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A History of English
A History of the English Language PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs A History of the English Language Revised edition Elly van Gelderen Arizona State University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam PAGE/ Philadelphia Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language / Elly van Gelderen. -- Revised edition. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English language--History. 2. English language--History--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1075.G453 2014 420.9--dc23 2014000308 isbn 978 90 272 1208 5 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1209 2 (Pb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 7043 6 (Eb) © 2014 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlandspany John Benjamins North America · PP.O. Boxroofs 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519G com · usa PAGE Publishin Enjamins © John b 2nd proofs Table of contents Preface to the first edition (2006) ix Preface to the revised edition xii Notes to the user and abbreviations xiv List of tables xvi List of figures xix 1 The English language 1 1. The origins and history of English 1 2. -
LCSH Section L
L (The sound) Formal languages La Boderie family (Not Subd Geog) [P235.5] Machine theory UF Boderie family BT Consonants L1 algebras La Bonte Creek (Wyo.) Phonetics UF Algebras, L1 UF LaBonte Creek (Wyo.) L.17 (Transport plane) BT Harmonic analysis BT Rivers—Wyoming USE Scylla (Transport plane) Locally compact groups La Bonte Station (Wyo.) L-29 (Training plane) L2TP (Computer network protocol) UF Camp Marshall (Wyo.) USE Delfin (Training plane) [TK5105.572] Labonte Station (Wyo.) L-98 (Whale) UF Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (Computer network BT Pony express stations—Wyoming USE Luna (Whale) protocol) Stagecoach stations—Wyoming L. A. Franco (Fictitious character) BT Computer network protocols La Borde Site (France) USE Franco, L. A. (Fictitious character) L98 (Whale) USE Borde Site (France) L.A.K. Reservoir (Wyo.) USE Luna (Whale) La Bourdonnaye family (Not Subd Geog) USE LAK Reservoir (Wyo.) LA 1 (La.) La Braña Region (Spain) L.A. Noire (Game) USE Louisiana Highway 1 (La.) USE Braña Region (Spain) UF Los Angeles Noire (Game) La-5 (Fighter plane) La Branche, Bayou (La.) BT Video games USE Lavochkin La-5 (Fighter plane) UF Bayou La Branche (La.) L.C.C. (Life cycle costing) La-7 (Fighter plane) Bayou Labranche (La.) USE Life cycle costing USE Lavochkin La-7 (Fighter plane) Labranche, Bayou (La.) L.C. Smith shotgun (Not Subd Geog) La Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 BT Bayous—Louisiana UF Smith shotgun USE Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 La Brea Avenue (Los Angeles, Calif.) BT Shotguns La Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) This heading is not valid for use as a geographic L Class (Destroyers : 1939-1948) (Not Subd Geog) USE Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) subdivision. -
Hergé and Tintin
Hergé and Tintin PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Fri, 20 Jan 2012 15:32:26 UTC Contents Articles Hergé 1 Hergé 1 The Adventures of Tintin 11 The Adventures of Tintin 11 Tintin in the Land of the Soviets 30 Tintin in the Congo 37 Tintin in America 44 Cigars of the Pharaoh 47 The Blue Lotus 53 The Broken Ear 58 The Black Island 63 King Ottokar's Sceptre 68 The Crab with the Golden Claws 73 The Shooting Star 76 The Secret of the Unicorn 80 Red Rackham's Treasure 85 The Seven Crystal Balls 90 Prisoners of the Sun 94 Land of Black Gold 97 Destination Moon 102 Explorers on the Moon 105 The Calculus Affair 110 The Red Sea Sharks 114 Tintin in Tibet 118 The Castafiore Emerald 124 Flight 714 126 Tintin and the Picaros 129 Tintin and Alph-Art 132 Publications of Tintin 137 Le Petit Vingtième 137 Le Soir 140 Tintin magazine 141 Casterman 146 Methuen Publishing 147 Tintin characters 150 List of characters 150 Captain Haddock 170 Professor Calculus 173 Thomson and Thompson 177 Rastapopoulos 180 Bianca Castafiore 182 Chang Chong-Chen 184 Nestor 187 Locations in Tintin 188 Settings in The Adventures of Tintin 188 Borduria 192 Bordurian 194 Marlinspike Hall 196 San Theodoros 198 Syldavia 202 Syldavian 207 Tintin in other media 212 Tintin books, films, and media 212 Tintin on postage stamps 216 Tintin coins 217 Books featuring Tintin 218 Tintin's Travel Diaries 218 Tintin television series 219 Hergé's Adventures of Tintin 219 The Adventures of Tintin 222 Tintin films -
HARD-TO-REMEMBER NAMES THAN a RUSSIAN NOVEL” — Special Names, Their Significance, Types, and Relative Hierarchy in J
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ “MORE HARD-TO-REMEMBER NAMES THAN A RUSSIAN NOVEL” — Special Names, Their Significance, Types, and Relative Hierarchy in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Quenta Silmarillion A Pro Gradu Thesis in English by Tommi Ojanperä Department of Languages 2007 HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA KIELTEN LAITOS Tommi Ojanperä “MORE HARD-TO-REMEMBER NAMES THAN A RUSSIAN NOVEL” Special Names, Their Significance, Types, and Relative Hierarchy in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Quenta Silmarillion Pro gradu –tutkielma Englannin kieli Toukokuu 2007 108 sivua + 1 liite Tutkielman lähtökohtana on perusteltu väite, että J. R. R. Tolkienin romaanissa Quenta Silmarillion (1977) erikoisella ja poikkeuksellisen laajalla nimistöllä on erityisen merkittävä asema ja että tätä nimistöä tutkimalla ja analysoimalla monipuolisesti, sekä kvalitatiivisesti että kvantitatiivisesti, voidaan saavuttaa merkittäviä tuloksia koskien romaania kokonaisuutena. Tutkimuksen ensisijainen tarkoitus on tutkia nimistöä etenkin kvantitatiivisesti ja nimien frekvenssejä tutkien rakentaa luokittelu eri nimien merkittävyydestä. Nimistöä käsitellään tästä näkökulmasta ennen kaikkea kokonaisuutena, mutta tarkempaa huomiota kiinnitetään etenkin poikkeuksellisen usein esiintyviin nimiin. Nimistön kvantitatiivisen tutkimuksen perusteella pyritään selvittämään, mitkä romaanin henkilöt, tapahtumapaikat ja ryhmät vaikuttavat olevan merkitykseltään erityisen suuria. Tässä suhteessa romaania tutkitaan toisaalta kokonaisuutena, toisaalta 24 luvusta koostuvana rakenteena. Lisäksi pohditaan mm. laajan nimistön tuottamia -
Waste Paper , Collection
\ • ^ • ^ r y CHENEYLIBRARt feATURDAT. SEPTEMBER tl, 194^ Avflrogt Daily CIradfltlsa Ths WsrUmk ^AOTTWELV* • ‘ iHanrlffatfr lEufning Ifrmlll /■ ■ ■to toa aiatoh aC AmrsiL IBM e f D. S. Weathar It la a night club wltli floor shows, 8,896 dancing aad varloaa orehsstrss. It toaIgMt Tuesday moatly eleady, Becomefl A fflan eed Cedars Meet U constantly advsrtised aa that. X, light ahewers. About Town Heard Along Main Street In your own and Hartford news AMD u m iww u papers, for the past asvsral years. Monday Night Manche*ter-^A CUy o f Village Charm Mm. aamli M e A te a c t S4 QrU- The night club seats about 300, PAVING «a U ■tiwt. Is vllittiic mlsUvM la And on Some of Manche^f^e Side StreeU, Too rather roomy for a tavern, whst? ••As to the story of ths run am rmea 18) MANCHESTER, CONN.. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1946 (TWELVE PAGES) PRICE THREE CENTS N «w Bwttbrtf. M^m . First Seflflion Following C»BIPANiKB VOL. LXVw NO. 801 A Herald man makes the follow-^ ual amount of Ume consuming it around which festursd Mulligan in DaHiy, aoa a t Mra. and Ing queries and commenU in m- Then, when they see all of the "Heard Along Main fltraet” ; that Summer Vacation to atory is abaolutoly correct but it John Doitqr of Vornoo street, Jaid to the fancies and foibles of waitresses busy, they stroll to Of has mnnBMd his studies at the wards the door, arguing among has a classical pracodsnt that la a Be Held at- Temple Wrecked Airliner in Newfoundlantl womankind; Why U it the girls legend among entertainers. -
Latinidaj Planlingvoj (AIS-Kurso, 1 Studunuo)
Vĕra Barandovská-Frank: Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo) La Latina apartenas al la italika grupo de la hindeŭropa lingvofamilio (tiu ĉi lingvofamilio ampleksas i.a. preskaŭ ĉiujn eŭropajn lingvojn, ekz. grupon ĝermanan kaj slavan), el la Latina evoluiĝis etnaj lingvoj nomataj Romanaj ( = latinidaj), precipe itala, romanĉa, sarda, franca, okcitana, hispana, kataluna, galega, portugala, gudezma, rumana, moldava. Latinidaj planlingvoj estas similaj al la Romanaj lingvoj kaj ofte imitas ilian evoluon. Latina skribo (el la greka kaj etruska alfabetoj): originale 20 majusklaj literoj (maiuscula): A B C D E F H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X . Literon I oni uzis ankaŭ por la sono [j], literon C ankaŭ por G, poste diferenciĝis [k] kaj [g]. U kaj V estis la sama litero: majuskle ekzistis nur V, poste minuskle (minuscula) u: VENIO – uenio (minuskloj evoluiĝis el la mezepoka karolinga alfabeto). En la klasika latina ne estis K, k, J j, U, u, v, W, w, Y, y, Z, z poste trans- prenitaj aŭ el la greka alfabeto (K, U, Y, Z ), aŭ faritaj el jam ekzistantaj literoj (J, W). Restaŭrita prononco: vokaloj longaj kaj mallongaj. La litero V/u estas aŭ konsonanta [ŭ] aŭ vokala [u]; i (j) aŭ konsonanta [j] aŭ vokala [i]. La litero c prononciĝis kiel [k]; qu kiel [kŭ]; au kiel [aŭ]; ae kiel [aj]; oe kiel [oj]. h estis antikve ĉiam prononcata, sed iom post iom malaperis. En helenaj pruntvortoj estis uzataj ch, ph, th [kh]/[ĥ], [ph], [th], poste [k], [p], [t]. La akcento ĝenerale troviĝis sur la antaŭlasta silabo, se ĝia vokalo estis longa, aŭ je la antaŭantaŭlasta, se mallonga, ekz. -
UTOPIAN for BEGINNERS an Amateur Linguist Loses Control of the Language He Invented
ANNALS OF LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 24 & 31, 2012 IUE UTOPIAN FOR BEGINNERS An amateur linguist loses control of the language he invented. By Joshua Foer Quijada’s invented language has two seemingly incompatible ambitions: to be maximally precise but also maximally concise. here are so many ways for speakers of English to see the world. We can T glimpse, glance, visualize, view, look, spy, or ogle. Stare, gawk, or gape. Peek, watch, or scrutinize. Each word suggests some subtly different quality: looking implies volition; spying suggests furtiveness; gawking carries an element of social judgment and a sense of surprise. When we try to describe an act of vision, we consider a constellation of available meanings. But if thoughts and words exist on different planes, then expression must always be an act of compromise. Languages are something of a mess. They evolve over centuries through an unplanned, democratic process that leaves them teeming with irregularities, quirks, and words like “knight.” No one who set out to design a form of communication would ever end up with anything like English, Mandarin, or any of the more than six thousand languages spoken today. “Natural languages are adequate, but that doesn’t mean they’re optimal,” John Quijada, a fty-three-year-old former employee of the California State Department of Motor Vehicles, told me. In 2004, he published a monograph on the Internet that was titled “Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language.” Written like a linguistics textbook, the fourteen-page Web site ran to almost a hundred and sixty thousand words. It documented the grammar, syntax, and lexicon of a language that Quijada had spent three decades inventing in his spare time. -
Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages
Christo Moskovsky & Alan Libert 101 Journal of Universal Language 5 September 2004, 101-149 Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages Christo Moskovsky & Alan Libert University of Newcastle Abstract The Passive Voice is a category which we find in the large majority of natural languages, and also in most artificial languages. The first major part of this paper offers a survey of passive constructions in a number of typologically distinct natural languages, with the basic aim of presenting the (prospective) artificial language constructor with the range of functional and formal properties of the Passive Voice which occur in natural languages. This survey shows that regardless of the fair amount of variation in the morphosyntactic form of passives that we find in different natural languages, crosslinguistically passives are remarkably uniform in inevitably occurring as a grammatical category marked (synthetically or analytically) on the verb; they are also remarkably uniform in relation to the basic function they perform: passivization inevitably involves demotion of a primary clausal term (the Subject) and in most of the cases also promotion of a non-primary term. The next part of the paper offers an overview of Passive Voice formation and function in artificial languages, which will provide the language constructor with a good idea of some of the ‘design’ decisions taken with regard to this grammatical category. Finally, the paper briefly discusses various design issues in relation to economy, explicitness/ambiguity, 102 Possibilities for Passives in Natural and Artificial Languages functionality, and learnability and presents some specific recommendations with regard to the possible design of passives in an artificial language. -
Complexlang: a Compact Logical Experimental Language
Complexlang: a COMPact Logical EXperimental LANGuage Kelvin M. Liu-Huang Carnegie Mellon University [email protected] Published in Proceedings of SIGBOVIK 2019 (15 March 2019) Informal revisions (27 March 2019, 29 April 2019) Abstract and learning barrier of natural languages, Natural languages trade compactness and mathematical expressions seem better in these ways. consistency for efficiency. Complexlang is an a priori, The tradeoff is, of course, that mathematical declarative, ideographic spoken/written language descriptions can be very elaborate or unwieldy. which attempts to construct/ground the semantic We attempt to address all these concerns by structure of both morphology and syntax from first constructing Complexlang. Language should ideally principles using tools provided by propositional logic, synchronize speech, writing, and comprehension in set theory, type theory, number theory, object- order to facilitate learning. Like aUI (Weilgart, 1979) oriented programming, metaphysics, linguistics, and and Arahau (Karasev, 2006), by infusing individual classical field theory. In doing so, we hypothesize letters with meaning and using phonemic that speakers may converse in Complexlang with little orthography, words have transparent and largely training and learn some math and science in the deterministic etymology; writing, speech, and process. meaning can all be inferred from each other, reducing ambiguity, speeding up learning, and even allowing efficient and deterministic creation of 1. Introduction neologisms. For simplicity, the orthography is simply Most previous constructed languages intended for the IPA symbols of the phonemes. Unlike aUI and human use set out to improve etymological integrity Arahau, Complexlang attempts to express semantics (Zamenhof, 1887), semantic clarity (Bliss, 1965; entirely through logic, specifically patterned after set Karasev, 2006; Weilgart, 1979; Quijada, 2004), theory, rather than metaphor, resulting in compact, consistency (Weilgart, 1979; Cowan, 1997; Quijada, transparent, and unambiguous expressions. -
A Visual Inter Lingua Neil Edwin Michael Leemans Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Digital WPI Doctoral Dissertations (All Dissertations, All Years) Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2001-04-24 VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua Neil Edwin Michael Leemans Worcester Polytechnic Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations Repository Citation Leemans, N. E. (2001). VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/154 This dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital WPI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations (All Dissertations, All Years) by an authorized administrator of Digital WPI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua by Neil Edwin Michael (Paul) Leemans A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science by ____________________ April 2001 APPROVED: _____________________________________________ Dr. Lee A. Becker, Major Advisor _____________________________________________ Dr. David C. Brown, Committee Member _____________________________________________ Dr. Norman Wittels, Committee Member, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering _____________________________________________ Dr. Stanley S. Selkow, Committee Member __________________________________________________ Dr. Micha Hofri, Head of Department VIL: A Visual Inter Lingua _____________________________________________________________________ -
[.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general -
Les Drapeaux Des Langues Construites
Les Drapeaux des Langues Construites Patrice de La Condamine Résumé Depuis toujours, les hommes oscillent entre la préservation de leurs identités particulières et leur besoin d’appartenance à des communautés globales. L’idée d’universel et de recherche de la “fusion des origines” hante leur cœur. Dans cet esprit, des langues construites ont été élaborées. Qu’elles soient à vocation auxiliaire ou internationale, destinées à de vastes aires culturelles ou à but strictement philosophique. Des noms connus comme Volapük, Espéranto, Ido, Bolak, Interlingua, Occidental. Mais aussi Glosa, Kotava, Lingua Franca Nova, Atlango. Ou encore Folskpraat, Slovio, Nordien, Afrihili, Slovianski, Hedšdël. Sans parler du langage philosophique Lojban1. Le plus intéressant est de constater que toutes ces langues ont des drapeaux qui traduisent les messages et idéaux des groupes en question! La connaissance des drapeaux des langues construites est primordiale pour plusieurs raisons: elle nous permet de comprendre que tous les drapeaux sans exception délivrent des messages d’une part; que l’existence des drapeaux n’est pas forcément liée à l’unique notion de territoire d’autre part. Le drapeau est d’abord et avant tout, à travers son dessin et ses couleurs, un “territoire mental”. Après avoir montré et expliqué ces différents drapeaux2, nous conclurons avec la présentation du drapeau des Conlang, sorte d’ONU des Langues construites! Folkspraak Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 1 Sélection de noms parmi d’autres. 2 Une trentaine environ. 175 LES DRAPEAUX DES LANGUES CONSTRUITES introduction A nous tous qui sommes réunis ici pour ce XXIVème Congrès International de la vexillologie à Washington, personne n’a plus besoin d’expliquer la nécessité vitale qu’ont les hommes de se représenter au moyen d’emblèmes, et nous savons la place primordiale qu’occupent les drapeaux dans cette fonction.