I Saggi Di Lexia
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Perfect Language and the Mathematicians
Jekyll.comm 1 – marzo 2002 Mathematicians and the perfect language: Giuseppe Peano’s case By Daniele Gouthier, Nico Pitrelli and Ivan Pupolizo Master’s Degree Course in Scientific Communication – ISAS – Trieste – Italy Attempts to create an International Artificial Language (IAL) have kept pace with the evolution of modern science. Ever since Galileo’s time, scientists have been interested in how to create a perfect language (the adjective “perfect” takes on the meaning of “universal” or “unambiguous” depending on the period) capable of supporting communication at a horizontal level i.e. within the scientific community, and at a vertical level, i.e. between scientists and the public. The first goal of this article is to describe briefly how this need for a perfect language developed over the past years. Special attention will be spent on the mathematicians’ role, especially Giuseppe Peano’s. The second goal is to illustrate how Giuseppe Peano’s contribution to this debate proved twofold and led to various conclusions. The Italian mathematician played a leading role in the creation of a perfect language, both at a horizontal and a vertical level. On the one hand, there is his successful attempt to introduce a standard logical and symbolic system of notation, which became essential for communication among mathematicians. On the other hand, there is the complete failure of his ambitious Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflection), a perfect language which died with its creator. Introduction People have been interested in the creation of a perfect language for more than two thousand years. From ancient Greek philosophers to present PC programmers, the search for a universal language is ever present in the history of culture and, more specifically, of science. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
1 Constructed Language and Linguistic Theory Marc Van Oostendorp To
Constructed language and linguistic theory Marc van Oostendorp To appear in: Klaus Schubert (ed.) Planned language: From plan to reality. Association Belgique de Linguistique Appliquée, 2000. 0. Introduction ‘Natural language’ is arguably the most central concept within linguistic theory —it defines its object of study —, but it is hardly ever discussed outside the first pages of introductory textbooks. It is usually taken for granted that everybody knows what the label means, and that it can be applied to American English, Yidiny and Eastern Javanese, but not to tonal music, the programming language Prolog, or the languages of the Elves in the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien. Many interlinguists — those scholars concerned with the study of consciously planned languages meant for international communication — follow this line of reasoning to some extent, if they defend the validity of their interest in Esperanto (cf. Schubert 1989, Tonkin and Fettes 1996 for fairly recent overviews). They argue that Esperanto is markedly different from other planned languages, because it has been used in a much wider range of communicative situations, because it has become associated with a separate ‘Esperantist culture’, or because it is learnt by children as one of their native languages. For this reason, Esperanto would have started to differ from its competitors: it would be the only ‘language project’ that has succeeded in becoming a ‘real (natural) language’. This line of argumentation is examined in this article. I study the relevance of some planned or constructed languages other than Esperanto, viz. Interlingua, Ido, Europanto and Spocanian. These have been made up in slightly different ways, all serve different goals and different philosophies have guided the construction of their respective grammars. -
Chapter Two Planned Languages And
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Research Information System University of Turin CHAPTER TWO PLANNED LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE PLANNING: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERLINGUISTICS TO CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION FEDERICO GOBBO A new science is developing, Interlinguistics–that branch of the science of language which deals with the structure and basic ideas of all languages with the view to the establishing of a norm for interlanguages, i.e. auxiliary languages destined for oral and written use between people who cannot make themselves understood by means of their mother tongues. —Otto Jespersen (1931) Since the end of the 19th century up to the first half of the 20th century, the quest for “a norm for interlanguages” was a hotly debated issue among linguistic scholars and amateurs. In fact, about 1,000 language projects were proposed in that period, especially in Europe: the strongest effort for cross-cultural connection ever made (Albani-Buonarroti 1994). What can be inferred from it, in terms of language planning? Is there any relation or analogy between the issues encountered in natural language planning contexts (e.g. officialization, language revitalization, standardization) and interlanguage planning? Are there any general rules that can be deduced from the main historical developments of the above mentioned “quest”? Although Tauli (1968) considered interlinguistics as “the science of international language planning” (i.e. a branch of the science of language planning) very few linguists involved in language planning paid attention to interlinguistics until now. In this analysis of planned international language, the role of language amateurs will not be underestimated. -
Algebra and Grammar: a Peanian Analysis of Everyday English
Metalogicon (1992) V, 1 Algebra and Grammar: A Peanian Analysis of Everyday English Michele Malatesta* 1. Peano's Latino sine flexione. It is well known that, by following Leibniz's intuition, Giuseppe Peano constructed the Latino sine flexione, i.e. Latin without inflexion. The rules of LSF (Latino sine flexione) are the following: (1) grammatical cases are superfluous since they can be expressed by prepositions; (2) grammatical genders are superfluous as in Chinese; (3) grammatical numbers are superfluous as in Chinese (N.B. Grammatical numbers not arithmetic numbers are superfluous); (4) conjugations of verbs are superfluous: it is sufficient to express the personal pronouns I, You, He, She, It, etc. as in Chinese; (5) verb tenses are superfluous since the time is expressible by means of adverbs as in Chinese. Note that Peano did not axiomatize LSF.1 * Presented at 3rd International Symposium on Systems Research Informatics and Cybernetics, Baden-Baden (Germany), August 12-18, 1991, in the Plenary Session on Logic and Mathematics of day August 16. 1 An attempt to axiomatize LSF is found in FREGUGLIA [1977] 305-317 and [1978] 72-75. In both works, the author given five general axioms and three specific axioms, proves two theorems. “Assiomi generali A.6.1: Siano , , ecc. simboli per elementi grammaticali, allora se = + 21 Metalogicon (1992) V, 1 si ha : = - = - A.6.2: Indichi 0 l'elemento grammaticale «de valore nullo» allora se = si ha - = 0 A.6.3: ± 0 = 0 + = A.6.4: - = - + = 0 A.6.5: ± ( ± ) = ( ± ) ± C Assiomi specifici A'.6.1: V = es + A = habe + N dove es e habe, imperativi latini dei verbi esse e habere, vengono usati secondo l'interlingua per indicare genericamente i verbi essere e avere. -
Bahá'í Short Obligatory Prayer in Various Constructed Languages
Bahá’í Short Obligatory Prayer in Various Constructed Languages Original Arabic ِ ِ ِ ﱠ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ْأَﺷﻬَُد ﻳﺎ إﻟﻬﻲ ﺑﺄَﻧ َك َﺧﻠَْﻘﺗَﻧ ْﻲ ﻟﻌْرﻓﺎﻧ َك َوﻋ َﺑﺎدﺗ َك، ْأَﺷﻬَُد ﻓﻲ ﻫذا ْاﻟﺣْﻳن ﺑ َﻌ ْﺟزْي َوﻗُﱠوﺗ َك َو َﺿ ْﻌ ﻔ ْﻲ َو ْاﻗﺗدار َك ِ ِ ِ ﱠ ِ َوﻓَْﻘِرْي َوَﻏﻧﺎﺋ َك، ﻻ إﻟﻪ َ إﻻ ْأَﻧ َت ُاﻟﻣﻬَْﻳﻣ ُن اﻟﻘَﱡﻳ ُوم . Authorized English Translation I bear witness, O my God, that Thou hast created me to know Thee and to worship Thee. I testify, at this moment, to my powerlessness and to Thy might, to my poverty and to Thy wealth. There is none other God but Thee, the Help in Peril, the Self-Subsisting. Esperanto Mi atestas, ho Sinjoro, mia Dio, ke Vi kreis min, por ke mi konu kaj adoru Vin. Mi atestas ĉimomente pri mia senforteco kaj pri Via Potenco, pri mia malriĉeco kaj pri Via Riĉeco. Ne ekzistas alia Dio krom Vi, la Defendanto, la Mem‐Ekzistanto. Interlingua Io testimonia, o mie Deo, que tu me ha create, pro Te cognoscer e adorar. Io testimonia in iste instante a mie debilitate e a Tie potentia, a mie paupertate e a Tie ricchessa. No existe áltere Deo salvo Tu, le adjutor en perículo, le in se mesmoexistente. Sambahsa Io schahide O mien Div od me has creen kay gnohe Te ed dyines Te, io schahide ye tod tid mien achizia ed Tien augos ed mien sliebe ed Tien force ed mien paupertat ed Tien rey, ne est div ploisko Te iom Behrger ed iom Swobod. -
Communism in Words
Communism in words A brief history of Esperanto, the language intimately tied to the common destiny of the working class. My dad’s love of foreign languages began when he gave up bus-conducting and crossed the Channel to fight Franco and become a communist. In Catalonia, a fighter told him that if the International Brigaders had known Esperanto, they might have had more success. When someone at a party school called Esperanto petty-bourgeois — then the line — he was shocked and disappointed. He told me later, “He’s wrong; it’s a good idea. It’s communism in words. One day, everyone will speak it.” I loved this idea of a universal language. Its inventor designed it to be simple, and I learned it in just three months. In 2011, the Catalan Esperanto Association invited me to give a eulogy commemorating the International Brigadiers at their memorial in Montjuïc Cemetery. They wanted it in the form of a tribute to my father, so I gave it in Esperanto. In the early twentieth century, revolutionaries embraced this language, seeing it as a tool to build international solidarity. Esperanto faded along with many of those hopes as it faced decades of attacks from fascist and Communist states alike, but its legacy is worth preserving. Leizer Ludwik Zamenhof (1859–1917) created Esperanto to be a global second language. A Lithuanian Jew, Zamenhof grew up under Russian occupation and amid the tensions between Jews, Catholic Poles, Orthodox Russians, and Protestant Germans. He identified miscommunication as the main cause of this trouble. First, Zamenhof tried to create a standardized Yiddish to unify Jews across the Russian Empire. -
Logic and Axiomatics in the Making of Latino Sine Flexione
Philosophia Scientiæ Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences 25-1 | 2021 The Peano School: Logic, Epistemology and Didactics Logic and Axiomatics in the Making of Latino sine Flexione Başak Aray Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/2853 DOI: 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.2853 ISSN: 1775-4283 Publisher Éditions Kimé Printed version Date of publication: 25 February 2021 Number of pages: 127-143 ISBN: 978-2-38072-000-6 ISSN: 1281-2463 Electronic reference Başak Aray, “Logic and Axiomatics in the Making of Latino sine Flexione”, Philosophia Scientiæ [Online], 25-1 | 2021, Online since 01 March 2021, connection on 31 March 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/2853 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ philosophiascientiae.2853 Tous droits réservés Logic and Axiomatics in the Making of Latino sine Flexione Başak Aray Istanbul Gelisim University (Turkey) Résumé : Cette contribution examine l’arrière-plan scientifique de Latino sine Flexione (LSF), une langue auxiliaire internationale élaborée par Peano. Le LSF s’insère dans le cadre d’un mouvement linguistique plus vaste résul- tant des nouvelles technologies, lesquelles accélérèrent la mondialisation. La science constitue une force motrice dans le développement d’une langue auxi- liaire internationale, étant donné qu’elle favorise les contacts internationaux et qu’elle fournit des données et des méthodes permettant de construire une telle langue. Avec le LSF, Peano entreprit de réaliser une partie du rêve leibnizien d’une langue universelle, dont une version simplifiée et provisoire du latin représenterait la première étape. Le LSF fut conçu à partir des fragments de Leibniz rassemblés par Couturat. En éliminant les traits conventionnels du latin standard, Peano entreprit de le réduire à son expression logique. -
In 2018 Linguapax Review
linguapax review6 62018 Languages, Worlds and Action Llengües, mons i acció Linguapax Review 2018 Languages, Worlds and Actions Llengües, mons i acció Editat per: Amb el suport de: Generalitat de Catalunya Departament de Cultura Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Acció Exterior Relacions Institucionals i Transparència Secretaria d’Acció Exterior i de la Unió Europea Coordinació editorial: Alícia Fuentes Calle Disseny i maquetació: Maria Cabrera Callís Traduccions: Marc Alba / Violeta Roca Font Aquesta obra està subjecta a una llicència de Reconeixement-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons CONTENTS - CONTINGUTS Introduction. Languages, Worlds and action. Alícia Fuentes-Calle 5 Introducció. Llengües, mons i acció. Alícia Fuentes-Calle Túumben Maaya K’aay: De-stigmatising Maya Language in the 14 Yucatan Region Genner Llanes-Ortiz Túumben Maaya K’aay: desestigmatitzant la llengua maia a la regió del Yucatán. Genner Llanes-Ortiz Into the Heimat. Transcultural theatre. Sonia Antinori 37 En el Heimat. Teatre transcultural. Sonia Antinori Sustaining multimodal diversity: Narrative practices from the 64 Central Australian deserts. Jennifer Green La preservació de la diversitat multimodal: els costums narratius dels deserts d’Austràlia central. Jennifer Green A new era in the history of language invention. Jan van Steenbergen 101 Una nova era en la història de la invenció de llengües. Jan van Steenbergen Tribalingual, a startup for endangered languages. Inky Gibbens 183 Tribalingual, una start-up per a llengües amenaçades. Inky Gibbens The Web Alternative, Dimensions of Literacy, and Newer Prospects 200 for African Languages in Today’s World. Kọ́lá Túbọ̀sún L’alternativa web, els aspectes de l’alfabetització i les perspectives més recents de les llengües africanes en el món actual. -
The Essential Scholarly Literature in Interlinguistics and Esperantology
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 200-215, 2015 HOW NOT TO REINVENT THE WHEEL … THE ESSENTIAL SCHOLARLY LITERATURE IN INTERLINGUISTICS AND ESPERANTOLOGY Detlev Blanke* Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.2 Received: 18 June 2014. Regular article Accepted: 26 June 2014. ABSTRACT Studies of interlinguistics written in ethnic languages – particularly research on planned languages – are often insufficiently grounded in the essential scholarly literature. English-language studies frequently fail to consider scholarly literature in German, Russian, French, and other languages. An important part of this specialized literature is written in planned languages (particularly Esperanto) and all too frequently remains unknown. For lack of knowledge of actual planned-language praxis, misunderstandings arise, for example on the relations between a language and a language project, a language and a language community, language and culture, expressibility in planned languages, and so on. For scientifically valid studies, specialized materials written in planned languages (approximately 95 % of them in Esperanto) are essential. This article provides an overview of the principal accessible sources of scholarly literature on interlinguistics and Esperantology and, inter alia, gives information on specialized libraries and archives, bibliographies, major monographs, anthologies, conferences and conference proceedings, university studies and dissertations, periodicals, internet materials, and handbooks -
A Short History of the International Language Movement
1 ICD 5 co SU>G 30 A Short History of the Inter- national Language Movement A SHORT HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE MOVEMENT BY ALBERT LEON GUERARD S' Q i 'j ' cD BONI AND LIVERIGHT PUBLISHERS NEW YORK Printed in Great Britain (All Rights Reserved) A THERINA GVERARD Mfatis suce XI Mignonnefee aux yeux d'aurore, Donne-moi ta petite main. Tu ne saurais comprendre encore chemin. Quel rive eclaire mon cuirasse Tu Vapprendras : sous leur A Veclat brutal et trompeur, de race Orgueil de caste, orgueil Les hommes sont ivres de peur. Malgre le fracas des armures, cru saisir Seul, dans la nuit, j'ai Un bruissement dans les ramures, Frisson d'espoir et de desir. Chassant la peur, chassant la haine, Tu souriras sur les sommets, Aube de justice sereine, Que mes yeux ne verront jamais ! la Qu'importe ? J'ai transmis flamme. ma Qu'importe ? J'ai vecu /oi. Chair de ma chair, fteur de mon dme, Prends done ce livre : il est pour toi. SAN FRANCISCO. 16 AoOt. 1921. CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD : THE PROBLEM 9 PART I NATURAL LANGUAGES I. FRENCH 17 II. ENGLISH 34 III. AN ANGLO-FRENCH CONDOMINIUM . 45 IV. LATIN 57 PAET II ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES I. THE ARTIFICIAL ELEMENT IN LANGUAGE 71 " " II. PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGES . 82 III. VOLAPUK 96 IV. ESPERANTO: INCEPTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE .... 107 V. HISTORY OF THE ESPERANTO MOVEMENT . 116 VI. THE NEO-ROMANIC GROUP : IDIOM NEU- TRAL, PANROMAN, ETC. 133 VII. THE DELEGATION FOR THE ADOPTION OF AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE IDO . 145 VIII. LATINO SINE FLEXIONE. -
Flags of Constructed Languages
Flags of Constructed Languages Patrice de La Condamine Abstract Since the dawn of humanity, humans have oscillated between the preservation of their own individuality and identity and their need to belong to a global community. The ideal of embracing and of researching the unification of its origins haunts their hearts. With this central to its spirit, constructed languages were developed, whether destined for secondary or international use, intended for vast cultural arenas or with strictly a philosophical use in mind. One will encounter well-known names such as Volapuk, Esperanto, Ido, Bolak, Interlingua, Occidental but also Glosa, Kotava, Lingua Franca Nova, and Atlango. Or even Folkspraat, Slovio, Norden, Afrihili, Slovianski, Hedsdel, etc. And we haven’t even mentioned the philosophical language Lojban. The most interesting aspect is establishing that all these languages have flags which translate the messages and the ideals of the groups in question. Interpreting the flags of constructed languages is essential for several reasons; firstly it allows us to understand that all these flags without exception, deliver the same message that the their existence isn’t necessarily linked to the simple notion of territory, and secondly, the flag is first and foremost, by means of its design and colours, a mental territory. After having shown and explained the different flags we will conclude with the presentation of the flag of Conlang, a language created by the United Nations of constructed languages. Folkspraak Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 159 FLAGS OF CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGES Introduction For everyone present here for this 24th International Congress of Vexillology in Washington, it is not necessary to explain the vital need that one has to represent oneself through the use of emblems, and we all know the essential place which flags occupy in this role.