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Assessment of Livelihood Opportunities for Returnees/Internally Displaced Persons and Host Communities in Afghanistan

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Assessment of Livelihood Opportunities for Returnees/Internally Displaced Persons and Host Communities in Afghanistan International Labour Organization Assessment of livelihood opportunities for returnees/internally displaced persons and host communities in Afghanistan Submitted to UNHCR, KABUL 2 Assessment of Livelihood Opportunities for the Returnees/IDPs and the Host Communities Copyright © International Labour Organization 2013 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN 978-92-2-127328-8 (print) 978-92-2-127329-5 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Funding for this study and publication was provided by UNHCR Afghanistan Office. This publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the United State Government. Printed in Kabul Afghanistan Photograph front page by Herve Berger, September 2012. 3 Assessment of Livelihood Opportunities for the Returnees/IDPs and the Host Communities CONTENTS CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 7 1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Concept ............................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Rationale ........................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Objective ........................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Scope of work.................................................................................................................................... 13 2. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 A multidimensional look at livelihood .............................................................................................. 14 2.2 A mix of qualitative and quantitative assessments .......................................................................... 15 2.3 Tools and outputs ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 HHs case studies......................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Mapping of IGAs/small businesses ............................................................................................ 17 2.4 Limitations and relevance of the study ............................................................................................. 17 3. THE LIVELIHOOD CYCLE ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 In search of a secure life and livelihood ............................................................................................ 18 3.2 Livelihood in exile .............................................................................................................................. 20 3.3 Return to homeland or from displacement ...................................................................................... 22 3.4 Livelihood upon return or in displacement ...................................................................................... 24 4. THE CONTEXT: REINTEGRATION SITES AND TARGET PEOPLE ................................................................. 26 4.1 The typology of the sites ................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Twenty-two reintegration sites broken down by typology .............................................................. 27 4.2.1 Limited agriculture and near an urban centre ........................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Limited agriculture and far from an urban centre ..................................................................... 29 4.2.3 Agriculture-based and near an urban centre ............................................................................. 29 4.2.4 Agriculture-based and far from an urban centre ....................................................................... 30 4. 3 Household category by means of livelihood .................................................................................... 31 4.4 Occupations and income .................................................................................................................. 34 5. A CLOSER LOOK THROUGH THE LIVELIHOOD LENS ................................................................................ 36 5.1 Local labour mapping ........................................................................................................................ 36 4 Assessment of Livelihood Opportunities for the Returnees/IDPs and the Host Communities 5.2 Labour and business mobility ........................................................................................................... 39 5.3 Education mobility and school-to-work transition ........................................................................... 42 5.4 Disability and vulnerability ................................................................................................................ 45 5.5 Business development services/training availability ........................................................................ 46 6. VALUE CHAIN SCOPING ........................................................................................................................... 49 6.1 Kabul-based value chains .................................................................................................................. 50 6.2 Jalalabad-based value chains ............................................................................................................ 54 6.3 Value chain opportunities for reintegration sites ............................................................................. 55 7. FINANCIAL SERVICES ............................................................................................................................... 62 7.1 Demand side: Households’ demand for financial services ............................................................... 62 7.1.1 Financing large expenditures ..................................................................................................... 62 7.1.2 Finance and everyday life .......................................................................................................... 65 7.2 Supply side: The provision of financial services by financial services providers .............................. 73 7.2.1 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 73 7.2.2 Main results ............................................................................................................................... 73 7.3 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 76 8. IGAs/SMALL BUSINESSES: A CROSS-CUTTING MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD .................................................. 77 8.1 IGA establishment and growth ......................................................................................................... 77 8.2 Types of IGAs/small enterprises ......................................................................................................
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