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Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra 2018 Dental Morphology and Haplotypic Diversity in the Major Ethnic Groups of Swat and Dir Districts

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Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra 2018 Dental Morphology and Haplotypic Diversity in the Major Ethnic Groups of Swat and Dir Districts DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND HAPLOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN THE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF SWAT AND DIR DISTRICTS INAMULLAH DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2018 DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND HAPLOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN THE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF SWAT AND DIR DISTRICTS By Inamullah This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfillment of the requirements of PhD degree in Genetics awarded by Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan The Friday 03, March 2017 DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2018 DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND HAPLOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN THE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF SWAT AND DIR DISTRICTS Submitted by INAMULLAH PhD Scholar Research supervisor PROF. DR. HABIB AHMAD Vice Chancellor Islamia College Peshawar Co supervisor DR. BRIAN E. HEMPHILL Associate Professor Department of Anthropology University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775 United States DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS HAZARAUNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2018 AL QURAN "O Mankind, we created you from a single pair of a male and a female, and made you in to tribes and nations so that you may know each other (not that you despise each other). Verily, the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is he who is most righteous of you, Surely Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware." (Al-Hujurat, 49: 13) AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I Inamullah hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Dental morphology and haplotypic diversity in the major ethnic groups of Swat and Dir Districts” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University (Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan) Or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate the university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Inamullah Date: 16-02-2018 Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled ‘’ Dental morphology and haplotypic diversity in the major ethnic groups of Swat and Dir Districts ’’ is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. In understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and University (Hazara University Mansehra) towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the university reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student/Author Signature: ____________ Name: Inamullah ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although feelings are deep, unfortunately the words are too shallow. The names may be mentioned but the extent and the level of my gratitude is impossible to capture. All praises and thanks to the greatest Almighty Allah, Omnipresent, Lord of the lords who blessed me to complete this task within specified time. One and only who made my dreams come true. "I can do everything through Him who gives me strength. I also offer the humble words of respect and profound gratitude to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him) the most perfect and glorious among all the creatures born on surface of the earth and has been sent for enlightening our conscience and who is forever the city of knowledge for the whole humanity. Completion of this doctoral dissertation was possible with the support, help and inspiration of many people. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to them all in my humble acknowledgment. In the first place, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Habib Ahmad, Vice Chancellor, Islamia College Peshawar, for the continuous support in my PhD dissertation, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study. A person with an amicable and positive disposition, he has always made himself available to clarify my doubts despite his busy schedule and I consider it a great opportunity to do my doctoral programme under his guidance and to learn from his research expertise. I also extend sincere thanks to my research co-supervisor Dr. Brian E. Hemphill Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, United Sates for his splendid guidance and assistance in the completion of this work and I am indebted to him for his advice, supervision, and crucial contribution, which made him a backbone of this research and to this dissertation. I am grateful to Prof. Eske Willeslev, Director of Center for Geogenetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark for giving me opportunities in their group and leading me to work on diverse exciting projects. I am also thankful to my lab colleagues and group members i.e. Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora Ashot Margaryan and Constanza de la Fuente Castro at Centre for GeoGenetics Denmark for their excellent guidance. I am also thankful to Dr. Jill K. Olofsson Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, for helping me in statistical data analysis. i I express my heart-felt gratitude especially to Dr. Muhammad Shahid Nadeem, Assistant Professor in the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, who guided me with his intelligent ideas, thought provoking discussions and comprehensive understanding to help me sail through the initial fumbling. His attitude of living every moment as it comes, making unexpected observations and converting them to new possibilities, correlating ideas and understanding the obvious has helped me come a long way and will always guide me in future. I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr. M. Ilyas, Director of the Centre for Human Genetics Hazara University, Mansehra for his help in statistical data analysis, sharing of scientific ideas, and his help in approaching scientific communities. I am grateful for the funding source that allowed me to pursue my study: The Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. The technical and generous financial support from the HEC sponsored project (NRPU- 20-1409), entitled “Ethnogenetic elaboration of KP through dental morphology and DNA analysis” of the Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra, is highly acknowledged. I acknowledge Secretary Education KP, Directorate of schools and colleges of Swat and Dir districts and all the volunteers’ for their help and support in providing samples for this research. I feel most pride in expressing my deepest sense of gratitude to the Department of Genetics and everybody related to it was important in my comprehension of the work, which boosted my self-confidence during achievement of my goal. Some faculty members of the department have been very kind enough to extend their help at various phases of this research, whenever I approached them, and I do hereby acknowledge all of them. Members of Human Genetics Lab deserve my sincerest thanks, their friendship and assistance has meant more to me than I could ever express. I could not complete my work without influential outgoing support of the participants of the Ethnogenetic project in the lab. I should also mention Ethnogenetic project for allowing me to be part of a great professional community. I am indebted to my many student colleagues for providing an encouraging and pleasurable environment. My thanks go in particular to Dr. Muhammad Tariq, Assistant Professor at Islamia College University, Peshawar, Mr. Numan Fazal, Mr. Murad Ali, Mr. Muhammad Ismail Khan (Research Associates), Mr. Faridullah, Mr. Sheraz Khan and Mr. Zakaria Khan for their help and support during lab work. I would like to express my deep thanks to Miss Mehreen Amin and Miss Shakeela Umar, who made possible the collection ii of female samples for my PhD research. Special thanks to Dr. Nazia Akbar for her guidance, encouragement and support. I am also thankful to Dr. Khushi Muhammad for his valuable guidance and moral support during my stay at the human genetics lab. I would like to record words of honour for all my fellows, colleagues and teachers who shaped me with their vast knowledge. I am very thankful to Functional Genomics lab in the department of Genetics and all its members especially Dr. Inamullah, Associate Professor, Dr. Ikram Muhammad, Dr. Israr Ahmad and Miss Nazish Gul (MPhil Scholar) for their instrumental support and help throughout my research work. I would like to express my sincere thanks to FANTA`s members, (Mr. Ikram Muhammad, Muhammad Ali, Mr. Israr Ahmad and the special one among them all, Mr. M. Jawad) for their thoughtful guidance, insightful decision and sincere encouragement during the critical situations of my PhD. Finally, I would also like to thank my family for the support they provided me through my entire life and in particular, I must acknowledge my mother, father (late) and brothers, without whose love, encouragement and prayers, I would not have finished this thesis. Inamullah iii Dedication To My Beloved Parents iv CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XII ABBREVIATIONS XV ABSTRACT XVII INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Modern human history 1 1.1.1. Dispersal of anatomically modern humans 2 1.1.2. Time line and routes of Modern Human dispersal throughout the world 9 1.2. Pakistan 11 1.3. Study Area 15 1.3.1. District Swat 16 1.3.2. District Dir 18 1.4. The Pashtuns\Pakhtuns 20 1.4.1.
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