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UNITEDUNITEDNATIONS NATIONS - NATIONESVNIESNATIONES UNIES ~ UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL MISSION TO AFGHANISTAN (UN(UNSMA) SMA) SERGEISERGE! ANDREYEV, D. Phil.Phil. (Oxon) Civil Affairs Officer A SURVEY OF ETHNICETHNIC COMPOSITION,COMPOSITION, SOME SOCIAL INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS AND RECENT POLITICAL HISTORYHISTORY OFOF AFGHANISTAN. (./' . ,}, ~-· .•• e·.,. \ •. " '·~ .. ~ ~- ..L• i.. ' "...........__-. ' ISLAMABAD 2002 © Sergei Andreyev, 2002 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION OF THE DARI AND PASHTO LANGUAGES. III LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS.CHARTS. IV INTRODUCTION. 1-21 -2 CHAPTER ONE. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFGHANISTAN AND ITS RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC AND TRIBAL 3-933 -93 COMPOSITION. 1. Geography ofof Afghanistan.Afghanistan. 1. 11~ -6 1. Economy and thethe LifeLife CycleCycle inin thethe AfghanAfghan Society.Society. 2. 7-177 -17 1. The Social Structure ofof thethe AfghanAfghan Society.Society. 3. 17-2717 -27 1. Major Languages ofof Afghanistan andand TheirTheir LiteraryLiterary 44. TraditionsTraditions. 27-3027 -30 1. Major EthnicEthnic Groups.Groups. 5. 31-8131 -81 1.1.5. 5. Iranian peoples. 1. 31-7131 -71 1.5.1. Pashtuns. 1. 32-5732 -57 1.5.1. Tajiks 2. ,' :'. 5757-60 -60 1.1.5.1. 5.1. Persians 3. 1 L.L +'1 60 1.5.1. Hazara. 4. 60-6360 -63 1.5.1. Char Aymaq 5. 63-6463 -64 1.5.1. Baluch. 6. 64-6564 -65 1.5.1. The Pamiris 7. / 65-7165 -71 1.1.5. 5. Turkic peoples. ,,t 2. "' h ~~ 71-7371 -73 1.1.5.2. 5. 2. Uzbeks 1. 71-7271 -72 1.1.5.2. 5. 2. Turkmens 2. 72 1.1.5.2. 5.2. Kirghiz 3. 72-7372 -73 1.1.5. 5. Other peoples. 3. 73- 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Nuristanis 1. 73-7773 -77 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. The Dards 2. 78-7978 -79 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Brahui 3. 79 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Mongols 4. 79 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Arabs 5. 80 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Jews 6. 80 IIII 1.5.3. Sikhs and Hindus 7.7 81 1. Peculiarities ofof AfghanAfghan Islam.Islam. Sunnites,Sunnites, Shiites,Shiites, 6. Ismailis andand Sufis.Sufis. 81-9381 -93 CHAPTER TWO. TWO. A ARECENT RECENT POLITICAL POLITICAL HISTORY HISTORY (1973 (1973-2001) -2001) . 9494-155 -155 2.1 Afghan HistoryHistory PriorPrior toto thethe EndEnd ofof Monarchy.Monarchy. 94-10994 -109 2.22. 2 The Republican Period.Period. 109-115109 -115 2.3 The April 1978 Revolution and the End of the Mo-hammadzaiMo- hammadzai Rule. 115-119115 -119 2.4 The Soviet InvasionInvasion andand thethe Jihad.Jihad. 120-134120 -134 2.5 The Moj¢ahedMojcahed3n3 n Rule.Rule. 134-142134 -142 2.6 The Taliban, al-Q¢aeal-Qaé3da3 da andand thethe UnitedUnited Front.Front. 142-148142 -148 2.72. 7 The Fall of thethe Taliban.Taliban. 148-149148 -149 2.82. 8 Afghanistan andand thethe UN.UN. 149-152149 -152 2.9 Afghanistan andand thethe OutsideOutside World.World. 152-154152 -154 2.1 The Humanitarian Situation.Situation. 0. 154-155154 -155 APPENDICES. • The Geneva Accords.Accords. 156-171156 -171 • Agreement on Provisional Arrangements inin Afghanistan PendingPending thethe Re-Re-establishment establishment of Permanent Government Institutions (the(the Bonn Agreement) .. 171-174171 -174 • Key Players in Afghan Politics (Groups(Groups and Individuals) .. 175175-175 -175 THE CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS. 176176-178 -178 RECOMMENDED READING. 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 180180-191 -191 III NOTE;NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION. 1 £A D -D-0 tE GHGH A,I,E,A,I,E,U, U, 6 ~ DH i.....Q F 0,O, 8 y B .)J RR (.j Q 'I' pP D -R eTe4 KK w T .)j Zz m G a TYT D ... Z J L > l.....lú THTH :::; ... G r- M c:: J (...)-" s 0 N I• ... cC (...)-" ... S N W\jf 0 £ £U, DZ .....X .X D f .J 0, Ww D TS l)-<=1v° -S-s o0 H oz c -H u.aJc °Z lSyr £I c KH .b -T j(..$ £E£E lp KHW ..b -Z lS -:-y .1~ D t 6 ts OY,AYAY E ée This system of transliterationtransliteration is aa simplifiedsimplified versionversion ofof the the transliterationtransliteration usedused inin Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia Iranica and Persian Literature Series.Series. Special Pashto letters and sounds are shaded in the Note on Transliteration. In Dari words the final short a, spelledspelled h, isis given as ah, inin Pashto words the final h is preceded by a vowel connoting an appropriate grammatical form. The Dari izafah is given as -e, or -ye after a vowel. Izafah after ah is given as -ye. For transliteration of Arabic words, which were not borrowed by Dari or Pashto, the rules of Arabic transliteration, as as specifiedspecified in in TheThe EncyclopaediaEncyclopaedia of of Islam, Islam, are are applied. applied. Thus, Thus, us¢ Usc ama ama binbin Ladin,L¢adin, notnot OsCamah Os¢amah ben L¢aden.Laden. The Arabic definite article is always given as al-,al -, whetherwhether itit precedes precedes aa "solar""solar" oror "lunar""lunar" consonant. For certain wellwell-known -known places,places, ethnicethnic namesnames and terms popular Anglicised forms ofof spellingspelling havehave been retained. The plural of words in original languages is formed by adding an "s" to the singular, except in cases such asas 6ulam¢ae,ôuIamcaé, in inwhich which the the transliterated transliterated plural plural form form has has becomebecome standard.standard. For unwritten and dead languages International Iranian transcription is used. IV LIST OF MAPS page 1. MAP 1.1. AFGHAN PROVINCES IN 19781978 (29 provinces) . Vv 2. MAP 2.2. AFGHAN PROVINCES IN 19921992 (32 provinces) . Vv LIST OF CHARTS. page 1. CHART 1.1. SEDENTARY POPULATION OF AFGHANISTAN. 6 KINSHIP-BASEDKINSHIP -BASED TRIBALTRIBAL STRUCTURESTRUCTURE OFOF THETHE PASHTUNPASHTUN 2. CHART 2,2. 18 SOCIETY. 3. CHART 3.3. IRANIAN AND INDOINDO-ARYAN -ARYAN LANGUAGES OF AFGHANISTAN. 28 39- Pashtun tribal genealogiesgenealogies 39 48 4. CHART 4.4. QAYS ANDAND HISHIS DESCENDANTS.DESCENDANTS. 39 5. CHART 5.5. THE SARBANSARBAN LINELINE (1)( 1) . 39 6. CHART 6.6. THE ...SARKHBUN... SARKHB¢UN LINEAGE (1.1.)( 1. 1. ) . 39 7. CHART 7. THE KHAR,SB¢UNKHAR SBUN LINEAGELINEAGE (1.3.)( 1. 3. ) 40 8. CHART 8.8. THE BATANBATANIBETAN /BETAN LINELINE (2).(2). 41 9. CHART 9.9. THE MATEOMAT£0 LINEAGE.LINEAGE. 42 10. CHART 10. THE GHILZAYGHILZAY COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 43 11. CHART 11. THE ISMCAÔEILISM¢AO£IL LINEAGE (1.2.)(1.2.) 44 12. CHART 12. THE GHURGU...STGHURGU ... ST LINE (3) 44 CHART THE KARRANI /I KARLANIKARLANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 13. 45 13.1.13 .1. CHART THE KARRANI /I KARLANIKARLANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 14.14, 45 13.2. CHART THE KARRANI /I KARLANIKARLANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 15.ZS, 46 13.3. 16. CHART 14. THE SULAYMEANSULAYM£AN LINEAGE.LINEAGE. 47 17. CHART 15. THE DURRANIDURRANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 48 GEOGRAPHICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND LINGUISTIC DATA ON 49- 18. CHART 16,16. SOME PASHTUN TRIBES IN AFGHANISTAN. 50 19. CHART 17. DARI-0ARI-SPEAKING SPEAKING ETHNIC GROUPS. 58 KINSHIPKINSHIP-BASED -BASED TRIBALTRIBAL STRUCTURE OF THE HAZARA 220. O. CHART 1H,18. 61 SOCIETY. 21. CHART 19.19. THE CHAR AYMAQAYMAQ TRIBALTRIBAL GROUPS.GROUPS. 64 22. CHART 20. THE GROUP OF THE PAMIRI LANGUAGES.LANGUAGES. 68 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE PAMIRI PEOPLESPEOPLES ACCORDING 223. 3. CHART 221. 1, 69 TO THE SELFSELF-IDENTIFICATION -IDENTIFICATION OFOF VARIOUSVARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS 24. CHART 22.22. THE GROUP OF THE KAFIRI LANGUAGES.LANGUAGES. 75 25. CHART 23. 26.2 6. CHART 24.2 4. 27. CHART 25. 28. CHART 26. vV Afghan Provinces inin 19781978 29 provinces fl\,P/, Provincial Capital Provincial Boundary (c) UNSMA Civil AffairsAffuirs May 20002000 Afghan Provinces inin 19921992 32 provincesprovinces LAGHMAN KAPISA New provincesprovinces are marked: - Khost (ex-(ex-Paktya) Paktya) -Sar-i- Sar -i Pul (ex-(ex-Jawzjan) Jawzjan) - Nurisf11nNuristan (ex- Laghman & Kunarh) (c) UNSMA, Civil Affairs May 2000 Both maps are taken from "Administration inin Afghanistan" preparedprepared byby UNSMAUNSMA CivilCivil AffairsAffairs UnitUnit inin May 2000. VI INTRODUCTION. Any surveysurvey ofof AfghanistanAfghanistan shouldshould focusfocus onon socio- socio-anthropological anthropological issues, sincesince inin Afghan society the rules of politics are defined by social realities, which are often not political in thethe traditionaltraditional meaningmeaning of thethe word.word. TheThe mainmain characteristiccharacteristic ofof Afghan Afghan political life is that politicspolitics isis firstfirst ofof allall governedgoverned not by political organisations but by the institutionsinstitutions ofof a a kinship kinship-based -based tribaltribal societysociety andand region- region-oriented oriented ethnicethnic groups.groups. Thus tribes and ethnic groups act as one of the manymany political forces only when they interact with other politicalpolitical agents.agents. However,However, the drivingdriving forceforce behindbehind outward tribaltribal and ethnic policy is different from that behind the state or any other form of organised rule or religious coalition. StudyStudy of tribaltribal andand ethnicethnic institutionsinstitutions traditionallytraditionally hashas beenbeen considered as the domaindomain ofof social social anthropology.anthropology. However,However, itit seemsseems impossibleimpossible toto understand AfghanAfghan history and politicspolitics usingusing onlyonly historicalhistorical tools.tools. SinceSince AfghanAfghan politics is very often a continuationcontinuation of anthropology it is necessary to consider basic anthropological realities realities that that shapeshape political, social and economiceconomic behaviourbehaviour of Afghans as a cornerstonecornerstone of thethe historicalhistorical andand politicalpolitical studystudy ofof Afghan Afghan society.society. Although thisthis method waswas first used at thethe beginningbeginning of thethe 19th191h century by the pioneer of AfghanAfghan studiesstudies SirSir MountstuartMountstuart Elphinstone,
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  • Features of Identity of the Population of Afghanistan

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    SHS Web of Conferences 50, 01236 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001236 CILDIAH-2018 Features of Identity of the Population of Afghanistan Olga Ladygina* Department of History and International Relations, Russian-Tajik Slavonic University, M.Tursunzoda str., 30, Dushanbe, 734025, Tajikistan Abstract. The issues of identity of the population of Afghanistan, which is viewed as a complex self- developing system with the dissipative structure are studied in the article. The factors influencing the development of the structure of the identity of the society of Afghanistan, including natural and geographical environment, social structure of the society, political factors, as well as the features of the historically established economic and cultural types of the population of Afghanistan, i.e. the Pashtuns and Tajiks are described. The author of the article compares the mental characteristics of the bearers of agriculture and the culture of pastoralists and nomads on the basis of description of cultivated values and behavior stereotypes. The study of the factors that influence the formation of the identity of the Afghan society made it possible to justify the argument about the prevalence of local forms of identity within the Afghan society. It is shown that the prevalence of local forms of identity results in the political instability. Besides, it constrains the process of development of national identity and articulation of national idea which may ensure the society consolidation. The relevance of such studies lies in the fact that today one of the threats of Afghanistan is the separatist sentiments coming from the ethnic political elites, which, in turn, negatively affects the entire political situation in the region and can lead to the implementation of centrifugal scenarios in the Central Asian states.
  • Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: a Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier During the First World War

    Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: a Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier During the First World War

    Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: A Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier during the First World War Dr. Salman Bangash. “History is certainly being made in this corridor…and I am sure a great deal more history is going to be made there in the near future - perhaps in a rather unpleasant way, but anyway in an important way.” (Arnold J. Toynbee )1 Introduction No region of the British Empire afforded more grandeur, influence, power, status and prestige then India. The British prominence in India was unique and incomparable. For this very reason the security and safety of India became the prime objective of British Imperial foreign policy in India. India was the symbol of appealing, thriving, profitable and advantageous British Imperial greatness. Closely interlinked with the question of the imperial defence of India was the tribal belt2 or tribal areas in the North-West Frontier region inhabitant by Pashtun ethnic groups. The area was defined topographically as a strategic zone of defence, which had substantial geo-political and geo-strategic significance for the British rule in India. Tribal areas posed a complicated and multifaceted defence problem for the British in India during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Peace, stability and effective control in this sensitive area was vital and indispensable for the security and defence of India. Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 1 Arnold J. Toynbee, „Impressions of Afghanistan and Pakistan‟s North-West Frontier: In Relation to the Communist World,‟International Affairs, 37, No. 2 (April 1961), pp.
  • Custodians of Culture and Biodiversity

    Custodians of Culture and Biodiversity

    Custodians of culture and biodiversity Indigenous peoples take charge of their challenges and opportunities Anita Kelles-Viitanen for IFAD Funded by the IFAD Innovation Mainstreaming Initiative and the Government of Finland The opinions expressed in this manual are those of the authors and do not nec - essarily represent those of IFAD. The designations employed and the presenta - tion of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, terri - tory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” countries are in - tended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached in the development process by a particular country or area. This manual contains draft material that has not been subject to formal re - view. It is circulated for review and to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The text has not been edited. On the cover, a detail from a Chinese painting from collections of Anita Kelles-Viitanen CUSTODIANS OF CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY Indigenous peoples take charge of their challenges and opportunities Anita Kelles-Viitanen For IFAD Funded by the IFAD Innovation Mainstreaming Initiative and the Government of Finland Table of Contents Executive summary 1 I Objective of the study 2 II Results with recommendations 2 1. Introduction 2 2. Poverty 3 3. Livelihoods 3 4. Global warming 4 5. Land 5 6. Biodiversity and natural resource management 6 7. Indigenous Culture 7 8. Gender 8 9.