; v cargar leadership direction, suprematia loaf pan leaf folio loan n presto; v prestar lean appoiar (se) local local learn apprender lock n serratura; v serrar learned docte lodging *allogiamento learning erudition, saper log bloco; (ship's) libro de bordo

18 lonely solitari manners manieras long a longe; for ~ appeter, desirar manufacture n manufactura; v longer a plus longe; adv plus manufacturar look n reguardo; (= air) aere; int ecce!; manufacturer fabricante vi parer; ~ at reguardar; ~ for cercar many a multe; pron multes loose laxe map mappa loosen disserrar march n marcha; (month) martio; v lord senior; (as in “Lord Derby”) lord marchar lorry camion; ~ driver *camionero mark n marca; (in school) nota; v lose perder; get lost perder se marcar; notar loss perdita market mercato lot, a multo marriage maritage loud a alte; adv alto marry (= get married) maritar se; love n amor; v amar (=perform ceremony of marriage) lovely belle maritar lover amante mass n massa; (rel.) missa low a basse; adv basso master maestro lower a plus basse, inferior; v abassar mat matta loyal fidel, loyal match n (for striking) flammifero; loyalty fide, loyalitate (sport) partita; v equalar; (of colours) luck fortuna assortir (se), harmonisar (se) lucky fortunate material a/n material; (= fabric) stoffa; raw ~ materia prime machine machina matter n (= business) affaire, cosa; M machinery machineria (substance) materia; v importar; mad folle; (= furious) furiose what’s the ~? que passa? mail a postal; n (= letters) currero; may (auxiliary verb indicating (service) posta; v postar possibility) qualify the main verb with main principal the adverb “forsan”; (indicating wish) make n (com.) marca; v facer; (= prefix subject with “que”; (month) compel) fortiar; (in calculations) esser; maio; ~ I smoke? pote io fumar?, (= manufacture) fabricar; (money) permitte vos que io fuma? ganiar; (a speech) pronunciar; ~ maybe forsan friends amicar se; ~ out me me comprender, decifrar; ~ up n meal repasto cosmeticos; v fardar (se) mean a avar; v intender; (= signify) male a mascule; n masculo voler dicer man homine; (mil. ) soldato; (= meaning signification worker) obrero; v guarnir de homines; means medio; (fin.) medios; by ~ of (pumps) facer functionar per medio de manage administrar, diriger; (as agent) meanwhile interim gerer; (= get along) arrangiar se; (= measure n mesura; v mesurar succeed) poter meat carne management direction, gerentia mechanic n mechanico manager gerente mechanical mechanic mankind humanitate medical medical manly viril medicine (remedy) medicamento; manner maniera (science) medicina

19 meet incontrar (se); (club, etc) reunir moderate a moderate; v moderar se modern moderne meeting reunion modest modeste melt funder (se) moment memento member membro Monday lunedi membership (numero de) membros money moneta memorial monumento monkey simia memory memoria month mense mend reparar monthly mensual mention n mention; v mentionar; moon a lunar; n luna don’t ~ it nulle causa moral a/n moral merchant mercator; ~ ship nave more a plus de; adv plus mercante moreover in ultra mercy mercede morning matino; good ~ bon jorno mere a *mer most a le major parte de; adv le plus merry allegre mostly in general, principalmente message message mother matre messenger messagero motion motion metal metallo motor motor metre metro motorbike motocycletta middle a medie; n medio; ~ class mountain montania burgesia mouth bucca milk n lacte move v mover (se) mill (for grinding) molino; (=factory) movement movimento fabrica Mr. senior millimetre millimetro Mrs. seniora million million; two ~ duo milliones much a multe; adv/pron multo mind n mente; v prestar attention a(l); mud fango do you ~? es il equal a vos? multiply multiplicar (se) mine n mina; pron le mie(s); v minar murder n assassinato, homicidio; v miner minator assassinar mineral a/n mineral murderer assassino, homicida minister ministro music musica minute a minute; n minuta musical musical mirror speculo musician musico miserable miserabile must deber misery miseria my mi misfortune infortuna myself (subject) io mesme; (object) me miss n senioretta; v faller attinger; mysterious mysteriose (train, etc) perder mystery mysterio mistake n error mistaken, be esser in error nail n (anat.) ungue; (for nailing) clavo misunderstand comprender mal name n nomine; v nominar N mix v miscer (se) namely a saper mixed mixte narrow stricte mixture mixtura nation nation model modello; scale ~ modello in national national scala native a natal; n indigena, nativo

20 natural natural nothing nihil naturally naturalmente notice n attention; (=notification) nature natura aviso; (printed, etc) annuncio; v near a proxime; adv proxime (a) observar, remarcar nearly quasi noun substantivo neat ben ordinate, elegante November novembre necessary necessari now nunc, ora; (with past tense) alora; necessity necessitate (= well) alora neck collo nowhere in nulle parte need n necessitate; v haber necessitate nuisance molestia; (person) cruce, de flagello needle agulia number n numero; v numerar; a large neglect v negliger ~ of multe; a ~ of alicun neighbour vicino numerous numerose; (=many) multe neighbourhood vicinitate nurse n infirmera; v curar; male ~ neighbouring vicin infirmero neither ni; ~ ... nor ni ... ni nephew nepto obey obedir a nest nido object n objecto; v objectar O net, network rete objection objection never nunquam observe observar new nove occasion occasion news novas occasionally de tempore in tempore newspaper jornal ocean oceano next a proxime; adv postea, le proxime October octobre vice; ~ to juxta of de; ~ the del nice (of persons) sympathic; (things) off adv (=away) via; (=distant) distante; agradabile (without) sin; prep (= from) de niece nepta offence falta, offense; (= crime) night nocte crimine, delicto; (= outrage) ultrage nine novem offend offender nineteen dece-novem offer n offerta; v offerer (se) nineteenth a dece-none; n dece-nono office officio; (room) bureau ninth a none; n nono officer (mil.) officiero; (of society) no a nulle; adv (opposite of “yes”) no membro del committee noble (all senses) nobile official a official; n functionario, nobody nemo official noise ruito often frequentemente noisy ruitose oil n oleo none nulle old vetule; ~-fashioned antiquate; noon meridie how ~ are you? quante annos ha tu? nor ni omit emitter north a del nord; n nord on adv continuemente; prep super, sur; nose naso ~ the wall al muro; ~ Wednesday not non le mercuridi note n note; v notar; take ~ of once adv un vice; (= formerly) constatar antiquemente, olim notebook quaderno one (numeral) un; (person) on; (as

21 object) uno; ~ another le un le altere own a proprie; v posseder oneself se owner possessor, proprietario only a sol; adv solmente, solo open a aperte; v aperir (se); ~ air aere Pacific n Pacifico libere pack n pacco; v (esp. large items) P opening apertura imballar; (small items) impacchettar operate vt operar; (= work) manovrar; package pacchetto actionar; vi operar; (machine) page pagina functionar pain dolor operation operation painful dolorose opinion opinion paint n color; v pinger opportunity occasion, opportunitate painter pictor oppose opponer se a painting pictura opposite a opposite; adv/prep contra pair par or o pale pallide orange orange pan (frying) patella; (= saucepan) order n ordine; (com.) *commanda, casserola ordine; v commandar, ordinar; (com.) paper papiro; news~ jornal commandar; in ~ in ordine; in ~ to parcel pacchetto pro; out of ~ in reparation pardon v pardonar ordinary ordinari parent parente organ (all senses) organo park n parco; v parcar organization organisation parking parcamento organize organisar (se) part n parte; v partir origin origine particular particular original original particularly particularmente, super ornament ornamento toto other altere partly in parte otherwise alteremente, alias partner partenario ought (v conditional) deberea party (political) partito; (social) partita our nostre pass vt/vi passar ours le nostre(s) passage passage ourselves nos passenger passagero out adv foras; ~ of ex past a passate; n passato outer exterior path sentiero; (course) via outline n contorno, skeleto; idea patience patientia general; v contornar patient a/n patiente output (of worker) production; (of pause n pausa; v pausar machine) rendimento pavement trottoir outside a exterior; adv foras, al pay n paga; v pagar; (attention) prestar exterior; prep foras de, al exterior de payment pagamento over super; (= across) trans; (= peace pace finished) finite peaceful pacibile overcome superar pearl perla overlook dar super; (fig.) *condonar, peculiar peculiar non vider pen penna, pluma owe deber pencil stilo owing to a causa de, gratias e penny penny

22 people populo; (collectively) gente; ~ point n puncto; (= sharp end) puncta; v say on dice punctar; ~ of view puncto de vista perfect a perfecte poison n veneno; v invenenar perform (drama) representar; (a duty) Poland Polonia exequer pole palo; (elec., geog.) polo; (= Polish performance representation; national) polaco, polonese execution police policia perhaps forsan policeman agente de policia permanent permanente Polish a polac, polonese; n (wax) cera; permission permission vt polir permit permitter political politic person persona politician politico personal personal politics politica persuade persuader pool stagno petrol gasolina poor (both senses) povre photograph n photographia; v popular popular photographar popularity popularitate pick (= choose) seliger; (= gather) population population colliger; ~ up prender Portugal Portugal picture pictura Portuguese a/n portugese piece pecia position position pig porco possess posseder pile n cumulo; v cumular possession possession pin spinula possibility possibilitate pinch *pinciar possible possibile pipe tubo; (tobacco) pipa post a postal; n (= pole) palo; (= job) pity n pietate; v haber pietate de posto; (= mail) posta; v postar; ~ place n loco; v placiar, poner office posta plain a plan; simple; n plana postman currero plan n plano; v planar pot (cooking) marmita; (= jar) *potto plant a vegetal; n planta; (indust.) pound (money) libra sterling machineria; v plantar pour vt *versar; (tea) servir; vi currer plate platta; (for food) platto multo; ~ in vt infunder; vi entrar in play n joco; (theat.) drama, spectaculo; massa; ~ out vt effunder vt jocar (a); (mus.) sonar poverty povressa player jocator powder n pulvere pleasant placente power (gen.) poter; (= strength) fortia; please int per favor; v placer a (mech.) potentia; (elec.) energia; ~ pleasure placer station central plentiful abundante powerful potente plenty abundantia; ~ of multe, un practical practic abundantia de practically quasi plough n aratro; v arar practice practica plural plural practise practicar pocket tasca praise n laude; v laudar poem poema pray precar poet poeta prayer precaria poetry poesia preach predicar

23 precious preciose propose (= suggest) proponer; (= plan) prefer preferer proponer se (de) prejudice prejudicio protect proteger preparation preparation protection protection prepare preparar proud orgoliose; (in a good sense) fer presence presentia prove provar present a presente; n (in time) provide fornir, provider presente; (= gift) dono; v presentar; provided that a condition que be ~ assistar (a) pub taverna preserve preservar; (food) conservar public a public; n publico president presidente publication publication press n pressa; v premer; (= urge) pull n tirada; v tirar insister (super) pump n pumpa; v pumpar pressure pression punish punir pretence pretexto, simulation punishment punition pretend finger, simular; (= claim) pupil scholar pretender pure pur pretty a belle; adv bastante; quasi purpose fin, intention prevent evitar, impedir purposely con intention prevention prevention push n pulsata; v pulsar price precio put poner; ~ (something) in mitter pride orgolio; (in a good sense) feritate (alique) in; ~ on (clothing) vestir priest prestre puzzle n enigma, problema; v print v imprimer confunder printer imprimitor printing impression quality qualitate prison prision quantity quantitate Q prisoner prisionero quarrel n querela; v querelar private a private quarter a quarte; n quarto; (place) prize premio quartiero; a ~ past plus un quarte; a probable probabile ~ to minus un quarte problem problema queen regina procession procession question n question; v questionar; ~ produce v producer; (indust.) fabricar mark puncto de interrogation product producto quick rapide production production quickly rapidemente; (= without delay) profession profession presto profit n profito; v profitar (de) quiet silentiose, tranquille programme programma quite (= entirely) toto; (= rather) progress n progresso; v progressar bastante promise n promissa; v promitter promptly tosto rabbit conilio pronounce pronunciar race cursa; (biol.) racia R proof prova radio radio proper proprie rail (=bar) barra; (rly.) rail properly correctemente railway ferrovia property proprietate rain n pluvia; v pluver proposal proposition raincoat impermeabile

24 raise (= lift) altiar, levar; (= breed) relate narrar; (= refer) referer elevar; (a question) sublevar; (prices) relation (in gen.) relation augmentar relative a relative; n cognato rank rango relief alleviamento rapid a rapide relieve (pain) alleviar rare rar religion religion rat ratto religious religiose rate rata remark n observation; v observar rather (= somewhat) bastante; (= remarkable remarcabile sooner) plus tosto remedy n remedio; v remediar raw crude; ~ material materia prime remember memorar ray radio remind rememorar (un cosa a un razor rasorio persona) reach attinger rent n location; v locar read leger repair n reparation; v reparar reader lector repeat v repeter reading lectura replace reimplaciar ready preparate; (= willing) disposite, reply n responsa; v responder preste report n reporto; v reportar real real represent representar reality realitate representative n representante really realmente, vermente republic republica realise (= understand) comprender; (= reputation reputation make real) realisar request n requesta; v requestar reason n ration; v rationar rescue n salvamento; v salvar reasonable rational; (= inexpensive) reserve n reserva; v reservar rationabile resign dimitter se (de) receipt (act) reception; (document) resignation dimission; (state of mind) quitantia resignation receive reciper resist resister a recent recente resistance resistentia recognition recognition respect n respecto; v respectar recognize recognoscer responsibility responsabilitate recommend recommendar responsible responsabile (de) record n registro; (grammophone) rest n reposo; (= remainder) resto; disco; (sport) record; v registrar vt/vi reposar red rubie restaurant restaurante reduce vt reducer result n resultato; v resultar reduction reduction retire vi retirar se; (on pension) refer referer (se) (a) pensionar se reference referentia retirement retiro reflect vt reflecter; vi pensar return n retorno; vt/vi retornar reflection reflexion review n revista; (of book) recension; v refuse n immunditias; v refusar revider; (a book) recenser regard n reguardo; v reguardar reward recompensa; (= prize) premio regret n regret; v regrettar rich ric regular regular rid of, get eliminar rejoice v gauder ride v ir (a cavallo, a motocycletta)

25 right a juste; (= not left) dextre; adv sacred sacre directemente; n (legal) derecto; sacrifice n sacrificio; v sacrificar S (=opposite of “left”) dextra sad triste ring n (= circle) rondo; (of metal, etc) saddle sella anulo; vt/vi sonar safe a secur; (= unhurt) salve ripe matur safety securitate rise n ascension; (prices, wages) sail n vela; vt/vi navigar augmento; v levar se; (mountain, tree) sailor marinero elevar se; (sun) levar se sake consideration risk n risco; v riscar salary salario rival a/n rival sale vendita; (= clearance) liquidation river fluvio; (small) riviera salt sal road cammino, via same mesme roar n rugito; v rugir sand sablo roast rostir (se) satisfaction satisfaction rob robar satisfactory satisfactori rock petra satisfy satisfacer rod barra, virga; connecting ~ biella; Saturday sabbato fishing ~ canna a piscar save (gen.) salvar; economisar; roll n role; (of bread) panetto; vt/vi (money) sparniar rolar say dicer roof n tecto scale scala room camera; (large) sala; (= space) scarce pauco commun, rar spatio scarcely a pena root radice scatter dispersar (se) rope n corda; (thick) fun scene scena rough rude; brutal; (= not smooth) scenery (natural) paisage; (theat.) aspere; (of figures) approximative; decoration (sea) grosse school schola; ~ boy scholar round a ronde; adv (use verbal prefix:) (mascule); ~ girl scholar (feminin) circum-; prep circa science scientia row (of people, seats, etc) rango scientific scientific royal royal scientist scientista rub v fricar scorn n disdigno; v disdignar rubber a de gumma; n gumma Scot scoto rude (both senses) rude Scotland Scotia ruin n ruina; v ruinar Scottish scotese rule n governamento; (= ruling) regula; screen pannello de projection v governar, reger screw n vite; v vitar ruler soverano; (for drawing lines) sea a marin; n mar regula search n cerca; ~ for cercar run vi currer; (river) fluer; (= pass) season n saison passar; (machine) functionar; vt seat n sede diriger seated sedite rush vi precipitar se second a secunde; n secunda Russia Russia secret a secrete; n secreto Russian a russe; n russo secretary secretario rust n ferrugine; v oxydar (se) see vider; (= understand) comprender

26 seed semine contribution, quota; (= what you get seem parer out) parte, portion; (fin.) action; v seize sasir posseder/usar in commun; ~ in seldom rarmente prender parte in; ~ out distribuer, self ego; see also myself, yourself etc divider selfish egoistic sharp (of blade) affilate; (needle, sell vender (se) senses) acute; intelligente; (= distinct) seller venditor nette send inviar; (= shoot) lancear; ~ away shave rasar (se) dimitter; ~ for facer venir she illa sensation sensation sheep ove; (plural) oves sense (both senses) senso; common ~ sheet (metal, etc) lamina; (for bed) senso commun drappo de lecto; (paper) folio; (water) sensible practic extension sentence phrase shelf planca separate a separate; v separar shell a (gen.) scalia; (= seashell) September septembre concha; (crab) *carapace; (mil.) serious seriose; (wound, etc) grave granata; (fig. ) *carcassa servant domestico, servitor shelter n refugio; v proteger (se) serve vt/vi servir; ~ as servir de shield scuto; (fig. ) protection service servicio; church ~ servicio shine vi lucer; (sun) brillar divin ship n nave; vt (= send) expedir set n collection, serie; (china) servicio; shipment cargo v poner; (sun) poner se; ~ out partir; shirt camisa ~ up establir shock n choc; v choccar; electric ~ settle decider; (colony) colonisar; succussa electric (debt) pagar; (quarrel) componer; ~ shocked scandalisate down installar se shoe scarpa; ~ lace cordon de scarpas settlement colonia; (of quarrel) shoot vt tirar (un balla); fusilar (un composition persona); vi lancear se settler colono shop n boteca; (= store) magazin; seven septe (indust. ) officina seventeen dece-septe shopping, go visitar le botecas seventeenth a dece-septime; n dece- shore bordo septimo short breve, curte; (= not tall) de parve seventh a septime; n septimo statura seventy septanta shortly in pauco several a plure; pron plures shot a fusilate; n tiro severe sever; (weather) rigorose shoulder spatula sew suer shout n crito; v critar sex sexo show n monstra; (theat.) spectaculo; v shade n umbra; (fig.) nuance monstrar; (= exhibit) exponer; (= shadow umbra indicate) indicar; (= prove) shake vt succuter; vi tremer; ~ hands demonstrar stringer le manos shower pluvia passager; (toilet) ducha; shame n vergonia have a ~ duchar se shape n forma; v formar shut a clause; v clauder (se) share n (= what you put in) sick malade; be ~ esser malade; (=

27 vomit) vomir slight legier, superficial; (= small) side a lateral; n latere; argument, (in parve argument, etc) parte slightly un pauco sight (= power of seeing) viso; (= thing slip vt/vi glissar seen) vista; v apperciper; catch ~ of slippery lubric intervider; in ~ in vista slope n inclination; (downward) sign n signo; (board, etc) pannello/ declination; vi inclinar; declinar tabula indicator; v signar slow lente; ~ down *decelerar (se) signal n signal; v signalar small parve silence n silentio smell n odor; vt olfacer; vi odorar silent silente; be ~ tacer smile n surriso; v surrider silk a de seta; n seta smoke n fumo; vt/vi fumar silver a de argento; (colour) argentee; smooth a lisie; v lisiar n argento snake serpente simple simple; (= easy) facile snow n nive; v nivar simplicity simplicitate so adv (= accordingly, thus) assi; simply simplemente; (= quite) toto (qualifying adjective or adverb) si, since adv postea; conj post que; (= tanto; conj (= therefore) dunque; ~ as because) proque; prep depost to a fin de; ~-called si-nominate; ~ sincere sincer do we anque nos; ~ many tante; ~ sing cantar much a tante; adv tanto; ~ that single sol; (= not married) celibe (purpose) a fin que; (result) de sorta sink v (gen. and fig.) declinar; (ship) que; as ... so como ... assi *affundar (se) soap n sapon sir senior; (as in “Sir John”) sir social social sister soror society societate sit vt/vi seder; ~ down seder se sock calcetta sitting room salon soft molle; (= tender) tenere; stupide situation situation soil n solo six sex soldier soldato sixteen dece-sex solemn solemne sixteenth a dece-sexte; n dece-sexto solid a solide; n solido sixty sexanta solution (both senses) solution size grandor; (of garment) numero, solve solver talia some a alicun; adv circa; pron skilful habile alicunos; skill habilitate somehow de un modo o un altere skilled experte someone alicuno skin n pelle; v pellar something alique, qualcosa skirt n gonna; v costear sometimes de tempore in tempore sky celo somewhat bastante slave sclavo somewhere in alicun parte slavery sclavitude son filio sleep n somno; v dormir; go to ~ song canto addormir se soon tosto; as ~ as si tosto que; as ~ sleeper dormiente; (rly.) transversa; (= as possible al plus tosto sleeping car) wagon lectos sore dolorose slide vt/vi glissar sorrow dolo, tristessa

28 sorry n pardono!; be ~ doler se (de) (se) in marcha sort a sorta; v assortir state n (both senses) state; v declarar soul anima statement declaration sound n sono; v sonar statesman homine de stato south a del sud; n sud station station space a spatial; n spatio stay restar; (on holiday) sojornar Spain Espania steady continue Spaniard espaniol steal furar Spanish a/n espaniol steam vapor spare a disponibile; (mech.) de steamer (nave a) vapor *recambio; v sparniar; (= do without) steel a de aciero; n aciero *passar se sin steep precipitose speak parlar steer diriger speaker parlator; (radio, etc) step n (walking) passo; (= stair) scalon; altoparlator v facer un passo special special stick n baston; vi attachar; vi (mech.) speech linguage; (= oration) discurso esser bloccate speed velocitate stiff rigide spell orthographiar still a immobile; adv ancora spelling orthographia stock n (= provision) stock; (fin.) spend dispender; (time) passar actiones; v stockar spin vt/vi girar; (thread) filari stocking calcea spirit (gen.) spirito; alcohol; energia stomach stomacho spite n despecto; in ~ of nonobstante stone a de petra; n petra splendid splendide stop int basta!; vt/vi (= cease) cessar; split n fissura; v finder (se) (= halt) stoppar; (= prevent) impedir; spoil v guastar (se) bus ~ halto/station de autobus; pull spoon coclear ~ puncto sport sport store n provision (= shop or spot (= mark) macula; (= dot) puncto; warehouse) magazin; v immagazinar (= place) localitate storm tempesta spread n diffusion, extension; v story (= tale) conto; (narrative) historia extender (se); (fig.) diffunder (se) straight a (= not curved) recte; adv spring (season) primavera; (mech.) directe; ~ ahead directemente resorto strange estranie square a quadrate; n quadrato; (in a stranger estraniero town) placia straw a de palea; n palea staff personal strawberry fraga stage stadio; (theat.) scena stream rivo; (fig.) *jecto, torrente stairs scala street strata stamp n (postal) timbro; v timbrar; strength fortia (with foot) calcar; ~ out extirpar stretch v extender (se) stand vt (= bear) suffrer; (= put) poner; strict stricte vi star; ~ up levar se; ~ up to resister strike n (indust.) exopero; v (= hit) a colpar; go on ~ exoperar standard a normal; n standard string corda; (= series) serie star stella strip n lista; v spoliar start vt/vi comenciar; (mech.) poner stripe n lista, *stria

29 stroke n (= blow) colpo; (pen) tracto Swede svedese strong forte Sweden Svedia strongly forte Swedish svedese struggle n lucta; v luctar sweep vt scopar; vi avantiar student studente rapidemente study n (all senses) studio; v studiar sweet a dulce; n bonbon; (= dessert) stuff n substantia; (worthless) cosalia; dessert v reimpler swell vi tumer; vt tumefacer stupid stupide swim natar subject a subjecte; n subjecto; v swing balanciar (se) submitter Swiss a switze; n switzo substance substantia Switzerland Switza succeed (both senses) succeder (a) sympathy sympathia success (bon) successo system systema successful succedite successfully con (bon) successo table tabula such a tal; adv si; ~ a un tal tail cauda T sudden subite take prender; (= carry) portar; (= need) suddenly subito requirer; ~ away levar, subtraher; ~ suffer suffrer back reprender; ~ off (clothes) dis- suffering n suffrentia vestir se de; ~ place occurrer sugar sucro talk n conversation; (= lecture) suggest suggerer discurso; v parlar suggestion suggestion tall alte; (of a man) grande suit n (clothing) habito; v convenir a tap n valvula; v (= hit) colpar legier- suitable convenibile mente Summer estate taste n gusto; v gustar sun sol tasty saporose Sunday dominica tax n taxa; v taxar sunrise levar del sol tea the sunset poner del sol teach inseniar (un cosa a un persona) sunshine (lumine del) sol teacher inseniante; (at school) maestro supper souper teaching inseniamento supply n provision; v fornir team equipa support n supporto; (= backing) tear n lacrima; (= rent) laceration; v appoio; v supportar; (= back) appoiar lacerar (se) suppose supponer telegraph n telegrapho; v telegraphar sure certe, secur telephone n telephono; v telephonar surely certo, sin dubita television television surface superficie tell (gen.) dicer, informar; (story) surprise n surprisa; v surprender contar; (= order) dicer (a un persona surround circumferer de facer un cosa); (= distinguish) surroundings ambiente distinguer; (= know) saper suspect v suspectar temper (bon/mal) humor; lose one’s suspicion suspicion ~ inrabiar se swallow v glutir temperature temperatura swear (solemnly) jurar; (bad language) temple (building) templo blasphemar tend tender; (= care for) curar

30 tendency tendentia though ben que tender a tenere thought (= idea) pensata; (=thinking) tent tent pensamento tenth a decime; n decimo thousand mille; two ~ duo milles term termino; (= period) periodo; thread filo (scholastic) trimestre threat menacia terrible terribile threaten menaciar test n prova; (med., scholastic) test; v three tres prosar; (in school) examinar throat gorge text texto through per, a transverso de textbook manual throughout adv/prep in omne parte than que (del) thank v regratiar; ~ you gratias; ~ you throw jectar; ~ back rejectar very much multe gratias thumb pollice that a ille; conj que; pron illo; relative thunder n tonitro; v fulminar pron que; (= who) qui, que, le qual(es) Thursday jovedi the le; ~ ... ~ quanto ... tanto thus assi theatre theatro ticket billet (pronounce ‘bilyet’) their lor tide marea (alte o basse) theirs le lore(s) tie n cravata; ~ up ligar them (m. and gen.) les; (f.) las; (things) tight stricte los till prep usque themselves (subject) (illes) mesme; time tempore; (as in ‘three times’) vice; (object) se ~ table horario; what’s the ~ qual then alora; (= next) postea hora es il? there ibi, illac; ~ is/are il ha tin (metal) stanno; (= can) cassa de therefore dunque, ergo latta these a iste; pron (things) istos; tip n (= advice) aviso; (= money) (persons) istes gratification; (= point) puncta; v they (m. and gen.) illes; (f.) illas; inclinar (se); avisar; gratificar (things) illos; (people in general) on tire fatigar (se) thick spisse tired fatigate thin tenue; (= lean) magre; (not dense) title titulo rar to a; (purpose) pro; to the al thing cosa tobacco tabaco think pensar; (= believe) creder; ~ of today hodie pensar a; (= hold an opinion about) toe digito (de pede) pensar de together conjunctemente, insimul third a tertie; n tertio toilet (= lavatory) W.C.; ~ paper thirst sete papiro hygienic thirsty, be haber sete tomorrow deman; day after ~ post- thirteen dece-tres deman thirteenth a dece-tertie; dece-tertio tongue (both senses) lingua thirty trenta tonight iste vespera this a iste; pron isto tonne tonna thorough minutiose too (= excessively) troppo; (= also) thoroughly a fundo anque, tamben; ~ many troppe; ~ those (things) illos; (persons) illes much a troppe; adv troppo; you ~

31 anque tu truly vermente; yours ~ fidelmente tool utensile vostre tooth dente trunk (of tree) trunco; (= box) coffro top alto, parte superior; on ~ of super trust n confidentia; responsabilitate; total a/n total (fin.) trust; v fider se a touch n tocco; contacto; v toccar truth veritate touch dur, forte, *resistente try v provar, tentar; (jur.) judicar tour tour tube tubo; (rly.) metro tourist tourista Tuesday martedi towards verso tune melodia towel toalia turn n torno; vt tornar, girar; vi rotar, tower turre girar; ~ into converter (se) in; ~ off town citate, urbe; ~ hall palatio (elec.) accender; (a tap) aperir; ~ municipal right *virar/girar al dextra toy joculo twelfth a dece-secunde; n dece- track piste; (rly.) via secundo trade n commercio; (= occupation) twelve dece-duo mestiero; v commerciar; ~ union twenty vinti syndicato twenty-nine vinti-novem train n traino; v exercitar (se) twist n torto; v torquer (se) tram tram twisted torte tramway tramvia twisting n torquimento transistor transistor two duo translate traducer type n typo; v scriber a machina translation traduction typewriter machina a scriber trap n trappa; v trappar travel n viages; v viagiar; ~ agency ugly fede, repulsive bureau de viages umbrella parapluvia U treasure tresor un- (negative prefix) with adjectives use treasurer cassero, tresorero “in-”, which becomes “il-” before L, treat v tractar; (med.) curar “ir-” before R, “im-” before M and P; treatment tractamento; (med.) with verbs, use “dis-” therapia uncle oncle tree arbore under sub tremble tremer underground (rly. ) metro trial prova, tentative; (= jur.) judicio underneath adv infra; prep sub tribe tribe understand comprender trick n (= artifice) artificio; (= swindle) union union; trade ~ syndicato fraude; vt dupar, *ingannar; (= hoax) unit unitate mystificar unite unir (se) trip n (= run) cursa, percurso; (= United States a statounitese; n Statos excursion) tour Unite trouble n (= distress) affliction; (= universal universal difficulty) difficultate, pena; (= bother) universe n universo molestia; (indust.) conflicto; v university universitate incommodar (se); (= upset) disturbar unless a minus que trousers pantalones until usque true ver; (= faithful) fidel up in alto

32 upon super, sur walk n promenada; vi promenar se upper superior wall muro; (of room) pariete upright vertical; (morally) honeste wander vagar upset inverter; (fig.) disregular, want n (= lack) manco; v voler perturbar war guerra upwards in alto warm calide urge vt recommendar con insistentia (a warmth calor un persona de facer un cosa); vi urger warn prevenir urgent urgente wash vt lavar; have a ~ lavar se us nos washing n lavage use n uso; v usar, utilisar; ~ up waste n perdita; v guastar (= container) exhaurir; be ~d to soler wasteful prodige useful utile watch n (action) vigilia; (timepiece) useless inutile horologio; v observar, vigilar super; usual usual (TV etc) spectar water n aqua vain van; in ~ in van wave n unda; vt agitar; vi undular; (to V valley valle someone) facer signos con le mano valuable preciose wax cera value n valor; v valutar way via, cammino; (= manner) variety varietate maniera, methodo; ~ out exito various varie we nos vegetable a/n vegetal weak debile verb verbo weaken debilitar (se) verse verso weakness debilitate very multo wealth ricchessa vessel (= ship) vascello; (= container) wealthy ric vaso, vasculo weapon arma victory victoria wear vt portar; vi (= last) durar; ~ out view n vista; v contemplar; point of ~ consumer (de) puncto de vista wearing vestite de village village weather tempore; ~ report bulletin violence violentia meteorologic violent violente weave texer virtue virtute; by ~ of per Wednesday mercuridi visit n visita; v visitar week septimana visitor visitator weekly septimanal voice voce weigh vt/vi pesar vote n vote; v votar weight peso voyage viage (marin) welcome a benvenite; n *benvenita; v dar le *benvenita a wages page, salario well a san; adv ben; int alora; n puteo W waist cinctura Welsh a/n gallese wait (for) attender Welshman gallese waiter servitor; (shouted, to attract his west a del west; n west attention) garson! wet a humide; v molliar; ~ day die de wake up eveliar (se) pluvia Wales Galles what a qual, que; pron que; (= that

33 which) lo que; ~ a pity qual damno! wise sage whatever a qualcunque; pron wish n desiro; vt desirar; (= want) voler quecunque; ~ happens sia que sia with con; (= by, of, from) de wheat frumento within intra wheel rota without prep sin when quando witness n (person) teste; (= evidence) whenever quandocunque testimonio where ubi; (= whither) a ubi woman femina whereever ubicunque wonder n (object) meravilia; (feeling) whether esque; ~ ... or sia ... sia stupor, admiration; v (= marvel) which a qual, que; pron que, le qual(es) meraviliar se; (= ask oneself) while durante que; (= although) ben demandar se que; (= whereas) e, ma wonderful meraviliose, stupide whip flagella wood (substance) ligno; (trees) bosco whisper n susurro; v susurrar wooden de ligno whistle n (both senses) sibilo; v sibilar wool lana white blanc word parola who qui, le qual(es) work a labor, travalio; (= something whole a integre; n toto; the ~ of tote le produced by work) obra; vi laborar, whom que; (after preposition) qui, le travaliar; (= function) functionar; vt qual(es) facer functionar, operar whose cuje workshop officina why proque worker obrero, travaliator wicked perverse world a mundial; n mundo wide large, vaste; (= large) grande worm verme; earth ~ lumbrico widely largemente worn portate; (= heavily used) widespread general, extense, diffuse deteriorate; ~ out foras de uso width largor, amplitude worry n anxietate, inquietude; vt widow vidua inquietar; (= bother) vexar; vi widower viduo inquietar se, perturbar se wife marita worse a pejor; adv pejo wild (animals, plants) salvage; (= worship n adoration; v adorar fierce) feroce; (= mad) fantastic, worst a/n (le) pejor insensate worth n valor; be ~ valer will n voluntate; v (future verbal wound n *ferita, vulnere; v ferir, auxiliary) va + infinitive; (= wish) vulnerar voler wrap (up) vt involver; vi coperir se willing ben disposite, servicial wreck n (event) naufragio; (ship) win v vincer (un battalia); (= gain) vascello naufragate; (fig.) ruina; v ganiar destruer, ruinar; be ~ed naufragar wind n vento; vt bobinar; vi serpentar wrist carpo window fenestra; (shop) vitrina write scriber wine vino wrong a (= immoral) injuste, immoral; wing (all senses) ala (= inappropriate) improprie; (= Winter hiberno incorrect) false, incorrecte; n (gen.) wipe essugar mal, torto; be ~ haber torto; do ~ wire filo (metallic) facer mal; go ~ vader mal wisdom sagessa

34 yard (= court) corte; (indust.) deposito yours le vostre(s); (familiar “you”) le Y year anno tue(s) yearly annual yourself vos; (familiar “you”) te yellow jalne yourselves vos yes si youth n (period of life; = young people) yesterday heri juventute; (= young man) juvene; ~ yet adv jam; conj totevia hostel albergo de juventute yield n rendimento; v ceder you vos; (familiar) tu; (as object) vos; te zero zero young juvene zoo jardin zoologic, *zoo Z your vostre; (familiar “you”) tu

35 SUMMARY OF INTERLINGUA GRAMMAR

Articles – The definite article is always le (for singular and plural) and the indefinite article is always un.

Nouns – As in English, nouns have no grammatical gender. Nouns ending in a vowel take -s in the plural and nouns ending in a consonant take -es.

Pronouns – The natural gender determines the form of the third person singular and plural pronouns, ille(s) for males, illa(s) for females and illo(s) for things.

Subject io tu ille illa illo nos vos illes illas illos Object me te le la lo nos vos les las los Reflexive me te se se se nos vos se se se (Adjective mi tu su su su nostre vostre lor lor lor)

Note: Prepositions take the object case of personal pronouns in the first and second persons and the subject case in the third person.

Adjectives – Adjectives are invariable and usually follow the noun.

Adverbs – The adverb is formed from the adjective by adding -mente.

Verbs – The infinitive ends in -ar, -er or -ir. The present participle replaces the infinitive -ar with -ante, -er with -ente, -ir with - iente. The past participle replaces the infinitive -ar with -ate, -er and -ir with -ite. The imperative drops the -r of the infinitive. No pronoun is used. The present tense drops the -r of the infinitive. The future tense adds (stressed) -a to the infinitive. The past tense replaces the -r of the infinitive with -va. The perfect tense uses the auxiliary ha with the past participle. The future perfect uses the auxiliary habera with the past participle. The pluperfect tense uses the auxilary habeva with the past participle. The conditional tense adds -ea (stressed e) to the infinitive. The conditional perfect tense uses the auxiliary haberea with the past participle. The passive uses the appropriate tense of the auxiliary esser with the past participle.