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Azu Acku Ds354 5 A53 2002 W UNITEDUNITEDNATIONS NATIONS - NATIONESVNIESNATIONES UNIES ~ UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL MISSION TO AFGHANISTAN (UN(UNSMA) SMA) SERGEISERGE! ANDREYEV, D. Phil.Phil. (Oxon) Civil Affairs Officer A SURVEY OF ETHNICETHNIC COMPOSITION,COMPOSITION, SOME SOCIAL INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONS AND RECENT POLITICAL HISTORYHISTORY OFOF AFGHANISTAN. (./' . ,}, ~-· .•• e·.,. \ •. " '·~ .. ~ ~- ..L• i.. ' "...........__-. ' ISLAMABAD 2002 © Sergei Andreyev, 2002 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION OF THE DARI AND PASHTO LANGUAGES. III LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS.CHARTS. IV INTRODUCTION. 1-21 -2 CHAPTER ONE. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFGHANISTAN AND ITS RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC AND TRIBAL 3-933 -93 COMPOSITION. 1. Geography ofof Afghanistan.Afghanistan. 1. 11~ -6 1. Economy and thethe LifeLife CycleCycle inin thethe AfghanAfghan Society.Society. 2. 7-177 -17 1. The Social Structure ofof thethe AfghanAfghan Society.Society. 3. 17-2717 -27 1. Major Languages ofof Afghanistan andand TheirTheir LiteraryLiterary 44. TraditionsTraditions. 27-3027 -30 1. Major EthnicEthnic Groups.Groups. 5. 31-8131 -81 1.1.5. 5. Iranian peoples. 1. 31-7131 -71 1.5.1. Pashtuns. 1. 32-5732 -57 1.5.1. Tajiks 2. ,' :'. 5757-60 -60 1.1.5.1. 5.1. Persians 3. 1 L.L +'1 60 1.5.1. Hazara. 4. 60-6360 -63 1.5.1. Char Aymaq 5. 63-6463 -64 1.5.1. Baluch. 6. 64-6564 -65 1.5.1. The Pamiris 7. / 65-7165 -71 1.1.5. 5. Turkic peoples. ,,t 2. "' h ~~ 71-7371 -73 1.1.5.2. 5. 2. Uzbeks 1. 71-7271 -72 1.1.5.2. 5. 2. Turkmens 2. 72 1.1.5.2. 5.2. Kirghiz 3. 72-7372 -73 1.1.5. 5. Other peoples. 3. 73- 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Nuristanis 1. 73-7773 -77 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. The Dards 2. 78-7978 -79 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Brahui 3. 79 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Mongols 4. 79 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Arabs 5. 80 1.1.5.3. 5. 3. Jews 6. 80 IIII 1.5.3. Sikhs and Hindus 7.7 81 1. Peculiarities ofof AfghanAfghan Islam.Islam. Sunnites,Sunnites, Shiites,Shiites, 6. Ismailis andand Sufis.Sufis. 81-9381 -93 CHAPTER TWO. TWO. A ARECENT RECENT POLITICAL POLITICAL HISTORY HISTORY (1973 (1973-2001) -2001) . 9494-155 -155 2.1 Afghan HistoryHistory PriorPrior toto thethe EndEnd ofof Monarchy.Monarchy. 94-10994 -109 2.22. 2 The Republican Period.Period. 109-115109 -115 2.3 The April 1978 Revolution and the End of the Mo-hammadzaiMo- hammadzai Rule. 115-119115 -119 2.4 The Soviet InvasionInvasion andand thethe Jihad.Jihad. 120-134120 -134 2.5 The Moj¢ahedMojcahed3n3 n Rule.Rule. 134-142134 -142 2.6 The Taliban, al-Q¢aeal-Qaé3da3 da andand thethe UnitedUnited Front.Front. 142-148142 -148 2.72. 7 The Fall of thethe Taliban.Taliban. 148-149148 -149 2.82. 8 Afghanistan andand thethe UN.UN. 149-152149 -152 2.9 Afghanistan andand thethe OutsideOutside World.World. 152-154152 -154 2.1 The Humanitarian Situation.Situation. 0. 154-155154 -155 APPENDICES. • The Geneva Accords.Accords. 156-171156 -171 • Agreement on Provisional Arrangements inin Afghanistan PendingPending thethe Re-Re-establishment establishment of Permanent Government Institutions (the(the Bonn Agreement) .. 171-174171 -174 • Key Players in Afghan Politics (Groups(Groups and Individuals) .. 175175-175 -175 THE CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS. 176176-178 -178 RECOMMENDED READING. 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 180180-191 -191 III NOTE;NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION. 1 £A D -D-0 tE GHGH A,I,E,A,I,E,U, U, 6 ~ DH i.....Q F 0,O, 8 y B .)J RR (.j Q 'I' pP D -R eTe4 KK w T .)j Zz m G a TYT D ... Z J L > l.....lú THTH :::; ... G r- M c:: J (...)-" s 0 N I• ... cC (...)-" ... S N W\jf 0 £ £U, DZ .....X .X D f .J 0, Ww D TS l)-<=1v° -S-s o0 H oz c -H u.aJc °Z lSyr £I c KH .b -T j(..$ £E£E lp KHW ..b -Z lS -:-y .1~ D t 6 ts OY,AYAY E ée This system of transliterationtransliteration is aa simplifiedsimplified versionversion ofof the the transliterationtransliteration usedused inin Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia Iranica and Persian Literature Series.Series. Special Pashto letters and sounds are shaded in the Note on Transliteration. In Dari words the final short a, spelledspelled h, isis given as ah, inin Pashto words the final h is preceded by a vowel connoting an appropriate grammatical form. The Dari izafah is given as -e, or -ye after a vowel. Izafah after ah is given as -ye. For transliteration of Arabic words, which were not borrowed by Dari or Pashto, the rules of Arabic transliteration, as as specifiedspecified in in TheThe EncyclopaediaEncyclopaedia of of Islam, Islam, are are applied. applied. Thus, Thus, us¢ Usc ama ama binbin Ladin,L¢adin, notnot OsCamah Os¢amah ben L¢aden.Laden. The Arabic definite article is always given as al-,al -, whetherwhether itit precedes precedes aa "solar""solar" oror "lunar""lunar" consonant. For certain wellwell-known -known places,places, ethnicethnic namesnames and terms popular Anglicised forms ofof spellingspelling havehave been retained. The plural of words in original languages is formed by adding an "s" to the singular, except in cases such asas 6ulam¢ae,ôuIamcaé, in inwhich which the the transliterated transliterated plural plural form form has has becomebecome standard.standard. For unwritten and dead languages International Iranian transcription is used. IV LIST OF MAPS page 1. MAP 1.1. AFGHAN PROVINCES IN 19781978 (29 provinces) . Vv 2. MAP 2.2. AFGHAN PROVINCES IN 19921992 (32 provinces) . Vv LIST OF CHARTS. page 1. CHART 1.1. SEDENTARY POPULATION OF AFGHANISTAN. 6 KINSHIP-BASEDKINSHIP -BASED TRIBALTRIBAL STRUCTURESTRUCTURE OFOF THETHE PASHTUNPASHTUN 2. CHART 2,2. 18 SOCIETY. 3. CHART 3.3. IRANIAN AND INDOINDO-ARYAN -ARYAN LANGUAGES OF AFGHANISTAN. 28 39- Pashtun tribal genealogiesgenealogies 39 48 4. CHART 4.4. QAYS ANDAND HISHIS DESCENDANTS.DESCENDANTS. 39 5. CHART 5.5. THE SARBANSARBAN LINELINE (1)( 1) . 39 6. CHART 6.6. THE ...SARKHBUN... SARKHB¢UN LINEAGE (1.1.)( 1. 1. ) . 39 7. CHART 7. THE KHAR,SB¢UNKHAR SBUN LINEAGELINEAGE (1.3.)( 1. 3. ) 40 8. CHART 8.8. THE BATANBATANIBETAN /BETAN LINELINE (2).(2). 41 9. CHART 9.9. THE MATEOMAT£0 LINEAGE.LINEAGE. 42 10. CHART 10. THE GHILZAYGHILZAY COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 43 11. CHART 11. THE ISMCAÔEILISM¢AO£IL LINEAGE (1.2.)(1.2.) 44 12. CHART 12. THE GHURGU...STGHURGU ... ST LINE (3) 44 CHART THE KARRANI /I KARLANIKARLANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 13. 45 13.1.13 .1. CHART THE KARRANI /I KARLANIKARLANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 14.14, 45 13.2. CHART THE KARRANI /I KARLANIKARLANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 15.ZS, 46 13.3. 16. CHART 14. THE SULAYMEANSULAYM£AN LINEAGE.LINEAGE. 47 17. CHART 15. THE DURRANIDURRANI COMMONWEALTH.COMMONWEALTH. 48 GEOGRAPHICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND LINGUISTIC DATA ON 49- 18. CHART 16,16. SOME PASHTUN TRIBES IN AFGHANISTAN. 50 19. CHART 17. DARI-0ARI-SPEAKING SPEAKING ETHNIC GROUPS. 58 KINSHIPKINSHIP-BASED -BASED TRIBALTRIBAL STRUCTURE OF THE HAZARA 220. O. CHART 1H,18. 61 SOCIETY. 21. CHART 19.19. THE CHAR AYMAQAYMAQ TRIBALTRIBAL GROUPS.GROUPS. 64 22. CHART 20. THE GROUP OF THE PAMIRI LANGUAGES.LANGUAGES. 68 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE PAMIRI PEOPLESPEOPLES ACCORDING 223. 3. CHART 221. 1, 69 TO THE SELFSELF-IDENTIFICATION -IDENTIFICATION OFOF VARIOUSVARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS 24. CHART 22.22. THE GROUP OF THE KAFIRI LANGUAGES.LANGUAGES. 75 25. CHART 23. 26.2 6. CHART 24.2 4. 27. CHART 25. 28. CHART 26. vV Afghan Provinces inin 19781978 29 provinces fl\,P/, Provincial Capital Provincial Boundary (c) UNSMA Civil AffairsAffuirs May 20002000 Afghan Provinces inin 19921992 32 provincesprovinces LAGHMAN KAPISA New provincesprovinces are marked: - Khost (ex-(ex-Paktya) Paktya) -Sar-i- Sar -i Pul (ex-(ex-Jawzjan) Jawzjan) - Nurisf11nNuristan (ex- Laghman & Kunarh) (c) UNSMA, Civil Affairs May 2000 Both maps are taken from "Administration inin Afghanistan" preparedprepared byby UNSMAUNSMA CivilCivil AffairsAffairs UnitUnit inin May 2000. VI INTRODUCTION. Any surveysurvey ofof AfghanistanAfghanistan shouldshould focusfocus onon socio- socio-anthropological anthropological issues, sincesince inin Afghan society the rules of politics are defined by social realities, which are often not political in thethe traditionaltraditional meaningmeaning of thethe word.word. TheThe mainmain characteristiccharacteristic ofof Afghan Afghan political life is that politicspolitics isis firstfirst ofof allall governedgoverned not by political organisations but by the institutionsinstitutions ofof a a kinship kinship-based -based tribaltribal societysociety andand region- region-oriented oriented ethnicethnic groups.groups. Thus tribes and ethnic groups act as one of the manymany political forces only when they interact with other politicalpolitical agents.agents. However,However, the drivingdriving forceforce behindbehind outward tribaltribal and ethnic policy is different from that behind the state or any other form of organised rule or religious coalition. StudyStudy of tribaltribal andand ethnicethnic institutionsinstitutions traditionallytraditionally hashas beenbeen considered as the domaindomain ofof social social anthropology.anthropology. However,However, itit seemsseems impossibleimpossible toto understand AfghanAfghan history and politicspolitics usingusing onlyonly historicalhistorical tools.tools. SinceSince AfghanAfghan politics is very often a continuationcontinuation of anthropology it is necessary to consider basic anthropological realities realities that that shapeshape political, social and economiceconomic behaviourbehaviour of Afghans as a cornerstonecornerstone of thethe historicalhistorical andand politicalpolitical studystudy ofof Afghan Afghan society.society. Although thisthis method waswas first used at thethe beginningbeginning of thethe 19th191h century by the pioneer of AfghanAfghan studiesstudies SirSir MountstuartMountstuart Elphinstone,
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