Initial Environmental Examination Report ______
Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239
PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project
Initial Environmental Examination Report for Madar Irrigation Sub-Project, District Mohmand
Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: March 2018
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.
This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit PMU FATA Water Resources Development Project FWRDP FATA Secretariat
FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) MADAR IRRIGATION SUB PROJECT
(MOHMAND AGENCY)
March, 2018 JOINT VENTURE: FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS
House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected]
Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Description Page No.
INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A.2 General ...... 1 A.3 Project Background ...... 1 A.4 Project Consultants ...... 2 A.5 Purpose of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ...... 2 A.6 IEE Methodology ...... 3 A.6.1 Study Area ...... 3 A.6.2 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 5 A.6.3 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 6 A.7 Report Format ...... 6 A.8 Project Categorization ...... 8 A.9 IEE Team ...... 8
POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 9 B.1 General ...... 9 B.2 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 9 B.3 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 9 B.4 Regulatory Clearances, EPA ...... 10 B.5 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 10 B.6 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)……...... 10 B.7 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 10 B.8 Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards ...... 11 B.9 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ...... 13 B.10 Subproject Categorization ...... 14 B.11 Other Environment Related Legislations ...... 15
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 18 C.1 Project Features ...... 18 C.2 Project Location ...... 24 C.3 Subproject Objectives ...... 24 C.4 Construction Planning Maddar Irrigation Sub Project ...... 25 C.4.1 Sub Surface Pipes ...... 26 C.4.2 Lateral Pipe Network ...... 28 C.4.3 Filter Envelop ...... 28 C.4.4 Storage Sump ...... 29 C.4.5 Banks Protection ...... 30 C.4.6 Irrigation Channel ...... 31 C.4.7 On Farm Water Management Works ...... 34
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
C.5 Sub Project Implementation Period ...... 34 C.5.1 Executing Agency ...... 34 C.5.2 Design Consultant ...... 34 C.5.3 FATA Development Working Party ...... 35 C.5.4 Terms of Partnership ...... 35 C.6 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ...... 35
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 36 D.1 General ...... 36 D.2 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 36 D.3 Study Area ...... 38 D.4 Physical Environment ...... 40 D.4.1 Topography ...... 40 D.4.2 Climate ...... 40 D.4.3 Hydrology ...... 41 D.4.4 Regional Geology ...... 42 D.4.5 Geology of the Project Area ...... 42 D.4.6 Soil ...... 42 D.4.7 Seismology ...... 43 D.4.8 Ambient Air and Noise Quality ...... 45 D.4.9 Water Resources ...... 47 D.4.10 Water Quality ...... 50 D.4.11 Land use and Land Cover ...... 51 D.5 Biological Environment ...... 53 D.5.1 Flora ...... 53 D.5.2 Fauna ...... 56 D.5.3 Avifauna ...... 57 D.5.4 Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...... 58 D.6 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 59 D.6.1 Administrative Set Up ...... 59 D.6.2 Demographic Profile ...... 60 D.6.3 Family Size ...... 60 D.6.4 Dwelling ...... 61 D.6.5 Language ...... 61 D.6.6 The Family System...... 61 D.6.7 Livestock ...... 62 D.6.8 Conflicts Resolution Mechanism ...... 62 D.6.9 Religious Beliefs ...... 63 D.6.10 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 63 D.6.11 Poverty ...... 64 D.6.12 Health facilities ...... 65 D.6.13 Social Organization ...... 65
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
D.6.14 Agriculture ...... 66 D.6.15 Occupation ...... 66 D.6.16 Food ...... 67 D.6.17 Dress and Ornaments ...... 67 D.6.18 Mining ...... 67 D.6.19 Roads ...... 67 D.6.20 Telephone Facilities ...... 68 D.6.21 Sites of Historical Significance ...... 68 D.6.22 Gender Issues ...... 68
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 69 E.1 No Project Option ...... 69 E.2 Project Siting Alternatives ...... 70 E.3 Technological Alternatives...... 70
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 72 F.1 Impact Assessment - Overview ...... 72 F.2 Impact Area ...... 73 F.3 Impacts on Land Resources ...... 76 F.3.1 Excavation ...... 76 F.3.2 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 77 F.3.3 Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads ...... 77 F.3.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 77 F.3.5 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 79 F.3.6 Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards ...... 79 F.3.7 Construction material leftovers ...... 79 F.4 Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 80 F.4.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing ...... 80 F.4.2 Drinking Water Supply for Contractor’s Crew ...... 80 F.4.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream ...... 80 F.5 Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...... 81 F.5.1 Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...... 81 F.5.2 Smoke from burning of waste and firewood ...... 81 F.5.3 Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery ...... 82 F.5.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation ...... 82 F.6 Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) ...... 82 F.7 Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues ...... 83 F.7.1 Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 83 F.7.2 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 84 F.7.3 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 85 F.7.4 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 85 F.7.5 Change in visual character and soil erosion ...... 86
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
F.7.6 Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers ...... 86 F.7.7 Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops ...... 87
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 88 General ...... 88 Mitigation Measures ...... 88 Residual Impact ...... 89 Institutional Arrangements ...... 89 Management Responsibilities ...... 89 Monitoring Activities ...... 120 Performance Indicators ...... 120 Project Enhancement Plans ...... 120 Restoration Plan ...... 120 Reports ...... 121 Training Schedule ...... 122 Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 122 Third Party Monitoring ...... 123
PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 125 General ...... 125 Identification of Stakeholders ...... 126 Methodology ...... 127 Agenda of Consultative Session ...... 128 Local Farmer Views...... 129 Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response ...... 129
GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 132 General ...... 132 Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 132 Awareness of GRM ...... 133 Implementation of GRM ...... 134
CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 137 Findings and Recommendations ...... 137 Conclusion ...... 137
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
List of Annexures
ANNEX-I Environmental Testing ...... 139
ANNEX II – Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... 154
ANNEX-III WHO Standards...... 157
ANNEX IV - NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) ...... 160
ANNEX – V Governor’s Notification on Protected Areas and Wild Life Protection ...... 166
ANNEX-V Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 170
ANNEX – VII Photo Log ...... 172
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
List of Tables & Figures
Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map ...... 4 Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ...... 12 Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq ...... 13 Table 2.3 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 15 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project ...... 20 Figure 3.1: Project Location Map ...... 21 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Maddar ...... 22 Figure 3.3: Schematic Layout of the Maddar ...... 23 Table 3.2: Personnel Requirement ...... 25 Table 3.3: Equipment Requirements ...... 26 Figure 3.4: Details of Perforated Pipe ...... 27 Table 3.4: Infiltration Gallery Works and Quantities Details ...... 30 Table 3.5: Irrigation Channel Works and Quantities Details ...... 32 Figure 3.9 Subsurface Infiltration Gallery Detail Layout Plan ...... 33 Figure 4.1: Mohmand Agency ...... 39 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 41 Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 44 Table 4.2: Details of Watershed ...... 49 Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Madar Irrigation subproject ...... 50 Table 4.5: Land Use Statistics of Mohmand Agency ...... 51 Table 4.6 Common Trees Species in Mohmand Agency ...... 54 Table 4.7: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 55 Table 4.8: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 55 Table 4.9: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 56 Table 4.10: Avifauna of the Project Area ...... 57 Table 4.12: Population Details of Mohmand Agency ...... 59 Table 5.1 Comparison of Technological Alternatives ...... 71 Table 6.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ...... 75 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 92 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 120 Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports ...... 122 Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 123 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 127 Table 7.1: List of Government Official Contacted...... 130 Table 7.2: List of Community Consultation Participants at Maddar ...... 130 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Maddar ...... 131 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 136
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AMSL Above Mean Sea Level APA Assistant Political Agent CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMU Environmental Management Unit EMP Environment Management Plan EMMP Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency ECR Environmental Complaints Register FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GFP Grievance Focal Point GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Implementing Agency IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PA Political Agent PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRM Pakistan Resident Mission RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RE Resident Engineer SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
Executive Summary
1. Introduction The environmental study is in compliance to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The abstract of TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA), TA 8409-PAK, for FWRDP in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the FATA Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. Since these projects are categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for the sub-project.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
2. Project Location The Maddar Irrigation subproject is proposed on Sharmakh Dand Nao at coordinates 34.2014°N and 71.4313°E. Maddar Irrigation Scheme site is located at a distance of 9 km from Warsak through paved road. 3. Environmental Issues The Sub Project activities include construction of a weir/lift irrigation, sub-surface Infiltration Gallery, irrigation channel of about 2.29 Km and development of culturable command area of 42 ha. This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the sub Project. 4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because this project falls in the jurisdiction of Federal EPA, therefore approval from the Federal EPA will be required. 5. Project Description Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery is proposed at Maddar Kalay to collect water and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the development of the proposed subproject, culturable command area of 42 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 130 % and design discharge of 19.20 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.29 km. The Maddar Irrigation Scheme is proposed on Sharmakh Dand Nao. As per site observation flow of 0.25 – 0.50 cusec is available. 6. Project Alternatives Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. The only source of surface water is a pond and therefore no sitting alternatives were considered. The Project Area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. Therefore, no project option is not viable option. However various technical alternatives were also considered including weir and the most viable option Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery was adopted.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
7. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 8. Physical Environment Mohmand Agency is an area of rugged mountains with barren slopes. Most of the area is mountainous, with brown Rocky Mountains and little vegetation. There are patches of flat plains and during the spring time the region becomes greener temporarily. This region has no rivers, canals nor rich underground water reservoirs. Running water is hard to find in most of these valleys except Gandab and Shilman valleys. Land use data shows that 40.2% of the total geographic area of the project area is cultivated, while 36.3% is range land. This puts intense pressure on the available agricultural land and creates food insecurity in the project area. Due to limited surface water resources, agriculture is on the few small plains, which are irrigated by water streams from mountains. Forests constitute only 4.2 % of the area of the Project area. Wheat is the major crop, followed by maize and barley. Fruit and vegetable farming is becoming popular here and it is expected that with improved irrigation facilities the production of fruits will increase further. The project area experiences two rain seasons: winter and summer. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July are 38 °C and 28 °C respectively. December and January are the coldest months with mean minimum temperature of about 12 °C and 9 °C. Water supply is from rainfall and groundwater during the dry periods. Depth to water table in the command area is in the range of 4-8 m below the land surface. The drinking water quality of Maddar Irrigation sub project are exceeding the NEQS and WHO permissible limits with respect to Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sulfate, Hardness and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and is not fit for drinking purposes while the surface water from the spring shows that it is fit for irrigation. The project area is predominantly rural and the ambient air quality and noise quality is within permissible NEQS limits.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
9. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing/browsing). The main tree species in the project area are Eucalyptus, Acacia modesta, Zizphus nummularia, Populus, Acacia nilotica and Morus alba.
Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Redlist of IUCN. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. There are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. The nearest wetland Warsak Dam is at a distance of 08 Km. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. There are no endangered species reported as per IUCN Red List 2017. Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Redlist of IUCN. 10. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects Mohmand is one of the agencies in FATA and is bounded by Bajaur Agency to the north, Khyber Agency to the south, Malakand and Charsadda districts to the east, Peshawar district to the south east, and Afghanistan towards west. The total area of the Agency is about 2,297 km2 which is mostly hilly and mountainous with little flat land. The total cultivated area is only 21,410 hectares (ha) a little less than 10 percent of the total, most of which is rain fed, having insufficient rainfall with low agriculture productivity. Total population of Mohmand Agency is currently at 466,984 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average household size is around 9.7 persons per family. According to the 2017 population census, the entire Agency is termed as rural. Maddar village is having a population of approximately 5935 people, and 500 households. Mohmand is the main tribe in the area and is further sub divided into three sub-sections that is Tarakzai, Dadu Khel, and Qasim Khel.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society. 11. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out three times so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of sub projects. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. 12. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the sub project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the sub project, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the subproject but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
have been identified in this report. Also there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the project area. Women headed households have not been identified in the Sub Project area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed sub project. The other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, these sub projects will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of Socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e development of 42 ha culturable land. 13. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall sub projects design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. The EMP defines responsibilities for the implementation mitigation, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities for the monitoring of each mitigation. The EMP shall be implemented following appointment of the contractor and implemented throughout the construction period. The EMP shall be supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be prepared by the contractor at mobilization. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of the physical works. Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and assisted by the CSC. 14. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Maddar irrigation sub project reveals that these projects will generate only minor to moderate environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be of temporary nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by this project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
INTRODUCTION
General The environmental study is in compliance to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The abstract of TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development cost. Project Background The Tribal areas of Pakistan have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing Small Dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small
1 | Initial Environmental Examination
FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. The Maddar Irrigation Scheme is proposed on Sharmakh Dand Nao at coordinates 34.2014°N and 71.4313°E. Maddar Irrigation Scheme site is located at a distance of 9 km from Warsak through paved road. Project Consultants The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, FATA Secretariat entered into a formal contract in Oct, 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) The purpose of the IEE is: To establish preconstruction environmental baseline of the subproject for construction and operation phases impacts evaluation. To predict positive and adverse impacts. To find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts. To enhance positive effects. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study takes into account the natural environment (air, water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the Sub Project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout sub projects implementation.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
IEE Methodology In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the subproject. A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high-risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the subproject’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine subproject alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the subproject and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. Study Area The study area related to IEE of the project comprised the following areas and features / aspects:
i. Primary impacts zone where the proposed subproject components, including “the area of sub surface infiltration gallery, sump, along the alignment of the proposed irrigation system, Contractor’s camp and construction material storage area.
ii. The secondary impact zone is the command area of the subproject where beneficial impacts are anticipated as with the availability water, the cultivated area will be increased and cropping pattern will be changed as well as intensified.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in March, 2018. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non- forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences.
The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017.
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In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex-I. Impact Assessment Methodology Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under; Negligent: No or minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly. The impacts identified, in detail, were marked on the maps. Consultants utilized their own resources to carry out topographic survey of the project site. The Survey activities had been performed under the supervision and guidance of expert survey engineers. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies.
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Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the axis and type including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current axis. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project.
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Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. Project Categorization The subproject falls under Schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE. According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project can be mitigated, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklist (Attached as Annex-II) defines this in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization. IEE Team The team of this IEE Report includes: • Mr Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment Specialist • Mr Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist • Mr. Farhan Environmentalist • Mr. Ibad Ullah Sociologist
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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
General This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework The Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the federal cabinet in March 1992 is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country (EUAD/IUCN, 1992). The NCS outlines the country's primary approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural resources, and improving efficiency in the use and management of resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial for the preservation of Pakistan's natural and physical environment. The core areas, that are relevant in the context of the proposed sub- project, are pollution prevention and abatement and increasing energy efficiency while conserving biodiversity. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out
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necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. Regulatory Clearances, EPA In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act is to be submitted to Federal Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed sub- project are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;
• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also stringent with the International NEQs Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed Sub Project. The WHO standards are also annexed at Annexure - III for air, noise and water. • NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (9 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust.
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• NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters. • NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times. • NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. • These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex IV for NEQS) Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards 1. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1. In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed project. 2. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will be used for the proposed project.
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Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards
USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 20 Annual 50 Annual Primary- hour 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 Mean (Interim Average 75 ppb mean 1 hr target-2) Secondary- SO2 20 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline) (1,300 10- 500 120 μg/m³) minute 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 mean μg/m 10 500 ug/m3 minutes Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr Primary & annual 40 Annual 40 40 ug/m3 Secondary- mean μg/m3 Average Annual Annual (guideline) NO2 0.053 ppm Mean Mean 200 (100 1-hour 200 3 (guideline) 24 hrs 80 ug/m μg/m³) mean μg/m3 Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235
μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary- mean μg/m 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³) Annual Annual 360 100 ug/m3 150-230 Mean Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3
1 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 2 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.
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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 70 Annual 120 (Interim Mean ug/m3 target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) annual 1 year 20 20 mean 150 μg/m³ 3 (guideline) Primary μg/m PM10 24 hrs and 24- 50 150 150 Secondary hour 24 24 hrs 3 3 (Interim ug/m mean μg/m hours target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) Primary Annual 15 ug/m3 - 12 μg/m³ annual 10 Average 3 Annual Secondary mean μg/m 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 15 μg/m³ PM2.5 - - Annual 24- Primary & hour 25 1 hr 15 ug/m3 24 hrs Secondary mean μg/m3 35 μg/m³ Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm
Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq
NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22-00) (22:00-7:00) 1 Residential Area (A) 55 55 Residential; 55 45 institutional; educational4 2 Commercial Area (B) 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 commercial 3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be
4 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).
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environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in Sub Project area, and (ii) the potential for the Sub Project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI). As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the sub project has been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, the Sub Project has been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP. Subproject Categorization Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During
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this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. This project falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.
IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required
Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less Yes than 50 million cubic meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers
Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than Yes 15,000 hectares
Other Environment Related Legislations The Exhibit provides a summary of all legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.
Table 2.3 Environmental Guidelines and Legislations
Legislation/Guideline Description National NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing Environmental Policy environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve (2005) (NEP) and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross-sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical
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Legislation/Guideline Description sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The West Pakistan The Fisheries Act requires protection of public waters as habitat of fish Fisheries Act 1961 and other aquatic life. This is helping the Fisheries Department to provide effective protection to the fish and other aquatic life in the game Sanctuary upstream the barrage and the public waters downstream the barrage. Fish is a food to a good number of migratory birds. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human diseases, (Emergency safeguarding the public health and providing and maintaining adequate Provision) Act 1954 medical services and other services essential to the health of the read with West communities in the project area. Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958 Explosives Act 1884 Under the Explosives Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using explosive during quarrying, blasting and other purposes.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) Conservation was considered as the Government’s primary policy document on Strategy national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. Biodiversity Action The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and Plan assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental management Conservation in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the
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Legislation/Guideline Description government, industry, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces. ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides guidelines for Statement (SPS), environmental assessments of development projects. These guidelines 2009 help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid endangering Conservation of migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers to the species of Migratory Species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members cyclically and Wild Animals predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The (1981.21) parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation (including International Trade in penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding trade of all Endangered Species species threatened with extinction or that may become so, in order not of Wild Fauna and to endanger their survival further. Flora (1973) International Union Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats for Conservation of internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list are Nature and Natural also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Resources Red List (2000)
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project Features The Maddar Irrigation Scheme is proposed on Sharmakh Dand Nao. Maddar Irrigation Scheme site is located at a distance of 9 km from Warsak through paved road. As per site observation flow of 0.25 – 0.50 cusec is available. The only source of surface water is a pond and the subproject is designed on communities demand keeping in mind the available water flow. Sub-surface Infiltration Gallery is proposed to collect water and deliver it to the command area. It is anticipated that from the scheme, culturable command area of 42 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 130 % and design discharge of 19.20 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation network is 2.29 km. The project cost is estimated Rs. 14.163 million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 25.28 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 22.95 %. Presently an earthen channel irrigates Maddar’s command area which has irregular parabolic section. Due to existing condition of the channel it has been proposed that for trouble free operation lined rectangular channel is proposed to at the end of delivery pipe to convey the discharge to command area of about 42 ha. The source of water in Maddar Irrigation Scheme command is seepage water from the upper fields irrigated by canal. The 800 meter head reach, beginning from the start of earthen channel and up to the pond, will be kept un-lined as this portion of watercourse works as mother channel which collects seepage water and conveys to entire command area. After pond, the existing main channel and field watercourse require lining and rehabilitation to save water losses. Present agriculture in the command area is restricted to Rabi season only. A significant decrease in the quantum of flow during Kharif season does not allow farmers to grow any crop in kharif. With the completion of Maddar Irrigation Scheme, a permanent source of irrigation water will be available during Rabi and Kharif seasons. The OFWM activities will ensure a controlled and un-interrupted flow of water for agriculture round the year. It will enable the farming community to bring additional area under irrigation. The sub projects on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of the construction
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sites. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. All the land required for different project components is community owned barren land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the project. The permanent land for project components such as sub surface Infiltration Gallery, water channels, offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The amount of lease is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost. The Salient Features of the subproject are given in the below Table 3.1.
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Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project
Salient Features Maddar Subproject
Catchment Area 4.40 square kilometers
Diversion type Sub-Surface Infiltration Gallery
Channel Type Concrete Lined Rectangular Section
Culturable Command Area 42 ha
Irrigation Intensity 130 %
Irrigation Channel discharge 19.20 lit./sec
Length of Main Channel 2.29 km
Project Cost: Rs Rs. 14.163 Million
Construction Period 12 Months
EIRR 25.28 %
FIRR 22.95 %
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Figure 3.1: Project Location Map
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Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Maddar
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Figure 3.3: Schematic Layout of the Maddar
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Project Location Mohmand Agency is located in the North of Peshawar city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province bordering Afghanistan in the West, districts Charsadda and Malakand in the East, Bajaur Agency in the North and river Kabul in the South. The Swat River enters in the agency at Upper Prang Ghar tehsil and comes out of the agency at Munda head works in the Charsadda district. Mohmand Agency lies between latitude 30° 09’ to 34° 44’ and longitude 70° 59’ to 71° 42’ E. It is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It covers an area of 2,296 km2. Mohmand Agency is geographically sub divided for administration convenience in to upper Mohmand, central and lower Mohmand sub-divisions. Lower Mohmand sub division is fertile as compared to central and upper Mohmand sub divisions. The three sub divisions have been further divided into eight tehsils namely Ekkaghund, Pranghar, Pindialy, Safi, Byzai-Khwazai, Ambar, Dawazi and Haleemzai. The Maddar Irrigation Scheme is proposed on Sharmakh Dand Nao at coordinates 34.2014°N and 71.4313°E. Maddar Irrigation Scheme site is located at a distance of 9 km from Warsak through paved road. As per site observation flow of 0.25 – 0.50 cusec is available. Subproject Objectives The main objective of the Maddar irrigation sub project is to construct a sub- surface infiltration gallery and irrigation channels that will irrigate Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 42 ha downstream. The present cropping intensity is 108 %. It is estimated that a reasonable quantity of water from the subproject will meet the irrigation demand of lands in the command area. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of irrigation sub project will greatly increase cropping intensity to 130 % and production in the currently partially irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the subproject, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture. The subproject will help in lowering the water table in agricultural land around the subsurface infiltration gallery site which is presently waterlogged and will help it making cultivable. Thus, the subproject is not only beneficial for downstream people but also for upstream farmers.
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Construction Planning Maddar Irrigation Sub Project The basic principle of irrigation scheme is to produce a satisfactory functional structure at an optimum cost. With the development of irrigation scheme, the perennial flow will be utilized to irrigate, downstream command of the Maddar area in Mohmand Agency. For layout planning of the irrigation scheme, it considered that the subsurface as well as surface flows in existing earthen channel may be utilized to irrigate the existing command through by providing subsurface pipes in channel bed. At the location of scheme three test pits are developed for geotechnical investigation, the results shows that upper layer of one meter has fine grained soil underlain by gravels with clayey contents. The water table is found on an average depth of 1 m from ground surface in these test pits which is suitable for providing subsurface pipe network to withdraw water to irrigate downstream area.
Table 3.2: Personnel Requirement
Sr. No Position Nos 1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01 2 Construction Supervisor 02 3 Site Engineer 01 4 Environmentalist 01 5 Health and Safety Officer 01 6 Surveyor 02 7 Quantity Surveyor 01 8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01 9 Skilled Labor 05
The total number of labors to carry out the construction work will be around 10 to 15 where all unskilled labor will be of local origin which doesn’t require any housing facility. The equipment/ machinery required for the subproject is given in the table below.
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Table 3.3: Equipment Requirements
Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos 1 Front End Loader 01 2 Excavator 01 3 Dumper 02 4 Water Tanker 02 5 Mixer 01 6 Generator 02 7 Tractor along with Trolley 01
Sub Surface Pipes During the planning phase of the scheme, option of subsurface irrigation has been considered in which the surface flow as well as ground water will be utilized to irrigate command area. There is perennial flow at the location of existing channel, which may be utilized to irrigate available command area. In this option, a network of subsurface pipe is proposed below water table to collect the flow. Therefore, perforated pipes are proposed to collect the ground water. The pipes will be laid parallel to the earthen channel and deep enough to work under saturated flow condition. At end of lateral a collector sump is provided at the junction of pipes. The sump will be constructed away from the flow area from where discharge will be delivered through a lined channel. With this arrangement command area will be irrigated through a lined channel provided at the end.
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Figure 3.4: Details of Perforated Pipe
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Lateral Pipe Network To divert the discharge for irrigation a network of buried perforated pipes has been provided at about 1.0 m depth, which comprises two lateral pipes. The diameter of the lateral pipes are 300 mm, proposed at 90o. The lateral discharge into the collector sump provided at their junction. The lateral are provided in single layers, the layer is 1 m deep from ground surface.
Figure 3.5: Lateral Pipe (Perforated Pipe) Network Filter Envelop Two layers of fine and coarse filters are provided around the lateral pipes. The fine filter consists of layer of fine sand while the coarse filter contains uniformly graded coarse aggregate materials. These filters envelop are provided mainly to avoid the chocking of pipe perforations and ensure smooth entry of collected discharge into laterals. The thickness of sand layer and crush aggregate filter is 200 mm each. At the top of the fine filter layer, 0.3 m thick stone pitching is proposed. The stone pitching is provided over subsurface pipe as well extended on sides and upstream area. The stone pitching will protect the filter material and pipe installation from erosion during flood condition.
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Figure 3.6: Details of Filter Envelop Storage Sump The sump has been proposed at the end of lateral which has been aligned along the earthen channel. The sump will be buried in the ground while top of the sump will be at ground level. For maintenance purpose a removable concrete slab is provided at its top. The inlet of the pipe consists of collector pipe while a delivery pipe is attached at its outlet to convey the discharge to irrigation channel. The proposed sump has a concrete section having size of 2.5 m wide, 2.5 m long having 1.7 m depth, the walls of the concrete sump are 0.2 m thick with 0.3 m thick bottom slab, and the removable top cover is 0.15 m thick.
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Figure 3.7: Details of Storage Sump Banks Protection At the location of flow diversion arrangements surface of the lateral top is strengthened by providing stone apron against bed erosion. The protection provided over the lateral will protect the clay abutments from erosion and will not permit the flow to bypass the diversion arrangements. This has been done by keeping the elevation of stone pitching slightly lower than average bed level of channel at this location.
Table 3.4: Infiltration Gallery Works and Quantities Details
Item # Description Unit Quantity Excavation for infiltration gallery system. 1 cu.m 213.29
Backfilling for infiltration gallery 2 cu.m 241.40 Sand Aggregate, to be used as filter around lateral pipes 3 cu.m 46.77 Crush Aggregate, to be used as filter around lateral pipes. 4 cu.m 26.55
5 Concrete work for cutoff wall and sump cu.m 73.89
Steel in concrete 6 Tonne 0.75
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Item # Description Unit Quantity Stone pitching over perforated pipes 7 cu.m 160.50
Water collector pipes 8 Rm 64.00
Perforated pipes to filter water 9 Rm 64.00
Irrigation Channel An earthen channel irrigates Maddar’s command area which has irregular parabolic section. Due to existing condition of the channel it has been proposed that for trouble free operation lined rectangular channel is proposed to at the end of delivery pipe to convey the discharge to command area. This Irrigation channel is located at the downstream of pipe network. The gross command area of this plain is about 50 Hectare, out of about 42 Hectare have been selected as good cultivable commanded area (CCA) based on availability of water for Irrigation. The proposed channel’s has been aligned according to the alignment of existing earthen channel. The land situated at downstream of scheme is good for irrigation and is also command able from this channel. The alignment is suitable for Maddar command area. The length of proposed channel comes to 2+290 m.
Figure 3.8: Cross Section of Irrigation Channel
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Table 3.5: Irrigation Channel Works and Quantities Details
Item # Description Unit Quantity Excavation 1 cu.m 1,597.6
2 Structural backfill cu.m 456.34
3 Concrete work for channel cu.m 414.28
8 Steel in Concrete Tonne 2.01 HDPE Pipe: dia=12" 9 Rm 90.00 (Delivery pipe )
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Figure 3.9 Subsurface Infiltration Gallery Detail Layout Plan
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On Farm Water Management Works The total command area of Maddar Irrigation Scheme is 42 ha. Entire command is developed, well leveled and irrigated. An extensive network of field watercourses exists in the command. The same network and alignment will be used for OFWM activities until unless it is inevitable to make a change but that will be according to field requirement and by taking farming community in to confidence. Considering topography and undulated terrain of the project area, traditional method of land development and land leveling will be adopted i.e. using Bulldozers and Tractors mounted with front blades and rear scrappers. The improvement of entire length of earthen watercourses is suggested according to designed parameters. We have proposed the alignment of watercourses considering the existing system (where available) and contours of the command, but they may change little bit during execution. The length of each watercourse in the command area varies as per contour and layout of the field. The length of lining also depends on field requirement. In case of present project, 100% length of watercourse is proposed for lining. For lining, precast parabolic segments will be used to ensure the quality of work. Sub Project Implementation Period The Project implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by ADB. The project construction would be completed in twelve (12) months. Executing Agency The FATA Secretariat will be the executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the FATA Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The FATA Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component. Design Consultant The design and residency supervision of these Sub Projects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the Sub Projects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the Sub Projects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed.
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FATA Development Working Party The FATA Development Working Party (FDWP) would approve the feasible Sub Projects of FWRDP. The FDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP Sub Projects costing more than the threshold approval limit of FDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the FATA Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot Sub Projects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent sub-projects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed sub-projects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed Sub Project, the FATA Secretariat and the relevant Community Organization will have entered into a TOP setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such Sub Project (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such Sub Project) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such Sub Project, which such TOP will have been approved by the Political Administration. Terms of Partnership TOP for a Sub Project involving the construction of a sub-surface Infiltration gallery subproject or irrigation channel will stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for operation and maintenance of such subproject or irrigation channel from such Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the FATA Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) The project has been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main canal can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. The beneficiaries have signed TOP with the Political Administration of Mohmand Agency and Irrigation Directorate, FATA. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiary through Village Organization/CO.
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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
General The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio- economic environment of the project area b. To understand the current environmental situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions for the subproject implementation according to the ground realities. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP) ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in March, 2018. The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the
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preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information.
viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including Survey map of the project and topographic sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites.
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Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017 and other available literature. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out to know the baseline conditions of the area. Study Area The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Mohmand Agency (Fig 4.1), and more specifically subproject location including Maddar settlements, and the catchment of the Sharmakh Dand Nao on which Maddar irrigation sub project is proposed to be constructed. The project study area primarily includes of the springs in the immediate vicinity, which will be impacted directly or indirectly by the project. The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock, fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc.
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Figure 4.1: Mohmand Agency Fig 4.1 Map of Mohmand Agency
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Physical Environment Topography Mohmand Agency lies between latitude 34o 08’ and 34o 21’N, and longitude 70o -58’ and 71o 42’E, covering an area of 2,296 km2.The Agency is characterized with rugged mountains and barren slopes, with an average elevation of 145 m, and slope being generally from north to east. The drainage pattern is from north-west to south-east with a number of streams initiating from high mountains along Pak-Afghan border. Some parts of the Agency drain into the Kabul River, on the left bank, while the rest drains into the Swat River. At the location of scheme about the village is situated on elevated area on right bank the topography of the area is such that, there is flat irrigated agriculture area at upstream of this channel. On left bank of the channel there is a fishing pond while on right side there is grassy area. According to the locals the flow in channel fluctuates around the year and it increases during summers while reduces in winter months. During the site visit nominal flow in the channel was observed. The initially channel passes through clay formation while after 800 m it crosses through hilly terrain. Climate Mohmand Agency’s weather is hot in summer and cold in winter. The summer season starts in May and ends in August. The winter season initiates in November and culminates in February. The rainfall is scarce and mostly received during winter season. The climate of the project area varies from semi-arid to sub-humid sub- tropical and temperate. Physiographic features, especially altitudes have major impact on local climatic conditions. This is well depicted by the soils and vegetation of the area. The Project Area has a variable climate with cold winters and hot summers. During summer months there is great fluctuation in diurnal temperature in the open and in the shade of hilly areas. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July are 38 °C and 28 °C respectively. December and January are the coldest months with mean minimum temperature of about 12 °C and 9 °C5. The nearest station to the project area is Peshawar. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Peshawar is provided in figure 4.2 below.
5 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report
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Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature6
Hydrology Surface flow was not gauged in the past therefore; no flow record exists within watershed and at the proposed site. The estimation of water availability has also been carried out indirectly by Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS) method. Curve number of 51, 70 and 85 for AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC-III conditions are used. As Peshawar rainfall data is representing the project area rainfall, water availability is estimated without any adjustment / correction factor. Observed flow at Maddar during last six months i.e. October, 2017 to March, 2018 varies from 7 liter per second to 14 liters per second (0.25 cusec to 0.5 cusec). No lower riparian issues are anticipated as the subproject is designed on the demand of communities while fish is not present in the water. Daily rainfall data for metrological station Peshawar for the period of 1970- 2015 have been collected from Pakistan Metrological Department. Mean annual isohyetal maps prepared by met. Department indicate that the proposed sub project and its watershed lies in between contours of 450 to 750 mm.
6 Data Source: Met office Peshawar
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Regional Geology The Mohmand Agency, in which the Maddar irrigation sub project has been proposed, lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Project Area The rocks exposed in study area of Mohmand Agency belong to Cretaceous age. These include Shangla blueshists, Charbagh greenschists, Mingora Ophiolites, Nawagai Melanges and Nawagai Marble and Dergai Ophiolites, Chaoilitic assemblage of Serpentine, Talc-Schist, Meta-Basalts and Greenstone along hanging wall of Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). The quaternary alluvium comprises unconsolidated deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay7.
Site Geology
The strata exposed at the proposed Maddar irrigation site comprise superficial deposits of clayey silty gravel with sand underlain by gravelly clay with some cobbles and appreciable amount of sand (SM). Gravel and cobbles encountered in Test pits MISTP – 01 and MISTP – 02 were angular to sub-angular, tabular to elongated, moderately hard to hard and of metamorphic origin i.e. Slates, Schists, Quartzite and Marble. Rounded to well-rounded material was also observed in the test pit MISTP – 03 excavated at the right side of the depression. Soil The Project area consists of a blend of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. The most common sedimentary formations consist of sandstone, limestone, shale and conglomerates. These formations can be a source of sedimentation and soil erosion. Metamorphic rocks in the area include schist, slate and marble, and thick patches of pure clay are also significant. The soils are derived mainly from the local weathering of bedrock deposited by streams and rivers, though windblown soil also exists to some extent. Landform in the area is varied, and includes piedmont,
7 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Report
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plains, valleys, gravel fans, rough broken land and gullied land. Level areas are loamy, while lowlands are calcareous in nature. The organic matter and phosphorus content are very low. Seismology Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The project area falls minor to moderate seismic zone. Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.
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Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan8
8 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
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Ambient Air and Noise Quality Sources of air and noise pollution around the sub-project area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. Particulate matter emissions from the small scale marble setups are estimated to be below the maximum allowable level of 500 mg/Nm3 in the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Industrial Gaseous Emissions. Levels of smoke, metallic substances and oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sub- project area are also estimated to be below the maximum allowable levels in the NEQS. The ambient air and noise quality at site was conducted at a 10 m distance from the main subproject axis as most of the construction activities will be done here while the residential area is at distance of more than 500 m where the impact of all the construction activities will be minimum. The sampling location were selected keeping in view; (a) the Sensitive Receptors and (b) magnitude of construction activities. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The result (Table 4.1) reveals that the air and noise quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS.
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F
Fig 4.5 Environmental Testing and Sampling Locations
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Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area
S. Parameter UoM Results NEQS Method No.
1 Carbon Monoxide mg/m3 0 5 Electrochemical (CO)
2 Sulfur Dioxide µg/m3 8.5 120 Electrochemical (SO2 )
3 Nitrogen Oxide µg/m3 2.0 40 Electrochemical (NO)
4 Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 4.0 80 Electrochemical (NO2)
5 Oxides of µg/m3 6.0 120 Chemiluminescence Nitrogen (NOx)
3 6 PM10 µg/m 5.0 150 Light Scattering Beta- Attenuation
3 7 PM2.5 µg/m 2.5 35 Beta-Attenuation
8 Suspended µg/m3 -- 27 Gravimetric Sampling Particulate Matter (SPM
9 Noise dB(A) 45.1 55 Digital Sound Meter 46.3
Water Resources The Sub-Project of Maddar is situated in Sub Watershed M 7. The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three agencies of FATA. At Maddar 02 Nos of dry nullah originates in the Northern mountains, dissecting the upper reaches of the canal irrigated lands, terminate in the water-logged area just upstream of the proposed pond/weir. There are a number of rivers and their tributaries in the project area of Mohmand Agency (as shown in Fig 4.3) that have perennial flow from snow melt.
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Figure 4.6: Surface Water Resources in Project Area
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Surface Water
Mohmand Agency lies between latitude 30° 09’ to 34° 44’ and longitude 70° 59’ to 71° 42’ E. It is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It covers an area of 2,296 km2. River Swat and Kabul River are the major rivers flow through the project area of Mohmand agency: Kabul River originates from Chitral, and enters Afghanistan at Arandu, making a semi-circle around Kabul City reaches in the vicinity of Jalalabad where it is called Kunar River. Of late, Government of Afghanistan has planned a multipurpose dam at Kama village near Jalalabad. The proposed Kama dam is expected to irrigate about 40,486 ha in Kunar province. The proposed Kama dam will reduce the flows in Kabul River by 15%5. The construction of proposed Munda dam on Swat River which is a tributary of Kabul River will mitigate the effects of 15% reduction of flows in Kabul River due to Kama dam in Afghanistan. Kabul River re-enters Pakistan in Mohmand Agency and after traversing a few kilometers it turns into a boundary river between Mohmand and Khyber agencies. The Swat River enters in the agency at Upper Prang Ghar Tehsil and comes out of the agency at Munda head works in the Charsadda District.
Table 4.2: Details of Watershed
Confining Coordinates Area of 2 S. No Watershed Longitude(E) Latitude(N) Watershed (km ) Degree Degree 1 Lower Pandiali 71.38—71.51 34.33—34.45 73.00 2 Lower Prang Ghaar 71.55—71.70 34.35—34.46 99.23 3 Lower Haleemzai 71.26—71.42 34.31—34.41 97.46 4 Khawazai-Baizai 70.98—71.28 34.35—34.59 390.19 5 Upper Prang Ghaar 71.46—71.66 34.33—34.55 201.29 6 EkkaGhund-I 71.32—71.56 34.24—34.37 165.14 7 QasimKhel 71.33—71.50 34.17—34.26 82.31 8 EkkaGhund-II 71.07—71.34 34.26—34.42 117.25 9 Upper Pandiali 70.30—71.52 34.43—34.55 130.67 10 Upper Haleemzai 71.25—71.42 34.38—34.47 80.52 11 EkkaGhund-III 71.29—71.40 34.16—34.28 53.14 12 Safi 71.09—71.33 34.44—34.63 193.38 13 Lakarao 71.09—71.31 34.58—34.73 176.77 14 Shinwari 71.28—71.41 34.53—34.66 108.21 15 Umbar 71.35—71.56 34.51—34.68 219.17
Ground Water
Unregulated abstraction of groundwater through unplanned construction of tube-wells and dug-wells has considerably lowered the water table and groundwater aquifers are under extreme stress in most of the watersheds in the project area. As mentioned earlier, the geology of the Agency consists of
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schist and phyllites with inter-bedded metamorphosed limestone. Unconsolidated alluvial deposits are found as valley fill in the terraces. Depth to water table in the command area is in the range of 4-8 m below the land surface. The estimated discharge of the Open well is in the range of 150-200 Gallon per day whereas the Dug Well yield is 3500-4000 Gallon per hour. It has been reported by the locals that in the proposed command area the open well/dug well never becomes dry even in a long spell dry weather. Rainfall is the only source of recharge in the command area. The command area of the sub project area is situated on the recharge boundary of the Sub Watershed M 7 in which the estimated recharge has been computed 4.76 (mcm). The above estimation is for wet year. The previous record indicates that the area under report have some ground water potential. Water Quality The Water of the pond and drinking water from the open well in the nearest settlements (Figure 4.5) to examine the drinking water quality of the project area was collected and analyzed in the Laboratory. The surface water was collected from the pond upstream of axis to know whether it is fit for irrigation or otherwise. The irrigation water quality parameters are within the permissible limits and fit for irrigation. The result shows (Table 4.3) that the drinking water quality of Maddar Irrigation sub project are exceeding the NEQS and WHO limits with respect to, electrical conductivity, sulfate, Hardness and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and is not fit for drinking purposes.
Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Madar Irrigation subproject
Sr. Water Unit Reference NEQS WHO Result Result No quality method Standa Surfac Drinkin parameters rds e g Water Water 1. Color - Sensory ≤ 15 TCU <15 Colorle colorles evaluation ss s
2. Odor - Sensory Non – -- N-O N-O evaluation objectionable (N-O) 3. Taste - Sensory Non- -- N-O N-O evaluation objectionable 4. EC uS/c APHA.21th <1000 <1000 1170 2490 m Edition
5. pH - APHA.21th 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.4 7.0 Edition 6. Turbidity NTU APHA.21th <5 <5 1.8 2.9 Edition
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7. Alkalinity mg/l APHA.21th <500 5.78 8.57 Edition 8. Bicarbonate mg/l APHA.21th -- 279.17 478.58 Edition 9. Calcium mg/l APHA.21th -- 71.78 75.77 Edition 10. Carbonate mg/l APHA.21th -- BDL BDL Edition 11. Chloride mg/l APHA.21th <250 250 59.82 154.54 Edition 12. Hardness mg/l APHA.21th <500 <500 378.87 578.28 Edition 13. Magnesium mg/l APHA.21th -- 47.85 93.72 Edition 14. Potassium mg/l APHA.21th -- -- 6.08 5.38 Edition 15. Sodium mg/l APHA.21th 134.60 294.12 Edition 16. Sulphate mg/l APHA.21th 250 299.11 488.55 Edition 17. TDS mg/l APHA.21th <1000 <1000 801.62 1425.7 Edition 7 18. Nitrate mg/l APHA.21th ≤50 50 3.38 5.98 Edition 19. Total Coli CFU/ EPA 0 CFU/100ml 0/100m -- ND form 100m l l 21. E.Coli CFU/ EPA -Ve 0/100m -- ND 100m l l Land use and Land Cover The data pertaining to land use are required to understand that how much area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area, cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of project conditions. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into considerations. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area at agency level are presented in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5: Land Use Statistics of Mohmand Agency9
Mohmand Agency Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 229620 Cultivated Area 22804 (i) Net Sown 21129 (ii) Current Fallow 1675
9 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)
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Mohmand Agency Area in Hectares Cropped Area 26939 Un-Cultivated Area 206816 (i) Culturable Waste 8080 (ii) Forest 9993 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 188743
Agriculture is limited in the region due to rocky soils, steep slopes, lack of suitable land and limited water supply. Scanty shrub vegetation along slopes and other areas are used as grazing and fuel gathering. Land use data shows that 40.2% of the total geographic area of the project area is cultivated, while 36.3% is range land. Forests constitute only 4.2 % of the area of the Project area.
Fig 4.7: Land Use Map of Maddar
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Biological Environment The natural environment of the Mohmand Agency has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees10. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Project area will restore the lost eco-systems. Flora Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest 11 . The sub– group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species in the project area are Eucalyptus, Acacia modesta, Zizphus nummularia, Populus, Acacia nilotica and Morus alba. Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda) and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. No endangered species have been reported in the project area by the locals. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the Mohmand Agency:
10 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP)
11 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)
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Table 4.6 Common Trees Species in Mohmand Agency
Local Name Botanical IUCN Local Status Picture Name Status
Shisham Dalbergia NE Common sissoo
Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Rare Nummularia
Zeeton (wild Olea europaea DD Rare olive) subsp. cuspidata
Phulai Acacia NE Common modesta
Kikar Acacia nilotica LC Common
Toot Morus LC Common (Mulberry)
Bakain Melia LC Common (dhraik) azedarach
Palosa Acacia NE Rare Modesta
NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient as per IUCN RedList, 2017.
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Table 4.7: Common Grasses Species in the Area
Common Botanical IUCN Picture Name Name Status
baruwa Saccharum NE grass clumps (munja)
Suryalla Heteropogon NE ghass contortus
lemon grass Cymbopogon LC
NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN RedList, 2017.
Table 4.8: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area
Local / Botanical Name IUCN Staus Picture Common Name
Baikar Adhatoda vasica NE Justicia adhatoda
Ak Calotropis spp NE
Vena Rhazya spp NE
Khatumaal Rumex hastatus NE
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Local / Botanical Name IUCN Staus Picture Common Name
Granda Carrisa spp NE
Karir Capparis spp NE
Karkanrha Zizyphus NE Nummularia
*NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN RedList, 2017. Fauna No baselines on wild mammals and birds are available for FATA. No comprehensive survey has ever been conducted in the territories by any line department or NGO. For the purpose of this IEE, a primary survey was conducted by project environmentalist during March 2018 to ascertain the distribution of species, and to collect evidence of any sightings in consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:
Table 4.9: Fauna of the Project Area
S No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC) ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) 2 Reptiles i) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) ii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) ii) Spiders Araneae (NE) *LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated as per IUCN Red list, 2017.
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Avifauna Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.10.
Table 4.10: Avifauna of the Project Area
S# Common Name Scientific Name
1. Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC)
2. Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC)
3. Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC)
4. Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus (LC)
5. Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC)
6. Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps (LC)
7. Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC)
8. Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC)
9. Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides (LC)
10. White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC)
11. Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus (LC)
12. Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana (LC)
13. Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (LC)
14. Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC)
15. Common Babbler Turdoides caudata (LC)
16. Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC)
17. Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC)
18. Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC)
19. White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis (LC)
20. Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC)
21. Black Partridge Melanoperdix niger (VU)
22. See See Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis (LC)
23. Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC)
24. Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC)
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S# Common Name Scientific Name
25. Pintail Anas acuta (LC)
26. Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (LC)
27. Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC)
28. Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (LC)
29. Great Egret Ardea alba (LC)
30. Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (LC)
31. Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus (LC)
32. Curlew Numenius phaeopus (LC)
33. Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC)
34. Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius (LC)
35. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC)
36. Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (LC)
37. Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC)
38. White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis (LC)
Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Redlist of IUCN. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the project area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017. Protected areas / National sanctuaries As stated earlier, there are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities but it is far away from the project site. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are attached as Annex V. There are 04 wetlands, as per Governor`s notification, which are far away from the project site. The nearest wetland Warsak dam is approximately at a distance of 08 km from the project site.
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Socio-Economic Environment Total population of Mohmand Agency is currently at 466,984 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average household size is around 9.7 persons per family. According to the 2017 population census, the entire Agency is termed as rural. The project site is situated in Ekka Ghund tehsil, having a population of approximately 5935 people, and 500 households. Mohmand is the main tribe in the area and is further sub divided into three sub-sections that is Tarakzai, Dadu Khel, and Qasim Khel.
Table 4.12: Population Details of Mohmand Agency12
Households Population Male Female Sex Population 1998-2017 2017 Ratio 1998 Average Annual Growth Rate
48118 466,984 238,003 228,981 103.94 334,453 1.77
Administrative Set Up Under the Constitution, FATA is included among the territories of Pakistan (Article 1). It is administered by Governor of the KPK in his capacity as an agent to the President of Pakistan, under the overall supervision of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions in Islamabad. The KPK Governor Secretariat plays a coordinating role for interaction between the federal and provincial governments and the Civil Secretariat FATA. Mohmand agency, like each tribal agency is administered by a political agent, assisted by a number of assistant political agents, tehsildars (administrative head of a tehsil) and naib tehsildars (deputy tehsildar), as well as members from various local police (khassadars) and security forces (levies, scouts). As part of his administrative functions, the political agent oversees the working of line departments and service providers. He is responsible for handling inter-tribal disputes over boundaries or the use of natural resources, and for regulating the trade in natural resources with other agencies or the settled areas. The political agent plays a supervisory role for development projects and chairs an agency development sub-committee, comprising various government officials, to recommend proposals and approve development projects. He also serves as project coordinator for rural development schemes.
12http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS _2017.pdf
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The Political Agent is the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents. Tehsils in the agency are under the charge of three Political Tehsildars and Political Naib Tehsildars. Demographic Profile FATA has a unique governance status, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at a Malik’s disposal, and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Due to absence of a strong government and security network in the area and its rough, mountainous terrain, the area became a hotbed of the insurgents and over 90 percent of the agency came under their control in 2007. After 2007, the militants began attacking government and military establishments in KPK province killing many people and wounding many more. The Pakistan Army began an operation in 2008 to clear the agency of militants and restore normal life in the area. The Operation continued for years and resulted in killing of hundreds of TTP militants and Pakistan Army soldiers. The Local Aman Lashkars or Peace committees supported the army by fighting the foreign terrorists. By July 2012, a major part of the agency was cleared. Family Size According to population census 2017, average family size in the Project area is calculated as 9.7 members per household. This clearly reveals the existence of extended family system which is still dominating the rural set up
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in the Project Area. Field investigation shows that the number of adult male outnumbers the female. Dwelling Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the agency. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the agency. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for themselves music programmes or traditional food dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal gust-room. Majority of the houses (69%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 2% and 29% respectively. Language Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. The Family System Majority households are compound type where one or extended families13 are living. Both Joint and nuclear family systems14 exist in the compounds. The area of the house and number of persons living in a house is irrelevant in the context of tribal society. The household data shows that a middle sized compound is housed with 25 persons as one extended family. Another same sized compound is housed with 3 small sized families. The construction material used for the compound is an indicator of economic status of the occupants. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict pardah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives.
13 a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents and other relatives. 14 A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).
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Livestock Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. The FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level. Conflicts Resolution Mechanism FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the political administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on
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communal life. In more recent times, some development projects15 working in the tribal agencies have invested in forming local community based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs. Religious Beliefs A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanafi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain- water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources 16. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are
15 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc. 16 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.
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few in number. The normal water table in most parts of FATA is between 300 and 500 feet (91.44 and 152.4 meter). Surface schemes are gravity- based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in FATA are not available. Results from the housing census show that 60 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 20 per cent have access to shared latrines and 20 per cent have no latrines. Overall, it appears that majority of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. The militancy crisis in KP and FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic
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militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities Health indicators for Agency are incomplete and in many cases only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Health facilities in project area are adequate. Agency Headquarter Hospital Ghalanai is main hospital. Other than that there are a number of private doctors and Hakeems present in the area. Access to health services is severely limited, with just one dispensary, Basic Health Units (BHU17) or Rural Health Centre (RHCs18) reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. Social Organization Society is structured on kinship basis in the Project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and
17 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 18 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center
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development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependent on rainfall. The project area is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs The design cropping pattern includes 69.3% of CCA Wheat, 7.3% barley, 2.1% R.oil seeds, 3.1% Onion, 2% R.fodder and 8.5% R.Vegetables for Rabi season, while Kharif season contains 39% of CCA Maize, 7.9% Tomato, 7.2% Potato, 11.5% K. Vegetables and 6.9% Fodder. Total Rabi intensity worked out as 92.3% and total Kharif intensity comes to 72.5%, which aggregate to 164.8 % as annual cropping intensity and the Kharif Rabi ratio is 0.79:1. Only 7 per cent of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another one percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 40 percent of the cultivated area in FATA is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals. Crops are categorized under two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The Rabi crops include wheat (major), fodder and few vegetables. Kharif crops include maize (major), fodder and few vegetables. Occupation The people in the agency are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Agricultural farming, small scale business and working on daily wages basis are also major providers of job
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and sources employment in the agency. About 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just less than 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan.19 Food Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of the Area. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners20. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan beginning in 1979, the region was a major center for opium production and trafficking. Today, the transit trade with Afghanistan is a major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to the tribal areas. Mining Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Mohmand Agency. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks. The marble is processed in different green and black colours. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country. Roads According Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)-FATA Secretariat, total coverage extends to 3,390 kilometers of blacktop and another 2,000 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2006. Land acquisition laws in force in the rest of the country do not apply to FATA. If a proposed road or bridge is to pass through qaumi (tribal) land, a ‘tribal commission’ amounting to 6.2521 per cent of the total project cost is handed over to the political agent, to be distributed among local clans and tribes according to ownership. Where roads or bridges are to pass through private land, the political administration meets with the local malik and a settlement is reached through jirga negotiations.
19 MICS 2007, FATA Secretariat
21 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat
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Telephone Facilities Landline telephone facilities are available in the area. Sites of Historical Significance No sites have been reported around the sub project of any cultural and social significance. Gender Issues Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.
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PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
No Project Option Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be achieved through demand management strategies water use efficiency, combined with research and development programmes that reduce consumption. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the take up of currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources. Groundwater supply within the area is limited to primarily stock and domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be a feasible alternative supply to the Project Inability to support the Project increases inherent risk of supply from a single source. The primary objective of the Project is to increase the agricultural production. The ‘no project’ option has the potential to inhibit to increase the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential to adversely impact on the area economy with large scale agricultural development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this water supply constraint. With the implementation of project with the Increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating benefits are: • Additional revenues directly from the project output. • Crop diversification. The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to diversify their crops based on local markets demand and export. • Employment opportunities: during the construction phase there will be improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers. • The project will provide water for cultivation of crop, irrigated fodder development, domestic purpose, livestock etc. • Food security further improved. In this case, the proposed small-scale diversion weir irrigation will have a paramount importance in further improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and around the project environment and will plays its own role in alleviating food shortage. • Improved forage varieties provided and increase
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• Animal productivity and production. • Increase the opportunities to nursery site • establishment, and forest seedling production and • Forest tree plantation. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option. Project Siting Alternatives Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. The only source of surface water is a pond and therefore no sitting alternatives were considered.
Location of the sub-surface infiltration gallery has been fixed, by considering the natural conditions, command area and construction difficulties including topography and geology. There is an earthen channel about one meter deep from the surface which collects ground water and convey to the command area. At the location of scheme about the village is situated on elevated area on right bank the topography of the area is such that, there is flat irrigated agriculture area at upstream of this channel. On left bank of the channel there is a fishing pond while on right side there is grassy area. According to the locals the flow in channel fluctuates around the year and it increases during summers while reduces in winter months. During the site visit nominal flow in the channel was observed. The initially channel passes through clay formation while after 800 m it crosses through hilly terrain. At the location of scheme three test pits are developed for geotechnical investigation, the results shows that upper layer of one meter has fine grained soil underlain by gravels with clayey contents. The water table is found on an average depth of 1 m from ground surface in these test pits which is suitable for providing subsurface pipe network to withdraw water to irrigate downstream area. Technological Alternatives Technological alternatives were assessed from different angles i.e economic, engineering, environmental and social. All these perspectives are summarized in the table 5.1 below.
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Table 5.1 Comparison of Technological Alternatives
Economic Engineering Environmental Social Weir is expensive as Weir is not suitable The area down The construction of compared to the at this location as the stream of pond is weir will require land subsurface infiltration area downstream of waterlogged and within agricultural gallery arrangement pond is plain with no subsurface land and may lead to banks and hence arrangement would land disputes while sub surface help in lowering the in sub surface infiltration gallery is water table and thus arrangement there the most viable the land around the will be no visible option. subproject will be structure on land cultivable. except the storage sump.
A conventional weir at proposed location may be adopted for diversion of design discharge. However, it needs sediment removal arrangement deposited at upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of providing Bottom outlets or under sluice section. Perforated pipes are commonly used in under-drain systems such as infiltration trenches, French drains, porous pavement drainage, and bio- retention ponds. The results produced from the research for the saturated condition can be applied to trenches or under-drains where the aggregate is completely saturated or where the inflow is normal to the pipe and the resulting water surface is parallel to the pipe. In the saturated flow condition, the water surface is parallel to the pipe and the predominant flow direction occurs in the vertical direction. As such, as long as the water surface is parallel to the pipe and the outlet is flowing full it can be considered ‘saturated’ even when the water surface is contained within the aggregate. The concept of subsurface drainage system has been adopted to withdraw the irrigation flow for Maddar irrigation scheme. A subsurface perforated pipe system is proposed in below the bed of earthen channel to divert the discharge for irrigation.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Maddar Irrigation subproject
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Impact Assessment - Overview The Environment Assessment study has disclosed that the subproject is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below: . Construction of irrigation system in the area tends to change water and land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term permanent impacts on the environmental settings of that area. . Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local community life. . Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved canal condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. . After completion of the construction works, the newly constructed channel water supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed. . The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. . The project will also help to regulate the groundwater and will help in reducing the water level in the upstream agricultural lands. The project will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.
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Impact Area The project impact area mainly comprises of sub surface infiltration gallery site, water channel, irrigation command area, and labor camps. The sub surface infiltration gallery site is however located in and around agricultural lands, hence no felling of trees is involved.
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Fig 6.1 Sub Project Impact Area
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Table 6.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligent: No or minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.
Table 6.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages
Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligent, M=Moderate, H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.3 Labor camps, storage, approach Construction M roads 1.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil Construction M spillage (related to construction machinery) 1.5 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.6Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.7 changes in Soil Characteristics due Construction N to labour camps, and machinery yards 1.8 Leaching of soil nutrients and Operation N changes in soil characteristics 1.9 Soil pollution due to excessive Operation M application of fertilizers and pesticides 1.10Construction Material Leftover Construction N
2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to Construction M washing (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the Construction M stream 2.4Excessive use of irrigation water for Operation M cultivating high delta crops 2.5 Contamination of water due to farm Operation N runoff 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction M pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or Construction M firewood 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or Construction M outdated machinery
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3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying Construction M and transportation 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Operation N 4.3 Aquatic Life Construction and N Operation 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure Construction N (education, health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both Construction and M accidental and natural hazards Operation 5.4 Health and safety of labor and Construction H employees at construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Operation N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N
Negligent: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation Being located in and around agricultural land, the site will require excavation for sub surface infiltration gallery. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape and also create dust pollution. In case of Maddar irrigation sub project, the site does not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the Project facilities. Mitigation
Agricultural land damage will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. Top six inches’ soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. The quantity of excavated material is 213
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m3. Excavated material shall preferably be reused after approval from quality control engineer. Non-reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in barren land and appropriate location for disposal will identified during the joint survey of CSC and contractor and will be provided in SSEMP. Waste Generation and Disposal During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve excavated material, residual RCC material and other associated waste from labor camp. Mitigation
To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. This is a moderate negative Impact but can be mitigated. Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads Because of availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. Therefore, negligent impacts from construction camps is expected. Mitigation
The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery At places, it may be inevitable and may exceed to the maximum permissible limit. In case it is allowed to be as per rule rather than an exception, the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations.
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“Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association22 are as follows:- Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of contaminated soil is less than 0.092903 m2. and 0.0762 meter respectively is to be scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation
Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labors to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. Specific mitigation measures to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan are: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.
22 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/
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• Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams. Agriculture Land Damage Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of this sub project there will be minor agricultural land damage as cultivated area is close to the project site. Mitigation
Contractor’s obligation to strictly follow design and not to cause such damage. Top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards The mechanical activity (Machinery intervention) normally compacts the soil and turns it nonproductive which leads to the social impact and is manageable. Mitigation
Contractors before handing the site back will apply such measures as to mitigate the impact of compaction and leave the site almost in the same state in which it was occupied. Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor. Construction material leftovers Construction material leftover may likely happen after the closure of temporary construction sites. This is negligent impact and might have short term and minimal insignificant impact on the project area.
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Mitigation • All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary construction sites are to be removed from the location and re-used/re- cycled where possible. • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment. Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Contamination of surface water due to washing There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using the spring water, eventually draining the same into the existing channel. Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water body in the short run and affecting the overall water quality. Mitigation
Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site. Drinking Water Supply for Contractor’s Crew Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the catchment of the sub project, but they can be far off. Spring water will need to be tested and used for drinking purposes. Mitigation
Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist, will get spring water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. The specific mitigation for treatment of project ground water, the RO Filtration (Reverse Osmosis water Treatment Plant) to be installed in the labour camps. The cost of Rs 30,000 to 45,000 will be expected for one Plant of labour camp. This will rectify the Sulphate, hardness and Total Dissolve Solids. Municipal waste disposed into the stream Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the stream. Waste water generated from the construction camp may also pollute the surface water.
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Mitigation
Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Rubbishes from the project construction area and office area shall be classified and collected and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. The landfill site will be arranged by mainly considering the natural gully and shall be closed after completing the construction. The landfill site area shall be equipped with seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc. All these provisions will be incorporated in site specific EMP for construction. Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and mitigative. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligation to keep the dust and smoke low by using machinery which is well maintained and is almost noise less and all Katcha roads and paths are sprinkled with water after regular intervals. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again will be within the acceptable limits. Smoke from burning of waste and firewood Labor will burn waste material and wood for various purposes, including cooking and heating, which will cause smoke, and in some weather conditions smog in the area. Mitigation
Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. Contractor must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their daily purposes.
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Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligation to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist will ensure that this clause is added into the bids and contracts. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS. Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation This will not cause any impact on the immediate project area except that the vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads leading to the project. Crushed stone will fall on roads. Mitigation
Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites. Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. There will be no tree to cut for the sub project construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation
Environment Specialist together with FATA line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and aquatic life. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest &
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fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned APA. Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut. As per Environmental Safeguard policy, sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose, a tree plantation plan will be prepared including the type of species, location for plantation and other necessary information. This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during project implementation. Soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species. No night time activity will be carried out. Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage. Continuous inspection of the area jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds.
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• Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation
For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. Impact on Civic Infrastructure This will cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of slight significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation.
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Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Especially during activities such as blasting and excavation, access will be strictly restricted. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the weir has been tested for a 38 years flood return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan will be prepared by project in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation.
Operation Phase Impacts Various operational activities will invariably create environmental disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the following:
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Change in visual character and soil erosion There will be a long term visual impact due to the construction of the weir and the creation of the reservoir, so it is necessary to retain as much natural vegetation as possible supplemented with deception of elements with vegetation where possible. The construction phase visual impact will be local and temporary. The construction will take place at the weir site. The activities during construction that will affect the aesthetics of the area include excavation, stacking of material onto stockpiles and dumping at the waste disposal areas. These activities will result in the creation of artificial and unnatural features in the landscape. Mitigation
• Restoration and Environmental enhancement plan to be prepared. • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at specified depth. • Limited movement of machinery. • Documentation of area. • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow areas. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water sprinkling. Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land, during operational phase, to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.
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Mitigation FATA Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in FATA area the farmer uses mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water inflow into the reservoir is dependent limit the irrigation capacity of the weir. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation
Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum are under cropping, and the water balance model23. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the FATA Agriculture Department.
23 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
General This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. Mitigation Measures Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this EMP are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information
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to the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each Project phase (Construction, Post Construction, Pre-Operations and Operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities
Environment Management Unit
For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (E/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. For the Project, an EMU is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will need to be a part of the EMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. The responsibilities of EMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole
o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors
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o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensuring that all regulatory clearances (for example, Pak EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the Sub Project. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance
The Consultant
The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to EMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to the Engineer of the Project and the EMU. a) The Contractor
The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. A site specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared by the contractor before the commencement of civil work.
a) Environmental Management Plan
The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during
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construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, socio-environmental consultants and local community of the project. The Environmental management plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by EMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health and safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national (PAK-EPA) and international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice. The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.
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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)
Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Assure compliance • Acquire construction permit. Before the construction of • Number of Minimization and EMU/ with relevant • Provide Water management guidelines if the project activities. reported non- continued improvement in Consultant compliances construction field projects are executed near surface number of reported legislation. watercourse. noncompliance’s
Construction Phase Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation • Excavated material will be preferably reused During Construction • Implementation Not Significant (Minimal) Contractor & after approval of quality control engineer of SSEMP Target = zero Threshold supervised before start of • Non reusable excavated material will be 1, with agreed mitigation by Consultant works dumped and leveled in barren land and location will be provided in SSEMP • Annual reports • Protects Top six inch soil before excavation and documentation of safety inspection • Workforce /Community complaints
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Waste • Proper Waste Management at Construction During construction stage • EPC’s Site Not Significant Contractor & sites and Labor Camps. officer and EHS Management (Minimal) supervised • Waste should be classified before disposal officer in place by Consultant • Solid waste generated should be reduced, • SSEMP with the reused and recycled. including Waste cooperation • Excavated Material should be reused Management of consultant. • Rubbishes from the project construction area Plan
and office area shall be classified and • Zero collected and then treated by burial in a Complaints centralized manner. from • The landfill site area shall be equipped with Community & seepage control system, leachate drainage Workers system, gas conduction system, peripheral • Internal auditing water drainage and interception, flood and reporting by drainage and leachate collection processing EPC facilities, etc
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Labor camps and Contractor will During construction • Monthly Not Significant Contractor • Locate the labor camps and stores, at least Reports (EPC) material storage (Minimal) & supervised 500 m away from the site and local population • Supervision by by Consultant at a secure location. Consultant • Sanitation system along with solid and liquid • EHS officer waste management system will be put in place implementing Latrines with septic tanks and land fill site for SSEMP solid waste will be identified and constructed. Information Events for work force
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Soil pollution due • Avoid servicing and re-fueling at the site. Because the area can be Spill contingency Not Significant to oils and • Use protective foils and spill prevention trays subject to un seasonal plan is available at (Minimal) Contractor lubricants / during possible vehicle re-fueling and heavy rain plan before and site & supervised equipment poor maintenance at the construction site. during construction (cut Properly by Consultant maintenance and • Regular inspection will be carried out to detect and fill, land reclamation paved/cemented repairs / refueling leakages in construction vehicles and etc.) while considering the mechanical at the construction equipment. climatic conditions. workshop site. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered No water bodies and dike areas, underlain with impervious near the working lining. area • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel Staff Training over and oil storage areas. oil spillage • Contaminated soil will be removed from the All the vehicles and site and disposed in a manner to ensure machinery seals protection of water resources. are intact • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river Containers are and streams. available for used • Provide absorbing material in case of fuel oil spills. • Used oil/ oily materials and agents should be managed in line with the Waste management plan. • Procedure in place for actions in case of incidental oil and lubrication spills. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures, measures from water management documents and measures from the Water management plan. 95 | Initial Environmental Examination
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Agriculture Land • Crops and cultivated area is nearby site so, Construction and post • Monthly Not Significant Contractor & the project will likely cause minor damage to Reports (EPC) Damage construction (Minimal) supervised agriculture crops. • Supervision by by Consultant • Contractor should strictly follow design Consultant • Top six inches soil will be protected and will be • EHS officer spread back after completion of construction implementing work SSEMP Information Events for work force Change in Soil • Restrict vehicle speeds to 30km/h.; During construction • Monthly Not Significant Reports (EPC) characteristics e.g. • Restriction on repair of vehicles and (Minimal) Contractor & soil erosion, equipment in the field. • Supervision by supervised contamination and • The compacted soil will be reversed to its Consultant by Consultant compaction original state in which it was occupied. • EHS officer • Pictures of the area should be taken prior to implementing handing it over to contractor SSEMP • Information Events for work force
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Construction • All shivers and material that remain after the Completion of • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & closure of temporary construction sites are to material leftovers Construction • Implementation (Minimal) supervised of after the closure be removed from the location and re-used/re- of by Consultant Short term during of temporary cycled where possible. Environmental construction phase construction sites • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner Enhancement
that will not be harmful to environment. Program Beneficial in long terms
with the implementation of Environmental Enhancement Program
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Surface water • Contractor will demarcate a washing area for During construction • EPC’s Monthly Not Significant Contractor & all sorts of washing activities, with running Reports contamination due (Minimal) supervised to washing etc. water facility connected to a dedicated drain • Record of by Consultant flowing into the septic tanks Water • Restriction on servicing of vehicles and consumption equipment at site • Monthly Water • Construction works should be executed in a Monitoring way that surface and natural contents outside Reports by EPA the project are not damaged and that works certified are performed so that watercourses are not Laboratory unnecessarily made turbid and watercourses discontinued. • Works should be executed in dry weather. • Prepare and implement a construction site organization
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Drinking Water • Contractor will get spring water tested for Before construction and • Documentation Not Significant Contractor & chemical and biological contaminants, and of audit and supply for during the project (Minimal) supervised contractor’s crew assist in providing filtration to make water activities. remedial by Consultant drinkable. actions where
• The contractor to make his own arrangements necessary for water required for construction ensuring • Grievance’s that water availability and supply to nearby record communities remain unaffected like new water (Target=0, well, sufficient yield available in existing water Threshold 1
wells, etc.). with agreed • Prior approval to be obtained from Project mitigation) Engineer for water usage • Maintain record of water consumption
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Municipal solid • Contractor will ensure solid waste bins are During construction • Implementation Not Significant Contractor & placed at labor eating and resting areas. of SSEMP and liquid Waste (Minimal) supervised • Installation of field toilets for workers with • Site auditing by Consultant septic tanks • Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)
Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Dust/smoke • Compact deposited earth material. During Construction. • Water sprinkling Not Significant Records Emission from • Sprinkle dust sources with water in order to Water sprinkling to be (Minimal) plants and reduce impacts on the surrounding population done on regular/daily • Monthly reports Contractor & equipment and vegetation. basis. EPC • Control the speed of vehicles in order to • Site Inspection supervised reduce dust rising. and Audits by Consultant • Prepare and implement a plan for the • Monthly construction site organization that includes Monitoring good construction management practices. Reports by EPA • The stock piles should be covered or kept certified moist in dry weather and to be located in such Laboratory a distance, so that the communities are not affected by upwind of the stockpiles. • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer. • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Engineer. • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport vehicles. • Material transport in closed containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Regular equipment maintenance. • The contractor is obliged to submit evidence of vehicle roadworthiness in line with the regulations on the hazardous gases emission. • Prepare and implement the construction site organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Smoke from • Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste During construction • EPC’s Site Not Significant Contractor & or of wood, especially extracted from nearby officer and EHS burning of waste (Minimal) supervised or firewood shrubs and bushes. officer in place by Consultant • He must provide clean fuel to the labor to use • SSEMP for their daily purposes i.e LPG gas cylinders Implementation • Internal auditing and reporting by EPC
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Noise in the • Observe law-defined working hours at the during Construction stage • EPC Site Not Significant construction site. Manager and operation of heavy (Minimal) mechanization and • Make the generator casings sound proof if EHS Officer in Contractor & generators. they are located near residential units. Place • Ensure mufflers for heavy machinery. • Audit and supervised by Consultant • Prepare and implement the construction site Inspection record of heavy organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. mechanization
Regular inspection of equipment and and generators.
machineries • Monthly Noise level Monitoring Reports by EPA certified Laboratory • No. of Grievance’s (Target=0)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Dust Emission • Using trucks with awning and special vehicles During construction. • Recording of Not Significant depending on the type of materials. violations and from Stone (Minimal) Contractor & corrective quarrying and • During the transportation of soil, the trucks supervised measures Transportation of must be covered with Tarpaulin. by Consultant material • Use earth material with the approval of the • Performance of Engineer Regular Driver • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site Training (target approved by the Engineer. 100% • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance participation of of transport vehicles. drivers) • Material transport in closed containers or • Instruction and covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. Information • Avoid night time activity. Events for • Maintain liaison with communities; Repair of workforce damaged roads/ other infrastructure. • No. of accidents • Transportation of material during off peak (Target=0) hours.
Impacts on Biological Resources
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Damage to Flora • No cutting or removal of trees. Rerouting and site • EPC internal Not Significant (Minimal) monitoring and and Fauna • As per Environmental Safeguard policy, identification during design during construction phase sufficient amount has been allocated for tree stage and other matters monthly reports Contractor & plantation for better environment. For this during construction of • Site auditing supervised purpose, a tree plantation plan will be relevant activities • Photographic Beneficial in long terms prepared including the type of species, record of pre with the implementation by Consultant location for plantation and other necessary and post project of Environmental information. • Implementation Enhancement Program • This plan will also compensate any unlikely of tree cutting involved during project Environmental implementation. Enhancement • Soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move Program away from the project site • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species • No night time activity • Photographs of pre and post project
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Tribal tensions and • Ensure continuous liaison with the Before and During • Continued Not Significant Contractor & communities throughout the construction of Community rivalries construction (Minimal) supervised the project, so as to identify any such incident Consultation by Consultant in time. Records • Relevant political authorities will be kept • Implementation abreast of the progress, as well as any such of Community issue if in making. Liaison Plan by EPC • No. Of Grievance’s (Target=0)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Impact on the • Precisely situate the position of infrastructure Before the construction of • Continued Not Significant Consultant / and underground installations at the local Community existing civil the weir and all other (Minimal) EMU in infrastructure and works in cooperation with the relevant structures, the APs should Consultation cooperation facilities, institutions at all levels of authority. be given sufficient time Records with especially • Close liaison with local relevant authorities and compensation to • No. Of concerned underground satisfy them. Grievance’s Department. installations (water (Target=0) supply and • Monthly sewerage pipeline Reports on etc.) which cause Information obstacles in the activities and provision of response from services to community consumers. • Liaison Records with local
relevant authorities
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Increased • Prioritize qualified local population in At the time of • Job Posting and Highly Beneficial Contractor/ possibility of employment. commencement of project. information in Consultant employment and Complaints of APs to be local income in the local solved as soon as communities community. possible. • Transparency of employment procedures and records • Monthly Reports on Information activities and response from community • Up to date information on employment opportunities Conflict due to use • Establishment of camp on community owned Before the construction of • Approval (NOC) Not Significant barren leveled land/RoW away from of camp site of privately owned the project, the APs should (Minimal) agriculture land for population at least 500m away. be given sufficient time before Contractor & camp construction • Approval of camp site from the Engineer will and compensation to construction. supervised be obtained. satisfy them. by Consultant
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Social conflicts • Establishment of camp on community owned During the construction • Up to date Not Significant barren land away from population at least information on due to influx of activities. (Minimal) Contractor external workforce 500m away. employment opportunities & supervised • .Contractor need to obtain approval from the Engineer. • Job Posting by Consultant • Hiring of work force from local communities; Records Awareness raising of residents for safety • Information protection. Events Record • Awareness raising of labor to ensure respect • EPC Monthly for local customs and norms. Reports • Child labor will be prohibited at sub-project • Site Audit sites. Reports • Maintain record of all resources usage like water, fuel, manpower, machinery, equipment, etc.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Conflicts arising • Preference to provide jobs to local job Before and during the • Up to date Not Significant seekers. information on due to construction of project. (Minimal) Contractor/ employment Mixing of local and • Motivation/Trainings to the workers for a Consultant opportunities migratory job peaceful work environment. seekers. • Job Posting Records • Information Events Record • EPC Monthly Reports • Site Audit Reports
Reduced • Plan the relocation of equipment at time when Necessary evacuations to • Implementation Not Significant Contractor & daily traffic is not jammed; provide alternative of Construction possibility through be done as when (Minimal) supervised the area where the passage for pedestrians and vehicles in necessary if construction Site by Consultant works are cooperation with local authorities or provide a impacts are of significant Organization executed. safe passage through the construction site. duration and close to APs. Plan • Avoid roads through inhabited areas • Health and especially near schools and hospitals. safety Plans in • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Place and Organization Plan that incorporates good Implemented construction practice measures. • Site Audit
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Population at • Assure adequate warning signs, lighting, Prior to and throughout the • Implementation Not Significant protective fencing etc. of SSEMP, increased risks of construction. (Minimal) traffic accidents • Observe traffic rules. Traffic Short term during Contractor and construction • Clean construction waste form the Management construction stage works. construction site both in the construction Plant & supervised phase and after works completion, when • Accident/Incide by Consultant closing the construction site. nt Record • Assure medical supplies and aid through • Implementation institutional and administrative arrangements of Construction with municipal hospitals at the construction Site site. Organization Plan • Site Audits & Inspection
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Risk of injuries at • Demand from all workers to abide by the Prior to commencement • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & Protection at work measures. work and during construction • Monthly EPC (Minimal) supervised • Provide protective equipment; install warning Reports by Consultant signs at the construction site. • PPEs issuance • Prepare and implement the Construction site records Organization Plan and Protection at work • Health and measures plan. safety Plans in Place and Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Accident risks • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. Prior to commencement • Monthly EPC Not Significant Contractor & Reports • Provision of PPEs. and during construction (Minimal) supervised • Provision of first aid kits and emergency • PPEs issuance by Consultant vehicle. records • Emergency response teams. • Health and • Preparation of emergency response plans safety Plans in Place and Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Incide nt Record
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Health risks due to • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. During construction • Workplace Risk Safety measures taken by the contractor such Assessment unsafe and unhygienic living as installation of firefighting equipment, safe before start of environment. storage of hazardous material, fencing, works provision of first aid facilities etc.; Contingency Contractor & • Health and measures in case of accidents; Obligatory safety Plans in supervised insurance of contractor’s staff and laborers Place and by Consultant against accidents; Provision of adequate Implemented sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities. HSE trainings to construction and camp staff.
Operation Phase Impacts and Maintenance (O&M)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Change in • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner Pre Operations • Implementation Not Significant Consultant & visual that will not be harmful to environment. of (Minimal) EMU character and • Restoration and Environmental enhancement Environmental soil erosion plan to be prepared. enhancement Short term during • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval plan construction phase at specified depth. • EPC • Limited movement of machinery. Construction Beneficial in long terms • Documentation of area. Completion with the implementation • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as Report of Environmental borrow areas. • Site Inspection Enhancement Program • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water sprinkling. • Rescue of any encountered species.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Soil pollution due • Agriculture extension programs targeting use Post Construction • Agriculture Minor FATA to excessive of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green extension Agriculture application of manure, and limiting use of pesticides to program Directorate fertilizers and required levels only will target farmer developed pesticides communities to inform and train them before completion of construction
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Use of irrigation • Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly Post construction Agriculture Not Significant FATA discouraged. water for extension program (Minimal) Agriculture cultivating high • Cropping pattern in accordance with the water developed before Department delta crops balance model will be suggested and completion of promoted. construction
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented Strategies that An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) Pre Operations Implementation Beneficial in long terms Consultant & require needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner Operation with the implementation EMU development. in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with Environmental of Operation the requirements of management plans proposed Action Plan’ Environmental Action in EMP. (OEAP) Plan’ (OEAP) The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: Project specific security and public access control strategy; Project specific waste management strategy Project specific air and noise control strategy; Project specific traffic control strategy;
Monitoring The following monitoring programmes will be Operational stage Site Inspection Beneficial in long terms Fata Irrigation programmes developed prior to the commencement of Project Monitoring Reports with the implementation operations: of Operation Department
• Landslide monitoring; Environmental Action • Water quality monitoring Plan’ (OEAP) • Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Residual Impact Institutional Impact Indicator Negligent: No or Responsibili minimum adverse impact ty Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The following educational programmes will be Operational stage Implementation of Highly Beneficial Fata Irrigation Training/ developed prior to the commencement of Project Training Events Department educational operations: and Programs programmes. • Employee induction programme on environmental awareness;
• Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme EHS Training Arrange training, guidelines and brushers in Urdu During construction EHS Trainings and Not Significant Contractor & supervised to staff and laborers about the Environment, Events Record (Minimal) Health and Safety. by Consultant MM: Mitigation Measures
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Monitoring Activities For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan.
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring
S. No Parameter Frequency
1 Water Quality Quarterly
2 Air Quality Quarterly and whenever required in an emergency or exceeding the NEQS limits
3 Noise Quality Quarterly and whenever required in an emergency or exceeding the NEQS limits
Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the
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leveled borrow area. After removal of top soil, excavation may be done up to maximum 3 feet (0.9144 m). Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce periodical reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the Sub Project site. This information shall make a basis for Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non- compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PIU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared as and when required. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) is annexed as annex-VI. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.
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Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports
Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution
Weekly Checklist Contractor’s Contractor`s Environment Resident Engineer HSE/Environment officer Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist
Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Effects Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Change Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Management Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Biannual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Design & Construction Specialist Project Director Supervision Consultants
Final Environment team of the Reviewed by ESU of ADB through Design & Construction EMU Project Director Supervision Consultants
Training Schedule Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the Sub Project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the Sub Project. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PIU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the Sub Project activity. Implementation Estimated Budget Contractor will be responsible for the implementation for environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. However, cost for some of the monitoring activities are estimated below in Table 6.424.
24 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2018 without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation.
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Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget
Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing at 1. Carbon Monoxide Quarterly 8000 4/year 32000 site (CO) 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2 ) 3. Nitric Oxide (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise Testing 1. Noise Quarterly 1000 4/year 4000 at site 3 Water 1. Total Coli form Quarterly 11000 8/year 88,000 Testing in 2. E.coli Lab 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen-Nitrates 15. TSS Total 124,000 Contingency 6,200 Cost @5% Grand Total 130,200 Third Party Monitoring The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment Management plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report. As per TOR of the Contract the Third-Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks. i. review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental
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safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and construction stage consultations; iii. monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stays compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. in the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. if required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management; The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.
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PUBLIC CONSULTATION
General Public Consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed Sub Project and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the Sub Project and persuades them to be rational to participate in the Sub Project activities. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. Prior to the implementation of the Sub Project, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the Sub Project area that may be affected by the Sub Project. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to Sub Project. The disclosure of the Sub Project intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the Sub Project implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the Sub Project environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring.
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• Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about project intervention; • Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Sub Project and serves by; • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs • Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered. Identification of Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Sub Project include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses. (Figure 7.1). During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the Sub Project; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the Sub Project.
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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders
These stakeholders were contacted by the Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC). Their views and reservations/ concerns about the Sub Project were taken into consideration. CSC also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the Sub Project. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area were not consulted. Methodology To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence
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for holding community level meetings and followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. A total of three comprehensive consultations were carried out with the Sub Project stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during March, 2018. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide Sub Project information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the Sub Project besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. The Sub Project survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded. • Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labor with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings. To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;
To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system
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Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.
Local Farmer Views The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore the proposed Weir will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc, agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labor. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labor-based construction works will be needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of FATA Irrigation Department (FID) and other relevant departments working in the Sub Project area. During the consultation, maximum information about the Sub Project was shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.1and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.2. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no
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resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health Units (BHU) etc however they were told that the project focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP. Generally, people of the area were supportive to the subproject and showed no objection to the subproject. They appreciated the efforts of govt. for improving the socioeconomic condition of the area through irrigated agriculture.
Table 7.1: List of Government Official Contacted
S. No Name Designation Contact No Department 1 M. Saeed Agriculture officer 0924-290012 Agriculture
2 Sher Nawaz XEN 091-5202515 Irrigation 3 M. Farooq DFO 0924-290300 Forest
Table 7.2: List of Community Consultation Participants at Maddar
S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No. 1. Afsar khan 21407-9657344-0 0324-5117710 2. Muhammad Raiz 21407-2930396-7 0321-9197944 3. Safdar khan 21407-1361415-9 0348-9667598 4. Qayyam khan 21407-3366223-1 0322-9109822 5. Ibn-e-Amin 21407-2403661-7 0321-5533942 6. Muhammad Ayub Khan 21407-1930541-5 0335-0911718 7. Sher khan 21406-2477901-7 0322-7052134 8. Naseer khan 21407-5200033-5 0313-9172279
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Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Maddar
Primary social survey 1 Primary social survey 2
Public Consultation at Maddar 1 Public Consultation at Maddar 2
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GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
General A Grievance redress mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, for this purpose a public complaint Centre with public complaint committee will be established in all concerned Agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. Composition of following committee members are being proposed for public complaint Centers at concerned Agencies where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from village organization (one for Executive body and one for general body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member PA Representative 9. Member from Line Department
Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. Under the GRM, it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or
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social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved at the GRC. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and comprehensible to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The grievance redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,
• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • open channels for affective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants are to be
honored where this is seen as important
Awareness of GRM GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using them, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective
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awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and Roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies.
A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant Stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, Community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail in all concern agencies
Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio. Implementation of GRM Stage 1:
When a grievance arises, (Social & Environment/Any) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:
If no ad hoc solution to be found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the public complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves, for an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record, for each complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution, it will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. The PCC will review the contractor response and undertake additional monitoring, during the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days.
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Stage 3:
If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Fata irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibility and action plan. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4;
If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform project steering committee (PSC), A project steering committee headed by additional chief secretary, FATA Secretariat, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&D. Secretary finance FATA Secretariat, Director General projects, FATA Secretariat, Representative of SAFRON Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Political Agents of Khyber Agency, Bajaur, Mohmand and representatives of all concerned line departments. The Project Director will participate as PSC member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:
If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local judicial proceedings. i.e. Jirga
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Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM
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CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Maddar irrigation sub project reveals that this sub projects will generate only minor to moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusion As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the construction of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an environmentally sound manner. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable project. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.
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ANNEXURES
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ANNEX-I Environmental Testing
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Standard Operating Procedures and Protocols
NOX ANALYZER
Serinus 40 Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzer
• The Serinus® 40 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx ) analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value. • It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure NO, NO2 and NOx in ambient air (LDL < 0.4 ppb, range 0 to 20 ppm).
FEATURES
• Measures NO2 directly - highly selective and no cycle time (switching between NOx and NO) • Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds • Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers • Low power consumption • No converter or ozone generator.
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels • Ambient air quality monitoring • Indoor air quality monitoring • Mobile and fixed monitoring stations • Industrial fence-line monitoring • Stack emissions monitoring • Plume monitoring • Measurement and monitoring studies • Medical gas monitoring • Process control.
OPERATING PROCEDURES
• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure. • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts
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reading the values of NO and NO2. • We can note the readings of NO and NO2 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer
SO2 ANALYZER
Serinus 50 SO2 Analyzer
• The Serinus® 50 Sulphur Dioxide analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value.
• It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure SOx in ambient air (LDL < 0.5 ppb, range 50 to 1000 ppb).
FEATURES
• Measures SO2 directly - highly selective
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers
• Low power consumption
• No converter or ozone generator.
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
• Measurement and monitoring studies
• Medical gas monitoring
• Process control.
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OPERATING PROCEDURES
• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump (vacuum pump) so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure (0.6 tor). • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of SO2. • We can note the readings of SO2 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer
O3 ANALYZER
Serinus 10 O3 Analyzer
• The Serinus® 10 Ozone analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value.
• It uses proven chemiluminescence technology to measure O3 in ambient air (LDL < 1.0 ppb, range 50 to 1000 ppb).
FEATURES
• Measures O3 directly - highly selective
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Less maintenance than chemiluminescence analyzers
• Low power consumption
• No converter or ozone generator.
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
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• Measurement and monitoring studies
• Medical gas monitoring
• Process control.
OPERATING PROCEDURES
• Place the analyzer in open air on smooth surface • Connect the outlet connector with a suction pump (vacuum pump) so that pump can discharge the inlet air rapidly. • Start the analyzer and the suction pump • Check the air path, it must be being discharged from outlet of pump with sensible pressure (0.6 tor). • Analyzer takes 5 min as warm up time and then starts reading the values of O3. • We can note the readings of O3 on equal intervals from digital display of analyzer
CO/CO2 ANALYZER
Testo 315-3 CO/CO2 Analyzer
• The Testo 315-3 CO/CO2 analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance at excellent value according to DIN EN 50543 standard. • It uses proven Non- dispersive Infra-Red Technology to measure CO/CO2 in ambient air (Resolution = 0.5 ppm, range 0 to 100 ppm, Accuracy = ±3ppm).
FEATURES
• Measures CO/CO2 directly - highly selective • Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds • Non- dispersive Infra-Red analyzers • Uses rechargeable batteries
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels • Ambient air quality monitoring • Indoor air quality monitoring • Mobile and fixed monitoring stations • Industrial fence-line monitoring
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• Stack emissions monitoring • Plume monitoring • Measurement and monitoring studies • Medical gas monitoring • Process control. • Temperature measurement • Humidity measurement
OPERATING PROCEDURE
• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON.
• Meter will show digital readings of CO and CO2 separately on main screen
• Let the meter show stable reading
• After having stable reading, note the reading
• Switch OFF the meter
SMOKE METER
Testo 308 Smoke Analyzer
• The Testo 308 Smoke analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance due to the heating of the measurement support thus preventing measurement errors caused by condensation
• It uses proven Non- dispersive Infra-Red Technology to measure Smoke in ambient air, vehicular and stack emissions (Resolution = 0.1RZ, range 0 to 6 RZ, Accuracy = ±0.2 RZ).
FEATURES
• Measures Smoke directly - highly selective
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Non- dispersive Infra-Red analyzers
• Uses rechargeable batteries
APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
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• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
• Measurement and monitoring studies
OPERATING PROCEDURE
• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON.
• For vehicular or stack emissions insert the probe of meter into the exhaust pipe
• Meter will show digital readings of Smoke on main screen
• Let the meter show stable reading
• After having stable reading, note the reading
• Switch OFF the meter
AMBIENT DUST ANALYZER
Temptop LKC 1000S+ Dust Analyzer
• The Temptop Dust analyzer delivers precise and reliable performance
• It is laser particle multi-functional detector, works at 1atm pressure
• Resolution = 0.1 ug/m3, range 0 to 999ug/m3 , Temperature 0-50 0C, Humidity = 0-90%).
FEATURES
• Measures PM2.5/PM10 directly - highly selective
• Laser Particle Multi-functional Detector
• Accurate, repeatable and rapid readings every five seconds
• Uses rechargeable batteries
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APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISE, DIRECT & RAPID MEASUREMENTS
• Traffic emissions monitoring: roadside, tunnels
• Ambient air quality monitoring
• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Mobile and fixed monitoring stations
• Industrial fence-line monitoring
• Stack emissions monitoring
• Plume monitoring
• Measurement and monitoring studies
• Medical gas monitoring
OPERATING PROCEDURE
• Press Power Key and meter will Switch ON. • Meter will show digital readings of PM2.5 and PM 10 separately on main screen • Let the meter show stable reading • After having stable reading, note the reading • Switch OFF the meter
pH METER
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF pH METER
• Clean the electrode with distilled water.
• SWITCH on the instrument.
• Calibrate the meter with pH buffer 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 in ascending order.
• Wash the electrode with distilled water & insert into the sample solution.
• Allow time for stabilization and record pH.
• Clean the electrode with distilled water & preserve in storage solution
• After reading SWITCH of the meter.
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CONDUCTIVITY METER
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF CONDUCTIVITY METER
• Clean the electrode with distilled water.
• SWITCH on the instrument.
• Calibrate the meter with standard solution 1413 uS/cm at 25oC
• Wash the conductivity cell with distilled water & insert into the sample solution.
• Stir the sample with stirrer.
• Let the meter to show the stable reading.
• Clean the electrode with distilled water & store in storage solution
• Note the reading and SWITCH off the meter.
Analytical Balance
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF WEIGHING BALANCE
• Verify environmental conditions like temperature & humidity
• Use level button to ensure a level scale.
• Press the front latch to release the draft shield. Slide the draft shield.
• Press the ON/OFF zero button to the right of the display.
• Press CAL key down until CAL appears in the display. Release key.
• The required adjustment weight value flashes in the display.
• Place adjustment weight in centre of pan. The balance adjusts itself automatically.
• When 0.00 g flashes, remove adjustment weight.
• The adjustment is finish when the massage cal done appears briefly in the display, followed by 0.00 g which indicates that calibration is complete.
• Verify calibration with the calibrated weights (1.0000 gm, 5.0000 gm, 10.0000 gm) daily
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• Place and empty watch glass or weighing pan in the centre of the balance pan.
• Note the weight of the watch glass or pan.
• Tare by pressing Tare Key
• Transfer the sample on the watch glass / weighing pan and note down the weight.
• Bring the balance to the rest position by moving the latch to the centre position.
OPREATION INSTRUCTION FOR OVEN / FURNACES
PRE-OPREATION ACTIVITIES
• Clean Oven / Furnace from inside and outside • Check supply line and other switches • Clean thermostat points • Monitor the temperature with the help of calibrated thermocouple
OPREATION GUDELINES
• Switch on the instrument. • Set the required temperature as per test requirements • Place the sample in the furnace / oven in such a manner that there should be no possibility of contamination • Check the temperature at regular intervals in order to note the initial time at which the oven / furnace attains the required temperature. • After the completion of test, take out the sample from the oven / furnace and place in the desiccator
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Spectrophotometer
OPREATION INSTRUCTIONS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
PRE-OPREATION ACTIVITIES
• Make sure sample chamber is empty.
• The photometer lid is closed.
OPREATION GUAIDLINES
• SWITCH on the instrument by pressing ON/OFF
• Self test run.
• Select the method using scroll UP/DOWN or enter the method number directly
• Confirm by pressing enter key
• Enter the wavelength
• Full the vial with blank solution & place into the chamber & close the lid.
• Press ZERO to perform the zero calibration.
• Now fill the vial with sample & place into the chamber & closed the lid.
• Press ENTER to perform measurement of sample.
• The result is shown in absorption unit in first line
• After completion take out the vial carefully.
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ANNEX II – Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that: (i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition; (ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and (iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA . WETLAND . MANGROVE . ESTUARINE . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion . Over pumping of groundwater, leading Limited use of water for sub- to salinization and ground subsidence? project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement No dislocation or involuntary of people? resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Potential social conflicts arising from No land acquisition will be land tenure and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and N.A
lining of canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? . Scouring of canals? . Clogging of canals by sediments? . Clogging of canals by weeds? . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical usage of any hazardous and biological hazards during project chemicals during construction. construction and operation? However, health and safety measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social by villages/ towns and the same infrastructure and services (such as will be documented in EMP water supply and sanitation systems)? . Social conflicts if workers from other Priority will be given to local for regions or countries are hired? employment and the same will be documented in EMP
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Risks to community health and safety Earth work will not lead to any due to the transport, storage, and use risk for community during and/or disposal of materials such as construction time, however, explosives, fuel and other chemicals Health and safety Plan and during construction and operation? Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both Safety measures for community accidental and natural hazards, will be taken to avoid any risk especially where the structural and consequence. It will be elements or components of the project documented in EMP. However, it (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to has major positive impact, members of the affected community or because the construction of the where their failure could result in injury new weir will save to the community throughout project community/infrastructure from construction, operation and flood threat if any. decommissioning? Climate Change and Disaster Risk Remarks Questions The following questions are not for Y environmental categorization. They are No es included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)? . Are there any demographic or socio- economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? . Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.
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ANNEX-III WHO Standards
Ambient Air Quality Standards
CO NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5 Average(24 hrs) µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3
NEQS 10 80 120 250 35
IFC - - 125 150 75
Noise Levels
Day Time Avg Night Time Avg
NEQS Limits 55 45
IFC/WHO Limit 55 45
Drinking Water Standards
Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No. Guidelines
1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture
2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture
3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture
4. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 Field Test- ExStik EC500 5. Temperature 0C - - Field Test-
6. Color TCU <15 <15 US EPA 110.1
7. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Objectionable Taste Panel
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Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No. Guidelines
8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Objectionable Dilution
9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 US EPA 160.1
10. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA Field Test-
11. Total Hardness mg/l <500 NA US EPA 130.2
12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000 US EPA 160.1
13. TSS mg/l NA NA Filtration
14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8
15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8
16. Iron mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8
17. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2 US EPA 200.8
18. Sodium mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8
19. Chloride mg/l NA NA SMEW
20. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05 SW-846 Test Method 9035
21. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5 US EPA 340.1
22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50 US EPA 352.1
23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3 US EPA 354.1
24. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01 US EPA 200.8
25. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05 US EPA 200.8
26. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0 US EPA 200.8
27. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5 US EPA 200.8
28. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02 US EPA 200.8
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Sr. WHO Parameter Unit NSDWQ Method No. Guidelines
29. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8
30. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0 US EPA 200.8
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ANNEX IV - NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS)
Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works
Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l
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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)
Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 40% or 2 Ringlemann 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Ringlemann Scale Scale or equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid
plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power plants 400 1700 operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power plants Oxides of operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200
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Explanations:- 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.
Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission
Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Immediate 1 Smoke Ringlemann Scale during Ringlemann Chart at a distance effect engine acceleration mode. of 6 meters or more Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source
Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise
Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, 2010 Sr. Category of Area / 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45
2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.
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Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water
Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli 2 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO or Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards and total Coliform bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 also follow WHO or Thermotolerant Coliform are examined, must are examined, must Standards and total Coliform bacteria) not be present in not be present in 95% of the samples 95% of the samples taken throughout taken throughout any 12-month any 12-month period. period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU
8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02 Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries
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Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02
28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50
29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at consumer 31 Residual Chlorine end 0.5-1.5 at --- source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/L method) ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority
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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air
Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from 1st average Measurement 1st July 2010 January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO2)
3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)
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ANNEX – V Governor’s Notification on Protected Areas and Wild Life Protection
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ANNEX-V Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring
Monthly Progress Report
CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
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CONTENTS
Part I Introduction ......
Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….…………….…………….
Environmental Monitoring………….……………………………………………………..…………….
Part II Environmental Monitoring ......
Environmental Monitoring Summary ......
Environmental Trainings………………………………………………………………………………..
Noise and Vibration ......
Water Quality ......
Air Quality ......
Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......
Fuel Consumption ......
Water Consumption ......
Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………
Part III Environmental Management ......
Site Inspections and Audits ......
Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......
Table
Table-I Oustanding Issues ......
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Annexure
Weekly Monitoring Checklist
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ANNEX – VII Photo Log
Pond Upstream of Axis
Water logged Area
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Subproject Axis
Katcha Channel
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Katcha Track
Subproject Axis
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