DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case Study of Mahsud Tribe in South Waziristan Agency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case Study of Mahsud Tribe in South Waziristan Agency RELIGIOUS MILITANCY AND TRIBAL TRANSFORMATION IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MAHSUD TRIBE IN SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY By MUHAMMAD IRFAN MAHSUD Ph.D. Scholar DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (SESSION 2011 – 2012) RELIGIOUS MILITANCY AND TRIBAL TRANSFORMATION IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF MAHSUD TRIBE IN SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (December, 2018) DDeeddiiccaattiioonn I Dedicated this humble effort to my loving and the most caring Mother ABSTRACT The beginning of the 21st Century witnessed the rise of religious militancy in a more severe form exemplified by the traumatic incident of 9/11. While the phenomenon has troubled a significant part of the world, Pakistan is no exception in this regard. This research explores the role of the Mahsud tribe in the rise of the religious militancy in South Waziristan Agency (SWA). It further investigates the impact of militancy on the socio-cultural and political transformation of the Mahsuds. The study undertakes this research based on theories of religious militancy, borderland dynamics, ungoverned spaces and transformation. The findings suggest that the rise of religious militancy in SWA among the Mahsud tribes can be viewed as transformation of tribal revenge into an ideological conflict, triggered by flawed state policies. These policies included, disregard of local culture and traditions in perpetrating military intervention, banning of different militant groups from SWA and FATA simultaneously, which gave them the raison d‘etre to unite against the state and intensify violence and the issues resulting from poor state governance and control. The study explores the unique tribal characteristics of the Mahsuds, such as asylum provision, autonomy and lack of centralized leadership, which had historically facilitated the rise of religious militancy during the colonial times, replicating itself in the post 9/11 period. The flawed state policies encouraged autonomy of the young tribesmen from local institutions of Jirga and Malikship, thereby facilitating them to join the militant movement in SWA. Moreover, such state policies, coupled with military operations caused confusion among the Mahsud tribes and forced them to neither support the military directly, nor halt the activities of the militants. The findings also contradict the widely held narrative that Mahsuds as a tribe participated in the fight against the state in SWA in post 2001 period. As the findings suggest, the religious elite, including the local Imams, i Madrassa dropouts and the Afghan war militants had a strong role in directly inciting violence and insurgency and influencing young tribesmen. The pre-mature military intervention further pushed the war affected tribesmen, especially the family members of injured/killed/disappeared, into militancy. However, due to several reasons, including the integration of the Mahsuds in the mainstream community of Pakistan, the larger majority of the tribesmen did not participate in the insurgency against the state. The research further explores the impacts of displacement on the socio-cultural and political institutions of the Mahsud tribe as a result of militancy and subsequent military operations. The migration/displacements severely impacted the tribesmen, including their socio-cultural and political institutions of Malikship and Jirga, thereby impacting their tribal identities. Other political implications include a progressive decline in levels of support to religious political parties by local tribesmen. There is a further impact evident through a general tendency to support non-violent ethnicity based social movements against state excesses. The study has primarily employed ethnographic based data collection tools for research, such as semi-structured interviews, informal discussions and personal observations to reach its findings. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No. Topic Page No. Abstract i-ii Acknowledgement v List of Acronyms vi-vii Chapter – 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Literature Review 4 1.3 Theoretical Framework 11 1.4 Statement of the Problem 18 1.5 Objectives of the Study 19 1.6 Research Questions 19 1.7 Significance of the Study 19 1.8 Methodology 20 1.9 Plan of the Thesis 22 Chapter – 2 2. HISTORY OF RELIGIOUS MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Militancy: A Historical Perspective 26 2.3 Post 1947 Era: The Fusion of Radical Notions 28 2.4 Post 1947 Era and Strengthening of Radicalization 30 2.5 The Post 9/11 Period and the Rise of Militant Groups in FATA 38 2.6 Conclusion 42 Chapter – 3 3. HISTORY OF RELIGIOUS MILITANCY AMONG THE MAHSUDS IN SWA 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 South Waziristan Agency: Physical Settings and The Location of 44 Mahsud Tribe 3.3 Pashtuns among Pashtuns: The Mahsud tribe 46 3.4 Sections and subsections of the Mahsud tribe 48 3.4.1 The Alizaii Branch 50 3.4.2 The Bahlolzai Branch 51 3.4.3 The Shaman Khel Branch 52 3.4.4 The Burki/Oremur and Syeds 52 3.5 History of the Mahsuds with the Colonial Rulers 53 3.6 The Tribal Character of the Mahsuds and Rivalries 67 3.7 The Mahsud Tribe and Pakistan 72 3.8 Conclusion 75 ii S.No. Topic Page No. Chapter – 4 4. SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY: RELIGIOUS MILITANCY IN THE POST 9/11 PERIOD 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Militancy in SWA and the Transformation of Legal System 77 4.3 The Penetration of Military in SWA: Militant Organizations and the 80 Mahsud Tribe 4.4 Militant Organizations and their Leadership in SWA 91 4.5 Conclusion 98 Chapter – 5 5. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE MAHSUD TRIBE 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 The Concept of Social Transformation and the Mahsud Tribe 99 5.3 The Mahsud Tribe: Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and the 101 Socio-Cultural Transformation 5.4 Leadership Institution of the Mahsud Tribe 122 5.5 Institution of Malikship and Tribal Transformation 123 5.6 Institution of Jirga among Mahsuds: Past and Present 131 5.7 Political Arena and Mahsud Tribe 138 5.8 Mahsud Women: Social and Political Life 145 5.9 Education System in Mahsud Area: Issues, Hurdles and Way 149 Forward 5.10 Conclusion 158 6. CONCLUSION 160 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 170 8. APPENDIX-I 208 9. APPENDIX-II 214 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT In pursuit of work like this, many individuals have to play a role in achieving the desired goal. The time consumed in this pursuit would not mean much without collateral learning outcomes. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my research supervisor Dr. Shahida Aman, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, for her enormous support, knowledge, guidance and encouragement throughout this study. Her skills and erudition made it possible for me to disentangle many knots. I also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of my Co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Ayub Jan, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, who extended me all- out support and help -- from proposal to the completion of this dissertation. I am grateful beyond words to Professor Dr. Abdul Rauf, Chairman, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, for his guidance and cooperation. I am indebted to my close relative and friend, Dr. Saad Salman, for providing me logistic support during my field research in South Waziristan Agency and Tank, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. I also thank friends and colleagues for reading chapters or the entire manuscripts and giving valuable, critical and encouraging advice that was often accepted and appreciated but rarely declined. I thank you all for allowing me to encroach on your time. The list of these colleagues and friends is very long but their critical judgement I always value. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Dr. Taj Muharram Khan, Ex-Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Peshawar, Dr. Wajid Khattak, Dr. Naved-ul-Hassan, Mr. Sajjad Hussain and Mr. Ibrar Hussain. I am deeply indebted to my late father whose generosity, emotional support and pride have been unflagging. Finally, I thank my mother for her love and patience and putting up with scarce attention from me over the last five years, also I am very thankful to my younger sister Marina Mehsud for her love, confidence and moral support in the walk of my life. Muhammad Irfan Mahsud iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ACS Additional Chief Secretary AEOs Agency Education Officers ANP Awami National Party APA Assistant Political Agent APS Army Public School FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan FC Frontier Corps FCR Frontier Crimes Regulations FIDA Foundation of Integrated Development Action GDC Government Degree College ICG International Crisis Group IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IEDs Improvised Explosive Devices ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISPR Inter Services Public Relations JI Jamat-e-Islami JUD Jama‘at-ud-Da‘wah JUI-F Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Fazal-ur-Rehman KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LeJ Lashkar-e-Jhangvi MTM Mahsud Tahafuz Movement MWA Mahsud Welfare Association NAP National Action Plan v NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NWA North Waziristan Agency NWD North Waziristan District PA Political Agent PC Peace Committee PHC Peshawar High Court PML-N Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz PPPP Pakistan People‘s Party Parliamentarians PTI Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf PTM Pashtun Tahafuz Movement SMP Sipah-e-Mohammad Pakistan SSP Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan SWA South Waziristan Agency SWD South Waziristan District TDPs Temporarily Displaced Persons TTF Teman Tehreek Force TTP Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan UCHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations WAWA Wana Welfare Association WoT War on Terror vi CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Religious militancy may be defined as violent resistance by one section of the society to confront varied challenges to its sense of self or identity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Foreign Fighters Problem, Recent Trends and Case Studies: Selected Essays
    Program on National Security at the FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Al-Qaeda al-Shabaab AQIM AQAP Central The Foreign Fighters Problem, Recent Trends and Case Studies: Selected Essays Edited by Michael P. Noonan Managing Director, Program on National Security April 2011 Copyright Foreign Policy Research Institute (www.fpri.org). If you would like to be added to our mailing list, send an email to [email protected], including your name, address, and any affiliation. For further information or to inquire about membership in FPRI, please contact Alan Luxenberg, [email protected] or (215) 732-3774 x105. FPRI 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610 • Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 Tel. 215-732-3774 • Fax 215-732-4401 About FPRI Founded in 1955, the Foreign Policy Research Institute is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. We add perspective to events by fitting them into the larger historical and cultural context of international politics. About FPRI’s Program on National Security The end of the Cold War ushered in neither a period of peace nor prolonged rest for the United States military and other elements of the national security community. The 1990s saw the U.S. engaged in Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, and numerous other locations. The first decade of the 21st century likewise has witnessed the reemergence of a state of war with the attacks on 9/11 and military responses (in both combat and non-combat roles) globally. While the United States remains engaged against foes such as al-Qa`ida and its affiliated movements, other threats, challengers, and opportunities remain on the horizon.
    [Show full text]
  • JE in CBI Net for Sexual Abuse of Children Were Travelling in When It Get Any Time to Come out Down from Road Caught Fire After a Collision and Were Burnt Alive
    WWW.YUGMARG.COM FOLLOW US ON REGD NO. CHD/0061/2006-08 | RNI NO. 61323/95 Join us at telegram https://t.me/yugmarg Wednesday, November 18, 2020 CHANDIGARH, VOL. XXV, NO. 276, PAGES 12, RS. 2 YOUR REGION, YOUR PAPER Govt to develop Sugarcane research More snow in HP, CSK should not colonies for poor in institute to be Keylong retain Dhoni if urban areas: game changer for freezes at minus there's a mega Dushyant; Middle farmers: Randhawa; 6.6 degrees auction, says class also be Says, institute to Chopra benefitted boost per acre yield PAGE 3 PAGE 4 PAGE 5 PAGE 12 Delhi heads for Countries supporting terrorists another lockdown should to be held guilty: Modi in busy markets AGENCY Guv convenes NEW DELHI, NOV 17 winter Session of As cases of coronavirus are rising in HP legislative BRICS Summit: Launches veiled attack on Pakistan the national capital, the Delhi Gov- ernment has sent a proposal to the Assembly AGENCY Centre, that if needed, markets SHIMLA : Himachal Pradesh NEW DELHI, NOV 17 COVID-19 has given flouting safety protocols and emerg- Governor Bandaru Datatrya ing as COVID-19 hotspots, be on Tuesday convened the Terrorism is the biggest problem us opportunity to closed for a few days, Chief Minis- winter session of State leg- the world is facing at present, said develop new ter Arvind Kejriwal said on Tues- islative assembly , which Prime Minister Narendra Modi day. would start from December 7 on Tuesday at the BRICS Summit protocols, says PM "Since cases are rising in Delhi, at Tapovan near Dharmshala.
    [Show full text]
  • By Beheshta Jaehori B.Sc. (Hon.), University of Toronto, 2001 A
    AFGHAN WOME,N'S EXPERIENCESDURNG THE TALIBAN REGIME by BeheshtaJaehori B.Sc.(Hon.), University of Toronto,2001 A THESISSUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FORTHE DEGREEOF MASTEROF ARTS in The Facultyof GraduateStudies (CounsellingPsychology) THE LINIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLLMBIA (Vancouver) August,2009 @ BeheshtaJaghori, 2009 Abstract A plethoraof researchhas depictedAfghan women during the Talibanreign in a varietyof ways,ranging from oppressed"victims of the burqa" to heroic "social actors." In this study, I examinedthe lived experiencesof women in Afghanistanunder the Talibanregime, as articulatedby ordinarywomen themselves.Data from 11 women were gatheredthrough the use of individual interviews,and analyzedusing Miles and Hubermans'(1994) analytic framework. Themes emerged that describedthe Taliban regime'spolicies regarding Afghan women,the overallresponses of women to the policies,including the impactof thosepolicies at the time (1996-2001),the ongoing impact,and the situationof women in the post-Talibanera. The Talibanregime's anti-women policies denied women education,employment, and freedomof movement.Those who committedany infractionswere met with severe punishment.The impact of thesepolicies led to variouspsychological effects, including: anxiety,fear, and synptoms of depressionand posttraumatic stress. Despite the condemnablerestrictions, Afghan women's agency,no matterhow limited, was present andcontinuously exercised on differentoccasions. Despite the gainsfor somewomen, eightyears after the removalof the Talibanregime, Afghan women still do not appearto havemade substantive progress with regardto oppressivecustoms, violence, and their positionin Afghan society.The studyresults and their analysisis especiallytimely, given the increasingTaliban insurgencyin Afghanistan,and the looming possibility of a resurrectedTaliban rule in the countrv. 111 Table of Contents Abstract .........ii Tableof Contents.. ....iii Acknowledgments.... ......viii ChapterOne: Introduction. .........1 Situatingthe Researcher .....2 Summary....
    [Show full text]
  • PTM, Irredentist Afghan Claims on Pakhtunkwa & Pakistan Army
    PTM, irredentist Afghan claims on Pakhtunkwa & Pakistan army Pashtun Tahafuz Movement, PTM, is a peaceful movement for people’s rights violated in the war on terror that especially devastated certain Pashtun areas in the northwest of Pakistan. Political parties of Pakistan could not change the military controlled Afghan policy that was causing the devastation and Pakistan army allowed all the devastation as ‘collateral damage’. The result: within about one and a half decade the PTM emerged in the area, driven by the ‘children of war’— former child victims of the war. The movement is led by 24 years old Manzoor Pashteen, who also grew up a war child. Civilian governments in Pakistan have little control over Afghan policy of Pakistan and expecting anything from them is useless. The PTM, therefore, directly addressed its demands to the concerned authorities: the power generals of Pakistan. The demands include: end to extrajudicial killings; end to forced disappearance plus presentation of the disappeared persons to the court of law ; dignified treatment of public at military check posts in the war on terror affected areas; removal of landmines in Waziristan and justice for Naqeebullah Mahsud, an emerging fashion model, extra judicially killed by, Anwar Rao, the police officer known to have extra judicially killed 100s of innocent Pakistanis in Kararchi. The initial reaction of the generals was careful, to an extent positive and a bit of a ‘guarded sympathy’. Major-General Asif Ghafoor, former director-general of Inter-Services Public Relations (DGISPR), who met Manzoor Pashteen, called him ’a wonderful young boy’. He even said that the army chief had given strict instructions not to deal with PTM gatherings with force.
    [Show full text]
  • Gomal Nomads
    A Taste for Freedom The Case of the Gomal Nomads Akbar S. Ahmed∗ This paper is speculative and exploratory.1 Data were gathered during the period I was Political Agent in South Waziristan Agency (1978-1980) in Pakistan where some groups of the nomadic Suleman Khel and Dottani tribes live. These tribes have traditionally used the Gomal route to enter Pakistan, along the Gomal River which flows from Afghanistan into the Agency to join the Indus near Dera Ismail Khan. Over the last two generations some members of these tribes have decided to settle along the Gomal. Indeed, their association with the Gomal, reinforced by the presence of those who settled here created a name for them. They are known and refer to themselves - as "De Gomal Khalq" Ê g ÉÓñ³ X (the people of Gomal). In this paper, I will, therefore, refer to the two tribes under discussion as the Gomal nomads. Nomad ethnographies have traditionally, and perhaps correctly, placed an emphasis on the dominant role of ecology as a factor shaping society; indeed, comparative studies have almost come to regard nomadism as an ecological adaptation. Climate and terrain, availability of pasture and water, and ∗Dr Akbar S. Ahmed has published extensively on tribal life in Pakistan, particularly on the Pathans. He was at one time Political Agent with the Orakzais. 1I hope to publish a lengthier paper on this subject later. 1 Khyber.ORG Q.J.k types of animals herded, are seen to influence patterns of movement and forms of herding and camping associations. (Johnson, 1969; Krader, 1959; Rubel, 1969; Spooner, 1973; Sweet, 1965) Thus nomadism is treated as a trait of cultural ecology, characterized by lack of interest in fixed property and fixed resources (Spooner, 1973, p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Civilian Impact of Drone Strikes
    THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS Acknowledgements This report is the product of a collaboration between the Human Rights Clinic at Columbia Law School and the Center for Civilians in Conflict. At the Columbia Human Rights Clinic, research and authorship includes: Naureen Shah, Acting Director of the Human Rights Clinic and Associate Director of the Counterterrorism and Human Rights Project, Human Rights Institute at Columbia Law School, Rashmi Chopra, J.D. ‘13, Janine Morna, J.D. ‘12, Chantal Grut, L.L.M. ‘12, Emily Howie, L.L.M. ‘12, Daniel Mule, J.D. ‘13, Zoe Hutchinson, L.L.M. ‘12, Max Abbott, J.D. ‘12. Sarah Holewinski, Executive Director of Center for Civilians in Conflict, led staff from the Center in conceptualization of the report, and additional research and writing, including with Golzar Kheiltash, Erin Osterhaus and Lara Berlin. The report was designed by Marla Keenan of Center for Civilians in Conflict. Liz Lucas of Center for Civilians in Conflict led media outreach with Greta Moseson, pro- gram coordinator at the Human Rights Institute at Columbia Law School. The Columbia Human Rights Clinic and the Columbia Human Rights Institute are grateful to the Open Society Foundations and Bullitt Foundation for their financial support of the Institute’s Counterterrorism and Human Rights Project, and to Columbia Law School for its ongoing support. Copyright © 2012 Center for Civilians in Conflict (formerly CIVIC) and Human Rights Clinic at Columbia Law School All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America. Copies of this report are available for download at: www.civiliansinconflict.org Cover: Shakeel Khan lost his home and members of his family to a drone missile in 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern
    SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 4 PASHTO, WANECI, ORMURI Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 4 Pashto Waneci Ormuri Daniel G. Hallberg National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2004 ISBN 969-8023-14-3 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7433 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface.............................................................................................................vii Maps................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • KT 30-8-2016.Qxp Layout 1
    SUBSCRIPTION TUESDAY, AUGUST 30, 2016 THULQADA 28, 1437 AH www.kuwaittimes.net Kuwait, Swiss Brussels crime Rousseff Rangers hang sign MoU on lab attacked urges Senate on to edge development, to ‘destroy to vote Indians, build cooperation3 evidence’7 against 9‘coup’ AL20 West lead Amir meets new heads of Min 28º football, Olympic bodies Max 47º High Tide 09:46 & 23:38 Police seize sports offices IOC, AFC concerned Low Tide • 03:57 & 15:22 40 PAGES NO: 16978 150 FILS KUWAIT: Authorities ordered police to seize the state’s football association and Olympic committee offices. The US alarmed as action on Sunday heightened a standoff that has seen Kuwait suspended by the International Olympic Turkey strikes Committee (IOC) and world football’s governing body FIFA since October. The country did not take part in this Kurdish militia year’s Rio Olympics and will not contest the qualifiers for football’s 2018 World Cup. ISTANBUL: Turkey warned yesterday it would carry As part of his keenness on the issue, HH the Amir yes- out more strikes on a Syrian Kurdish militia if it terday received top officials of the two interim commit- failed to retreat beyond the Euphrates River, as tees tasked with taking care of affairs at the Kuwait Washington condemned their weekend clashes as Olympic Committee (KOC) and the Kuwait Football “unacceptable”. Turkish forces pressed on with a Association (KFA). The Amir encouraged the officials to two-pronged operation inside Syria against Islamic exert utmost efforts to promote the sports and youth State (IS) jihadists and the Syrian Kurdish People’s sector in Kuwait, and to bring those who break the law Protection Units (YPG), shelling over a dozen tar- to justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Imagining Afghanistan British Foreign Policy and the Afghan Polity, 18081878 Bayly, Martin Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: Imagining Afghanistan: British Foreign Policy and the Afghan Polity, 1808‐1878 Author: Martin Bayly The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tribes of Pakistan: Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Places
    The Tribes of Pakistan: Finding Common Ground in Uncommon Places By Paul G. Paterson, BSc. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ________________________________ Hrach Gregorian, PhD Faculty Supervisor ________________________________ Fred Oster, PhD Program Head, MACAM Program ________________________________ Alex Morrison, MSC, MA Director, School of Peace and Conflict Management ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY June 23, 2011 © Paul G. Paterson, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-76004-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-76004-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II
    CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II Subject Page Afghanistan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 2 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 3 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 24 Culture Gram .......................................................... 30 Kazakhstan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 39 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 40 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 58 Culture Gram .......................................................... 62 Uzbekistan ................................................................. CIA Summary ......................................................... 67 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 68 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 86 Culture Gram .......................................................... 89 Tajikistan .................................................................... CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 99 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 117 Culture Gram .......................................................... 121 AFGHANISTAN GOVERNMENT ECONOMY Chief of State Economic Overview President of the Islamic Republic of recovering
    [Show full text]
  • Custodians of Culture and Biodiversity
    Custodians of culture and biodiversity Indigenous peoples take charge of their challenges and opportunities Anita Kelles-Viitanen for IFAD Funded by the IFAD Innovation Mainstreaming Initiative and the Government of Finland The opinions expressed in this manual are those of the authors and do not nec - essarily represent those of IFAD. The designations employed and the presenta - tion of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, terri - tory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” countries are in - tended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached in the development process by a particular country or area. This manual contains draft material that has not been subject to formal re - view. It is circulated for review and to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The text has not been edited. On the cover, a detail from a Chinese painting from collections of Anita Kelles-Viitanen CUSTODIANS OF CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY Indigenous peoples take charge of their challenges and opportunities Anita Kelles-Viitanen For IFAD Funded by the IFAD Innovation Mainstreaming Initiative and the Government of Finland Table of Contents Executive summary 1 I Objective of the study 2 II Results with recommendations 2 1. Introduction 2 2. Poverty 3 3. Livelihoods 3 4. Global warming 4 5. Land 5 6. Biodiversity and natural resource management 6 7. Indigenous Culture 7 8. Gender 8 9.
    [Show full text]