The Study of Sunflower Cultivars' Phenological Stages Based On

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American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (11): 1446-1451, 2012 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2012.12.11.1808

The Study of Sunflower Cultivars’ Phenological Stages Based on BBCH Stage

12Taghi Avazabadian, Jafar Masoud Sinaki, 3 Nosratollah Hassani, 2 Alireza Dashtban and 2 Mehnaz Zarei

1Department of Agriculture, Rasoule Akram Jihad-Agriculture University, Damghan, Iran 2 Department of Crop Physiology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran 3 Faculty Member, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Research Organization, Education and Extension Organization, Iran

Abstract: This plan has been done in farming year (2009-2010) with the purpose of precise recognition life stages and determination of end time of supplementary BBCH stages and plant height in every stage on three sunflower cultivars Hisson 33(V1), Record (V2) and Progress(V3) in Damghan, Iran. The results indicated that height growth of Record Cultivar was quicker than two other cultivars. The main differences between this cultivar and two other cultivars were started from this stage. Stem elongation starts at third stage and internodes become visible, at this time the difference was observed among cultivars. Record cultivar showed quick elongation growth at this stage and had more height at the same date of taking statistic. Finally this difference of elongation growth speed caused in variation of height average about 8 cm among Record and Progress and Hisson 33 Cultivars. So that Record cultivar with more height reached its own final growth with shorter time that was an indication of more early ripening of this cultivar in comparison with two other cultivars. According to obtained BBCH results, it is considered that the timing of fertilizing, irrigation and weed control in Record cultivar which is early ripening must perform in different time in comparison with other cultivars.

Key words: Phenological Stage Sunflower BBCH Scale

INTRODUCTION distinctive main and general stages of growth in cereals, especially in wheat and its condition description [6]. With rapid growth of population providing alimentary This theory was expanded later, so that, parallelism code needs is one of the most important human problems on was obtained for other farming plants and weedy grasses the earth [1]. One of the main nutritious products that our with presenting research projects, growth stages of plant country always has faced problems in providing internal were determined and examined by using them [7]. The needs is edible oil [2]. Oily seeds such as canola BBCH code is included as a check list in several (Brassica napus L.), cotton seed, sunflower and Glycine IT-Systems for reporting and analysis of agricultural field max are the most important products containing trial data. ARM and PIAF [8-10] are two commercial vegetative oil which have special positions in agriculture systems in which the BBCH coding system is integrated and vast areas are allocated to culture these valuable as check lists. The Guidelines for Plant Phenological products throughout the world [3]. Sunflower (Helianthus Observations of World Meteorologi-cal Organization annuus) is a yearlong plant of Astraceae family that (WMO) highly recommend the phase definition according grows in the form of a stable bush [4]. In addition to, to the BBCH codes in a chapter of its own [11]. The Global recognition of phenological stages can completely Phenological Monitoring programme (In-tern. Society of provide transferring of common concepts in studying the Biometeorology) is fully compatible with the BBCH effective factors on final performance so the results are system. The International Phenological Garden and many presented according to orderly and scientific method [5]. other national programmes provide a compar-European The first study about phenological stages of plants’ Phenological Data Platform for Climatological growth was done in 1974; it considered the recognition of Applications (COST 725) hosted by the Austrian Central

Corresponding Author: Taghi Avazabadian, Department of Agriculture, Rasoule Akram Damghan University, Damghan, Damghan, Iran. Tel: +989125321561. 1446 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (11): 1446-1451, 2012

Institute of Meteorology and Geomagnetism (ZAMG) in Table 1: Geographical Characteristics of Performance Place Vi-enna manages its phenological data using the corre- Longitude ( ) Latitude (ö) Height (Of the surface sea) sponding BBCH codes [12]. Decimal planning system was ° 54 '14 °34 ' 15 1155.4 suggested and used for explaining different growth stages of farming plants by BBCH general scale [13]. This scale Table 2: Weather Features of Damghan City was designed based on the system proposed by [13,14]. Temperature(°c) Moisture(%) Based on Zadoks’ system different private methods were Rainfall ------spread for each products separately [15]. Hack et al. [16] (mm) min max min max month published more exact and extensive description of 0 19/5 32/5 21 42 June previous system with the term of supplementary and 4/2 32/8 38/7 17/9 47 July general BBCH method. This scale was organized in 10 0 21/3 34/5 20 43 Aug. main stages of growth that every one of them contained 9/3 17/9 31/39 23/5 54/5 Sept. secondary growth stages on their own part. It can state all 4/6 15/6 29/3 40 43 Oct. stages of plant growth from germination to aging and harvesting in the form of 2-digit codes for every of two research and educational farm of Rasool-e-Akram groups of single and double shoots [16]. Attibayeba Educational center in Damghan. The zone geographical described growth phenological stages of sesame plant characteristics have been prepared in table 1 and statistic using developed BBCH criterion and concluded that of warmth degree, humidity and precipitation of Damghan using this type of system is able to answer to many city in experiment year are provided in Table 2. The land questions about the effect of different environmental was plowed completely and was soft by Cultivator and factors on farming plant growth [17]. Jalilian et al. [18] disc.The farm was fertilized by 150 Kg Ammonium studied sunflower growth stages in dry conditions based Phosphate before culture and 200 Kg urea in two stages on description of sunflower growth stages and they in sifted form (the second stage was done between culture concluded that dry tension caused time decrease of lines in linear form). Point distance from each side was 2 growth stages [19]. Jafari et al. [20] about the effect of meters and each block distance was 4 meters. Culture aggregation on sunflower phenological stages period distances were 60×20. Culture type was done on the rows length from culture to transferring meristem from growing in the dry culture. Phenology stages were examined based to natal, culture to pollination, seed fill period to on sunflower BBCH stages. physiologic ripe were not influenced by aggregation. Fanaee et al. [21] the effect of late cultures on colza RESULTS AND DISCUSSION phenologic stages, it was determined that the effect of culture date of cultivar was significant on height and the The extended Biologische Bundesantalt and number of cantina on the bush. Poor Esa et al. [22] Chemische (BBCH) scale and its associated decimal code examined the effect of culture date on the length of colza were used to describe the different growth stages of phenology stages. The statistical results indicated that Sesamum indicum L. The study focused on different there is a significant difference about 1% among the levels primary and secondary plant growth phases from of culture date and cultivar on the part of phenological germination to senescence. The use of a two-digit decimal stages such as period of growth stage, the number of code allowed the identification of the principal growth required days from culture to sprout appearance, stages and their respective secondary stages. This inflorescence period length and seed fill period. The approach suggests that this could be of great help to length of these periods was decreased by delay in culture sesame growers and researchers for efficient planning of date. both management practices and experimental designs. [23]. Developed BBCH indexes contain 10 stages of MATERIALS AND METHODS principal growth that have been numbered from 0 to 90 [24]. Stages are considered from dry seed or zero stage for This study was conducted with the purpose of exact all farming plants which propagate from seed and stage 1 identifying of life stages and determining of end date of is considered for plants that are cultured from slip or graft supplementary BBCH stages (from culture to harvest time) form in farm [25]. BBCH stage 2 is not described in and plant height in each stage on three sunflower one-branch plants that don’t have lateral branches thanks cultivars including Hison33, Record and Progress in to lateral branches are only described at stage 2 [26].

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Table 3: BBCH Stages of Hison 33(V1), Record (V2) and Progress (V3) Cultivars V1 V2 V3 ------Principal stages Code Description date height (cm) date height (cm) date height (cm) Principal growth stage 0: 0 Dry seed (achene) 2010/June/15 0 2010/June/15 0 2010/June/15 0 Germination (fig.1) 1 Beginning of seed imbibition 2010/June/16 0 2010/June/16 0 2010/June/16 0 3 Seed imbibition complete 2010/June/18 0 2010/June/18 0 2010/June/18 0 5 Radicle emerged from seed 2010/June/20 1 2010/June/20 1 2010/June/20 1 6 Radicle elongated,roothairs developig 2010/June/24 5 2010/June/24 5 2010/June/24 5 7 Hypocotyl with cotyledons emerged from seed 2010/June/26 7 2010/June/26 7 2010/June/26 7 8 Hypocotyl with cotyledons growing towards soil surface 2010/June/28 5-Aug 2010/June/28 5-Aug 2010/June/28 5-Aug 9 Emergence: cotyledons emerge through soil surface 2010/June/30 9 2010/June/30 9 2010/June/30 9 Principal growth stage 1: 10 Cotyledons completely unfolded 2010/July/3 5-Jan 2010/July/3 5-Jan 2010/July/3 5-Jan Leaf development (fig.2) 12 2 leaves (first pair) unfolded 2010/July/7 4 2010/July/7 4 2010/July/7 4 14 4 leaves (second pair) unfolded 2010/July/9 12 2010/July/9 13 2010/July/9 12 15 5 leaves unfolded 2010/July/11 14 2010/July/11 15 2010/July/11 14 16 6 leaves unfolded 2010/July/14 16 2010/July/14 17 2010/July/14 16 17 7 leaves unfolded 2010/July/16 15 2010/July/16 22 2010/July/16 15 18 8 leaves unfolded 2010/July/20 21 2010/July/20 25 2010/July/20 21 19 9 or more leaves unfolded 2010/July/23 23 2010/July/23 29 2010/July/23 23 Principal growth stage 3: 30 Beginning of stem elongation 2010/July/26 27 2010/July/26 32 2010/July/26 27 Stem elongation (fig.3) 31 1 visibly extended internode 2010/July/29 30 2010/July/29 35 2010/July/29 30 32 2 visibly extended internodes 2010/Aug/1 33 2010/Aug/1 38 2010/Aug/1 33 33 3 visibly extended internodes 2010/Auu/5 37 2010/Aug/5 44 2010/Aug/5 37 3. . Stages continuous till . . . 39 9 or more visibly extended internodes 2010/Aug/11 75 2010/Aug/11 80 2010/Aug/11 75 Principal growhstag 5: 51 Inflorescence just visible between youngest leaves 2010/Aug/14 80 2010/Aug/14 86 2010/Aug/14 80 Inflorescence emergence 53 Inflorescence separating from youngest leaves, (fig.4) bracts distinguishable from foliage leaves 2010/Aug/16 83 2010/Aug/15 88 2010/Aug/16 83 55 Inflorescence separated from youngest foliage leaf 2010/Aug/18 87 2010/Aug/17 92 2010/Aug/18 87 57 Inflorescence clearly separated from foliage leaves 2010/Aug/20 100 2010/Aug/19 110 2010/Aug/20 100 59 Ray florets visible between the bracts; inflorescence still closed 2010/Aug/25 117 2010/Aug/22 120 2010/Aug/25 117 Principal growth stage 6: 61 Beginning of flowering: ray florets extended, Flowering disc florets visible in outer third of inflorescence 2010/Aug/29 125 2010/Aug/25 127 2010/Aug/29 125 (fig.5) 63 Disc florets in outer third of inflorescence in bloom (stamens and stigmata visible) 2010/Sep/1 132 2010/Aug/28 135 2010/Sep/1 132 65 Full flowering: disc florets in middle third of inflorescence in bloom (stames and stigmata visible) 2010/Sep/5 140 2010/Aug/31 144 2010/Sep/5 140 67 Flowering declining: disc florets in inner third of inflorescence in bloom (stames and stigmata visible) 2010/Sep/11 153 2010/Sep/3 157 2010/Sep/11 153 69 End of flowering: most disc florets have finished flowering, ray florets dry or fallen 2010/Sep/14 155 2010/Sep/8 165 2010/Sep/14 155 Principal growth stage 7: 71 Seeds on outer edge of the inflorescence are grey Development of fruit and have reached final size 2010/Sep/14 167 2010/Sep/11 173 2010/Sep/14 167 (fig.6) 73 Seeds on outer third of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size 2010/Sep/21 169 2010/Sep/14 181 2010/Sep/21 169 75 Seeds on middle third of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size 2010/Sep/26 171 2010/Sep/17 182 2010/Sep/26 171 79 Seeds on inner third of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size 2010/Oct/1 174 2010/Sep/21 183 2010/Oct/1 174 Principal growth stage 8: 80 Beginning of ripening: seeds on outer third of anthocarp black Ripening (Fig.7) and hard.Back of anthocarp still green 2010/Oct/4 175 2010/Sep/25 183 2010/Oct/4 175 81 Seeds on outer third of anthocarp dark and hard. Back ofanthocarp still green 2010/Oct/6 175 2010/Sep/28 183 2010/Oct/6 175 83 Dark of anthocarp yellowish-green, bracts still green. Seeds about 50% dry matter 2010/Oct/9 175 2010/Oct/1 183 2010/Oct/9 175 85 Seeds on middle third of anthocarp dark and hard. Back of anthocarp yellow, bracts brown edged. 2010/Oct/12 175 2010/Oct/4 183 2010/Oct/12 175 Seeds about 60% dry matter 87 Physiological ripeness: back of the anthocarp yellow. Bracts marbled brown. Seeds about 75–80% dry matter 2010/Oct/15 175 2010/Sep/27 183 2010/Oct/15 175 89 Fully ripe: seeds on inner third of anthocarp dark and hard. Back of anthocarp brown. Bracts brown. Seeds about 85% dry matter 2010/Oct/19 175 2010/Oct/10 183 2010/Oct/19 175 Principal growth stage 9: 95 Over ripe, seeds over 90% dry matter 2010/Oct/22 175 2010/Oct/12 183 2010/Oct/22 175 (fig.8) 97 Plant dead and dry 2010/Oct/25 175 2010/Oct/15 183 2010/Oct/25 175 99 Harvested product 2010/Oct/27 175 2010/Oct/15 183 2010/Oct/27 175

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00 05 07 08 09 Fig. 1 stage 0: Germination 10 12 14 15 19 Fig. 2 stage 1: Leaf development 31 32 33 39 Fig. 3 stage 3: Stem elongation 51 53 55 57 59 Fig. 4 stage 5: Inflorescence emergence 61 63 65 69 Fig. 5 stage 6: Flowering 71 73 75 79 Fig. 6 stage 7: Development of fruit 81 83 85 87 Fig. 7 stage 8: Ripening 99 97 92 Fig. 8 stage 9: Plant dead and dry

Growth stages finished at stage 4 which include cotyledons in dicotyledons and initiates by separation of development of growing parts that are harvestable and first leaves from each other in bushes and trees [25]. Stem plant has maximum content of protein in forage plants growth starts and internodes become visible at stage 3, because crop harvest is done at this stage [23]. But the difference was seen among cultivars at this stage like growth stages continue till the final stage or stage 9 in previous stage. Record cultivar showed more length grains and oily plants. Stage 4 is not described for these growth speed and had more height at the same statistical plants because crop harvest will not be at this stage [26]. date (Fig. 3).The BBCH scales allow the comparison of Obtained results are presented at table 3 and 1 to 8 individual codes only within one principal growth stage: figures. The BBCH scale is a contribution to improve the an arithmetically greater code indicates a plant at a later communication between different groups of scientists and growth stage. Sorting codes into numerical order therefore to allow the interchange of data and scientific results in a allows a listing in order of the stage of plant development transparent way [27]. As it is showed in the table there [27]. In addition to internodes emergence, one of growth isn’t any difference among cultivars at BBCH zero stage determination methods is stated explanation of stem that starts from dry seed and finishes to cotyledons elongation growth in the percentage of final height of emergence toward soil surface. All cultivars have finished plant species [25]. Though three studied cultivars had this stage during 16 days. Also plant height didn’t show different final height at this stage, but proportion height any difference among these cultivars at the end of this at the end of sub stage 39 in comparison with sub stage stage (Fig. 1). Subsidiary stage from zero stage is called 90 was relatively stable and about 43% that is a right respite stage [25]. After that, swelling and water taking indication of this definition in sunflower species. The pilot stages are done. Propagation seed of these stages are study of the Nawab Haji Hassani et al. [28] on the effects similar for all plants. At stage 1 principal event is leaf of drought on forage yield demonstrated that some development on the main branch. As you can see in the phenological traits of millet (late cultivation), was that the table Record cultivar’s height is more than other cultivars levels of irrigation, plant height, fresh and dry forage yield at the end of stage 1 on the same date that means growth had significant differences. Growth stages 5 and 9 are rapid speed at this stage. The main difference between identified as plant reproduction stages [25] that have this cultivar and two other cultivars begins from this stage begun from flowering stage and continued with flower (Fig. 2). The number of leaf pair is different among various development, fruit and seed ripening and finally finished species at stage 19. For example, Polygonum aviculare with plant dead and dry. These stages have special has two real leaf pairs at the end of stage 12, while four importance in farm plants; on the other hand, they don’t real leaf pairs are seen in Lamium amplexicaule at the end have any significance in weedy plants [29]. As you see on of this stage [25]. Stage 10 begins with real leaf first pair the table, Record cultivar growth increased from the emergence for cotyledons for monocotyledon plants, but beginning of growth stage 5. So that Inflorescence this stage begins with complete development of development stages completed at shorter times and

1449 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (11): 1446-1451, 2012 finished time period about 5 days in comparison with two 4. Hashemi Dezfooli, A., A. Kuchaki and M. Banayan, other cultivars at this stage. On the other hand, plant 1995. Aval: Performance increase of farm plants height in this cultivar is higher than two other cultivars at (translation). Mashhad Jehad university publications, stage 6 that starts with flowering and finishes with pp: 287 (In Persian). flowering completion. Also Record cultivar finished this 5. Mulkey, J.R., H.J. Drawe and R.E. Elledge, 1987. stage quicker with 1-day difference with two other Jr: Planting date effects on plant growth and cultivars and preserved its own height variety. Height development in sesame. Agronomie J., 79: 701-703. difference became more and reached 9 cm and final speed 6. Agusti, M., S. Zaragoza, H. Bleiholder, L. Buhr, of stage became severe at stage 7 when fruit development H. Hack, R. Klose and R. Stauss, 1997. Adaptation de occurs and Record cultivar finished this stage 10 days l’échelle BBCH à la description des stades sooner. Height and its variety became stable among phénologiques des agrumes du genre Citrus. cultivars at stages 8 and 9. But final speed of stages Fruits, 52: 287-295. occurred 8 to 12 days sooner respectively and finally it 7. Cautin, R. and M. Augusti, 2005. reached to final crop sooner than two other cultivars, that Phenological growth stages of the Cherimoya tree is, it is considered early ripening of this cultivar. Figures (Annona cherimola Mill.). Scientia Horticulturae, 4 to 8 show growth stages 5 to 9 that exactly similar to the 105: 491-497. description of each subsidiary stage in BBCH table. 8. Gylling, S. and B. Stratmann, 2007. ARM trial management software products, 277. In: H. Bleiholder CONCLUSION and H.P. Piepho (Ed.): Agricultural Field Trials-Today and Tomorrow, Proceedeings of the As it is showed on the table Record cultivar Interna-tional Symposium 08-10 October 2007, elongation was quicker than two other cultivars that this Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, Verlag Grauer, difference was visible from the end of stage 1. This variety Beuren Stuttgart. in the speed of elongation caused the difference in height 9. Michel, V., G. Zink, J. Schmidtke and A. Anderl, average about 8 Cm between Record cultivar and Progress 2007. PIAF and PIAF Stat, 278-279. In: H. and Hison 33 cultivars. This matter was seen at end time Bleiholder, H.P. Piepho, (Ed.): Agricultural Field of growth stages, so that Record cultivar with more height Trials-Today and Tomorrow. Proceedings of the reached its own growth end stage at shorter time (13 Interna-tional Symposium 08-10 October, Stuttgart- days) that was an indication of early ripening of this Hohenheim, Germany. Verlag Grauer, Beuren cultivar in comparison with two other cultivars. Stuttgart, pp: 284. According to the obtained results the time of 10. Schmidtke, J. and G. Zink, 2007. piaf/PIAF Stat fertilizing, irrigation and weed control in Record cultivar (Planning-, Information-LEIHOLDER H. and that was earlier ripening should be done in different time evaluation-system for field trials), 203-208. rather than other cultivars. Also this cultivar can be cultured after wheat harvest and harvested before winter In: BH.P. Piepho (Ed.): Agricultural Field chill. Trials-Today and Tomor-row. Proceedings of the International Symposium, pp: 08-10. REFERENCES 11. Koch, E., E. Dittmann, W. Lipa, A. Menzel, J. Necovar, A. Van Vlieth and S. Zach, 2007. 1. Alyari, H. and F. Shekari, 2000. Oily Seeds, COST Action 725.applications: Overview and erste Agronomy and Physiology, Amid Publications, Ergebnisse. Proceedings of the Meteorologentagung, Tabriz. (In Persian). DACH 2007 Hamburg, 10-14 September 2007, 2. Arshi, E., 1992. Nutritious disorders in sunflower COST 725, http://top-share.wur.nl/cost725. (translation), Company of Oily Seeds Extension and 12. Koch, E., E. Dittmann, W. Lipa, A. Menzel, J. Necovar Culture, (In Persian). and A.J.H. Vanvli-eth, 2006. Establishing a european 3. Langham, D.R., 2007. Phenology of Sesame. phenological data platform for climatological In: New Crops and New Uses; 2007, J. Janick and applications, 9, oesterreichischer Klimatag. A. Whipkey (Eds.). ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, Klima, Klimawandel und Auswirkungen. 16.-17. pp: 144-182. Marz 2006. Austro-Clim, pp: 27.

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