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I Saggi Di Lexia I SAGGI DI LEXIA 35 Direttori Ugo Volli Università degli Studi di Torino Guido Ferraro Università degli Studi di Torino Massimo Leone Università degli Studi di Torino I SAGGI DI LEXIA Aprire una collana di libri specializzata in una disciplina che si vuole scientifica, soprattutto se essa appartiene a quella zona intermedia della nostra enciclopedia dei saperi — non radicata in teoremi o esperimen- ti, ma neppure costruita per opinioni soggettive — che sono le scienze umane, è un gesto ambizioso. Vi potrebbe corrispondere il debito di una definizione della disciplina, del suo oggetto, dei suoi metodi. Ciò in particolar modo per una disciplina come la nostra: essa infatti, fin dal suo nome (semiotica o semiologia) è stata intesa in modi assai diversi se non contrapposti nel secolo della sua esistenza moderna: più vicina alla linguistica o alla filosofia, alla critica culturale o alle diverse scienze sociali (sociologia, antropologia, psicologia). C’è chi, come Greimas sulla traccia di Hjelmslev, ha preteso di definirne in maniera rigorosa e perfino assiomatica (interdefinita) principi e concetti, seguendo requisiti riser- vati normalmente solo alle discipline logico–matematiche; chi, come in fondo lo stesso Saussure, ne ha intuito la vocazione alla ricerca empirica sulle leggi di funzionamento dei diversi fenomeni di comunicazione e significazione nella vita sociale; chi, come l’ultimo Eco sulla traccia di Peirce, l’ha pensata piuttosto come una ricerca filosofica sul senso e le sue condizioni di possibilità; altri, da Barthes in poi, ne hanno valutato la possibilità di smascheramento dell’ideologia e delle strutture di potere... Noi rifiutiamo un passo così ambizioso. Ci riferiremo piuttosto a un concetto espresso da Umberto Eco all’inizio del suo lavoro di ricerca: il “campo semiotico”, cioè quel vastissimo ambito culturale, insieme di testi e discorsi, di attività interpretative e di pratiche codificate, di linguaggi e di generi, di fenomeni comunicativi e di effetti di senso, di tecniche espres- sive e inventari di contenuti, di messaggi, riscritture e deformazioni che insieme costituiscono il mondo sensato (e dunque sempre sociale anche quando è naturale) in cui viviamo, o per dirla nei termini di Lotman, la nostra semiosfera. La semiotica costituisce il tentativo paradossale (per- ché autoriferito) e sempre parziale, di ritrovare l’ordine (o gli ordini) che rendono leggibile, sensato, facile, quasi “naturale” per chi ci vive dentro, questo coacervo di azioni e oggetti. Di fatto, quando conversiamo, leggia- mo un libro, agiamo politicamente, ci divertiamo a uno spettacolo, noi siamo perfettamente in grado non solo di decodificare quel che accade, ma anche di connetterlo a valori, significati, gusti, altre forme espressive. Insomma siamo competenti e siamo anche capaci di confrontare la nostra competenza con quella altrui, interagendo in modo opportuno. È questa competenza condivisa o confrontabile l’oggetto della semiotica. I suoi metodi sono di fatto diversi, certamente non riducibili oggi a una sterile assiomatica, ma in parte anche sviluppati grazie ai tentativi di formalizzazione dell’École de Paris. Essi funzionano un po’ secondo la metafora wittgensteiniana della cassetta degli attrezzi: è bene che ci siano cacciavite, martello, forbici ecc.: sta alla competenza pragmatica del ricerca- tore selezionare caso per caso lo strumento opportuno per l’operazione da compiere. Questa collana presenterà soprattutto ricerche empiriche, analisi di casi, lascerà volentieri spazio al nuovo, sia nelle persone degli autori che degli argomenti di studio. Questo è sempre una condizione dello sviluppo scien- tifico, che ha come prerequisito il cambiamento e il rinnovamento. Lo è a maggior ragione per una collana legata al mondo universitario, irrigidito da troppo tempo nel nostro Paese da un blocco sostanziale che non dà luogo ai giovani di emergere e di prendere il posto che meritano. Ugo Volli Languagescapes Ancient and Artificial Languages in Today’s Culture a cura di Vincenzo Idone Cassone Jenny Ponzo Mattia Thibault Contributi di Andrea Bianchi Vincenzo Idone Cassone Ilaria Fiorentini James R. Hamrick Martin Lehnert Gabriele Marino Markus May Jenny Ponzo Simona Stano Bruno Surace Mattia Thibault Andrea Valle Ugo Volli Françoise Waquet Robert Yelle Aracne editrice www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] Copyright © MMXX Gioacchino Onorati editore S.r.l. – unipersonale www.gioacchinoonoratieditore.it [email protected] via Vittorio Veneto, 20 00020 Canterano (RM) (06) 45551463 isbn 978-88-255-2958-6 I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo, sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Non sono assolutamente consentite le fotocopie senza il permesso scritto dell’Editore. I edizione: gennaio 2020 Indice 9 Acknowledgements 11 On the tip of the tongue Jenny Ponzo, Mattia Thibault, Vincenzo Idone Cassone 19 Mantric Utterance and the Syllabic Polysemy of the “Language of Brahma” Martin Lehnert 31 Frozen Forms Robert Yelle 45 Tra significanti e significati Simona Stano 61 On the untranslatability of Finnegans Wake (and its semiotic conse- quences) Gabriele Marino 73 Il latino liturgico nella letteratura italiana contemporanea, da Me- neghello a Raimo Jenny Ponzo 85 Wor(l)d Building Markus May 99 Tlhlngan maH! (We are Klingon) Mattia Thibault 113 Lost in Translation. Understanding Artificial Languages in Digital Games Vincenzo Idone Cassone 129 The Unbridled Meaning of Unsignified Signifiers from Paralitera- ture to Cinema Bruno Surace 7 8 Indice 143 Cats and dogs are writing on the Internet Ilaria Fiorentini 159 The language of thought as a logically perfect language Andrea Bianchi 169 On a fragment of BASIC code in Foucault’s Pendulum by Umberto Eco Andrea Valle 191 Ge‘ez as the Language of Creation James R. Hamrick 201 L’artificialità di una lingua naturale/artificiale vecchia/nuova Ugo Volli 215 Les tatouages en latin Françoise Waquet 225 Autori Languagescapes ISBN 978-88-255-2958-6 DOI 10.4399/97888255295861 pag.9–9 (gennaio 2020) Acknowledgements This book is the result of a project of scientific cooperation between the Ludwig–Maximilian–University Munich and the University of Turin, coor- dinated by Jenny Ponzo and carried out by Mattia Thibault and Vincenzo Idone Cassone, with the generous collaboration of Robert Yelle, Massimo Leone, and Simona Stano. This project has received funding from the LMU Excellent Initiative, the Department of Philosophy and Educational Sciences of the University of Turin, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 757314) and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innova- tion programme under the Marie Sklodowska–Curie grant agreement No 793835. 9 Languagescapes ISBN 978-88-255-2958-6 DOI 10.4399/97888255295862 pag. 11–17 (gennaio 2020) On the tip of the tongue Jenny Ponzo,Mattia Thibault,Vincenzo Idone Cassone∗ This volume collects works by specialists in diVerent disciplines (semiotics, linguistics, media and literary studies, history of religions, history of culture, analytic philosophy) who present their reflections about two key issues concerning ancient and artificial languages, namely their use and conceptua- lization across cultures and textual genres1. The use of ancient and invented languages or utterances always constitutes a strong mark with respect to the ordinary speech. Together with other non–verbal semiotic systems, the use of such unusual codes and signs often contributes to the creation of a separate discursive dimension having an exceptional or liminal character2. This separate domain can have diVerent characteristics; for instance, it can belong to the sacred, the ritual, the ludic, or the emotional sphere. In order to fully grasp the meaning of the various uses of ancient and artificial lan- guages it is necessary to look into the way in which they are conceived by the community of the speakers or, in other words, the semiotic ideologies in which their use is grounded3. In this regard, of particular interest are, on the one hand, the social and identity dynamics connected to the use of ancient and invented languages and, on the other hand, the religious, phi- losophic, and epistemological views underlying it, such as the universalist thrust at the base of the quests for the perfect language in western culture, the beliefs in the possibility of possessing or reconstructing an original or divine language, and the ideal of a purely logic language that can overcome the imperfections of natural languages and improve technology. A privileged angle for critical reflection about ancient and artificial lan- guages is the study of issues of translation, which crosses several of the essays collected in this volume. Martin Lehnert, for instance, focuses on ∗ Jenny Ponzo: Università degli Studi di Torino; Mattia Thibault: University of Tampere, Marie Sklodowska–Curie Fellow (GA No 793835); Vincenzo Idone Cassone: Università degli Studi di Torino. 1. For formal attribution, please consider pp. 13–14 as authored by Ponzo, 14–15 as authored by Thibault, 16–19 by Idone Cassone. 2. We use the term “liminal” in the anthropological sense, with a special reference to the classic work by Turner (1967). 3. A semiotic ideology is «a set of basic assumptions» shared by a community «about what signs are and how they function in the world» (Keane, 2003, p. 419). 11 12 Jenny Ponzo, Mattia Thibault, Vincenzo Idone Cassone how Sanskrit
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