Linguistica E Filologia È Inclusa in ERIH PLUS (European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Perfect Language and the Mathematicians
Jekyll.comm 1 – marzo 2002 Mathematicians and the perfect language: Giuseppe Peano’s case By Daniele Gouthier, Nico Pitrelli and Ivan Pupolizo Master’s Degree Course in Scientific Communication – ISAS – Trieste – Italy Attempts to create an International Artificial Language (IAL) have kept pace with the evolution of modern science. Ever since Galileo’s time, scientists have been interested in how to create a perfect language (the adjective “perfect” takes on the meaning of “universal” or “unambiguous” depending on the period) capable of supporting communication at a horizontal level i.e. within the scientific community, and at a vertical level, i.e. between scientists and the public. The first goal of this article is to describe briefly how this need for a perfect language developed over the past years. Special attention will be spent on the mathematicians’ role, especially Giuseppe Peano’s. The second goal is to illustrate how Giuseppe Peano’s contribution to this debate proved twofold and led to various conclusions. The Italian mathematician played a leading role in the creation of a perfect language, both at a horizontal and a vertical level. On the one hand, there is his successful attempt to introduce a standard logical and symbolic system of notation, which became essential for communication among mathematicians. On the other hand, there is the complete failure of his ambitious Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflection), a perfect language which died with its creator. Introduction People have been interested in the creation of a perfect language for more than two thousand years. From ancient Greek philosophers to present PC programmers, the search for a universal language is ever present in the history of culture and, more specifically, of science. -
Latinidaj Planlingvoj (AIS-Kurso, 1 Studunuo)
Vĕra Barandovská-Frank: Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) La Latina apartenas al la italika grupo de la hindeŭropa lingvofamilio (tiu ĉi lingvofamilio ampleksas i.a. preskaŭ ĉiujn eŭropajn lingvojn, ekz. grupon ĝermanan kaj slavan), el la Latina evoluiĝis etnaj lingvoj nomataj Romanaj ( = latinidaj), precipe itala, romanĉa, sarda, franca, okcitana, hispana, kataluna, galega, portugala, gudezma, rumana, moldava. Latinidaj planlingvoj estas similaj al la Romanaj lingvoj kaj ofte imitas ilian evoluon. Latina skribo (el la greka kaj etruska alfabetoj): originale 20 majusklaj literoj (maiuscula): A B C D E F H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X . Literon I oni uzis ankaŭ por la sono [j], literon C ankaŭ por G, poste diferenciĝis [k] kaj [g]. U kaj V estis la sama litero: majuskle ekzistis nur V, poste minuskle (minuscula) u: VENIO – uenio (minuskloj evoluiĝis el la mezepoka karolinga alfabeto). En la klasika latina ne estis K, k, J j, U, u, v, W, w, Y, y, Z, z poste trans- prenitaj aŭ el la greka alfabeto (K, U, Y, Z ), aŭ faritaj el jam ekzistantaj literoj (J, W). Restaŭrita prononco: vokaloj longaj kaj mallongaj. La litero V/u estas aŭ konsonanta [ŭ] aŭ vokala [u]; i (j) aŭ konsonanta [j] aŭ vokala [i]. La litero c prononciĝis kiel [k]; qu kiel [kŭ]; au kiel [aŭ]; ae kiel [aj]; oe kiel [oj]. h estis antikve ĉiam prononcata, sed iom post iom malaperis. En helenaj pruntvortoj estis uzataj ch, ph, th [kh]/[ĥ], [ph], [th], poste [k], [p], [t]. La akcento ĝenerale troviĝis sur la antaŭlasta silabo, se ĝia vokalo estis longa, aŭ je la antaŭantaŭlasta, se mallonga, ekz. -
Constructed Languages: ESPERANTO
Journal of Modern Education Review, ISSN 2155-7993, USA October 2015, Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 1017–1025 Doi: 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/10.05.2015/011 © Academic Star Publishing Company, 2015 http://www.academicstar.us Constructed Languages: ESPERANTO Sevda Huseynova Sohrab (Qafqaz University, Azerbaijan) Abstract: “What is language!?” The question has been answered differently at different times. V. Humbolt, A. Shleykher, H. Shteyntal, G. Paul, and other linguists put forward various considerations about the language. Language is creative and productive by nature, a person using it can set up an infinite number of sentences and express thoughts. Throughout history, numerous languages seriously impeeded the development of relations between people. People have searched ways for getting out of this problem. As a result, the idea of creating a universal world language has occurred. Universal world language refers to a language which can be easily understood by all individuals of different nations. As a way of solving this problem, linguists have proposed to create a substituting constructed language. The most common constructed language is Esperanto. This language posses simple phonetic, grammatical, lexical structure. The language created by Zamenhof can be studied and remembered easily. According to historical facts, Esperantists (Esperanto-language speakers) established a country called Amikejo. They even celebrate The World Esperanto Day as a holiday once a year. Key words: linguists, universal world language, constructed language, Esperanto, Zamenhof, Esperantist, Amikejo 1. Introduction “What is language!?” The question has been answered differently at different times. V. Humbolt, A. Shleyher, H. Shteyntal, A. A. Potebnya, G. Paul, F. F. Fortunatov, I. -
Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages
Christo Moskovsky & Alan Libert 101 Journal of Universal Language 5 September 2004, 101-149 Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages Christo Moskovsky & Alan Libert University of Newcastle Abstract The Passive Voice is a category which we find in the large majority of natural languages, and also in most artificial languages. The first major part of this paper offers a survey of passive constructions in a number of typologically distinct natural languages, with the basic aim of presenting the (prospective) artificial language constructor with the range of functional and formal properties of the Passive Voice which occur in natural languages. This survey shows that regardless of the fair amount of variation in the morphosyntactic form of passives that we find in different natural languages, crosslinguistically passives are remarkably uniform in inevitably occurring as a grammatical category marked (synthetically or analytically) on the verb; they are also remarkably uniform in relation to the basic function they perform: passivization inevitably involves demotion of a primary clausal term (the Subject) and in most of the cases also promotion of a non-primary term. The next part of the paper offers an overview of Passive Voice formation and function in artificial languages, which will provide the language constructor with a good idea of some of the ‘design’ decisions taken with regard to this grammatical category. Finally, the paper briefly discusses various design issues in relation to economy, explicitness/ambiguity, 102 Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages functionality, and learnability and presents some specific recommendations with regard to the possible design of passives in an artificial language. -
Neutrality of International Languages*
Haitao Liu 37 Journal of Universal Language 7 September 2006, 37-64 Neutrality of International Languages* Haitao Liu Communication University of China Abstract This paper focuses on the neutrality of international languages. First, a derivation of the concept of “neutral language” from “inter- national communicative act” is provided; it is argued that an acceptable neutral language for international communication can only be an artificial language. Certain characterizations of consciously created languages are discussed. The paper distinguishes two types of neutrality: communicative neutrality and linguistic neutrality. All planned languages are communicatively neutral, but their linguistic neutrality varies, reflecting the diversity of language design principles. Given that absolute linguistic neutrality unattainable, it becomes reasonable to construct a language based on certain control languages plus linguistic universals. We introduce the term “deneutralization” to designate a process whereby a neutral language changes into an ordinary language. The paper also shows that Esperanto has not become deneutralized. Keywords: international language, neutrality, deneutralization, artificial language, planned language, universal language, Esperanto * I am grateful to Detlev Blanke for insightful discussion. I’d also like to thank Probal Dasgupta for providing detailed comments and correcting my English. 38 Neutrality of International Languages 1. Introduction Today English is already a global language (Crystal 1997), but many people still consider that it is not an ideal solution for international communication. Wright (2000: 246-247) mentions one reason for this in her book on the role of language in nation-state building and European integration: “They [artificial languages] are ideally suited to the role [of lingua franca] since they are not the languages of European nations of states. -
Chapter Two Planned Languages And
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Research Information System University of Turin CHAPTER TWO PLANNED LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE PLANNING: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERLINGUISTICS TO CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION FEDERICO GOBBO A new science is developing, Interlinguistics–that branch of the science of language which deals with the structure and basic ideas of all languages with the view to the establishing of a norm for interlanguages, i.e. auxiliary languages destined for oral and written use between people who cannot make themselves understood by means of their mother tongues. —Otto Jespersen (1931) Since the end of the 19th century up to the first half of the 20th century, the quest for “a norm for interlanguages” was a hotly debated issue among linguistic scholars and amateurs. In fact, about 1,000 language projects were proposed in that period, especially in Europe: the strongest effort for cross-cultural connection ever made (Albani-Buonarroti 1994). What can be inferred from it, in terms of language planning? Is there any relation or analogy between the issues encountered in natural language planning contexts (e.g. officialization, language revitalization, standardization) and interlanguage planning? Are there any general rules that can be deduced from the main historical developments of the above mentioned “quest”? Although Tauli (1968) considered interlinguistics as “the science of international language planning” (i.e. a branch of the science of language planning) very few linguists involved in language planning paid attention to interlinguistics until now. In this analysis of planned international language, the role of language amateurs will not be underestimated. -
In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies
In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies Copyright © 2012, Richard Forsyth. Background Reading John Lanchester's Whoops!, an entertaining account of how highly paid hotshot traders in a number of prestigious financial institutions brought the world to the brink of economic collapse, I was struck by the following sentence: "In an ideal world, one populated by vegetarians, Esperanto speakers and fluffy bunny wabbits, derivatives would be used for one thing only: reducing levels of risk." (Lanchester, 2010: 37). What struck me about this throwaway remark, apart from the obvious implication that derivatives were actually used to magnify risk rather than reducing it (doubtless by carnivores ignorant of Esperanto), was its presumption that right-thinking readers would take it for granted that Esperanto symbolizes well-meaning futility -- thus highlighting the author's status as a tough-minded realist. This is just one illustration that disdain for Esperanto in particular, and auxiliary languages in general, pervades intellectual circles in Britain today, as in many other countries. And if you dare to raise the subject of constructed international languages with a professional translator or interpreter be prepared not just for disdain but outright hostility. Of course professional interpreters are among the most linguistically gifted people on the planet, and can't see why the rest of us shouldn't become fluent in half a dozen natural languages in our spare time. (Not to mention the fact that a widespread adoption of Esperanto, or one of its competitors, would have a seriously negative impact on their opportunities for gainful employment.) Thus Esperanto has become a symbol of lost causes, to be dismissed out of hand by practical folk. -
Les Drapeaux Des Langues Construites
Les Drapeaux des Langues Construites Patrice de La Condamine Résumé Depuis toujours, les hommes oscillent entre la préservation de leurs identités particulières et leur besoin d’appartenance à des communautés globales. L’idée d’universel et de recherche de la “fusion des origines” hante leur cœur. Dans cet esprit, des langues construites ont été élaborées. Qu’elles soient à vocation auxiliaire ou internationale, destinées à de vastes aires culturelles ou à but strictement philosophique. Des noms connus comme Volapük, Espéranto, Ido, Bolak, Interlingua, Occidental. Mais aussi Glosa, Kotava, Lingua Franca Nova, Atlango. Ou encore Folskpraat, Slovio, Nordien, Afrihili, Slovianski, Hedšdël. Sans parler du langage philosophique Lojban1. Le plus intéressant est de constater que toutes ces langues ont des drapeaux qui traduisent les messages et idéaux des groupes en question! La connaissance des drapeaux des langues construites est primordiale pour plusieurs raisons: elle nous permet de comprendre que tous les drapeaux sans exception délivrent des messages d’une part; que l’existence des drapeaux n’est pas forcément liée à l’unique notion de territoire d’autre part. Le drapeau est d’abord et avant tout, à travers son dessin et ses couleurs, un “territoire mental”. Après avoir montré et expliqué ces différents drapeaux2, nous conclurons avec la présentation du drapeau des Conlang, sorte d’ONU des Langues construites! Folkspraak Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 1 Sélection de noms parmi d’autres. 2 Une trentaine environ. 175 LES DRAPEAUX DES LANGUES CONSTRUITES introduction A nous tous qui sommes réunis ici pour ce XXIVème Congrès International de la vexillologie à Washington, personne n’a plus besoin d’expliquer la nécessité vitale qu’ont les hommes de se représenter au moyen d’emblèmes, et nous savons la place primordiale qu’occupent les drapeaux dans cette fonction. -
Interlingvistiko
Interlingvistiko Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj 1 2 Universitato Adam Mickiewicz – Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza Interlingvistikaj Studoj – Studia Interlingwistyki Vĕra Barandovská-Frank Interlingvistiko Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj Poznań 2020 3 Interlingvistikaj Studoj 1 Redaktanto de la serio – Redaktor serii: Ilona Koutny Redaktanto de la volumo – Redaktor tomu: Ilona Koutny Reviziantoj – Recenzenci: Wim Jansen, Ida Stria Bildo en la titolpaĝo – Obraz na okładce: Katalin Kováts Plano de titolpaĝo – Projekt okładki: Ilona Koutny © Teksto – Tekst: Vĕra Barandovská-Frank © Bildo – Obraz na okładce: Katalin Kováts © Eldono – Edycja: Wydawnictwo Rys Publikigita kun subteno de Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino dofinansowane przez Międzynarodową Akademię Nauk San Marino Wydanie I Poznań 2020 ISBN 978-83-65483-88-1 Wydanie: Wydawnictwo Rys Dąbrówka, ul. Kolejowa 41 62-070 Dopiewo tel. 600 44 55 80 e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictworys.com 4 Enhavtabelo Antaŭparolo ..................................................................................................................... 9 Enkonduko .................................................................................................................... 11 1. Interlingvistiko kiel scienco ..................................................................................... 15 2. Antikvaj interlingvoj ................................................................................................ 27 2.1. La aramea lingvo ............................................................................................ -
Lidepla - Omegawiki: Multilingual Dictionary
Lidepla - OmegaWiki: Multilingual Dictionary http://www.omegawiki.org/index.php?title=Expression:Lidepla&explan... Lidepla Other languages:English Language: Lingwa de Planeta [Edit] ▼ Lingwa de Planeta : A constructed language based on the most widely sp… ▼ Definition Language Text English A constructed language based on the Lingwa de planeta most widely spoken languages of the world, including English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Russian, Hindi, Arabic, and Persian. French Langue construite basée sur les langues les plus parlées dans le monde, incluant l'anglais, l'allemand, le français, l'espagnol, le portugais, le chinois, le russe, l'hindi, l'arabe et le persan. Lingwa de Jengun-ney helpalingwa kel es basi-ney Planeta on zuy muhim lingwas de nuy planeta. ▼ Synonyms and translations Expression Language Spelling Annotation English Lidepla show ▼ English Lingwa de Planeta show ▼ German Lingwa de Planeta show ▼ Lingwa de Planeta Lingwa de Planeta show ▼ ► Semantic annotations ► Collection membership Retrieved from "http://www.omegawiki.org/Expression:Lidepla" 1 of 1 6/26/2014 11:13 AM Lingwa de planeta 1 Lingwa de planeta Lingwa de planeta (Lidepla) Created by D.Ivanov, A.Lysenko and others Date 2010 Setting and International auxiliary language usage [1] Users more than 50 (date missing)Wikipedia:Citation needed Purpose constructed language • International auxiliary language • Lingwa de planeta (Lidepla) Writing system Latin Sources Vocabulary from ten representative languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Chinese, Persian. Language codes ISO 639-3 None (mis) Lingwa de planeta (also Lidepla, LdP) is a constructed international auxiliary language, whose development began in 2006 in Saint-Petersburg, Russia, by a group of enthusiasts, with Dmitri Ivanov being the project leader. -
Algebra and Grammar: a Peanian Analysis of Everyday English
Metalogicon (1992) V, 1 Algebra and Grammar: A Peanian Analysis of Everyday English Michele Malatesta* 1. Peano's Latino sine flexione. It is well known that, by following Leibniz's intuition, Giuseppe Peano constructed the Latino sine flexione, i.e. Latin without inflexion. The rules of LSF (Latino sine flexione) are the following: (1) grammatical cases are superfluous since they can be expressed by prepositions; (2) grammatical genders are superfluous as in Chinese; (3) grammatical numbers are superfluous as in Chinese (N.B. Grammatical numbers not arithmetic numbers are superfluous); (4) conjugations of verbs are superfluous: it is sufficient to express the personal pronouns I, You, He, She, It, etc. as in Chinese; (5) verb tenses are superfluous since the time is expressible by means of adverbs as in Chinese. Note that Peano did not axiomatize LSF.1 * Presented at 3rd International Symposium on Systems Research Informatics and Cybernetics, Baden-Baden (Germany), August 12-18, 1991, in the Plenary Session on Logic and Mathematics of day August 16. 1 An attempt to axiomatize LSF is found in FREGUGLIA [1977] 305-317 and [1978] 72-75. In both works, the author given five general axioms and three specific axioms, proves two theorems. “Assiomi generali A.6.1: Siano , , ecc. simboli per elementi grammaticali, allora se = + 21 Metalogicon (1992) V, 1 si ha : = - = - A.6.2: Indichi 0 l'elemento grammaticale «de valore nullo» allora se = si ha - = 0 A.6.3: ± 0 = 0 + = A.6.4: - = - + = 0 A.6.5: ± ( ± ) = ( ± ) ± C Assiomi specifici A'.6.1: V = es + A = habe + N dove es e habe, imperativi latini dei verbi esse e habere, vengono usati secondo l'interlingua per indicare genericamente i verbi essere e avere. -
Words Denoting Pea (Pisum Sativum) in Constructed Languages
PISUM GENETICS 2010-VOLUME 42 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Words denoting pea (Pisum sativum) in constructed languages Mikic, A.1, institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia Ignjatovic-Cupina, A.2 2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia and Cupina, B.1 Introduction and Aim It is no wonder that the words denoting pea (Pisum sativum L.), one of the most ancient crops, are present in both extinct and living languages of the Old World, especially in Europe, Asia Minor, Near East and Central and northeast Asia. In many cases, the words denoting pea retained their original form and meaning, despite a millennia-long period between proto-languages and their modern descendants (1). The term constructed language refers to the one not evolving naturally but being consciously invented for a specific purpose. The most numerous among these are auxiliary languages, made with a primary goal of enhancing the communication between people not sharing a common native language. Their development reached its peak in the mid-20th century with Esperanto. in addition to auxiliary languages, there are other sorts of constructed languages. Among them are artistic and alternative languages. The former comprise fictional languages that are used in literature while the latter represent languages that could have existed if historical events had been different. This research was aimed at collecting the words denoting pea in major constructed languages. Materials and Methods The words denoting pea were collected from all available printed and electronic dictionaries of major constructed languages and other related relevant resources. The origin of these words was investigated and assessed after they were grouped.