Initial Environmental Examination Report ______
Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239
PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project
Initial Environmental Examination Report for Jay Dam, District Mohmand
Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: April 2018
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.
This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit PMU FATA Water Resources Development Project FWRDP FATA Secretariat
FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) JAY DAM (MOHMAND AGENCY) 2017
FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS JOINT VENTURE:
House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected]
Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Description Page No.
INTRODUCTION...... 1 General ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Project Consultants ...... 2 Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ...... 2 IEE Methodology ...... 4 Study Area ...... 4 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 6 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 6 Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design (ICOLD) ...... 7 Report Format ...... 8 Project Categorization ...... 9
POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 10 General ...... 10 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 10 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 10 Regulatory Clearances, EPA ...... 11 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 11 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)...... 11 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 11 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ...... 12 Project Categorization ...... 13 Other Environment Related Legislations ...... 14
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 17 Project Features ...... 17 Project Location ...... 21 Project Objectives ...... 21 Construction Planning ...... 22 Stage-I ...... 22 Stage- II ...... 22 Project Implementation ...... 23 C.6.1 Executing Agency ...... 23 C.6.2 Design Consultant ...... 23 C.6.3 FATA Development Working Party ...... 23
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
C.6.4 Terms of Partnership ...... 24 Operation and Maintenance ...... 24
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 25 General ...... 25 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 25 Study Area ...... 27 Physical Environment ...... 29 Topography ...... 29 Climate ...... 30 Hydrology ...... 31 Regional Geomorphology ...... 31 Geology of the Project Area ...... 32 Soil ...... 32 Seismology ...... 33 Ambient Air and Noise Quality ...... 35 Water Resources ...... 35 Water Quality ...... 38 Land use and Land Cover...... 40 Biological Environment ...... 41 Flora ...... 41 Fauna ...... 45 Avifauna ...... 45 Fisheries ...... 48 Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...... 48 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 49 Administrative Set Up ...... 49 Demographic Profile ...... 50 Family Size ...... 51 Dwelling ...... 51 Language ...... 51 The Family System ...... 51 Livestock ...... 52 Conflicts Resolution Mechanism ...... 52 Religious Beliefs ...... 53 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 53 Poverty ...... 54 Health facilities ...... 55 Social Organization ...... 56 Agriculture ...... 56 Occupation ...... 57 Food ...... 57
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
Dress and Ornaments ...... 57 Mining ...... 57 Roads ...... 58 Telephone Facilities ...... 58 Sites of Historical Significance ...... 58 Gender Issues ...... 58
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 59 No Project Option ...... 59 Project Siting Alternatives ...... 59 Technological Alternatives ...... 60
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 62 Impact Assessment - Overview ...... 62 Impact Area ...... 63 Impacts on Land Resources ...... 65 Excavation and Blasting...... 65 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 65 Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads ...... 66 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 66 Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards...... 69 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers ...... 69 Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 70 Contamination of surface water due to washing ...... 70 Drinking water supply ...... 70 Municipal waste disposed into the stream ...... 70 Water quality and sedimentation load ...... 71 Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops ...... 71 Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...... 71 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation ...... 73 Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) ...... 73 Impact on Aquatic Life ...... 73 Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues ...... 76 Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 76 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 77 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 77 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 77 Impacts during Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 78
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 79 General ...... 79 Mitigation Measures ...... 79 Residual Impact ...... 80
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
Institutional Arrangements ...... 80 Management Responsibilities ...... 80 Monitoring Activities ...... 104 Performance Indicators ...... 104 Project Enhancement Plans ...... 104 Restoration Plan ...... 104 Reports ...... 105 Training Schedule ...... 106 Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 106 Third Party Monitoring ...... 107
Public Consultation ...... 109 General ...... 109 Identification of Stakeholders ...... 110 Methodology ...... 111 Agenda of Consultative Session ...... 112 Local Farmer Views ...... 113 Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response ...... 114
GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 117 General ...... 117 Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 117 Awareness of GRM ...... 118 Implementation of GRM ...... 119
CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 122 Findings and Recommendations ...... 122 Conclusions ...... 122
ANNEX – I Photolog ...... 125
ANNEX – II Supporting Documents ...... 129
ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 137
ANNEX-IV Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 143
ANNEX-V Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... 145
ANNEX VI: Emergency Response Plan for Breach of Dam and Canal Bank ...... 148
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
List of Tables & Figures
Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map ...... 5 Table 2.1. Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 14 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project ...... 18 Figure 3.1: Project Location Map ...... 19 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Project Area...... 20 Figure 4.1: Map of Mohmand Agency ...... 28 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 31 Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 34 Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area ...... 35 Figure 4.4: Surface Water Resources in Project Area ...... 36 Table 4.2: Details of Watershed ...... 37 Table 4.3: Drinking Water Quality analysis result for Jay Dam ...... 39 Table 4.4: Water Quality analysis result for Irrigation water of Jay Dam ...... 40 Figure 4.5: Land use Map of Jay ...... 40 Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area ...... 42 Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 44 Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 44 Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 45 Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area ...... 46 Table 4.10: List of Wild Fish found in Mohmand Agency (FATA) ...... 48 Table 4.11: Population Details of Mohmand agency ...... 49 Table 5.1: Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ..... 64 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 83 Table 6.2: Environmental Monitoring during Construction ...... 104 Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports during Construction ...... 106 Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 107 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 111 Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems ...... 113 Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted...... 114 Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants ...... 115 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Jay Kalay ...... 116 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AMSL Above Mean Sea Level APA Assistant Political Agent CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMU Environmental Management Unit EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency ECR Environmental Complaints Register FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GFP Grievance Focal Point GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PA Political Agent PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance RE Resident Engineer SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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Executive Summary 1. Introduction The environmental study was undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The abstract of TOR requires: An assessment of the environmental impacts of the project, inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, environmental management and monitoring plans and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs; Preparation of
o Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or
o Initial Environmental examination report and its summary (IEE) Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
Since the project is categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for each sub-project. 2. Project Location The proposed Jay Dam Pilot subproject is located in Mohmand Agency, a Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) in northwest Pakistan. The dam will be constructed on Gandao Khwar, a semi-perennial tertiary stream, which after draining into secondary and primary streams, eventually falls into Kabul River. The dam site is located about 7km South East of Ghalanai Town (Agency Headquarter) near the village of Jay Kalay. The dam is proposed at coordinates of 34° 15’ 33.09” N and 71° 28’ 3.07” E. 3. Project Categorization The height of the proposed Jay Dam is 15 m and is falling in the remit of small dams defined by the ICOLD. In addition, reference to the ICOLD definition of large dams, the gross storage capacity of the proposed dam is 0.2735 MCM, less than 3 MCM threshold of ICOLD standards for small dams. The Project Design and Supervision Consultants used “Guidelines of the US Army Corps of Engineers” for design. 1 These guidelines do not classify Jay Dam as “large dams” based on reservoir capacity, height and hazard potential classification. Accordingly, the recommended safety standards for 100-year flood to 50% of the Probable Maximum Flood was used in design. Based on environment studies performed and dam classification, subproject is categorized to category B and this IEE report has been prepared. 4. Environmental Issues The subproject activities include construction of a dam, irrigation channel about 5.2 km and development of culturable command area of 100 ha. This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving borrow material, camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the Sub Project. 5. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded
1 Dam height is 15m, as per US Army Corps of Engineer's definition, which states that height of dam is equal to total height from the streambed, see e.g Page 1-1. http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_1110-2-1156.pdf. This definition is followed by many other well-reputed Dam Design and Dam Safety organizations, such as United States Bureau of Reclamation Dams https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/SmallDams.pdf and https://www.fws.gov/policy/361fw2.pdf
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project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS, 2009. Because this project falls in the jurisdiction of Federal EPA, therefore approval from the Federal EPA will be required. 6. Project Description In Jay Dam project, a concrete gravity dam has been proposed across Gandao Khwar based on available firm rock on abutments and foundation. The total length of the dam structure at top is 115.3 m, including spillway, under sluice and non-overflow section. The maximum height of dam is 15 m from bed level to top of dam. The reservoir capacity is 49.47 ha-m. The irrigation channel design discharge is 36 lit/sec (1.28 cusecs). Useful life of dam is expected to be above 38 years. 7. Project Alternatives Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. The Project Area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in the area hence the proposed subproject will contribute positively to the project area. Therefore, no project option is not viable option. Four (04) different locations were evaluated for selection of dam axis. All the four options were evaluated with technical, economic, social and environmental perspective. Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. Therefore; in the light of technical, economic, social and environmental studies, the proposed location has been preferred for construction of Jay Dam. 8. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfil the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio- economic environment of the project area b. To understand the current situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are:- a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment 9. Physical Environment Mohmand Agency is an area of rugged mountains with barren slopes. Most of the area is mountainous, with brown Rocky Mountains and little vegetation. There are patches of flat plains and during the spring time the region becomes greener temporarily. This region has no rivers, canals nor rich underground water reservoirs. Ilazai (2,716 m) is the highest peak near the Afghan border. Other important peaks are Yari Sar (1929 m) and Silai of Mohmand Agency. Running water is hard to find in most of these valleys except Gandab and Shilman valleys. Land use data from 2007-08 shows that 11.5% of the total geographic area of Mohmand Agency is cultivated, while more than 82% of the land is not available for cultivation. This puts intense pressure on the available agricultural land and creates food insecurity in the Agency. Due to the mountainous terrain and limited surface water resources, agriculture is on the few small plains, which are irrigated by water streams from mountains. Forests constitute only 3% of the area of the agency. Wheat is the major crop, followed by maize and barley. Rice, grape and mustard, onion and masoor are emerging as important crops. Fruit and vegetable farming is becoming popular here and it is expected that with improved irrigation facilities the production of fruits will increase further. The project area experiences two rain seasons: winter and summer. Water supply is from rainfall, snow melt, and groundwater during the dry periods. Area is a rain fed (barani) area. Depth of water table generally varies from 13 to 50 meters below ground level in barani areas whereas it is within 10 m in irrigated areas. 10. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
Most of the fish available in the Agency have been introduced by the Fisheries Department, in order to improve the livelihoods of the locals hence, making a distinction between cultural and wild fish extremely difficult in the area. There are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. More recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. However, the nearest wetland around the project vicinity is at a distance of approx. 50 km from the Project Area. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. 11. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects Mohmand Agency in FATA is bounded by Bajaur Agency to the north, Khyber Agency to the south, Malakand and Charsadda districts to the east, Peshawar district to the south east, and Afghanistan towards west. The total area of the Agency is about 2,297 km2 which is mostly hilly and mountainous with little flat land. The total cultivated area is only 21,410 hectares (ha) a little less than 10 percent of the total, most of which is rain fed, having insufficient rainfall with low agriculture productivity. Total population of Mohmand Agency is currently at 466,984 persons, out of which 51% are male and 49% are female. Average household size is around 9.7 persons per family. According to the 2017 population census, the entire Agency is termed as rural. The project site is situated in Upper Haleemzai tehsil, having a population of approximately 1215 people, and 133 households. Haleemzai is the main tribe in the area and is further sub divided into three sub-sections that is Hassanikor, Krappakor, Hayatikor. Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
12. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of Sub Project. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. 13. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the Sub Project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the Sub Project, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Sub Project but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. Also there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the project area. Women headed households have not been identified in the Sub Project area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed sub project. The other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, the Sub Project will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of Socio economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e development of 100 ha culturable land. 14. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall Sub Project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD). 15. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Jay Dam Sub Project reveals that this project will generate only minor and moderate environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be of temporary nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by this project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
INTRODUCTION
General The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The abstract of TOR requires:
• An assessment of the environmental impacts of the project. Inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, environmental management and monitoring plans and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs; Preparation of • Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or • Initial Environmental Examination report and its summary (IEE) Project Background The Tribal areas have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) (FATA) Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing Small Dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. The proposed Jay Dam Pilot subproject is located in Mohmand Agency, a Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) in northwest Pakistan. The dam will be constructed on Gandao Khwar, a semi-perennial tertiary stream, which after draining into secondary and primary streams, eventually falls into Kabul River. The dam site is located about 7km South East of Ghalanai Town (Agency Headquarter) near the village of Jay Kalay. The dam is proposed at coordinates of 34° 15’ 33.09” N and 71° 28’ 3.07” E. Project Consultants The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, FATA Secretariat entered into a formal contract in Oct, 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Environmental Assessment is a systematic process for evaluating the environmental consequences of any proposed Policy, Plan or Program initiative in order to ensure that the various concerns are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision making at par with the economic and social considerations. The economic, social, and environmental change is inherent to development. Whilst, development aims to bring about
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
positive change, it can lead to conflicts. In the past, the promotion of economic growth, as the motor for increased well-being, was the main development thrust with little sensitivity towards adverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure long term benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This has become accepted as an essential feature of the development, if the aim of increased well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to be met for the present and future generations. Environment Assessment thus, has three main functions:
• To predict positive and adverse impacts.
• To find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts.
• To enhance positive effects. Under PPTA feasibility assessments of 03 Pilot subprojects and subsequent Initial Environment Examination (IEE) was completed in 2014. This present study relates to updating of Initial Environment Examination (IEE), due to revised scope of work for construction of Jay Dam Mohmand Agency. Irrigated agriculture in FATA relies predominantly on groundwater abstracted by tube wells, dug wells and open wells; surface water utilization is low. Poor water resources management has become a major challenge to increasing agriculture productivity, which undermines efforts to improve the socioeconomic condition of FATA’s inhabitants. Various factors such as poor water resource management, extensive deforestation and over grazing of rangelands have put immense pressure and stresses on FATA’s watersheds. Their degraded condition has increased runoff and resulted in high soil erosion. In the absence of proper tree and vegetation cover, the run off leads to flash floods that often destroy the productive agricultural land in the valley bottom. This steadily worsening situation has severe repercussions for the overall sustainability and viability of the resource base of the watersheds, and thereby on the region’s population, the majority of which are dependent on this resource base for their livelihoods. Increasing tree cover and the construction of check dams (where appropriate), will strengthen the watersheds, reduce land erosion and the frequency and impact of flash floods, and improve water availability through replenishment of the aquifers. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study takes into account the natural environment (air, water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the Sub Project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout Sub Project implementation.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
The civil work within the Sub Project area will cause some disturbances. The activities during construction period involve; construction of Dam and water channels, development of command area, borrow material, stone pitching, camping grounds, material dump, machinery yard and other necessary facilities for the staff/labor to be engaged for the construction of the Sub Project. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Sub Project but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through the proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. The Sub Project has been classified as environmental category B according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the Sub Project’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine Sub Project alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the Sub Project and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the Sub Project. A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. IEE Methodology In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making. Study Area The study area related to IEE of the project comprised the following areas and features / aspects:
i. Directly affected area of the project
ii. Influence zone area that is the area in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject
Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map
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Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in March, 2017. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. Impact Assessment Methodology Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity. In natural ecosystems, the impacts would surely change the existing state of equilibrium. In managed ecosystems and human societies, impacts could be of positive as well as adverse consequence. Similarly, in case of natural ecosystems, likelihood of adverse impacts could be seen in terms of direct and/or indirect, temporary or permanent impacts. In the absence of long-term data availability on various environmental variables and also the paucity of studies on their likely responses to changes under
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developmental activities, it is difficult to predict impacts with a high degree of exactness and certainty. For example, it will not be possible to predict impacts of such a developmental activity on the behavioral patterns of animal and bird populations except for the fact that their habitats may come under stress. In that sense these predictive impacts could be said to have a limitation. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under; Negligent: No adverse impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly. The impacts identified, in detail, were marked on the maps. Consultants utilized their own resources to carry out topographic survey of the project site. The Survey activities had been performed under the supervision and guidance of expert survey engineers. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design (ICOLD) The use of meaningful seismic parameters is necessary to perform a satisfactory evaluation of the earthquake safety of dams. These Guidelines are intended to help the Engineer and Project Manager to select seismic evaluation parameters for dam projects, based on requirements mandated by the project location and its associated seismic hazard, the design selected, and the risk posed by the completed structure. Appropriate seismic evaluation is not a substitute for, but will complement the use of sound design, high quality materials, effective construction control procedures, and continuous surveillance and monitoring of the performance of the completed structure. This publication contains general guidelines for selecting seismic evaluation parameters to review the safety of existing large dams and provide an earthquake resistant design for any new structure. Such guidelines (which are only intended to apply to large dams according to the ICOLD definition - see below) cover the following subjects; I. Primary factors to consider in seismic design.
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II. Selection of design earthquakes for analysis. III. Selection of seismic evaluation parameters. IV. Factors influencing the selection of seismic evaluation parameters. Note: A large dam according to the ICOLD definition is one more than 15 m high or one between 10 and 15 m high satisfying one of the following criteria: • more than 500 m long • reservoir capacity exceeding 1 hm3 ( 1 x 106 m3 ) (c) spillway capacity exceeding 2,000 m3/sec ICOLD Bulletin 46 (Seismicity and Dam Design) mentioned the MCE – Maximum Credible Earthquake (evaluated with a deterministic approach) and the DBE - Design Basis Earthquake (evaluated with a probabilistic approach). In the present Guidelines it was considered better to follow the approach since in the Codes of some countries the deterministic approach for the Safety Evaluation Earthquake is not applied. The height of the proposed Jay Dam is 15 m and is falling in the remit of small dams defined by the ICOLD. In addition, reference to the ICOLD definition of large dams, the gross storage capacity of the proposed dam is 0.2735 MCM, less than 3 MCM threshold of ICOLD standards for small dams.. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies. Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like
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education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the dam axis including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current dam axis. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. Project Categorization According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project are mitigative, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklist (Attached as Annex-V) defines this in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization.
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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
General This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework The Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the federal cabinet in March 1992 is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country (EUAD/IUCN, 1992). The NCS outlines the country's primary approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural resources, and improving efficiency in the use and management of resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial for the preservation of Pakistan's natural and physical environment. The core areas, that are relevant in the context of the proposed sub-project, are pollution prevention and abatement and increasing energy efficiency while conserving biodiversity. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the
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concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No- Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. Regulatory Clearances, EPA In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act is to be submitted to Federal Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed sub-project are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;
• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also stringent with the International NEQs Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed Sub Project.
• NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (9 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust.
• NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters.
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• NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times.
• NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea.
• These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex III for NEQS) ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in Sub Project area, and (ii) the potential for the Sub Project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI).
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As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the sub project has been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist (Attached as Annex-V), the Sub Project has been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP. Project Categorization The height of the proposed Jay Dam is 15 m and is falling in the remit of small dams defined by the ICOLD. In addition, reference to the ICOLD definition of large dams, the gross storage capacity of the proposed dam is 0.2735 MCM, less than 3 MCM threshold of ICOLD standards for small dams. The Project Design and Supervision Consultants used “Guidelines of the US Army Corps of Engineers” for design2. These guidelines do not classify Jay Dam as “large dams” based on reservoir capacity, height and hazard potential classification. Accordingly, the recommended safety standards for 100-year flood to 50% of the Probable Maximum Flood were used in design. Based on environment studies performed and dam classification, subproject is categorized to category B and this IEE report has been prepared. Under Section 12 of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No- Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. This project falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams,
2 Dam height is 15m, as per US Army Corps of Engineer's definition, which states that height of dam is equal to total height from the streambed, see e.g Page 1-1. http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerRegulations/ER_1110-2-1156.pdf. This definition is followed by many other well-reputed Dam Design and Dam Safety organizations, such as United States Bureau of Reclamation Dams https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/SmallDams.pdf and https://www.fws.gov/policy/361fw2.pdf
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irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.
IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required
Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic Yes meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers
Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares Yes
Other Environment Related Legislations The Exhibit provides a summary of all legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.
Table 2.1. Environmental Guidelines and Legislations
Legislation/Guideline Description National NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing Environmental environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, Policy (2005) (NEP) conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross- sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. The Forest Act The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare (1927) any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project.
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Legislation/Guideline Description Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption (1860) or fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The West Pakistan The Fisheries Act requires protection of public waters as habitat Fisheries Act 1961 of fish and other aquatic life. This is helping the Fisheries Department to provide effective protection to the fish and other aquatic life in the game Sanctuary upstream the barrage and the public waters downstream the barrage. Fish is a food to a good number of migratory birds. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human (Emergency diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and Provision) Act 1954 maintaining adequate medical services and other services read with West essential to the health of the communities in the project area. Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958 Explosives Act 1884 Under the Explosives Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using explosive during quarrying, blasting and other purposes. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy Conservation (NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy Strategy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas. Biodiversity Action The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying Plan and assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental Conservation management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces.
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Legislation/Guideline Description
ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides Statement (SPS), guidelines for environmental assessments of development 2009 projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid Conservation of endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" Migratory Species of refers to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of Wild Animals whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or more (1981.21) national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project. Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation International Trade (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding in Endangered trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become Species of Wild so, in order not to endanger their survival further. Fauna and Flora (1973) International Union Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats for Conservation of internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list Nature and Natural are also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Resources Red List (2000) Convention on This Convention enjoins upon signatory factions to provide and wetlands of protect the habitats of migratory waterfowl. international importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR 1971) Convention on This convention came up as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971 and Conservation of took care of the specifics Migratory species of Wild Animals (Bonn 1979), as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project Features Jay dam site is located in Ekka Ghund-1 watershed of Mohmand Agency of FATA. The dam is proposed on Gandao Khwar/nullah shall tap perennial flow and seasonal runoff. The topography of the study area is rugged hilly terrain with moderate to high relief. Main streams are generally “U” shaped indicating a mature valley. Morphologically the rocks exposed in upper reach of catchment area are of metamorphic origin comprising quartz mica Schists, Slates, Phyllites with igneous intrusions (amphilbolites). The overburden/eroded material comprise boulders and gravel with sand and appreciable fines. The rocks are slightly to moderately weathered, moderately hard and fractured. The runoff potential of watershed is relatively high. The erosion / sediment rate is relatively moderate. The catchment area of Gandao Khwar upto proposed dam axis is 202 square kilometers (77.70 square miles) with 100 ha command area. The vegetal cover of the catchment is poor. The height of dam is 15 m. The reservoir capacity is 49.47 ha-m. The irrigation channel design discharge is 36 lit/sec (1.28 cusecs). The useful life of dam is expected to be above 38 years. The proposed project envisages providing irrigation water to convert the un- irrigated farmlands into irrigated ones and improve water availability to bring up the cropping intensity at least to the level of 124 %. Generally, the soils of the project area are virgin and coarse to medium textured with normal to good permeability. The soils of the area contain pebbles, stones and rock fragments of various sizes which should be removed. The lands of the project area are not leveled and uniform which should be leveled for uniform distribution of irrigation water and also for making various cultivation practices easier. The project cost is estimated to Rs. 307.984 million and it is anticipated to take twenty (20) months to complete. Construction period is spread over four seasons. The results of the economic analysis show that EIRR works out to be 14.58 %. Jay dam project on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of dam construction sites. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. All the land required for different project components is community owned barren land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the project. 17 | Initial Environmental Examination
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The permanent land for project components such as dam, water channels, offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The amount of lease is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost.
Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project
Catchment Area: 202 square kilometers Mean Annual inflow: 1492 ha-m Design Flood for Dam: 1031 cumecs Reservoir Capacity: 49.47 ha-m Dead Storage Capacity: 2.28 ha-m Normal Pool Level: 378 m Dam Type: Concrete Gravity Dam Dam Crest Length: 115.3 m Height of Dam: 15 m Spillway width: 72 m Stilling Basin Length: 29.3 Culturable Command Area: 100 ha Irrigation Intensity: 124 % Irrigation Channel discharge: 36 lit./sec (1.28 cusecs) Dia of Main Pipe: 0.22 m Length of Main Pipe: 5260 m Dia of Minor Pipes: 0.15 m Length of Minor Pipes: 830 m Pipe Type: HDPE Command Area: 100 ha (247 acres) Useful Life of Dam: Above 38 Years Project Cost: Rs. 307.984 Million Construction Period: 20 Months EIRR: 14.58 % FIRR: 13.03 %
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Figure 3.1: Project Location Map
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Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Project Area
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Project Location Mohmand Agency is located in the North of Peshawar city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province bordering Afghanistan in the West, districts Charsadda and Malakand in the East, Bajaur Agency in the North and river Kabul in the South. The Swat River enters in the agency at Upper Prang Ghar tehsil and comes out of the agency at Munda head works in the Charsadda district. Mohmand Agency lies between latitude 30° 09’ to 34° 44’ and longitude 70° 59’ to 71° 42’ E. It is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It covers an area of 2,296 km2. Mohmand Agency is geographically sub divided for administration convenience in to upper Mohmand, central and lower Mohmand sub-divisions. Lower Mohmand sub division is fertile as compared to central and upper Mohmand sub divisions. The three sub divisions have been further divided into eight tehsils namely Ekkaghund, Pranghar, Pindialy, Safi, Byzai-Khwazai, Ambar, Dawazi and Haleemzai. The proposed Jay Dam site is located 7 km South East of Ghallanai Town (Agency head quarter of Mohmand Agency) near the village of Jay Kalay. The dam is proposed at coordinates of 34° 15’ 33.09” N and 71° 28’ 3.07” E. The proposed dam axis is located on Gandao Khwar. The catchment area of the Gandao Khwar is 202 square kilometers. As per site observations for last three months and interviewing the locals, the stream is non-perennial. During March- April and July-August rainfalls event will bring runoff/floods in the Khwar which could be stored. Through construction of Jay dam flood water could be stored and utilized for irrigation purpose of the command area. Furthermore, apart from storing water for irrigation it will offset the negative impact resulting from over exploitation of ground water by recharging the underground aquifer. Project Objectives The main objective of the Jay Dam is to construct a low height dam and irrigation channels that will irrigate Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 100 ha downstream of the dam. It is estimated that a reasonable quantity of water from the dam will meet the irrigation demand of lands in the command area. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of Jay dam will greatly increase cropping intensity and production in the currently partially irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the dam, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture.
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Construction Planning The main components of Jay dam irrigation project include the: i. Geotechnical Investigation ii. Foundation preparation iii. Main Dam Embankment iv. Spillway with Stilling Basin at the downstream v. Intake and Outlet structure vi. Irrigation system
These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The Geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below: Stage-I
Preparation of Foundation for Main Dam
The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock formation. Most of the excavation will be done without blasting, whereas in some places controlled blasting will be employed, avoiding shattering of rock formation.
Main Dam Embankment
Construction of main dam embankments is proposed to commence from left and right abutment towards the middle. The HDPE Pipe Conduit will be laid through dam body and irrigation channel is to be temporarily re-aligned to HDPE pipe conduit for maintaining irrigation flows. Construction of intake and outlet structure will be taken up at later stage. Stage- II
Main Dam Body
Construction of main dam is proposed to commence from left and right abutment in layers and intake pipe would be placed near right abutment in dam. Construction of irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of this stage.
Spillway and Stilling Basin
Construction of spillway and stilling basin will be started after construction of outlet structures.
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Irrigation System
Commencement of activities for the construction of irrigation system will also take place after construction of intake and gate valve structure. This activity will run parallel to other activities onwards till final completion of dam body and other appurtenant structures. Once the main irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed dam project. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of their labour and Land contribution.
Commissioning of Dam
The dam and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of Stage-II works and by starting the perennial flow diversion. Project Implementation The Project implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by Asian Development Bank. C.6.1 Executing Agency The FATA Secretariat will be the executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the FATA Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The FATA Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component. C.6.2 Design Consultant The design and residency supervision of these Sub Projects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the Sub Projects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the Sub Projects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. C.6.3 FATA Development Working Party The FATA Development Working Party (FDWP) would approve the feasible Sub Projects of FWRDP. The FDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP Sub Projects costing more than the threshold approval limit of FDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the FATA Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot Sub Projects, and are the model to be followed for
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subsequent sub-projects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed sub-projects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed Sub Project, the FATA Secretariat and the relevant Community Organization will have entered into a Terms of Partnership (“TOP”) setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such Sub Project (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such Sub Project) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such Sub Project, which such TOP will have been approved by the Political Administration. C.6.4Terms of Partnership TOPs for a Sub Project involving construction of a dam will stipulate that the FATA Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department, will carry out at least four annual inspections of such dam and its appurtenant structures. Repairs to dam and appurtenant structures, if required, would be carried out by the FATA Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department, using its own maintenance and rehabilitation funds. TOP for a Sub Project involving the construction of a weir or irrigation channel will stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for operation and maintenance of such weir or irrigation channel from such Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the FATA Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department. Operation and Maintenance The project has been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main channel can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. The beneficiaries have signed Terms of Partnership (TOP) with the Political Administration of Mohmand Agency and Irrigation Directorate, FATA. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiary through Village Organization/CO.
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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
General The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio- economic environment of the project area. b. To understand the current situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP) ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the PPTA GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist vii. IEE previously done by PPTA in 2014 The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in March, 2017. The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment, social issues and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the preliminary
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interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas w.r.t environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non-forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. Spatial data based on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including Survey map of the project, topographic sheets, and satellite images data. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the
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discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the IUCN Red Lists and Red Data Book of Pakistan and other available literature. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpeto-fauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex II. Study Area The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Mohmand Agency (Fig 4.1), and more specifically Sub Project location including Jay Kalay settlements, and the catchment of the Gandao Khwar, stream on which Jay Dam is proposed to be constructed. The project study area primarily includes of the springs in the immediate vicinity, which will be impacted directly or indirectly by the project. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock, fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc.
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Figure 4.1: Map of Mohmand Agency
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The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities. FATA has a unique governance status in Pakistan, with limited presence of state functionaries at the local level, especially line departments for environmental management. Apart from PEPA and Pakistan Trade Control of Fauna and Flora Act, 2012, none of the other laws pertaining to environmental management govern these territories. Hence, there is extremely limited information on species distribution and abundance in the region. There are no baselines for wild flora and fauna species, and secondary information is scanty and dispersed. FATA Secretariat has a Forestry Unit, which is only involved in afforestation activities, and maintains basic data of forest area in the region. However, management of the available forests and rangelands is under tribal control, as there are no state designated reserves or protected areas. The only data available on water, soil, agriculture, climate and watersheds is from the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan3. For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia. A focused primary survey was also conducted to ascertain species distribution and abundance along with a very basic social mapping exercise. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline or state of environment for the three selected agencies, with a focus on sub-project site locations. Having stated the above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross verified due to paucity of reliable sources. Physical Environment Topography Mohmand Agency lies between latitude 34o 08’ and 34 o 21’N, and longitude 70 o -58’ and 71 o 42’E, covering an area of 2,296 km2.The Agency is characterized with rugged mountains and barren slopes, with an average elevation of 145 m, and slope being generally from north to east. The drainage pattern is from north-west to south-east with a number of streams initiating from high mountains along Pak-Afghan border. Some parts of the Agency drain into the Kabul River, on the left bank, while the rest drains into the Swat River.
3 Water Assessment Study & Management Plan 2010, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP) 29 | Initial Environmental Examination
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The general topography is rugged, while nearly composed of hilly terrain with moderate to high relief. Main streams/ khwars are narrow U and V- shaped. The proposed dam will be constructed on Gandao stream / khwar, which is about 33.50km (20.81 miles) up to dam site with a bed slope of 2.39 %. The highest level in the watershed is 1205.47 m (3954.96 ft) amsl, while the lowest elevation is at proposed dam site: 365.74 m (1199.96 ft) amsl. Climate Mohmand Agency’s weather is hot in summer and cold in winter. The summer season starts in May and ends in August. The winter season initiates in November and culminates in February. The rainfall is scarce and mostly received during winter season. Rainfall gauging stations within watershed of Gandao Khwar do not exist. Nearest climate station is Peshawar which is located 31.67 km south west of the project area and is at elevation of 359 m (1177ft). As project area lies under semi-arid sub-tropical region, climate station of Peshawar is adopted for water availability study. The project area lies in the rainfall region of about 463 mm (18.20 inches). Physiographic features, especially altitudes have major impact on local climatic conditions. This is well depicted by the soils and vegetation of the area. The Project Area has a variable climate with cold winters and hot summers. During summer months there is great fluctuation in diurnal temperature in the open and in the shade of hilly areas. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July are 38 °C and 28 °C respectively. December and January are the coldest months with mean minimum temperature of about 12 °C and 9 °C4. The nearest station to the project area is Peshawar. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Peshawar is provided in figure 4.2 below.
4 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report (Data Source: Met office Peshawar)
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Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature5
Hydrology The catchment area of the Gandao Khwar upto the proposed dam site is 202 sq.km. Design flood is estimated from SCS unit hydrograph using 1- day maximum rainfall data. The estimated design flood for spillway is 1031 cumec which is estimated on hydro-meteorological probable maximum precipitation studies. Reservoir storage capacity is worked out as 49.47 ha- m at elevation of 378 masl and dead storage corresponding to 367 m is 2.29 ha-m. The total sediment inflow rate at project site is estimated approximately as 238 cubic meters per sq.km per year. Useful life of reservoir is above 38 years in the scenario when Gandao Dam construction completes. Till now the work of Gandao dam is in suspension due to militant attack. Crop water requirement of the project area is estimated as per proposed cropping intensity of 124 %. The maximum channel / conduit capacity is determined as 36 lit./sec for CCA of 100ha. Regional Geomorphology Tectonic movements resulted in significant folds and faults, which are present in the vicinity of Dam. There is a large variety of rocks present in
5 Data Source: Met office Peshawar
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the region, and have complex formation. The country rocks are Diorites, Granite phyllites and amphibolites with lime-stone, Schist and Phyllites. The altramafic variant rocks such as Granite, micro granite, pegmatite and diorite have been encountered in the northern part of Agency. The various rocks types are serpentinite, pyroxenite and peridotite. Geology of the Project Area The rocks exposed in study area of Mohmand Agency belong to Cretaceous age. These include Shangla blueshists, Charbagh greenschists, Mingora Ophiolites, Nawagai Melanges and Nawagai Marble and Dergai Ophiolites, Chaoilitic assemblage of Serpentine, Talc-Schist, Meta-Basalts and Greenstone along hanging wall of Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). The quaternary alluvium comprises unconsolidated deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay6.
Dam Site Geology
The mafic and ultramafic rocks exposed in the main stream / khwar and surrounding area is dominantly comprised of gabbros, greenstones/pillow lavas, peridotite, dunite and serpentinite. These rocks sporadically occur in the form of lenses and smaller bodies in the vicinity of dam site. The smaller bodies are few centimeters to tens of meters wide and up to maximum of hundreds of meters in length. The rocks exposed at both the banks of the stream are medium hard, schistose foliated rocks, namely argillite. Garnet bearing schist with argillite rocks are mainly exposed in the reservoir. These are grey to black in colour, medium to coarse grained, low to medium hard and very closely jointed, at some places. The left bank’s rocks are comparatively moderate to highly fractured as compare to right banks of the reservoir. The stream bed at the dam site is covered with overburden, which is composed of sandy gravel/ boulders, and with loose rock fragments of argillite material. Schist is mainly exposed on left and right abutment of dam site. The rock is mainly composed of fine grains flaky muscovite and subordinate amount of quartz, graphite and biotite. Soil The soil of the dam site and command area in Jay dam is piedmont plain, coarse to medium in texture, and light brown in colour. The profile depth is shallow and mostly immature soil development, gently to moderate sloping and well drained. The pH values range between 6.40 - 7.80. The electrical conductivity (EC) varies from 0.500 to 0.75 ds/m indicating no salinity
6 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Report
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problem. The project surface soils are loam and sandy loam, while the sub surface soil is loamy sand. The limitations in the area are irregular topography, gravels and rapid permeability. The percentage in different HSG in the project area varies as sand 41.8 percent, clay 14.2 percent and silt 44 percent. The textural classes varies from loam to silt loam as the depth of horizon increases. This is medium textured soil with medium organic matter, and low percentages of NPK. The pH is slightly alkaline with somewhat salinity. Seismology Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The project area falls minor to moderate seismic zone. Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.
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Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan7
7 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
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Ambient Air and Noise Quality Sources of air and noise pollution around the sub-project area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. Particulate matter emissions from the small scale marble setups are estimated to be below the maximum allowable level of 500 mg/Nm3 in the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Industrial Gaseous Emissions. Levels of smoke, metallic substances and oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sub- project area are also estimated to be below the maximum allowable levels in the NEQS. The ambient air and noise quality testing at site was conducted for one hour (Table 4.1). The result reveals that the air and noise quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS.
Table 4.1: Ambient Air and Noise Quality of the Project area
S No. Parameter UoM Results NEQS Method
1 Carbon mg/m3 0.123 9 Electrochemical Monoxide (CO)
2 Sulfur Dioxide µg/m3 1.5 120 Electrochemical (SO2 )
3 Nitrogen µg/m3 2.1 40 Electrochemical Oxide (NO)
4 Nitrogen µg/m3 19 80 Electrochemical Dioxide (NO2)
3 5 PM10 µg/m 53 150 Light Scattering
6 Ozone (O3) µg/m3 6.7 130 Electrochemical
7 Noise dB(A) 35.7 55 Digital Sound Meter
Water Resources Gandao Khwar, where Jay dam will be constructed, falls within the Ekka Ghund-I watershed. The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three agencies of FATA. There are a number of rivers and their tributaries in the project area of Mohmand Agency (as shown in Fig 4.3) that have perennial flow from snow melt.
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Figure 4.4: Surface Water Resources in Project Area
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Surface Water
Mohmand Agency lies between latitude 30° 09’ to 34° 44’ and longitude 70° 59’ to 71° 42’ E. It is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Swat rivers. It covers an area of 2,296 km2. River Swat and Kabul River are the major rivers flow through the project area of Mohmand agency: Kabul River originates from Chitral, and enters Afghanistan at Arandu, making a semi-circle around Kabul City reaches in the vicinity of Jalalabad where it is called Kunar River. Of late, Government of Afghanistan has planned a multipurpose dam at Kama village near Jalalabad. The proposed Kama dam is expected to irrigate about 40,486 ha in Kunar province. The proposed Kama dam will reduce the flows in Kabul River by 15%5. The construction of proposed Munda dam on Swat River which is a tributary of Kabul River will mitigate the effects of 15% reduction of flows in Kabul River due to Kama dam in Afghanistan. Kabul River re-enters Pakistan in Mohmand Agency and after traversing a few kilometers it turns into a boundary river between Mohmand and Khyber agencies. The Swat River enters in the agency at Upper Prang Ghar Tehsil and comes out of the agency at Munda head works in the Charsadda District.
Table 4.2: Details of Watershed8
Confining Coordinates Area of 2 S No Watershed Longitude(E) Latitude(N) Watershed ( km ) Degree Degree 1 Lower Pandiali 71.38—71.51 34.33—34.45 73.00 2 Lower Prang Ghaar 71.55—71.70 34.35—34.46 99.23 3 Lower Haleemzai 71.26—71.42 34.31—34.41 97.46 4 Khawazai-Baizai 70.98—71.28 34.35—34.59 390.19 5 Upper Prang Ghaar 71.46—71.66 34.33—34.55 201.29 6 EkkaGhund-I 71.32—71.56 34.24—34.37 165.14 7 QasimKhel 71.33—71.50 34.17—34.26 82.31 8 EkkaGhund-II 71.07—71.34 34.26—34.42 117.25 9 Upper Pandiali 70.30—71.52 34.43—34.55 130.67 10 Upper Haleemzai 71.25—71.42 34.38—34.47 80.52 11 EkkaGhund-III 71.29—71.40 34.16—34.28 53.14 12 Safi 71.09—71.33 34.44—34.63 193.38 13 Lakarao 71.09—71.31 34.58—34.73 176.77 14 Shinwari 71.28—71.41 34.53—34.66 108.21 15 Umbar 71.35—71.56 34.51—34.68 219.17
8 Source: Water Assessment Study & Management Plan 2010, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP)
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Ground Water
Unregulated abstraction of groundwater through unplanned construction of tube-wells and dug-wells has considerably lowered the water table and groundwater aquifers are under extreme stress in most of the watersheds in the project area. As mentioned earlier, the geology of the Agency consists of schist and phyllites with inter-bedded metamorphosed limestone. Unconsolidated alluvial deposits are found as valley fill in the terraces. Groundwater is usually found at a depth of 60 - 85 meters, with deepest depth recorded as 150 meters in Lakarao watershed. Annual recharge is 65.47 MCM for an average year, 41.62 for a dry year and 132.6 MCM for a wet year. Water Quality The Water of the stream and drinking water of the project area was collected and analyzed in the Laboratory. The result shows (Table 4.3 and Table 4.4) that the drinking water quality is not fit for drinking purposes with respect to biological analyses, this required proper treatment like chlorination or passing through ultra violet rays etc. Other analytical results are within the NEQs limits apart from Total Hardness, Potassium and Sulphate, which are higher than normal limits for drinking water. The irrigation water quality parameters are within the permissible limits and fit for irrigation.
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Table 4.3: Drinking Water Quality analysis result for Jay Dam
S No Parameters UoM Methods WHO NEQS Results Standard
1 Total Coli form Cfu/100mL EPA 0 0 1.2×102
2 E.Coli Cfu/100mL EPA 0 0 0
3 pH -- APHA 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.20
4 Total mg/L APHA <1000 <1000 829 Dissolved solids (TDS)
5 Total mg/L APHA <500 <500 650 Hardness as CaCO3
6 Sodium mg/L FAAS 200 200 142
7 Potassium mg/L FAAS 12 12 14.2 250 802.9 8 Sulphate mg/L AOAC 250
9 Chloride mg/L APHA 250 <250 85.8
10 Alkalinity mg/L APHA <500 <500 232
11 Color APHA Non- ≤on TCU Complies objectionable
12 Odor APHA Non- Non- Complies objectionable objectionable
13 Taste APHA Non- Non- Complies objectionable objectionable
14 Nitrogen- mg/L APHA 50 <50 1.8 Nitrates
15 TSS mg/L APHA 5 N/A ND
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Table 4.4: Water Quality analysis result for Irrigation water of Jay Dam
Sr. No Parameters UoM Methods WHO Results Standard
1 pH -- APHA 6.5-8.5 7.09
2 TDS mg/L APHA <1000 241
3 Carbonate mg/L APHA -- ND
4 Sulphate mg/L AOAC 250 162.9
5 Nitrates mg/L APHA Max 50 ND
6 Turbidity NTU HACH <5 1.38
Land use and Land Cover Agriculture is limited in the region due to rocky soils, steep slopes, lack of suitable land and limited water supply. Scanty shrub vegetation along slopes and other areas are used as grazing and fuel gathering. Land use and land cover of the sub project are depicted in figure below:
Figure 4.5: Land use Map of Jay
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Biological Environment The natural environment of the Project area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees 9 . The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Project area will restore the lost eco-systems. Flora Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad leaved Forest 10 . The sub –group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species are Monotheca buxifolia (Gurgura), Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), prosopis spp (mesquite), tamarix spp (Farash) and Dodonaea viscose (Sanatha). Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda) and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. No endangered species have been reported in the project area by the locals. Project area and the study area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the project area:
9 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP)
10 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)
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Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area
Local Name Botanical Name Local Status Picture
Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Common
Karkana Zizypus Rare
Pepal Ficus religiosa Rare
Safaida Eucalyptus Common
Zeeton (wild olive) Olea cuspidate Rare
Phulai Acacia modesta Common
Ziziphus Ber Rare nummularia
Farash Tamarix spp Rare
Mesquite prosopis spp Rare
Sufidar (hybrid Populus Common poplar)
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Local Name Botanical Name Local Status Picture
Kikar Acacia nilotica Common
Toot (Mulberry) Morus Common
Arjun Terminalia arjuna Rare
Bakain (dhraik) Melia azedarach Common
Palosa Acacia Modesta Rare
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Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area
Common Name Botanical Name Picture
baruwa grass Saccharum clumps (munja)
Suryalla ghass Heteropogon contortus
lemon grass Cymbopogon
Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area
Local / Common Botanical Name Picture Name
Bahker Adhatoda vasica
Ak Calotropis spp
Vena Rhazya spp
Khatumaal Rumex hastatus
Granda Carrisa spp
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Local / Common Botanical Name Picture Name
Karir Capparis spp
Karkanrha Zizyphus
Fauna In consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:
Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area
S No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals Jackals Canisaureus Foxes SSP. Vulpes Field rats Rattusnorvegitu Hare Lepusnigricollis Porcupine Hystrixindica Hedge Hog Erinaceinae Wild cat Felis chaos 2 Reptiles Cobra snake Najanaja Rat eating snake Colubrinae House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus 3 Amphibians Common Toads Bufo bufo 4 Others Scorpions Scorpiones Spiders Araneae Avifauna Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.9.
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Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area
Common Name Scientific Name
Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax
Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus
Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus
Rose Finch Carpodacus
Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea
Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps
Crested Bunting Melophus lathami
Grey Tit Melaniparus afer
Red Crowned Eurasian Grus japonensis
Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides
White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus
Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus
Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana
Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis
Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus
Common Babbler Turdoides caudata
Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach
Hoopoe Upupa
Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer
White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis
Grey Partridge Perdix perdix
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Black Partridge Melanoperdix niger
See See Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis
Grey Lag Goose Anser anser
Wigeon Mareca
Pintail Anas acuta
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus
Great Egret Ardea alba
Flamingo Phoenicopterus
Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus
Curlew Numenius
Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus
Crested Lapwing Vanellus vanellus
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius
Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava
Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
Little Egret Egretta garzetta
White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis
Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the project area, as per IUCN red list classification.
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Fisheries Data on fisheries reported here in the table below, is based on secondary sources since there were no pictorial tools available such as charts and posters to be used for the primary research exercise. Moreover, most of the fish available in the Agency have been introduced by the Fisheries Dept, in order to improve the livelihoods of the locals hence, making a distinction between cultural and wild fish extremely difficult in the area. These fish species are found in River Swat and River Kabul flowing in the Agency.
Table 4.10: List of Wild Fish found in Mohmand Agency (FATA)
S No. Local Name Common Name Scientific Name
1 Pattay Mahay Chalwa Barilius pakistanicus
2 Katch Paptale Rosybarb Pethia conchonius
3 Kattay Daoly Machlee Channa gachua
4 Kategy Dady Machlee Channa punctata
5 Spena Deqa Dogra Crossochelius
aplocheilus
6 Paplate Gold Fish Carssus auratus
7 Marmahee Bam Machlee Mastacembelus armatus
8 Gulabay/Sulemanay Punjabi Pahari Glyptothorax punjabensis
9 Hindu Mahay Sundali Schistura alepidota
10 Shermahi Shermahi Clupisoma naziri
11 Gulfam China Cyprinus carpio
12 Mahaseer Mahaser Tor putitora
13 Torkai Torki Cirrhinus mrigala
14 Soul Katasare Channa punctatus
15 Swati Khauki Schizothorax plagiostomus
16 Chadu Chadu Barilius vagra
Protected areas / National sanctuaries As stated earlier, there are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities.
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Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are attached as Annex II. There are 03 wetlands, as per Governor`s notification i.e Kabul River, Swat River and Warsak Dam which are far away from the site (nearest wetland is about 50 km away from the project area. Socio-Economic Environment Total population of Mohmand Agency is currently at 466,984 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average household size is around 9.7 persons per family. According to the 2017 population census, the entire Agency is termed as rural. The project site is situated in Upper Haleemzai tehsil, having a population of approximately 1750 people, and 180 households. Haleemzai is the main tribe in the area and is further sub divided into three sub-sections that is Hassanikor, Krappakor, Hayatikor.
Table 4.11: Population Details of Mohmand agency
Households Population Male Female Sex Population 1998- 2017 Ratio 1998 2017 Average Annual Growth Rate
48118 466,984 238,003 228,981 103.94 334,453 1.77
Administrative Set Up Under the Constitution, FATA is included among the territories of Pakistan (Article 1). It is administered by Governor of the KPK in his capacity as an agent to the President of Pakistan, under the overall supervision of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions in Islamabad. The KPK Governor Secretariat plays a coordinating role for interaction between the federal and provincial governments and the Civil Secretariat FATA. Mohmand agency, like each tribal agency is administered by a political agent, assisted by a number of assistant political agents, tehsildars (administrative head of a tehsil) and naib tehsildars (deputy tehsildar), as well as members from various local police (khassadars) and security forces (levies, scouts). As part of his administrative functions, the political agent oversees the working of line departments and service providers. He is responsible for handling inter-tribal disputes over boundaries or the use of natural resources, and for regulating the trade in natural resources with other agencies or the settled areas.
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The political agent plays a supervisory role for development projects and chairs an agency development sub-committee, comprising various government officials, to recommend proposals and approve development projects. He also serves as project coordinator for rural development schemes. The Political Agent is the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents.Tehsils in the agency are under the charge of three Political Tehsildars and Political Naib Tehsildars. Demographic Profile FATA has a unique governance status, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. The malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at a malik’s disposal and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Due to absence of a strong government and security network in the area and its rough, mountainous terrain, the area became a hotbed of the insurgents and over 90 percent of the agency came under their control in 2007. After 2007, the militants began attacking government and military establishments in KPK province killing many people and wounding many more. The Pakistan Army began an operation in 2008 to clear the agency of militants and restore normal life in the area. The Operation continued for years and resulted in killing of hundreds of TTP militants and Pakistan Army soldiers. The Local Aman Lashkars or Peace committees supported the army by fighting the foreign terrorists. By July 2012, a major part of the agency was cleared.
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Family Size Average family size in the Project area is calculated as 9.7 members per household. This clearly reveals the existence of extended family system which is still dominating the rural set up in the Project Area. Field investigation shows that the number of adult male outnumbers the female. Dwelling Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the agency. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the agency. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for themselves music programmes or dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal guest-room. Majority of the houses (91%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 2% and 7% respectively. Language Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. The Family System Majority households are compound type where one or extended families11 are living. Both Joint and nuclear family systems12 exist in the compounds. The area of the house and number of persons living in a house is irrelevant in the context of tribal society. The household data shows that a middle sized compound is housed with 25 persons as one extended family. Another same sized compound is housed with 3 small sized families. The construction material used for the compound is an indicator of economic status of the occupants. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role
11 a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents and other relatives. 12 A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).
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and observe strict pardah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives. Livestock Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. The FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level. Conflicts Resolution Mechanism FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community
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system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the political administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects 13 working in the tribal agencies have invested in forming local community based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs. Religious Beliefs A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on
13 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.
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groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources14. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of FATA is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in FATA are not available. Results from the 1998 housing census show that 36.86 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and 56.15 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The
14 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.
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general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. The militancy crisis in KP and FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities Health indicators for Agency are incomplete and in many cases only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Health facilities in project area are adequate. Agency Headquarter Hospital is main hospital. Other than that there are a number of private doctors and Hakeems present in the area. Access to health services is severely
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limited, with just one dispensary, Basic Health Units (BHU 15 ) or Rural Health Centre (RHCs 16) reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. Social Organization Society is structured on kinship basis in the Project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependent on rainfall. The project area is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs The design cropping pattern includes 69.3% of CCA Wheat, 7.3% barley, 2.1% R.oil seeds, 3.1% Onion, 2% R.fodder and 8.5% R.Vegetables for Rabi season, while Kharif season contains 39% of CCA Maize, 7.9% Tomato, 7.2% Potato, 11.5% K. Vegetables and 6.9% Fodder. Total Rabi intensity worked out as 92.3% and total Kharif intensity comes to 72.5%, which aggregate to 164.8 % as annual cropping intensity and the Kharif Rabi ratio is 0.79:1. Only 7 per cent of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another one percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 40 percent of the cultivated area in FATA is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals.
15 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 16 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center
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Crops are categorized under two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The Rabi crops include wheat (major), fodder and few vegetables. Kharif crops include maize (major), fodder and few vegetables. Occupation The people in the agency are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Agricultural farming, small scale business and working on daily wages basis are also major providers of job and sources employment in the agency. About 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just less than 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan.17 Food Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of the Area. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners18. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan beginning in 1979, the region was a major center for opium production and trafficking. Today, the transit trade with Afghanistan is a major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to the tribal areas. Mining Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Mohmand Agency. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks. The marble is processed in different green and block colours. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country.
17 MICS 2007, FATA Secretariat
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Roads According ESA-FATA Secretariat, total coverage extends to 3,390 kilometers of blacktop and another 2,000 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2006. Land acquisition laws in force in the rest of the country do not apply to FATA. If a proposed road or bridge is to pass through qaumi (tribal) land, a ‘tribal commission’ amounting to 6.2519 per cent of the total project cost is handed over to the political agent, to be distributed among local clans and tribes according to ownership. Where roads or bridges are to pass through private land, the political administration meets with the local malik and a settlement is reached through jirga negotiations. Telephone Facilities Landline telephone facilities are available in the area. Sites of Historical Significance No sites have been reported around the sub project of any cultural and social significance. Gender Issues Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.
19 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat
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PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
No Project Option The Project Area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. The project is designed to irrigate 100ha of the land with increasing of irrigation intensity of 124%. In case the proposed project is not implemented, the socioeconomic conditions will not change as such. With the increasing population and scarcity of resources, residents are forced to abandon their homes in search of livelihood and grazing grounds for their cattle stock. From the environmental perspective, the project site comprising of dam pondage area as well as irrigation channel and proposed land for irrigation are arid in nature having little or no rain and too dry to support vegetation. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option. Project Siting Alternatives The following four (04) different locations were evaluated for the selection of dam axis. All the following four options were evaluated with technical, economic, social and environmental perspective. The technical and social impacts varies for each option. The anticipated temporary (limited to the project corridor) and reversible environmental impacts are common for all options. The common anticipated impacts for all options were like temporary disturbance due to construction activities in the RoW, at the project site and the allied sites involving borrow material, camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the Sub Project. Therefore, the anticipated environmental consequences of each option have not been discussed again in the following sections. Option-I: Upstream of Proposed Dam Axis The site was located upstream of the proposed dam axis. By selecting this option, there was a probability of submergence of upstream population during high floods. While relocating the upstream communities, it requires extensive consultation to obtain their willingness and preparation of sub- project specific LARP and compensation/relocation cost. Therefore, on social grounds, this option was not considered. Option-II: Downstream-A of Proposed Dam Axis The location for this option is immediately after the proposed dam axis. During geotechnical investigations, this axis shown weak foundation for the abutment. By selecting this option, there was a risk of dam breach
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consequently damage the existing infrastructure, settlements and agriculture land in the downstream area. Therefore, this option was discarded. Option-III: Downstream-B of Proposed Dam Axis The second option was further away in the downstream from the proposed axis. By the selecting this option, In fact, due to the elevation of the command area from the outlet of the dam, it was not possible to provide access to gravity flow to the large size of adjoining fields. The communities/beneficiaries of the dam were demanding to irrigate the entire land currently available for agriculture and are falling in the command of Jay dam. This approach was socially and economically not viable and therefore dropped. Option-IV: Proposed Dam Axis Whereas at the proposed location abutments have been found to be firm, bed-rock nearby with no inundation risks involved. By selecting the proposed location for dam axis, there is no risk of submergence of the upstream communities and the entire agriculture productive land in the downstream can be irrigated through gravity flow. In addition with the technical, social and environmental aspects, the preferred dam axis is anticipated to increase crop production, resulted by increase in cropping intensity from 37.5 % to 124 % and improvement in yield per hectare. A review of the results indicates that project is economically sound20. At the worst environment i.e. Cumulative impact of increased costs and decreased benefits under the above sensitivity, it yields Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) in the range of 12.71 % to 14.58 % in all the cases of sensitivity analysis as the EIRR is more than the opportunity cost of capital and above the interest rate of 10.53 % used for the recovery of investment. Technically there is no any other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. Therefore; in the light of above findings, out of four locations, the proposed location has been preferred for the construction of Jay Dam. Technological Alternatives Various technological aspects have been evaluated during design stage, such as rock filled dam with separate spillway, stepped and single sloped abutments, providing of low-level outlet for sediment removal, bridge over the axis with a gated outlet, upstream and downstream operated
20 Jay Dam Final Design Report Vol-I of II June, 2017.
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inlets/outlets, and various types of spillways. Of the available alternatives the best economical and viable option has been selected. The Gandao Khwar passes through a reach having comparatively mild slope at upstream and narrow gorge at the location of proposed dam. According to geotechnical investigations good quality of rock exists at both abutments of the proposed dam. Similarly, in stream bed hard metamorphic rock is available. A concrete gravity structure is comparatively more appropriate option then earthen embankment. Based on the above mentioned parameters, a 15m high concrete gravity type dam has been proposed for Jay Dam subproject. A concrete gravity dam has been designed with overflow spillways to route floods. Due to the construction of concrete gravity dam structure, it is advantageous to keep the spillway within the dam body instead of providing a separate structure. For Jay Dam, an overflow chute spillway has been adopted due to simplicity in design and construction, and economy. It consists of an ogee shaped control structure, a chute channel, a terminal structure/stilling basin, and an outlet channel.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Impact Assessment - Overview The Environment Assessment study has disclosed that the project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, and minor and moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below:
. Construction of irrigation system in virgin lands tends to change water and land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term permanent impacts on the environmental settings of that area.
. Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local community life.
. Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved canal condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature.
. After completion of the construction works, the improved channel water supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed.
. The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area.
. The project will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to neutralize the lowering trend. The project will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.
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Impact Area The project impact area mainly comprises of dam site, water channel, irrigation command area, borrow/query areas and labor camps. The dam sites are however located in and around shrub lands, hence no felling of trees is involved.
Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligent: No adverse impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.
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Table 5.1: Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages
Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization
(N=Negligent, M=Moderate, H=High) 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2 Blasting Construction M 1.3 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.4 Labor camps, storage, approach Construction M roads 1.5 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil Construction M spillage (related to construction machinery) 1.6 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.7 Earth Borrow Site Construction M 1.8 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.9 changes in Soil Characteristics due Construction N to labour camps, and machinery yards 1.10 Leaching of soil nutrients and Post Construction N changes in soil characteristics 1.11 Soil pollution due to excessive Post Construction M application of fertilizers and pesticides 2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due Construction M to washing (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the Construction M stream 2.4 Water quality & sedimentation load Post Construction M 2.7 Excessive use of irrigation water for Post Construction M cultivating high delta crops 2.8 Contamination of water due to farm Post Construction N runoff 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction M pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or Construction M firewood 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or Construction M outdated machinery 3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying Construction M and transportation 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Post Construction N 4.3 Aquatic Life, especially fish Construction and M post construction 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure Construction N (education, health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both Construction and M accidental and natural hazards Post Construction
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5.4 Health and safety of labor and Construction H employees at construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Post Construction N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N Negligent: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated
Impacts on Land Resources Excavation and Blasting Being located in a hilly terrain, the dam will require excavation and likely be blasting for alignment of abutments and land leveling. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to cutting of trees and/or leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. Moreover, use of dynamite also poses risks to the safety of the workers as well as general public as a whole. In case of Jay dam, the site does not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. It is expected that minor level of short term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable sandstone therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the Project facilities. Mitigation
Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. Top six inches soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. Blasting may be done where it is absolutely necessary, use safety measures in handling explosives, prepare blasting schedules along with warning sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the landscape. Waste Generation and Disposal During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones and blasting, residual RCC material and other associated waste.
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Mitigation
To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. This is a significant Impact but can be mitigated. Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads Because of availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. So this is a matter of moderate significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper mitigation measure. Mitigation
The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery At places, it may be inevitable and may exceed to the maximum permissible limit. In case it is allowed to be as per rule rather than an exception, the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Associate are as follows: Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of contaminated soil is less than 10 sq. ft. and 3 inches respectively) is to scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil.
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These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation
Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labours to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. Specific mitigation measures to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan are: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams.
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Agriculture Land Damage Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of Jay Dam there will be no agricultural land damage as cultivated area is away from the project site. Mitigation
Contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage. If such damage occurs to crops and agricultural land compensation will be paid to the affected person, top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the surrounding areas. Mitigation
• No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation. • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community. • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process.
o Fix the location of excavation. o Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. o Excavate up to one meter depth. o Maintain the slope as far as possible. o Place the top soil back during the restoration process. o Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.
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Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards The human and mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns it nonproductive which leads to the social impact and is manageable. Mitigation
Contractors before handing the site back will apply such measures as to mitigate the impact of compaction and leave the site almost in the same state in which it was occupied. Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor. Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. Mitigation
FATA Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general in FATA area the farmer use mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production. Moreover, trainings will also be provided to farmers on the use of pesticides.
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Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Contamination of surface water due to washing There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using the stream water, eventually draining the same into the stream. Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water body in the short run, causing harm to aquatic life, and affecting the overall water quality. Mitigation
Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site. Drinking water supply Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the catchment of the dam, but they can be far off. Stream water will need to be tested and used for drinking purposes. Mitigation
Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist, will get stream water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal waste disposed into the stream Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the stream. Mitigation
Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Rubbishes from the project construction area and office area shall be classified and collected and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. The landfill site will be arranged by mainly considering the natural gully and shall be closed after completing the construction. The landfill site area shall be equipped with seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities,
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etc. All these provisions will be incorporated in site specific EMP for sonstruction. Water quality and sedimentation load The soil texture at the sub project area is of medium quality with medium organic load. Due to the sand formation upstream, there is a likelihood of sedimentation load filling up the dam. Mitigation
Monthly water sampling and testing will be conducted in order to ascertain water quality during different seasons. A sample each at two locations, one upstream and another downstream of the dam, will be drawn for testing. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water inflow into the reservoir is dependent limit the irrigation capacity of the dam. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation
Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum are under cropping, and the water balance model 21. Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the FATA Agriculture Department. Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution
Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment
Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and mitigative.
21 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010
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Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligation to keep the dust and smoke low by using machinery which is well maintained and is almost noise less and all Katcha roads and paths are sprinkled with water after regular intervals. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again will be within the acceptable limits.
Smoke from burning of waste and firewood
Labor will burn waste material and wood for various purposes, including cooking and heating, which will cause smoke, and in some weather conditions smog in the area. Mitigation
Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. Contractor must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their daily purposes.
Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery
Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligation to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist will ensure that this clause is added into the bids and contracts. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS.
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Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation Medium impact significance is anticipated due to generation of dust as a result of stone quarrying and movement of vehicles during the construction phase. Mitigation
Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites. Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. There will be no tree to cut for the project construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents.. Mitigation
Environment Specialist together with FATA line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and fisheries. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned APA. Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Continuous inspection of the area jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. Impact on Aquatic Life The construction of water retention structure can create serious modifications to riverine habitats and, as a consequence, affect fish populations and other biota in rivers. River channelization and the destruction of riparian and submerged vegetation are some of the main reasons for the decline of some fish populations. Moreover, these structures constitute an obstacle to fish migration and, as a result, affect population structure. The impact significance has therefore been categorized as "Medium".
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Sedimentation of stream water
During constructions of intakes and weirs the removal of bank/ in stream soil and vegetation clearing will cause sedimentation affecting fish and aquatic invertebrates sensitive to changes in the water quality parameters such as, increased turbidity, changes in temperature etc. Fresh water fish and some other aquatic organisms are unlikely to live and breed well in such modified areas. In addition, sediment eroded from stream banks may be carried further downstream where it is deposited, smothering eggs and invertebrates. Moreover, extreme (too high) flow variations will increase sediment load from the project site, which inhibits percolation and lowers available oxygen. Sediment in the flow scours spawning beds for breeding species. Fish species that rely on vision to obtain food would be adversely affected as a result of sedimentation. Poor visibility due to sedimentation of stream water (by construction activities). Increased sediment load caused by eroded stockpiles may also occur during tunnel construction. Mitigation
• Monitor water flow during construction and maintain the minimum ecological requirement for all rivers to ensure water is available downstream all the time.
• Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity in the system (upstream- downstream and maintain low water temperature necessary for survival of the moderately flow-sensitive species found at this site;
• Ensure riverine protection through observing the 6-30m away from the river banks and planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce sedimentation.
• Provide compensation and sediment channels in the weir as well as physical removal of sediment.
Interference with fish movement/passage
During construction diversion weirs and water tunnels may create temporary barriers to highly mobile aquatic fauna unfamiliar with new surrounding until they adapt navigating across them. Long distant migratory fish may experience delays due to blocked passages, which depletes energy reserves and increases stress.
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Mitigation
• Minimize activities to areas of construction and initiate habitat restoration immediately after construction works are through; and
• Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment.
Reduced water flow
Instances of reduced stream are anticipated from diversions and retention at points during construction. These may destroy delicate microhabitats within the river and may result in loss of aquatic fauna particularly during the dry season. For example, when there is no water flowing, species adapted to micro-habitats are lost or forced to the pool areas. However, the impacts will be localized only and may affect minor stretches of rivers. Mitigation
• Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible.
Water contamination from Oil Spills and Leaks
To some extent discharge of toxic substances such as oil in the project construction site and their condensation in food chain may affect sensitive animals immediately; all living organisms may expire when the stream becomes unable to recover itself. Mitigation
• Ensure adequate waste management plan is in place and in use from the onset of construction; and
• Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team.
Modification of stream habitats
Some loss of breeding and nursery grounds for fishes and invertebrates may occur. These prolonged disturbances may cause stress to the animals. Mitigation
• Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structures).
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Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites. • Dealing with chance finds. • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation
For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making.
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If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. Impact on Civic Infrastructure This will cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of slight significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Especially during activities such as blasting and excavation, access will be strictly restricted. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the dam has been tested for a 38 years flood return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan will be prepared by project in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed.
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Mitigation
The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation. Impacts during Operation and Maintenance Phase This phase will comprise commissioning the new interventions. While the operations phase entails mostly engineering activities, and the impacts of the dam is the probability of dam breach. Breach of dam, canal and irrigation structures is unlikely to occur. However, it will threat system sustainability and fatal accidents and following factors may also contribute to this process: o Improper operation of water control facilities; o Reservoir sedimentation o Tampering of outlets; o Irrigation system siltation; o Inadequate supervision; o Lack of timely and adequate repairs; o Lack of coverage of hydraulic gradient; and o Due to seismic conditions of the area as mentioned in section D-4-7 of this IEE report, the project area falls minor to moderate seismic zone and the probability of breaching of dam can occur if seismic considerations are not incorporated into the design. The nearest existing settlement is present at a distance of about 5 km from the project area.
To mitigate the above-mentioned impacts following measures shall be adopted: o FATA Irrigation Department to monitor the system regularly; o Emergency response plan for Dam and canal breach shall be followed through proper coordination among the concerned departments of FATA, which is attached as Annex-VI of this report.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
General This EMP document is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. Mitigation Measures Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information
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to the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each Project phase (Construction, Post Construction, Pre-Operations and Operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities
Environment Management Unit
For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (E/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. For the Project, an EMU is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will need to be a part of the EMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. The responsibilities of EMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole
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o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP o Ensuring that all regulatory clearances (for example, Pak EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the Sub Project. o Conduct on site spot checks to check the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance
The Consultant
The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to EMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to the Engineer of the Project and the EMU. a. The Contractor
The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. A site specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared by the contractor before the commencement of civil work.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Jay Dam Pilot subproject b. Environmental Management & Mitigation Plan
The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, socio-environmental consultants and local community of the project. The Environmental management plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by EMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health and safety (EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national (PAK-EPA) and international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice. The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.
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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)
Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Assure compliance • Acquire construction permit. Before the construction of Minimal and EMU/ Consultant with relevant • Provide Water management guidelines if the project activities. • Number of reported improvement in construction field projects are executed near surface non-compliances number of legislation. watercourse. reported noncompliance’s
Impacts on Land Resources Excavation and • Blasting may be done where it is absolutely During Construction • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor/ necessary SSEMP before start Blasting (Minimal) Consultant • Use safety measures in handling explosives of works Target = zero • Prepare blasting schedules along with warning • Annual reports and Threshold 1, with sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the documentation of agreed mitigation landscape. safety inspection • Protects Top six inch soil before excavation • Workforce /Community complaints
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Waste • Proper Waste Management at Construction During designing stage no • EPC’s Site officer Not Significant Contractor with sites and Labour Camps. and EHS officer in Management later than pre-qualification (Minimal) the cooperation • Waste should be classified before disposal or tender negotiations place of consultant. • Solid waste generated should be reduced, • SSEMP including reused and recycled. Waste Management • Excavated Material should be reused Plan • Rubbishes from the project construction area • Zero Complaints and office area shall be classified and from Community & collected and then treated by burial in a Workers centralized manner. • Internal auditing • The landfill site area shall be equipped with and reporting by seepage control system, leachate drainage EPC system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc Labor camps and Contractor will During construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor (EPC) material storage • Locate the labor camps and stores, at (Minimal) & Supervised by least 500 m away from the site and local • Supervision by Consultant population at a secure location. Consultant
• Sanitation system along with solid and • EHS officer liquid waste management system will be implementing put in place Latrines with septic tanks and SSEMP land fill site for solid waste will be Information Events identified and constructed. for work force
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Soil pollution due • Avoid servicing and re-fuelling at the site. Because the area can be Spill contingency plan Not Significant to oils and • Use protective foils and spill prevention trays subject to un seasonal is available at site (Minimal) Contractor lubricants / during possible vehicle re-fuelling and heavy rain plan before and Properly & Supervised by equipment poor maintenance at the construction site. during construction (cut paved/cemented Consultant maintenance and • Regular inspection will be carried out to detect and fill, land reclamation mechanical workshop repairs / refueling leakages in construction vehicles and etc.) while considering the No work shops near the at the construction equipment. climatic conditions. water bodies site. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious Staff Training over oil lining. spillage • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and All the vehicles and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel machinery seals are and oil storage areas. intact • Contaminated soil will be removed from the Containers are site and disposed in a manner to ensure available for used oil protection of water resources. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams. • Provide absorbing material in case of fuel spills. • Used oil/ oily materials and agents should be managed in line with the Waste management plan. • Procedure in place for actions in case of incidental oil and lubrication spills. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures, measures from water management documents and measures from the Water management plan.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Agriculture Land • Crops and cultivated area is away from site Construction and post • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor & so, the project will likely not to cause any (EPC) Damage construction (Minimal) Supervised by damage to agriculture crops. • Supervision by Consultant • Top six inches soil will protected and will be Consultant spread back after completion of construction • EHS officer work implementing • Compensation will be paid to the affected SSEMP person for agricultural land/crops damage Information Events for work force
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Earth borrow site • No private land will be acquired for the borrow Construction and post Top soil management Minor Contractor & areas. construction Government approved \Reduced Supervised by • The Contractor will ensure that selected site Consultant borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer Approval for any other including the allowed depth of the excavation site by RE and before starting excavation. Government • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Borrow area Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in management generated such a condition that they are unsuitably filled and implemented with rain water and cause the problem for the Agreement in case of community. private land owner • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, Grievance redress then it should be fenced completely. Mechanism • If agriculture land needs to be used as Leveling of Borrow borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt Area the following methods during the digging process. • Fix the location of excavation. • Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. • Excavate up to one meter depth. • Maintain the slope as far as possible. • Place the top soil back during the restoration • Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Change in Soil • Restrict vehicle speeds to 30km/h.; During construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant (EPC) characteristics e.g. • Restriction on repair of vehicles and (Minimal) Contractor & soil erosion, equipment in the field. • Supervision by Supervised by contamination and • The compacted soil will be reversed to its Consultant Consultant compaction original state in which it was occupied. • EHS officer • Pictures of the area should be taken prior to implementing handing it over to contractor SSEMP • Information Events for work force Soil pollution due • Agriculture extension programs targeting use Post Construction • Agriculture Minor FATA to excessive of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green extension program Agriculture application of manure, and limiting use of pesticides to developed before Directorate fertilizers and required levels only will target farmer completion of pesticides communities to inform and train them construction Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Water quality and • Monthly water sampling and testing will During Construction and • Plan to be Not Significant Contractor & developed before sedimentation load be conducted to ascertain water quality Post Construction (Minimal) Supervised by during the construction phase completion of Consultant • Quarterly water monitoring during construction /FATA Irrigation operation phase.. • Monthly Water Department • Samples at locations upstream and Monitoring Reports downstream of the sub project will be by EPA certified collected for testing Laboratory
Use of irrigation • Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly Post construction • Agriculture Not Significant FATA discouraged. extension program water for (Minimal) Agriculture cultivating high • Cropping pattern in accordance with the water developed before Department delta crops balance model will be suggested and completion of construction promoted.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Surface water • Contractor will demarcate a washing area for During construction • EPC’s Monthly Not Significant Contractor & all sorts of washing activities, with running Reports contamination due (Minimal) Supervised by to washing etc. water facility connected to a dedicated drain • Record of Water Consultant flowing into the septic tanks consumption • Restriction on servicing of vehicles and • Monthly Water equipment at site Monitoring Reports • Construction works should be executed in a by EPA certified way that surface and natural contents outside Laboratory the project are not damaged and that works are performed so that watercourses are not unnecessarily made turbid and watercourses discontinued. • Works should be executed in dry weather. • Prepare and implement a construction site organization Drinking Water • Contractor will get stream water tested for Before and during • Documentation of Not Significant Contractor/ chemical and biological contaminants, and audit and remedial supply construction. (Minimal) CONSULTANT assist in providing filtration to make water actions where
drinkable. necessary • The contractor to make his own arrangements • Grievance’s record for water required for construction ensuring (Target=0, that water availability and supply to nearby Threshold 1 with communities remain unaffected like new water agreed mitigation)
well, sufficient yield available in existing water wells, etc.). • Prior approval to be obtained from Project Engineer for water usage • Maintain record of water consumption
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Municipal solid • Contractor will ensure solid waste bins are During construction • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor & placed at labor eating and resting areas. SSEMP and liquid Waste (Minimal) Supervised by • Installation of field toilets for workers with • Site auditing Consultant septic tanks • Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)
Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Dust/smoke • Compact deposited earth material. During Construction. • Water sprinkling Minor Adverse, Records Emission from • Sprinkle dust sources with water in order to Water sprinkling to be Short term plants and reduce impacts on the surrounding population done on regular/daily • Monthly reports Contractor & equipment and vegetation. basis. EPC • Control the speed of vehicles in order to • Site Inspection and Supervised by reduce dust rising. Audits Consultant • Prepare and implement a plan for the • Monthly Monitoring construction site organization that includes Reports by EPA good construction management practices. certified Laboratory • The stock piles should be covered or kept moist in dry weather and to be located in such a distance, so that the communities are not affected by upwind of the stockpiles. • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer. • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Engineer. • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport vehicles. • Material transport in closed containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Regular equipment maintenance. • The contractor is obliged to submit evidence of vehicle roadworthiness in line with the regulations on the hazardous gases emission. • Prepare and implement the construction site organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Smoke from • Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste During construction • EPC’s Site officer Minor adverse, Contractor & burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby and EHS officer in short term for Supervised by or firewood shrubs and bushes. place Construction Consultant • He must provide clean fuel to the labor to use • SSEMP Phase Only for their daily purposes i.e LPG gas cylinders Implementation • Internal auditing and reporting by EPC Noise in the • Observe law-defined working hours at the During construction. • EPC Site Manager Minor adverse, operation of heavy construction site. and EHS Officer in short term mechanization and Place • Make the generator casings sound proof if Contractor & generators. they are located near residential units. • Audit and Supervised by • Ensure mufflers for heavy machinery. Inspection record of Consultant
• Prepare and implement the construction site heavy organization plan that incorporates good mechanization and generators. construction practice measures. • Monthly Noise level Regular inspection of equipment and machineries Monitoring Reports
by EPA certified Laboratory • No. of Grievance’s (Target=0)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Dust Emission • Using trucks with awning and special vehicles During construction. • Recording of Minor adverse, depending on the type of materials. violations and from Stone short term for Contractor & corrective measures quarrying and • During the transportation of soil, the trucks Construction Supervised by Transportation of must be covered with Tarpaulin. • Performance of Phase Only Consultant material • Use earth material with the approval of the Regular Driver Engineer Training (target • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site 100% participation approved by the Engineer. of drivers) • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance • Instruction and of transport vehicles. Information Events • Material transport in closed containers or for workforce covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • No. of accidents • Avoid night time activity. (Target=0) • Maintain liaison with communities; Repair of damaged roads/ other infrastructure. • Transportation of material during off peak hours.
Impacts on Biological Resources
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Damage to Flora • No cutting or removal of trees. Rerouting and site • EPC internal Not Significant and Fauna • As per Environmental Safeguard policy, identification during design monitoring and (Minimal) stage and other matters monthly reports sufficient amount has been allocated for tree during Contractor & during construction of plantation for better environment. For this • Site auditing construction Supervised by relevant activities purpose a tree plantation plan will be prepared • Photographic record phase Consultant including the type of species, location for of pre and post plantation and other necessary information. project Beneficial in long This plan will also compensate any unlikely • Implementation of terms with the tree cutting involved during project Environmental implementation of implementation. Selection of borrow area with Enhancement Environmental least vegetation cover. Soft start for allowing Program time to reptiles to move away from the project Enhancement site Program • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species • No night time activity • Photographs of pre and post project
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Impact on aquatic • Monitor water flow during construction Construction and Post • Artificially Not Significant Contractor & and maintain the minimum ecological life construction extreme low (Minimal) Supervised by requirement for all rivers to ensure water flows or Consultant is available downstream all the time. extended low FATA Irrigation • Maintain the desired hydrological flows. Department connectivity in the system (upstream- • Reduction in downstream and maintain low water widths, depths, temperature necessary for survival of the velocities. moderately flow-sensitive species found at this site; • River continuity • Ensure riverine protection through for fish observing the 6-30m away from the river spawning banks and planting of indigenous riparian reduced or trees to reduce sedimentation. interrupted. • Provide compensation and sediment • Increased channels in the weir as well as physical likelihood of removal of sediment. temperature & • Minimize activities to areas of oxygen level construction and initiate habitat extremes restoration immediately after construction works are through; and • Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment. • Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible. • Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team. • Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structures).
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Tribal tensions and • Ensure continuous liaison with the Before and During • Continued Not Significant Contractor & rivalries communities throughout the construction of construction Community (Minimal) Supervised by the project, so as to identify any such incident Consultation Consultant in time. Records • Relevant political authorities will be kept • Implementation of abreast of the progress, as well as any such Community Liaison issue if in making. Plan by EPC • No. Of Grievance’s (Target=0) Impact on the • Precisely situate the position of infrastructure Before the construction of • Continued Not Significant Consultant / existing civil and underground installations at the local the dam and all other Community (Minimal) EMU in infrastructure and works in cooperation with the relevant structures, the APs should Consultation cooperation with facilities, institutions at all levels of authority. be given sufficient time Records concerned especially • Close liaison with local relevant authorities and compensation to • No. Of Grievance’s Department. underground satisfy them. (Target=0) installations (water • Monthly Reports on supply and Information sewerage pipeline activities and etc.) which cause response from obstacles in the community provision of • Liaison Records services to with local relevant consumers. authorities
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Increased • Prioritize qualified local population in At the time of • Job Posting and Highly Beneficial Contractor/ possibility of employment. commencement of project. information in local consultant employment and Complaints of APs to be communities income in the local solved as soon as • Transparency of community. possible. employment procedures and records • Monthly Reports on Information activities and response from community • Up to date information on employment opportunities Conflict due to use • Establishment of camp on community owned Before the construction of • Approval (NOC) of Not Significant of privately owned barren leveled land/RoW away from the project, the APs should camp site before (Minimal) agriculture land for population at least 500m away. be given sufficient time construction. Contractor & camp construction and compensation to • Approval of camp site from the Engineer will Supervised by satisfy them. be obtained. Consultant
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Social conflicts • Establishment of camp on community owned During the construction • Up to date Not Significant due to influx of barren land away from population at least activities. information on (Minimal) Contractor external workforce 500m away. employment & Supervised by opportunities • . Contractor need to obtain approval from the Consultant Engineer. • Job Posting • Hiring of work force from local communities; Records Awareness raising of residents for safety • Information Events protection. Record • Awareness raising of labor to ensure respect • EPC Monthly for local customs and norms. Reports • Child labor will be prohibited at sub-project • Site Audit Reports sites. • Maintain record of all resources usage like water, fuel, manpower, machinery, equipment, etc. Conflicts arising • Preference to provide jobs to local job Before and during the • Up to date Not Significant due to seekers. construction of project. information on (Minimal) Contractor/ Mixing of local and • Motivation/Trainings to the workers for a employment Consultant migratory job peaceful work environment. opportunities seekers. • Job Posting Records • Information Events Record • EPC Monthly Reports • Site Audit Reports
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Reduced • Plan the relocation of equipment at time when Necessary evacuations to • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor & possibility through daily traffic is not jammed; provide alternative be done as when Construction Site (Minimal) Supervised by the area where the passage for pedestrians and vehicles in necessary if construction Organization Plan Consultant works are cooperation with local authorities or provide a impacts are of significant • Health and safety executed. safe passage through the construction site. duration and close to APs. Plans in Place and • Avoid roads through inhabited areas Implemented especially near schools and hospitals. • Site Audit • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Population at • Assure adequate warning signs, lighting, Prior to and throughout the • Implementation of Not Significant increased risks of protective fencing etc. construction. SSEMP, Traffic (Minimal) traffic accidents Management Plant • Observe traffic rules. Short term during Contractor and construction • Clean construction waste form the • Accident/Incident construction stage works. construction site both in the construction Record & Supervised by phase and after works completion, when • Implementation of Consultant closing the construction site. Construction Site • Assure medical supplies and aid through Organization Plan institutional and administrative arrangements • Site Audits & with municipal hospitals at the construction Inspection site. Risk of injuries at • Demand from all workers to abide by the Prior to commencement • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & work Protection at work measures. and during construction • Monthly EPC (Minimal) Supervised by • Provide protective equipment; install warning Reports Consultant signs at the construction site. • PPEs issuance • Prepare and implement the Construction site records Organization Plan and Protection at work • Health and safety measures plan. Plans in Place and Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Accident risks • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. Prior to commencement • Monthly EPC Minor Adverse Contractor & • Provision of PPEs. and during construction Reports During Supervised by • Provision of first aid kits and emergency • PPEs issuance construction Consultant vehicle. records • Emergency response teams. • Health and safety • Preparation of emergency response plans Plans in Place and Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Incident Record Health risks due to • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. During construction • Workplace Risk unsafe and Safety measures taken by the contractor such Assessment before unhygienic living as installation of firefighting equipment, safe start of works environment. storage of hazardous material, fencing, • Health and safety Contractor & provision of first aid facilities etc.; Contingency Plans in Place and measures in case of accidents; Obligatory Implemented Supervised by insurance of contractor’s staff and laborers Consultant against accidents; Provision of adequate sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities. HSE trainings to construction and camp staff. EHS Training • Arrange training, guidelines and brushers in During construction • EHS Trainings and Not Significant Contractor & Urdu to staff and laborers about the Events Record (Minimal) Supervised by Environment, Health and Safety. Consultant
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Construction • All shivers and material that remain after the Completion of • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor & material leftovers closure of temporary construction sites are to Construction • Implementation of (Minimal) Supervised by of after the closure be removed from the location and re-used/re- Consultant Environmental Short term during of temporary cycled where possible. Enhancement construction construction sites • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner Program phase that will not be harmful to environment.
Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Environmental Enhancement
Program
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility • Change in land • Restoration and Environmental enhancement Pre Operations • Implementation of Not Significant Consultant & plan to be prepared. use pattern Environmental (Minimal) EMU • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval enhancement plan • Soil erosion. Short term during • Visual sores in at specified depth. • EPC Construction • Limited movement of machinery. construction landscape. Completion Report phase • Public health • Documentation of area. • Site Inspection
risks due to • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as mosquito- borrow areas. Beneficial in long breeding • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water terms with the places. sprinkling. implementation of • Rescue of any encountered species. Environmental Enhancement Program
Strategies that An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) Pre Operations Implementation Beneficial in long Consultant & require needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner Operation terms with the EMU development. in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with Environmental Action implementation of the requirements of management plans proposed Plan’ (OEAP) Operation in EMP. Environmental The following strategies and procedures will be Action Plan’ developed prior to the commencement of Project (OEAP) operations: Project specific security and public access control strategy; Project specific waste management strategy Project specific air and noise control strategy; Project specific traffic control strategy;
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Institutional Impact Responsibility Monitoring The following monitoring programmes will be Operational stage Site Inspection Beneficial in long Fata Irrigation programmes developed prior to the commencement of Project Monitoring Reports terms with the Department operations: implementation of
Landslide monitoring; Operation Environmental Water quality monitoring Action Plan’ Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring (OEAP)
The following educational programmes will be Operational stage Implementation of Highly Beneficial Fata Irrigation Training/ developed prior to the commencement of Project Training Events and Department educational operations: Programs programmes. • Employee induction programme on environmental awareness; • Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme MM: Mitigation Measure
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Monitoring Activities For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan
Table 6.2: Environmental Monitoring during Construction
S No. Parameter Frequency
1 Water Quality Quarterly
2 Air Quality Once in a month and whenever required in an emergency or exceeding the NEQS limits
3 Noise Quality Once in a month and whenever required in an emergency or exceeding the NEQS limits
Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its
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re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. After removal of top soil, excavation may be done up to maximum 3 feet. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back Reports The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce periodical reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the Sub Project site. This information shall make a basis for Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PIU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared as and when required. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, bi annual as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected while third party consultant will validate the reports. The Table of Contents (TOC) is annexed. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.
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Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports during Construction
Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution
Weekly Contractor’s Contractor`s Environment Resident Engineer
Checklist HSE/Environment officer Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist
Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist
Supervision Consultants Effects Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Change Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Management Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Bi-annual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Design & Construction Specialist Project Director Supervision Consultants
Final Environment team of the Reviewed by ESU of EMU ADB through Design & Construction Project Director Supervision Consultants
Training Schedule Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the Sub Project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the Sub Project. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety and HSE lies with PIU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the Sub Project activity. Implementation Estimated Budget Contractor will be responsible for the implementation for environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the
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engineering costs of the respective works. However, cost for some of the mitigation and monitoring activities are estimated below in Table 6.422.
Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget
S No. Description Cost (PKR)
1 Environmental Monitoring of air, water and noise (through 250,000 environmental Kit and noise meter, while water testing in the lab) 2 Implementation of OHS requirements (preparation of Plan, 550,000 PPEs, first aid boxes, others)
3 Environmental awareness and EMP training for staff 200,000
23 4 Tree Plantation and Landscaping 500,000
Total 1,500,000
Third Party Monitoring The purpose of third party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment Management plan (EMP). The third party monitoring consultant will review / validate these reports during construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report. As per TOR of the Contract, the Third Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks.
i. Review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework).
ii. Monitor and participate in atleast 25% selected sub-project`s design and construction stage consultations
22 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2017 without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation. 23 The project will not cause cutting of trees, the plantation is suggested to improve biological environment of the area.
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iii. Monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stay compliant with ADB environmental safeguards iv. Monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at construction site.
v. In the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation. vi. Support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff. vii. If required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses. viii. Identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management. The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report24; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.
24 These reports will be in addition to the bi annual reports prepared by PMU/ design and supervision consultant and will be based on environmental findings by third party environmental monitoring consultant. Moreover, the third party monitoring consultant can extract necessary data from monthly environmental reports during preparation of these bi annual reports.
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Public Consultation
General Public Consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed Sub Project and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the Sub Project and persuades them to be rational to participate in the Sub Project activities. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. Prior to the implementation of the Sub Project, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the Sub Project area that may be affected by the Sub Project. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to Sub Project. The disclosure of the Sub Project intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the Sub Project implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the Sub Project environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring.
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• Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about project intervention; • Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Sub Project and serves by; • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs • Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered. Identification of Stakeholders
Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Sub Project include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses (Figure 7.1).
During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers , public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions.
Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the Sub Project; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the Sub Project.
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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders
These stakeholders were contacted by the consultants. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the Sub Project were taken into consideration. Consultants also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the Sub Project. Methodology
To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence for holding community level meetings and followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals.
A number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the Sub Project stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during March, 2017. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide Sub Project information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel
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comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the Sub Project besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions.
The Sub Project survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols:
The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech.
• Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage.
• Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded.
• Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labour with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session
The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings. To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;
To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system
Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.
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Local Farmer Views
The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Table 7.1 shows the farmers views for dissatisfaction with canal system.
Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems
Grievances % Farmer views
Katcha water-courses 25%
Poor timing management 7%
Water theft 25%
Inadequate supply 35%
Water wastage 2%
Mogha Problems 6%
Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed dam will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future.
When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc, agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc.
The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labour. The preference is to work during the agricultural off-season. Training in labour-based construction works will be
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needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response
The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of FATA Irrigation Department (FID) and other relevant departments working in the Sub Project area. During the consultation, maximum information about the Sub Project was shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.2 and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.3.
All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of Asian Development Bank Policy were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject.
The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public.
The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health Units (BHU) etc however they were told that the project focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP.
Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted
S No Name Designation Contact No Department 1 M.Saeed Agriculture officer 0924-290012 Agriculture 2 Sher XEN 091-5202515 Irrigation Nawaz 3 M. Farooq DFO 0924-290300 Forest
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Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants
S No. Name CNIC NO Cell No
1 Abrar khan 21407-7877968-7 0307-8311402
2 Roohul amin 21407-915239-3 0300-6957863
3 Ali Raza 21407-7440300-3
4 Sabdar 17102-7653099-9
5 Abdul samad 21407-8491103-5 0308-7979350
6 Ikram khan 21407-0931935-7 0334-7006617
7 Amir khan 21407-5561534-1 0300-5915707
8 Shoaib khan 21407-3972090-7 0307-2259227
9 Waris khan 21407-4576945-9 0332-9041954
10 Kashif ali 21407-2658111-7 0305-8622658
11 Ijaz 0302-8009460
12 Asad 03008048163
13 Mirza Ghalib 21403-4198117-9 0302-9411323
14 Saif Shah 214074307823-5 03009532426
15 Rehman Khan 21407-866775-3 0300-8048190
16 Sayed Ahmad 21407-7121720-9 0307-6711065
17 Nazar Khan 21407-5010888-1 0303-5928118
18 Farman Hussain 0332-9910850
19 Deen Muhammad 21407-8672719-1 0307-7132588
20 Ameer Khan 21407-5722598-5
21 Sartaj Khan 21403-4341643-7 0301-5754621
22 Saidur Rahman 21403-7071856-3
23 Rasool Khan 21403-9950484-1 0300-5043176
24 Qurban Ali 21403-3484928-3 0334-9247869
25 Ameer Said 21407-7433175-3 03442693312
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Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Jay Kalay
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GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
General
A Grievance redress mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, for this purpose a public complaint Centre with public complaint committee will be established in all concerned Agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community.
Composition of following committee members are being proposed for public complaint Centers at concerned Agencies where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from village organization (one for Executive body and one for general body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member PA Representative 9. Member from Line Department
Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism
The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. Under the GRM, it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or
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social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved at the GRC.
The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and comprehensible to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The grievance redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,
• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • open channels for affective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants are to be honored where this is seen as important
Awareness of GRM
GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using them, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective 118 | Initial Environmental Examination
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awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and Roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies. A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant Stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, Community centers, etc. distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail in all concern agencies • Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio.
Implementation of GRM Stage 1:
When a grievance arises, (Social & Environment/Any) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:
If no ad hoc solution to be found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the public complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves, for an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record, for each complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution, it will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. The PCC will review the contractor response and undertake additional monitoring, during the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days.
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Stage 3:
If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Fata irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibility and action plan.
The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4:
If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform project steering committee (PSC), A project steering committee headed by additional chief secretary, FATA Secretariat, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&D. Secretary finance FATA Secretariat, Director General projects, FATA Secretariat, Representative of SAFRON Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Political Agents of Khyber Agency, Bajaur, Mohmand and representatives of all concerned line departments. The Project Director will participate as PSC member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:
If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local judicial proceedings. i.e. Jirga.
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Flow Chart
Registration of Grievance through PO BOX 023
Assessment and action taken directly by the contractor/operator and the project manager Stage 1
Yes
Grievance Resolved
No
Public Complaint Centre (PCC)
Stage 2
Yes
Grievance Resolved
No
Multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Fata irrigation department
Stage 3
Grievance Yes Resolved
No
Project Steering Committee (PSC)
Stage 4
Grievance Yes Resolved
Stage 5
No Grievance Local Judicial Proceedings Settled
Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM
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CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings and Recommendations
The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Jay Dam project reveals that this project will generate only minor and moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP.
The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures.
It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusions
As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an environmentally sound manner.
The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable project.
A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are
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no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.
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ANNEXURES
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ANNEX – I Photolog
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ANNEX – II Supporting Documents
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ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works
Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l
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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)
Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 Smoke Opacity not to 40% or 2 Ringlemann 1. Smoke exceed Ringlemann Scale Scale or equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired
(iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, 200 200 (I) clinker coolers and
Related processes, 500 500 Metallurgical Processes, converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power plants operating 400 1700 on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid Oxides of manufacturing unit. 16. Nitrogen Other plants except (3) power plants operating 400 400 on oil or coal: - 600
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Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards Gas fired - 1200 Oil fired Coal fired
Explanations:- 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro- rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.
Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission
Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Ringlemann Ringlemann Scale Immediate 1 Smoke Chart at a distance of 6 meters or during engine effect more acceleration mode. Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source
Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise
Effective from 1st July, 2010 Effective from 1st July, 2013 Sr. Category of Area / No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45
2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. 139 | Initial Environmental Examination
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*dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.
Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water
Sr. Standard Values for Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli or 2 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform and 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards total Coliform bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli or sufficient samples 3 sufficient samples also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform and are examined, must are examined, must Standards total Coliform bacteria) not be present in not be present in 95% of the samples 95% of the samples taken throughout taken throughout any any 12-month 12-month period. period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU
8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02 140 | Initial Environmental Examination
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Sr. Standard Values for Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. Pakistan Standard for Pakistan 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02
28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50
29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at consumer 31 Residual Chlorine --- end 0.5-1.5 at source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/L method) ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority
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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air
Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from 1st average Measurement 1st July 2010 January 2013 Sulphur Dioxide Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Chemiluminescence (NO2)
3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method Suspended High Volume Sampling, Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 (Average flow rate not Matter (SPM) less than 1.1m3/minute)
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ANNEX-IV Table of Contents Environmental Compliance Monitoring
Monthly Progress Report
CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
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CONTENTS
Part I Introduction ......
Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….…………….…………….
Environmental Monitoring………….……………………………………………………..…………….
Part II Environmental Monitoring ......
Environmental Monitoring Summary......
Environmental Trainings………………………………………………………………………………..
Noise and Vibration ......
Water Quality ......
Air Quality ......
Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......
Fuel Consumption ......
Water Consumption ......
Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………
Part III Environmental Management ......
Site Inspections and Audits ......
Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......
Table
Table-I Oustanding Issues ......
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Annexure
Weekly Monitoring Checklist
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ANNEX-V Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that:
(i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition;
(ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and
(iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA . WETLAND . MANGROVE . ESTUARINE . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion . Over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization Limited use of water for sub- and ground subsidence? project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? No dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people will occur . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and No land acquisition will be land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? N.A
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? . Scouring of canals? . Clogging of canals by sediments? . Clogging of canals by weeds? . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working environment The subproject does not have due to physical, chemical and biological hazards usage of any hazardous during project construction and operation? chemicals during construction. However, health and safety measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project construction Local people will be employed and operation that causes increased burden on as much as possible from close social infrastructure and services (such as water by villages/ towns and the same supply and sanitation systems)? will be documented in EMP . Social conflicts if workers from other regions or Priority will be given to local for countries are hired? employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety due to the Earth work will not lead to any transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of risk for community during materials such as explosives, fuel and other construction time, however, chemicals during construction and operation? Health and safety Plan and Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP.
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Community safety risks due to both accidental and Safety measures for community natural hazards, especially where the structural will be taken to avoid any risk elements or components of the project (e.g., and consequence. It will be irrigation dams) are accessible to members of the documented in EMP. However, it affected community or where their failure could result has major positive impact, in injury to the community throughout project because the construction of the construction, operation and decommissioning? new weir will save community/infrastructure from flood threat if any. Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental Yes No Remarks categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)? . Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? . Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.
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ANNEX VI: Emergency Response Plan for Breach of Dam and Canal Bank
A. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR BREACH OF DAM
DAM EMERGENCY PLAN JAY Dam Sub-Project
1. Dam Emergency Plan
The purpose of this Dam Emergency Plan (DEP) is to reduce the risk of human life loss and injury and minimize property damage during an unusual or emergency event at Jay Dam.
This DEP has been prepared with the intent of coping and responding to the disaster in case of dam failure or breaching.
2. Basic Dam Description
Dam Name: JAY Dam Dam Location Mohmand Agency FATA Pakistan Dam Type: Concrete Gravity Dam Height: 15m Spillway 72m (width) Storage Volume: 49.47 ha-m Coordinates (i.e. lat/long or UTM): 34° 15’ 33.09” N 71° 28’ 3.07” E
3. Disaster Risk Management
Disasters can be divided into four major phases:
1. Non-Disaster Phase 2. Pre-Disaster Phase 3. During-Disaster Phase 4. Post-disaster phase
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PRE-DISASTER PHASE
1. Use Guidance notes provide as Annexure A of this document, to quality of emergency. 2. In the event of any emergency / disaster, inform the relevant following departments:
Contact Person Details Level Agency (to be updated) National National Disaster Management Authority Prime Minister’s Office,2nd Floor Level: (NDMA) Sector G-5-1, Constitution Avenue, Islamabad Post Code 44000
Phone: Director Response 051-9205035 UAN#: 051-111-157-157 Tel#: +92 51 9205037 Fax#: +92 51 9205086 Email: [email protected] FATA Administration, Infrastructure & Secretary 091-9214013 Level Coordination Department (AI&C) Director Irrigation 091-9212149
FATA Disaster Management Authority 091-921 6336 (FDMA) [email protected] FATA secretariat Secretary AI&C 091-9214013
Agency FATA Disaster Management Authority Level: (FDMA) Political Agent (PA) Mohmand Agency 0924-290001-2/0924- 290075 Administration such as Political Agent APA Lower Mohmand 0924- and Assistant Political Agent 225109/0924-290214 Dam Dam Operators Director Irrigation 091-9212149 Level
3. FATA Disaster Management Authority and its field office in Mohmand Agency and Political Administration of the Mohmand Agency, to prepare Evacuation Plan for events such as Dam failure including evacuation area and route. They should have an idea of the population that will need to be evacuated. 4. FATA Disaster Management Authority (FDMA) and Political Administration should also initiate capacity building and train local community for such events.
DISASTER PHASE
The following are the basic emergency planning and response roles and responsibilities for the key agencies involved when an emergency occurs.
1. FATA Secretariat to undertake appropriate remedial actions as given in Annexure B of this document. 149 | Initial Environmental Examination
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2. Issue immediate evacuation warnings to people in the vicinity of the dam likely to be affected, 3. FATA Secretariat to provide updates of the situation to the press and local emergency authority to assist them in making timely and accurate decisions regarding warnings and evacuations. 4. FATA Disaster Management Authority support and coordinate the overall emergency response activities within its geographical or functional jurisdiction.
POST DISASTER PHASE
1. Mohmand Agency Political administration to undertake DEP exercises as appropriate. 2. FATA Disaster Management Authority to provide leadership to assure the DEP is reviewed and updated annually and copies of the revised DEP are distributed to all who received copies of the original DEP including the records for the local emergency authorities. 3. FATA Disaster Management Authority will decide when to terminate the emergency.
Appendix A: Guidance for Determining the Emergency
Event Situation New seepage areas in or near the dam Seepage New seepage areas with cloudy discharge or increasing flow rate Seepage with discharge greater than 10 gallons per minute Observation of new sinkhole in reservoir area Sinkholes Rapidly enlarging sinkhole Instruments Instrumentation readings beyond predetermined values Measurable earthquake felt or reported on or within 50 kilometers of the dam Earthquake resulting in uncontrolled release of water Earthquake from the dam Earthquake resulting in visible damage to the dam or appurtenances Earthquake resulting in uncontrolled release of water from the dam Verified bomb threat that, if carried out, could result in damage to the dam Damage to dam or appurtenances with no impacts to the Security functioning of the dam 1 threat Detonated bomb that has resulted in damage to the dam or appurtenances Damage to dam or appurtenance with no impacts to dam function Modification to the dam or appurtenances that could adversely Sabotage/ impact the functioning of the dam vandalism Damage to dam or appurtenances that has resulted in seepage flow Damage to dam or appurtenances that has resulted in uncontrolled water release
Appendix B: Emergency Remedial Actions
The following emergency remedial actions should be considered and Immediate implementation of these remedial actions may delay, moderate, or prevent the failure of the dam.
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Several of the listed adverse or unusual conditions may be apparent at the dam at the same time, requiring implementation of several modes of remedial actions.
Close monitoring of the dam must be maintained to confirm the success of any remedial action taken at the dam.
Seepage and sinkholes
1. Open the low-level outlet gate to lower the reservoir level as rapidly as possible to a level that stops or decreases the seepage to a non-erosive velocity. If the gate is damaged or blocked, pumping or siphoning may be required. Continue lowering the water level until the seepage stops. 2. Cover the seepage exit area(s) with several feet of sand/gravel to hold fine-grained embankment or foundation materials in place. Alternatively, construct sandbag or other types of ring dikes around seepage exit areas to retain a pool of water, providing backpressure and reducing the erosive nature of the seepage. 3. Prevent vehicles and equipment from driving between the seepage exit points and the embankment to avoid potential loss from the collapse of an underground void.
Earthquake
1. Immediately conduct a general overall visual inspection of the dam. 2. Perform a field survey to determine if there has been any settlement and movement of the dam / spillway, and low-level outlet works. 3. Drain the reservoir, if required.
Adverse or unusual conditions that can cause the failure of a dam are typically related to aging or design and construction oversights. Extreme weather events that exceed the original designed conditions can cause significant flow through the spillway or overtopping of the embankment. However, accidental or intentional damage to the dam may also result in emergency conditions. The conditions have been grouped to identify the most likely emergency-level condition. The groupings are provided as guidance only. Not all emergency conditions may be listed, and the dam operator is urged to use conservative judgment in determining whether a specific condition should be defined as an emergency situation at the dam.
Pre-existing conditions on this dam: There has been a small seepage area near the downstream toe on the north side of the release channel. This was first noticed in the 1990s, but has not changed since that time.
Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress
Seepage and Sinkholes
Potential dam failure situation; rapidly developing:
1. Cloudy seepage or soil deposits are observed at seepage exit points or from internal drain outlet pipes.
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2. New or increased areas of wet or muddy soils are present on the downstream slope, abutment, and/or foundation of the dam, and there is an easily detectable and unusual increase in volume of downstream seepage. 3. Significant new or enlarging sinkhole(s) near the dam or settlement of the dam is observed. 4. Reservoir level is falling without apparent cause. 5. The following known dam defects are or will soon be inundated by a rise in the reservoir: • Sinkhole(s) located on the upstream slope, crest, abutment, and/or foundation of the dam; or • Transverse cracks extending through the dam, abutments, or foundation.
Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress:
1. Rapidly increasing cloudy seepage or soil deposits at seepage exit points to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 2. Rapid increase in volume of downstream seepage to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 3. Water flowing out of holes in the downstream slope, abutment, and/or foundation of the dam to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 4. Whirlpools or other evidence exists indicating that the reservoir is draining rapidly through the dam or foundation. 5. Rapidly enlarging sinkhole(s) are forming on the dam or abutments to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress. 6. Rapidly increasing flow through crack(s) eroding materials to the extent that failure appears imminent or is in progress.
Potential dam failure situation; rapidly developing:
1. Settlement of the crest, slopes, abutments and/or foundation of the dam that may eventually result in breaching of the dam. 2. Significant increase in length, width, or offset of cracks in the crest, slopes, abutments, and/or foundation of the dam that may eventually result in breaching of the dam.
Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress: 1. Sudden or rapidly proceeding slides, settlement, or cracking of the crest, slopes, abutments, and/or foundation, and breaching of the dam appears imminent or is in progress.
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B. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR BREACH OF CANAL BANK
Flood-fighting measures are emergency measure deployed in the event when flood protection / control structures and flood proofing measures have failed or rendered ineffective with a sole objective of mitigating flood impacts
Reasons of Flooding:
• Reduced capacity of river channels, flood ways, and flood bypass channels;
Emergency Responses for flood-fighting in a typical case of failure of flood protection / control structures include the following:
• Closing of gaps in flood walls by sand bags or other available methods; • Protection of river banks by sand bags, stone, or other available methods; • Protection of bridge piers, weirs, barrages and dams against erosion by rockfill, sand bags and other available methods; • Construction of temporary non-structural protection measures to prevent the propagation of flood on non-protected land; • Removing obstacles from active or potential flood ways, relief and flood bypass channels; and • Protection of structures exposed to strong wind wash action.
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