DOCSLIB.ORG

Roots of the Pashto Language and Phases of Its Literary Evolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Roots of the Pashto Language and Phases of Its Literary Evolution International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Research Gate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Roots of the Pashto Language and Phases of its Literary Evolution Noor Ahmad Aail1, Kamal Din Kamal2 1, 2Assistant Professor at Paktia University, Education Faculty, Pashto Language and Literature Department, Gardez, Paktia, Afghanistan Abstract: The social and recorded richness of the Pashto just as its noteworthiness inside the setting of different dialects has been recognized over the world. This article investigates the logical inconsistencies of different students of history and philologists regarding the cause of Pashto as a primary language of South Asia, with uncommon reference to Semitic and Aryan assumptions, the procedure of improvement of its writing, the dialects of the language and its place inside the setting of the South Asian semantic reality. This work additionally investigates the advancement of Pashto writing and fundamentally researches an as of late led DNA study that discredits Pakhtun's hereditary relationship with Arabs. Keywords: Roots of Pashto, dialectology, Pashto literature. 1. Introduction Northwestern dialects of Pashto has been measured to be of 80%. The language of multilingual Afghanistan is Pashto, which isn't just both national and authority language of the nation “Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, alongside Dari yet additionally a provincial language of accounting for about 60 percent of the population, with Pakistan, spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The significance Tajiks (27%), Hazaras (25%), Uzbeks (9%), Aimaqs (4%), of the language wound up clear at the season of the Turkmen people (3%), Baluch (2%), and other groups (4%) Afghanistan war. In 2012, as indicated by Ethnologue there making up the remainder” (Haber et. al, 2012). were 25, 500 speakers of this language in Afghanistan. Researchers of history and philology hold negating Like different other languages of the world which alluded to sentiments concerning the starting point of the language. a country, region or a nation, the term Pashto/Pukhto has This formed into two unique arrangements of speculations; developed from different stages to the present structure. The the Aryan and the Semitic. word Pashto, as far as reference, could be credited to the Pakhtoon clan itself. The philologists and students of According to the to the dialects of Pashto, their development history's speculations show logical inconsistencies as far as depends on different socio-social and financial elements, the starting point of the language as archives are not relations among the different networks and other phonetic accessible. and recorded elements which have been major during the arrangement phase of Pashto dialects. These components The lingual and accurate beginning of Pashto language could have brought forth two principle dialects of the language: be followed back to Pakth and Bakht countries as referred to Kandahari, additionally ordinarily known as Khattak dialect in Rigveda and Osta individually. Herodotus, a Greek history or Southern dialect, being spoken in the Southern parts of specialist, discussed the Pakth country in 520 B.C. which Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Pakhtun overwhelmed zones of was dwelling at that point at the shoreline of the Indus River Baluchistan. Besides, this speech speaks to dialects being (Nath 2002 and Caroe 1958). The vast majority of the spoken in the Southern Afghanistan; while the other dialect, contemporary history specialists had taken induction from named Yousafzai tongue which students of history these contentions that the terms Pakth and Bakht later on additionally named as Peshawari (the dialects from the changed into Pakht, Bakht, or Pasht and their language was regions of the north Pakistan for example Mardan, Swat, named as Pakto and Bakhto. Today, philologists and Peshawar and so forth.), is additionally spoken in certain students of history have consented to term it Pakhto/Pashto. territories of Afghanistan. The vernaculars can be separated Abdul Hai Habibi was a history specialist of the Pashto phonetically by the hints of [kh] and [sh] just as contrasts in language conceived in 1910 and keeping in mind that vowel use. researching the scholarly hints of Pashto, referenced about recorded etymology by the Iranian King, Dar Yoush Kabir, Ethnologue perceives different tongues: Northeastern, likewise called Dariush, in 516 B.C. He should have found Eastern Afghan, Southwestern and Nangraharian. life story of Pashto artists titled Pata Khazana (Hidden Northeastern Pashto can be separated into different sub- Treasure) in 1944, composed by the artist Hussain Hotak of dialects, for example, Kohat (spoken in the Khatak zones), the Hotak tradition in 1729 and deciphered by Abdul Hai Shinwari, Afridi, Shilmani, Yusufzai (spoken in Peshawar), Habibi into Persian and later on distributed in Kabul, Shilmani and Mohmand. As per Lewis, Sinmons and Afghanistan by the Pashto Academy of Afghanistan (Hotak Fenning (2013) the lexical similarity level (S.I, in and Habibi 1997). In any case, this collection has not been Maldonado 2014) between the Southwestern and validated and has been named as imitation because of the way that uses letters present in the Pashto letters in order Volume 8 Issue 9, September 2019 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: 14091902 10.21275/14091902 1262 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Research Gate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 after 1936, when the legislature of Afghanistan transformed indicated by him, Pashto absolutely has a place with the the orthography of Pashto and designated it as the national Indo-European dialects (Stammerjohann 2009). Bernhard language of Afghanistan by illustrious pronouncement Dorn, related with the lessons of Semitic and Aryans (Campbell 1999). A comparative revelation of Abdul Hai dialects, bolstered the Aryan hypothesis and rejected its Habibi was seven pages of the manually written Tazkiratul association with Hebrew and Chaldaic dialects with regards Awlya by Suleiman Mako. to arrangement, word reference and utilization of sentence structure. Or maybe he contended that the Pashto language The procedure of progression of the Pashto language isn't has a place with Indo-Teutonic group5 (Dorn 1847). Bellew exceptionally clear. The primary explanations behind this are states that initially Pashto was a dialect of Sanskrit which two; there are no records which can vouch for this expected its present Indo-Persian structure because of since development and the philologists and students of history quite a while ago proceeded with contact of Indian clans were not in agreement with contending speculations and with the Persians. Wherefrom, a colossal number of words research, upheld by contentions and proof. These hypotheses came to be utilized conversationally, without influencing its and research had therefore brought forth two unmistakable unique linguistic development, consumed into this language ways of thinking. One gathering of idea holds that the and experienced alterations according to conditions (Bellew Pathans are, indeed, the amazing Israel's missing clan. Then 1986). again, the subsequent hypothesis holds that the Pathans plunge from the Aryans. These ideas have been basically Earnest Trumpp (1828 - 1885)6, in his work, rejected the explored and we will outline them next. relationship of Pashto with the Western Iranian dialects gathering and stated that Pashto has a place with the Indo- 2. Methodology Aryan dialects gathering (Trumpp 1873). Grierson, while finishing up contentions with respect to the phonetic alliance This research follows the quantitative method to investigate. of Pashto, featured that the Afghans guarantee drop from one The nature of this research or term paper is library research Afghana, grandson of Saul, the main King of Israel. This in the library research the researcher read, Articles, books, suspicion, combined with incidental fortuitous events in and papers in the target language and review, the old studies jargon, persuaded that Pashto determined or associated with in the specific aspect of the language this study investigates. Hebrew. As per him it had for some time been conceded that Data includes the language sections of Pashto language Pashto language has a place with the Aryan stock yet for which covers Roots of the Pashto Language and Phases of its quite a while it was in question whether it had a place with Literary Evolution. However, the employ of personal the Iranian or to the Indian gathering. The previous is remark for the data collection is also considered and superior additionally isolated into Western and Eastern gatherings. and beneficial due to the researchers’ wide contact to the Like Balochi, Pashto has a place with the Eastern gathering. Pashto language as their native language or mother tongue. Trumpp, in his Pashto Grammar, emphatically kept up that Furthermore, according to the specific focus of this study on the language did not have a place with the Iranian group of Roots of the Pashto Language and Phases of its Literary dialects but rather was an individual from the Indo-Aryan Evolution, other data collection methods such as family and was firmly associated with Sindhi. He included questionnaires, tests (written & oral) visual recording and that it was anything but a genuine individual from the Indian doing interviews are not applicable to this term paper or family rather a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pashtunistan: Pakistan's Shifting Strategy
    AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN PASHTUN ETHNIC GROUP PASHTUNISTAN: P AKISTAN ’ S S HIFTING S TRATEGY ? Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER May 2012 Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? P ASHTUNISTAN : P AKISTAN ’ S S HIFTING S TRATEGY ? Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER About Tribal Analysis Center Tribal Analysis Center, 6610-M Mooretown Road, Box 159. Williamsburg, VA, 23188 Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? Pashtunistan: Pakistan’s Shifting Strategy? The Pashtun tribes have yearned for a “tribal homeland” in a manner much like the Kurds in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. And as in those coun- tries, the creation of a new national entity would have a destabilizing impact on the countries from which territory would be drawn. In the case of Pashtunistan, the previous Afghan governments have used this desire for a national homeland as a political instrument against Pakistan. Here again, a border drawn by colonial authorities – the Durand Line – divided the world’s largest tribe, the Pashtuns, into two the complexity of separate nation-states, Afghanistan and Pakistan, where they compete with other ethnic groups for primacy. Afghanistan’s governments have not recog- nized the incorporation of many Pashtun areas into Pakistan, particularly Waziristan, and only Pakistan originally stood to lose territory through the creation of the new entity, Pashtunistan. This is the foundation of Pakistan’s policies toward Afghanistan and the reason Pakistan’s politicians and PASHTUNISTAN military developed a strategy intended to split the Pashtuns into opposing groups and have maintained this approach to the Pashtunistan problem for decades. Pakistan’s Pashtuns may be attempting to maneuver the whole country in an entirely new direction and in the process gain primacy within the country’s most powerful constituency, the military.
    [Show full text]
  • (And Potential) Language and Linguistic Resources on South Asian Languages
    CoRSAL Symposium, University of North Texas, November 17, 2017 Existing (and Potential) Language and Linguistic Resources on South Asian Languages Elena Bashir, The University of Chicago Resources or published lists outside of South Asia Digital Dictionaries of South Asia in Digital South Asia Library (dsal), at the University of Chicago. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/ . Some, mostly older, not under copyright dictionaries. No corpora. Digital Media Archive at University of Chicago https://dma.uchicago.edu/about/about-digital-media-archive Hock & Bashir (eds.) 2016 appendix. Lists 9 electronic corpora, 6 of which are on Sanskrit. The 3 non-Sanskrit entries are: (1) the EMILLE corpus, (2) the Nepali national corpus, and (3) the LDC-IL — Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages Focus on Pakistan Urdu Most work has been done on Urdu, prioritized at government institutions like the Center for Language Engineering at the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore (CLE). Text corpora: http://cle.org.pk/clestore/index.htm (largest is a 1 million word Urdu corpus from the Urdu Digest. Work on Essential Urdu Linguistic Resources: http://www.cle.org.pk/eulr/ Tagset for Urdu corpus: http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2014/The%20CLE%20Urdu%20POS%20Tagset.pdf Urdu OCR: http://cle.org.pk/clestore/urduocr.htm Sindhi Sindhi is the medium of education in some schools in Sindh Has more institutional backing and consequent research than other languages, especially Panjabi. Sindhi-English dictionary developed jointly by Jennifer Cole at the University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign and Sarmad Hussain at CLE (http://182.180.102.251:8081/sed1/homepage.aspx).
    [Show full text]
  • COIN in Afghanistan - Winning the Battles, Losing the War?
    COIN in Afghanistan - Winning the Battles, Losing the War? MAGNUS NORELL FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, is a mainly assignment-funded agency under the Ministry of Defence. The core activities are research, method and technology development, as well as studies conducted in the interests of Swedish defence and the safety and security of society. The organisation employs approximately 1000 personnel of whom about 800 are scientists. This makes FOI Sweden’s largest research institute. FOI gives its customers access to leading-edge expertise in a large number of fields such as security policy studies, defence and security related analyses, the assessment of various types of threat, systems for control and management of crises, protection against and management of hazardous substances, IT security and the potential offered by new sensors. FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency Phone: +46 8 555 030 00 www.foi.se FOI Memo 3123 Memo Defence Analysis Defence Analysis Fax: +46 8 555 031 00 ISSN 1650-1942 March 2010 SE-164 90 Stockholm Magnus Norell COIN in Afghanistan - Winning the Battles, Losing the War? “If you don’t know where you’re going. Any road will take you there” (From a song by George Harrison) FOI Memo 3123 Title COIN in Afghanistan – Winning the Battles, Losing the War? Rapportnr/Report no FOI Memo 3123 Rapporttyp/Report Type FOI Memo Månad/Month Mars/March Utgivningsår/Year 2010 Antal sidor/Pages 41 p ISSN ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Försvarsdepartementet Projektnr/Project no A12004 Godkänd av/Approved by Eva Mittermaier FOI, Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Avdelningen för Försvarsanalys Department of Defence Analysis 164 90 Stockholm SE-164 90 Stockholm FOI Memo 3123 Programme managers remarks The Asia Security Studies programme at the Swedish Defence Research Agency’s Department of Defence Analysis conducts research and policy relevant analysis on defence and security related issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Kabul University Books Corps of Engineers Provides War-Torn University with Engineering Books
    March/April 2011 Contractor awards Corps of Engineers recognizes top construction firms. Lisner’s mission N.D. Air Force man serves Army leadership role in Afghanistan. Commander's blog Magness touts role of civilian engineers to bloggers. Intern graduation U.S. Army Corps of Engineers trains and mentors Afghan soldiers. Playing cards Corps of Engineers, Embassy team up to explain the deal with Afghan artifacts. Kabul University books Corps of Engineers provides war-torn university with engineering books. C h Tajikistan in Uz a bekis tan District Commander Col. Thomas Magness AED-North District Command Sergeant Major hshan dak Chief Master Sgt. Forest Lisner Ba Chief of Public Affairs ar J. D. Hardesty uz kh Kund Ta K Layout & Design ash Joseph A. Marek m jan Balkh wz ir Staff Writer Ja Paul Giblin lan Staff Writer gh LaDonna Davis n Ba n ta angan r ta is am e ris n S jsh u e Pan N ar m ul un The Freedom Builder is the field magazine of the Far P K k yab ri n Kapisa n Afghanistan Engineer District, U.S. Army Corps of r a wa L a S ar aghm Engineers; and is an unofficial publication authorized u Bamyan P Kabul by AR 360-1. It is produced monthly for electronic ul ories - r distribution by the Public Affairs Office, U.S. Army T ab St rha K ga Corps of Engineers, Afghanistan Engineer District. It is an produced in the Afghanistan theater of operations. N Views and opinions expressed in The Freedom ardak r Builder are not necessarily those of the Department of n W a dghis g the Army or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Mohmad Agency Blockwise
    POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL FATA (MOHMAND AGENCY) ADMIN UNIT POPULATION NO OF HH MOHMAND AGENCY 466,984 48,118 AMBAR UTMAN KHEL TEHSIL 62,109 6,799 AMBAR UTMAN KHEL TRIBE 62,109 6799 BAZEED KOR SECTION 21,174 2428 BAHADAR KOR 4,794 488 082050106 695 50 082050107 515 54 082050108 256 33 082050109 643 65 082050110 226 35 082050111 326 39 082050112 425 55 082050113 837 64 082050114 192 24 082050115 679 69 BAZID KOR 8,226 943 082050116 689 71 082050117 979 80 082050118 469 45 082050119 1,062 128 082050120 1,107 145 082050121 655 72 082050122 845 123 082050123 1,094 111 082050124 455 60 082050125 871 108 ISA KOR 3,859 490 082050126 753 93 082050127 1,028 104 082050128 947 118 082050129 715 106 082050130 416 69 KOT MAINGAN 673 79 082050105 673 79 WALI BEG 3,622 428 082050101 401 49 082050102 690 71 082050103 1,414 157 082050104 1,117 151 MAIN GAN SECTION 40,935 4371 AKU KOR 5,478 583 082050223 1,304 117 082050224 154 32 082050225 490 41 082050226 413 40 082050227 1,129 106 082050228 1,988 247 BANE KOR 8,626 1012 Page 1 of 12 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL FATA (MOHMAND AGENCY) ADMIN UNIT POPULATION NO OF HH 082050214 1,208 121 082050215 1,363 141 082050216 672 67 082050217 901 99 082050218 1,117 175 082050219 1,507 174 082050220 448 76 082050221 839 79 082050222 571 80 KHORWANDE 1,907 184 082050229 1,714 159 082050230 193 25 MAIN GAN 11,832 1182 082050201 1,209 114 082050202 1,105 124 082050203 1,322 128 082050204 1,387 138 082050205 1,043 75 082050206 774 71 082050207 763 75 082050208
    [Show full text]
  • SSC-SUPPL-2018-RESULT.Pdf
    FBISE - Computer Section FEDERAL BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE AND SECONDARY EDUCATION, ISLAMABAD 1 RESULT GAZETTE OF SSC-II SUPPL. EXAMINATION 2018 SALIENT FEATURES OF RESULT ALL AREAS G r a d e W i s e D i s t r i b u t i o n Pass Sts. / Grp. / Gender Enrolled Absent Appd. R.L. UFM Fail Pass A1 A B C D E %age G.P.A EX/PRIVATE CANDIDATES Male 6965 132 6833 16 5 3587 3241 97 112 230 1154 1585 56 47.43 1.28 Female 2161 47 2114 12 1 893 1220 73 63 117 625 335 7 57.71 1.78 1 SCIENCE Total : 9126 179 8947 28 6 4480 4461 170 175 347 1779 1920 63 49.86 1.40 Male 1086 39 1047 2 1 794 252 0 2 7 37 159 45 24.07 0.49 Female 1019 22 997 4 3 614 380 1 0 18 127 217 16 38.11 0.91 2 HUMANITIES Total : 2105 61 2044 6 4 1408 632 1 2 25 164 376 61 30.92 0.70 Total : 11231 240 10991 34 10 5888 5093 171 177 372 1943 2296 124 46.34 1.27 Grand Total : 11231 240 10991 34 10 5888 5093 171 177 372 1943 2296 124 46.34 1.27 FBISE - Computer Section FEDERAL BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE AND SECONDARY EDUCATION, ISLAMABAD 2 RESULT GAZETTE OF SSC-II SUPPL. EXAMINATION 2018 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE GAZETTE Subjects EHE:I ESSENTIAL OF HOME ECONOMICS - I PST-II PAKISTAN STUDIES - II (HIC) AMD:I ART AND MODEL DRAWING - I EHE:II ESSENTIAL OF HOME ECONOMICS - II U-C:I URDU COMPULSORY - I AMD:I ART AND MODEL DRAWING - I (HIC) F-N:I FOOD AND NUTRITION - I U-C:I URDU COMPULSORY - I (HIC) AMD:II ART AND MODEL DRAWING - II F-N:II FOOD AND NUTRITION - II U-C:II URDU COMPULSORY - II AMD:II ART AND MODEL DRAWING - II (HIC) G-M:I MATHEMATICS (GEN.) - I U-C:II URDU COMPULSORY - II (HIC) ARB:I ARABIC - I G-M:II MATHEMATICS (GEN.) - II U-S URDU SALEES (IN LIEU OF URDU II) ARB:II ARABIC - II G-S:I GENERAL SCIENCE - I WEL:I WELDING (ARC & GAS) - I BIO:I BIOLOGY - I G-S:I GENERAL SCIENCE - I (HIC) WEL:II WELDING (ARC AND GAS) - II BIO:II BIOLOGY - II G-S:II GENERAL SCIENCE - II WWF:I WOOD WORKING AND FUR.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Downs of Contemporary Afghan Painting Over the Last Hundred Years1
    IPRPD International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science Volume 01; Issue no 03: August 10, 2020 The rise and downs of contemporary Afghan painting over the last hundred years1 Hamideh Ansari1, Dr. Hassan Ali Pourmand2, Dr. Ali Asghar Fahimifar3 1PhD student in Art Research, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, E-mail: [email protected] 2Associate Professor and Faculty Member of the Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of Art Research, Tarbiat Modares University 3Associate Professor and Faculty Member of the Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of Art Research, Tarbiat Modares University Received: 27/06/2020 Accepted for Publication: 20/07/2020 Published: 10/08/2020 Abstract The present study focuses on the rise and downs of contemporary Afghan painting in the last hundred years, which has been organized with a descriptive-analytical approach with a qualitative approach. The purpose of this article is to explain and recognize contemporary Afghan painting and to seek answers to these questions: What is the relationship between contemporary painting and the old? To what extent has the Western style of globalization influenced Afghan painting? What is the purpose of explaining contemporary art trends in Afghan paintings? The results of the study showed that contemporary painting, with the support of old components and the modern and new approach of artists, has a completely different identity from its artistic past and a kind of artistic surrealism that was initially associated with the romantic view in most contemporary works. Can be seen. Painting in the early twentieth century seems to be very much in line with the literature of that period, which needs further study.
    [Show full text]
  • A Look at Persian Local Historiography in the Indian Subcontinent
    17569 Mohammad Hossein Riahi et al./ Elixir Soc. Sci. 62 (2013) 17569-17576 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Social Science Elixir Soc. Sci. 62 (2013) 17569-17576 A look at Persian local historiography in the Indian subcontinent Mohammad Hossein Riahi, Asghar Montazerolghaem and Sayyed Asghar Mahmoodabadi History of Islam, University of Isfahan. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: In most cases, the importance of local histories in explaining the issues and delicacies of a Received: 24 July 2013; land or territory is a good guide and answer for people who want to find out more about the Received in revised form: history, dignitaries, culture, customs and the status of a region or area. Having prosperous, 20 August 2013; vibrant and populous regions, the vast country of India has seen a very great and notable Accepted: 2 September 2013; civilization and has always been important throughout history, each region which having its own wonders and developments. Although there had been many worth sayings points about Keywords different regions of India before the arrival of Islam in this country, all of which used to be India, cited orally, there have been different books about different regions of the country prepared Local Historiographies, after the arrival of Islam in this country, especially during the centuries when the Islamic Islamic Culture and Civilization sovereignty was stabilized or Persian Language and Literature developed there. In the first part of the present study, which in fact is an introduction to the writings and compositions of local historiographies, the researchers seek to mention the course of Muslims’ historiography in India from the past until recent centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLE Development of a Gold-Standard Pashto Dataset and a Segmentation App Yan Han and Marek Rychlik
    ARTICLE Development of a Gold-standard Pashto Dataset and a Segmentation App Yan Han and Marek Rychlik ABSTRACT The article aims to introduce a gold-standard Pashto dataset and a segmentation app. The Pashto dataset consists of 300 line images and corresponding Pashto text from three selected books. A line image is simply an image consisting of one text line from a scanned page. To our knowledge, this is one of the first open access datasets which directly maps line images to their corresponding text in the Pashto language. We also introduce the development of a segmentation app using textbox expanding algorithms, a different approach to OCR segmentation. The authors discuss the steps to build a Pashto dataset and develop our unique approach to segmentation. The article starts with the nature of the Pashto alphabet and its unique diacritics which require special considerations for segmentation. Needs for datasets and a few available Pashto datasets are reviewed. Criteria of selection of data sources are discussed and three books were selected by our language specialist from the Afghan Digital Repository. The authors review previous segmentation methods and introduce a new approach to segmentation for Pashto content. The segmentation app and results are discussed to show readers how to adjust variables for different books. Our unique segmentation approach uses an expanding textbox method which performs very well given the nature of the Pashto scripts. The app can also be used for Persian and other languages using the Arabic writing system. The dataset can be used for OCR training, OCR testing, and machine learning applications related to content in Pashto.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinamiche Etniche, Tribali E Politiche in Afghanistan
    Dinamiche etniche, tribali e politiche in Afghanistan n. 06 - gennaio 2010 a cura di Luca La Bella (Ce.S.I. Centro Studi Internazionali) OSSERVATORIO DI POLITICA INTERNAZIONALE Dinamiche etniche, tribali e politiche in Afghanistan n. 6 gennaio 2010 1 DINAMICHE ETNICHE, TRIBALI E POLITICHE IN AFGHANISTAN di Luca La Bella Fonte: elaborazione Ce.S.I. 2 SOMMARIO Introduzione p.3 Etnografia dell’Afghanistan p.4 Il panorama pashtun p.5 Le dinamiche nel mondo pashtun p.8 Il panorama tagiko p.15 Le altre componenti etniche p.20 La situazione nel settore italiano p.25 3 Introduzione La situazione afghana, caratterizzata da crescente instabilità politica - specie dopo la crisi elettorale che ha minato la legittimità di Karzai - e da un’insurrezione che dalle sue basi nel sud e nell’est del Paese si è ormai fermamente impiantata al nord e all’ovest, spinge gli attori internazionali alla ricerca di interlocutori locali affidabili, sia nell’ottica di trovare potenziali alternative a un governo impopolare e inefficace, sia nell’ottica di una possibile riconciliazione con quegli elementi dell’insurrezione più sensibili al dialogo. La sostenibilità delle operazioni militari e dei programmi di sviluppo e assistenza umanitaria alla popolazione dipende infatti dalla loro compatibilità con il tessuto etnico e tribale del Paese. Quanto più queste attività avvengono nel solco della cultura tribale e senza alterare gli equilibri etnici tradizionali tanto più esse avranno la possibilità di riuscire negli obiettivi prefissati. Al fine di armonizzare il rapporto degli attori internazionali (a livello politico, economico e militare) con le realtà afghane è necessario prendere in esame più dettagliatamente la composizione etnica e la struttura tribale dell’Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study of Introducing Pashto Language As a Medium of Instruction in the Government Primary Schools of Khyber
    FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTRODUCING PASHTO LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IN GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA BY ABDUL BASIT SIDDIQUI Registration No. 091- NUN - 0056 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Education DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES NORTHERN UNIVERSITY, NOWSHERA (PAKISTAN) 2014 i ii DEDICATION To my dear parents, whose continuous support, encouragement and persistent prayers have been the real source of my all achievements. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xv ABSTRACT xvii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3 1.3 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 3 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3 1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY 4 1.6 METHOD AND PROCEDURE 4 1.6.1 Population 4 1.6.2 Sample 4 1.6.3 Research Instruments 5 1.6.4 Data Collection 5 1.6.5 Analysis of Data 5 Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6 2.1 ALL CREATURES OF THE UNIVERSE COMMUNICATE 7 2.2 LANGUAGE ESTABLISHES THE SUPERIORITY OF HUMAN BEINGS OVER OTHER SPECIES OF THE WORLD 8 2.3 DEFINITIONS: 9 2.3.1 Mother Tongue / First Language 9 2.3.2 Second Language (L2) 9 2.3.3 Foreign Language 10 2.3.4 Medium of Instruction 10 iv 2.3.5 Mother Tongue as a Medium of Instruction 10 2.4 HOW CHILDREN LEARN THEIR MOTHER TONGUE 10 2.5 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS FOR A LANGUAGE ADOPTED AS MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION 11 2.6 CONDITIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF DESIRABLE TEXT FOR LANGUAGE 11 2.7 THEORIES ABOUT LEARNING (MOTHER) LANGUAGE 12 2.8 ORIGIN OF PAKHTUN
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: a Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier During the First World War
    Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: A Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier during the First World War Dr. Salman Bangash. “History is certainly being made in this corridor…and I am sure a great deal more history is going to be made there in the near future - perhaps in a rather unpleasant way, but anyway in an important way.” (Arnold J. Toynbee )1 Introduction No region of the British Empire afforded more grandeur, influence, power, status and prestige then India. The British prominence in India was unique and incomparable. For this very reason the security and safety of India became the prime objective of British Imperial foreign policy in India. India was the symbol of appealing, thriving, profitable and advantageous British Imperial greatness. Closely interlinked with the question of the imperial defence of India was the tribal belt2 or tribal areas in the North-West Frontier region inhabitant by Pashtun ethnic groups. The area was defined topographically as a strategic zone of defence, which had substantial geo-political and geo-strategic significance for the British rule in India. Tribal areas posed a complicated and multifaceted defence problem for the British in India during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Peace, stability and effective control in this sensitive area was vital and indispensable for the security and defence of India. Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 1 Arnold J. Toynbee, „Impressions of Afghanistan and Pakistan‟s North-West Frontier: In Relation to the Communist World,‟International Affairs, 37, No. 2 (April 1961), pp.
    [Show full text]