The Perfect Language and the Mathematicians
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A Comparison Between Natural and Planned Languages
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Gobbo, F. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Universal Language Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gobbo, F. (2011). The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages. Journal of Universal Language, 12(2), 45-79. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Federico Gobbo 45 Journal of Universal Language 12-2 September 2011, 45-79 The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Federico Gobbo University of Insubria 1 Abstract Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. -
Hergé and Tintin
Hergé and Tintin PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Fri, 20 Jan 2012 15:32:26 UTC Contents Articles Hergé 1 Hergé 1 The Adventures of Tintin 11 The Adventures of Tintin 11 Tintin in the Land of the Soviets 30 Tintin in the Congo 37 Tintin in America 44 Cigars of the Pharaoh 47 The Blue Lotus 53 The Broken Ear 58 The Black Island 63 King Ottokar's Sceptre 68 The Crab with the Golden Claws 73 The Shooting Star 76 The Secret of the Unicorn 80 Red Rackham's Treasure 85 The Seven Crystal Balls 90 Prisoners of the Sun 94 Land of Black Gold 97 Destination Moon 102 Explorers on the Moon 105 The Calculus Affair 110 The Red Sea Sharks 114 Tintin in Tibet 118 The Castafiore Emerald 124 Flight 714 126 Tintin and the Picaros 129 Tintin and Alph-Art 132 Publications of Tintin 137 Le Petit Vingtième 137 Le Soir 140 Tintin magazine 141 Casterman 146 Methuen Publishing 147 Tintin characters 150 List of characters 150 Captain Haddock 170 Professor Calculus 173 Thomson and Thompson 177 Rastapopoulos 180 Bianca Castafiore 182 Chang Chong-Chen 184 Nestor 187 Locations in Tintin 188 Settings in The Adventures of Tintin 188 Borduria 192 Bordurian 194 Marlinspike Hall 196 San Theodoros 198 Syldavia 202 Syldavian 207 Tintin in other media 212 Tintin books, films, and media 212 Tintin on postage stamps 216 Tintin coins 217 Books featuring Tintin 218 Tintin's Travel Diaries 218 Tintin television series 219 Hergé's Adventures of Tintin 219 The Adventures of Tintin 222 Tintin films -
Reveno Al Tririvero À Trois-Rivières De Nouveau!
Septembro 2011 Esperanto-Societo Kebekia Jaro 27, No 105 Kebekia esperantista bulteno RRevenoeveno aall TTririveroririvero Julifine en Tririvero .........................2 Ci kaj vi en Esperanto ......................10 Esperanta boatado en Kroatio ........4 Lingwa de Planeta ...........................17 8-a MEKARO ne elrevigis ! ...............5 Esperantistaj enmigrantoj ..............21 Esperanto en la franca poŝt-servo ! .6 Kiel traduki ? ...................................25 L’esperanto : une langue par choix ! 7 150 000 artikoloj en E-Vikipedio .....29 La cimo de l’ jaro 2038 ....................9 Montrealaj k apudaj E-kunvenoj .....31 À TTrois-Rivièresrois-Rivières ddee nnouveau!ouveau! Julifine en Tririvero Francisko Lorrain Treize espérantistes, dont une chienne, se sont rencontrés à Trois-Rivières durant la dernière fin de semaine de juillet, à l’invitation de Suzanne Roy. Il a fait beau. Nous avons visité le Musée du papier, le Parc de la Rivière Batiscan, beaucoup parlé, et dégusté chez Suzanne d’excellents plats végétaliens préparés par Karlo. En la lasta Riverego, iom studis nian lingvon Suzano Roy, el kaj kunmanĝis kun ni. Tririvero, invitis Kvar montrealanoj nin pasigi la du loĝis ĉe Suzano, alia ĉe lastajn tagojn de Francisko Gauthier, tute julio — sabaton kaj proksime, en la centra, dimanĉon — en sia malnova, tre agrabla, urbo. Entute dek tri riveregborda kvartalo Foto: Vikipedio homoj partoprenis en de la urbo. almenaŭ parto de la tuta programo. Eble ne ĉiuj legantoj scias, kial tiu urbo El Montrealo venis nomiĝas Tririvero. Nu, ĝi Ĵoel, Ĵenja, Den, situas ĉe la kunfluejo de Karlo, Espero (la poliglota hundo de Den kaj Karlo la rivero Saint-Maurice kaj riverego Saint-Laurent. — ŝi komprenas kaj la hispanan kaj Esperanton) Sed kiu estas la tria rivero ? Ne estas tria rivero tie. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
Latinidaj Planlingvoj (AIS-Kurso, 1 Studunuo)
Vĕra Barandovská-Frank: Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) La Latina apartenas al la italika grupo de la hindeŭropa lingvofamilio (tiu ĉi lingvofamilio ampleksas i.a. preskaŭ ĉiujn eŭropajn lingvojn, ekz. grupon ĝermanan kaj slavan), el la Latina evoluiĝis etnaj lingvoj nomataj Romanaj ( = latinidaj), precipe itala, romanĉa, sarda, franca, okcitana, hispana, kataluna, galega, portugala, gudezma, rumana, moldava. Latinidaj planlingvoj estas similaj al la Romanaj lingvoj kaj ofte imitas ilian evoluon. Latina skribo (el la greka kaj etruska alfabetoj): originale 20 majusklaj literoj (maiuscula): A B C D E F H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X . Literon I oni uzis ankaŭ por la sono [j], literon C ankaŭ por G, poste diferenciĝis [k] kaj [g]. U kaj V estis la sama litero: majuskle ekzistis nur V, poste minuskle (minuscula) u: VENIO – uenio (minuskloj evoluiĝis el la mezepoka karolinga alfabeto). En la klasika latina ne estis K, k, J j, U, u, v, W, w, Y, y, Z, z poste trans- prenitaj aŭ el la greka alfabeto (K, U, Y, Z ), aŭ faritaj el jam ekzistantaj literoj (J, W). Restaŭrita prononco: vokaloj longaj kaj mallongaj. La litero V/u estas aŭ konsonanta [ŭ] aŭ vokala [u]; i (j) aŭ konsonanta [j] aŭ vokala [i]. La litero c prononciĝis kiel [k]; qu kiel [kŭ]; au kiel [aŭ]; ae kiel [aj]; oe kiel [oj]. h estis antikve ĉiam prononcata, sed iom post iom malaperis. En helenaj pruntvortoj estis uzataj ch, ph, th [kh]/[ĥ], [ph], [th], poste [k], [p], [t]. La akcento ĝenerale troviĝis sur la antaŭlasta silabo, se ĝia vokalo estis longa, aŭ je la antaŭantaŭlasta, se mallonga, ekz. -
Edward Sapir's View About International Auxiliary Language
EMANUEL KULCZYCKI EDWARD SAPIR’S VIEW ABOUT INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGE Introduction The search for common attributes of all languages is connected with the search for characteristics which differentiate languages. If some attributes cannot be found in every language, what is cause of this situation? Is it linked up with the origin of language or with users of the language? People inquire about such matters because the multiplicity of natural languages generates incomprehension and handicaps human communication. The minimum number of languages in the world has been set at 4,000 and the maximum at 8,000. In spite of this people can communicate over communication’s barriers which are generated by the multiplicity of mother-languages. But that diversity worries and disturbs. A Danish linguist Otto Jespersen wrote: „An American may travel from Boston to San Francisco without hearing more than one language. But if he were to traverse the same distance on this side of the Atlantic, he would have a totally different story to tell (…) he would then hear perhaps Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German, Czecho-Slovakian, Hungarian, Rumanian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Greek, and then in Egypt Arabic and a little English (…) He would not have heard of the languages spoken in Europe. The curse of Babel is still with us”1. It means that we have to use more than one language to 1 O. Jespersen: An International Language, Allen & Unwin, London 1928; <http://www.geocities.com/ /Athens/Forum/5037/AILneed.html>. 66 Emanuel Kulczycki communicate with another man. So some universal language – an international auxiliary language could make whole social communication easy. -
LING Thesis Draft 5
TOLKIEN’S TONGUES: * THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF TOLKIEN’S QUENYA LANGUAGE Kelsey Ryan ABSTRACT J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of the Rings and other Middle Earth tales as well as Oxford professor of linguistics, constructed over 14 languages in the development of the background of his stories. This thesis will seek to understand Tolkien’s linguistic experiment of Quenya, first in its historical context, and then assess its linguistic merit and behaviors. In the first few sections, Tolkien’s linguistic and academic background will be investigated, setting the scene for further linguistic analysis. This thesis then explores how the authentic nature of the language is developed and evoked through the phonetics and phonology of Tolkien’s Quenya, using the poem “Namárië” from The Fellowship of the Ring for analysis. Smith (2010:7) argues that Tolkien created a “flowing,” “light and melodious” language, designed much like a Romance language, with no “potentially harsh” phonemes or “brusque English consonant clusters.” But with such claims must come evidence. This thesis provides the background research Smith (2010) lacks behind these claims, defining Quenya as a functional language, with clear patterns and tendencies towards particular phonetic and linguistic behaviors. * Special thanks to: my advisors Professors Nathan Sanders (Linguistics) and Maud McInerney (English), Sofia Berlin and Lisa Bao, the library staff, particularly Jeremiah Mercurio, and Lizzie Carp and Bobby Brooks, for their ‘Excel-lent’ help in creating graphs. Thanks also to my close friends, who have pushed me to explore nerd culture all my life. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………3 2 Tolkien Biography……………………………………………………………….4 3 Constructed Languages and Tolkien……..……………………..……………...7 4 Description and Use of Languages.……………………………………………..8 5 Data and Phonetic Analysis: Quenya………………………………….………13 5i. -
Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages
Christo Moskovsky & Alan Libert 101 Journal of Universal Language 5 September 2004, 101-149 Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages Christo Moskovsky & Alan Libert University of Newcastle Abstract The Passive Voice is a category which we find in the large majority of natural languages, and also in most artificial languages. The first major part of this paper offers a survey of passive constructions in a number of typologically distinct natural languages, with the basic aim of presenting the (prospective) artificial language constructor with the range of functional and formal properties of the Passive Voice which occur in natural languages. This survey shows that regardless of the fair amount of variation in the morphosyntactic form of passives that we find in different natural languages, crosslinguistically passives are remarkably uniform in inevitably occurring as a grammatical category marked (synthetically or analytically) on the verb; they are also remarkably uniform in relation to the basic function they perform: passivization inevitably involves demotion of a primary clausal term (the Subject) and in most of the cases also promotion of a non-primary term. The next part of the paper offers an overview of Passive Voice formation and function in artificial languages, which will provide the language constructor with a good idea of some of the ‘design’ decisions taken with regard to this grammatical category. Finally, the paper briefly discusses various design issues in relation to economy, explicitness/ambiguity, 102 Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages functionality, and learnability and presents some specific recommendations with regard to the possible design of passives in an artificial language. -
The Esperantist Background of René De Saussure's Work
Chapter 1 The Esperantist background of René de Saussure’s work Marc van Oostendorp Radboud University and The Meertens Institute ené de Saussure was arguably more an esperantist than a linguist – R somebody who was primarily inspired by his enthusiasm for the language of L. L. Zamenhof, and the hope he thought it presented for the world. His in- terest in general linguistics seems to have stemmed from his wish to show that the structure of Esperanto was better than that of its competitors, and thatit reflected the ways languages work in general. Saussure became involved in the Esperanto movement around 1906, appar- ently because his brother Ferdinand had asked him to participate in an inter- national Esperanto conference in Geneva; Ferdinand himself did not want to go because he did not want to become “compromised” (Künzli 2001). René be- came heavily involved in the movement, as an editor of the Internacia Scienca Re- vuo (International Science Review) and the national journal Svisa Espero (Swiss Hope), as well as a member of the Akademio de Esperanto, the Academy of Es- peranto that was and is responsible for the protection of the norms of the lan- guage. Among historians of the Esperanto movement, he is also still known as the inventor of the spesmilo, which was supposed to become an international currency among Esperantists (Garvía 2015). At the time, the interest in issues of artificial language solutions to perceived problems in international communication was more widespread in scholarly cir- cles than it is today. In the western world, German was often used as a language of e.g. -
Neutrality of International Languages*
Haitao Liu 37 Journal of Universal Language 7 September 2006, 37-64 Neutrality of International Languages* Haitao Liu Communication University of China Abstract This paper focuses on the neutrality of international languages. First, a derivation of the concept of “neutral language” from “inter- national communicative act” is provided; it is argued that an acceptable neutral language for international communication can only be an artificial language. Certain characterizations of consciously created languages are discussed. The paper distinguishes two types of neutrality: communicative neutrality and linguistic neutrality. All planned languages are communicatively neutral, but their linguistic neutrality varies, reflecting the diversity of language design principles. Given that absolute linguistic neutrality unattainable, it becomes reasonable to construct a language based on certain control languages plus linguistic universals. We introduce the term “deneutralization” to designate a process whereby a neutral language changes into an ordinary language. The paper also shows that Esperanto has not become deneutralized. Keywords: international language, neutrality, deneutralization, artificial language, planned language, universal language, Esperanto * I am grateful to Detlev Blanke for insightful discussion. I’d also like to thank Probal Dasgupta for providing detailed comments and correcting my English. 38 Neutrality of International Languages 1. Introduction Today English is already a global language (Crystal 1997), but many people still consider that it is not an ideal solution for international communication. Wright (2000: 246-247) mentions one reason for this in her book on the role of language in nation-state building and European integration: “They [artificial languages] are ideally suited to the role [of lingua franca] since they are not the languages of European nations of states. -
1 Constructed Language and Linguistic Theory Marc Van Oostendorp To
Constructed language and linguistic theory Marc van Oostendorp To appear in: Klaus Schubert (ed.) Planned language: From plan to reality. Association Belgique de Linguistique Appliquée, 2000. 0. Introduction ‘Natural language’ is arguably the most central concept within linguistic theory —it defines its object of study —, but it is hardly ever discussed outside the first pages of introductory textbooks. It is usually taken for granted that everybody knows what the label means, and that it can be applied to American English, Yidiny and Eastern Javanese, but not to tonal music, the programming language Prolog, or the languages of the Elves in the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien. Many interlinguists — those scholars concerned with the study of consciously planned languages meant for international communication — follow this line of reasoning to some extent, if they defend the validity of their interest in Esperanto (cf. Schubert 1989, Tonkin and Fettes 1996 for fairly recent overviews). They argue that Esperanto is markedly different from other planned languages, because it has been used in a much wider range of communicative situations, because it has become associated with a separate ‘Esperantist culture’, or because it is learnt by children as one of their native languages. For this reason, Esperanto would have started to differ from its competitors: it would be the only ‘language project’ that has succeeded in becoming a ‘real (natural) language’. This line of argumentation is examined in this article. I study the relevance of some planned or constructed languages other than Esperanto, viz. Interlingua, Ido, Europanto and Spocanian. These have been made up in slightly different ways, all serve different goals and different philosophies have guided the construction of their respective grammars. -
Linguistica E Filologia È Inclusa in ERIH PLUS (European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences)
Linguistica e Filologia è inclusa in ERIH PLUS (European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences) Internet: http://aisberg.unibg.it/handle/10446/6133 I contributi contenuti nella rivista sono indicizzati nelle banche dati Modern Language Association (MLA) International Bibliography e Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstracts (LLBA), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) e Web of Science Licenza Creative Commons : This journal is published in Open Access under a Creative Commons License Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). You are free to share – copy, distribute and transmit – the work under the following conditions: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). You may not use this work for commercial purposes. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Volume pubblicato dal Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Straniere e finanziato con fondi di Ateneo di ricerca. ISSN: 1594-6517 Linguistica e Filologia 40 Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Straniere UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BERGAMO 2020 BERGAMO UNIVERSITY PRESS sestante edizioni Direzione della rivista Giuliano Bernini , Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Direttore responsabile Régine Delamotte , Université de Rouen Klaus Düwel , Universität Göttingen Edgar Radtke , Universität Heidelberg Comitato editoriale Maria Grazia Cammarota , Università degli Studi di Bergamo Ada Valentini , Università