Student Learning Objectives

Examining Flowers  Identify the major parts of flowers and and Fruits explain the functions of the parts.  Describe the types of flowers.

 Explain the processes of pollination and Basic Principles of fertilization.

Agricultural/Horticultural Science  Describe the purposes and kinds of fruit. Problem Area 4. Identifying Basic  Explain the structure and kinds of seed. Principles of Plant Science

Terms Terms

 Complete flower  Flower  Micropyle  Radicle

 Cotyledons  Fruit  Perfect flower  Seed

 Dry fruit  Hilum  Petals  Seed coat

 Endosperm  Hull fruit  Pistil  Seed scar

 Epicotyl  Hypocotyl  Plumule  Sepals

 Fertilization  Imperfect flower  Pod fruit  Silk scar

 Fleshy fruit  Incomplete flower  Pollen  Stamens

 Pollination  Stigma

What are the major parts Interest Approach of flowers?

 Why are flowers important to A flower is the reproductive part of people?” flowering plants. Flowers are in many shapes and  What is the purpose of colors. flowers to a plant? • Some flowers are attractive and have appealing fragrances. • Some flowers are important as a step in producing fruit and seed. Parts of a Perfect Flower Sepals

 The sepals are the outer parts of a flower.

 They cover the bud before it opens and typically have a green color.

 Sepals offer protection to the developing bud.

 They are in an outer ring known as a calyx.

Petals Petals

 The petals are located just inside  The major parts of flowers are to the sepals and are usually brightly support the production of fruit and colored to attract insects and seed. promote pollination.

 Petals protect the stamens and pistil and help collect pollen from the air.

 Petals are in an inner ring known as a corolla.

Stamens Pistil

 The stamens produce pollen  The pistil contains the ovary, and are the male parts of a which has ovules that are flower. fertilized by the pollen, and,

 A stamen consists of a filament on some species, develops and anther, which is a knob-like into a large fleshy fruit structure at the end of a structure. filament.  The pistil also contains the stigma and style. Pistil Pistil

 Pollen grains grow a long tube  The stigma is the opening at the end of the pistil for the entry of through the style toward the ovules pollen. and form two sperm.  One sperm unites with the ovule in the ovary to form an embryo.  The style leads from the stigma to the ovary.  The other sperm forms tissue in the developing seed known as endosperm.

Type of flower is based on the Parts of a Perfect Flower parts found in the flower.

 A complete flower has four principal parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.

 An incomplete flower does not have all four principal parts.

 Examples of an incomplete flower: wheat and oats, which do not have sepals and petals.

Parts of a flower determine if it Parts of a flower determine if it is is perfect or imperfect. perfect or imperfect.

 Plant species that have both male  A perfect flower has the stamen and pistil in the same flower. and female flowers on the same plant are known as monoecious  An imperfect flower lacks either plants. stamens or pistils. – An example is corn.  A flower that has stamens and not a  Plant species with the male flowers pistil is often referred to as a male and female flowers on separate flower. plants are known as dioecious  A flower that has a pistil but no plants. stamens is a female flower. – An example is the muscadine grape. What is pollination? What is pollination?

 Pollination is the transfer of pollen  Pollen is the male sex cell in plants from an anther to a stigma of a  Pollen is released by the anther flower of the same species. which is a part of the stamen.

 It matures as a powdery substance  It is an important process with crop growers to assure fruit and seed that may be moved by wind, production. insects, or other animals.

What is pollination? What is fertilization?

 The stigma is a part of the female  Fertilization is the union of the reproductive system of a plant. pollen cell with the ovule.  The stigma secretes a sticky  A pollen grain forms two sperm as substance that traps pollen. it reaches the ovule.  After being trapped on the stigma,  One sperm unites with the ovule to the pollen grain grows a tube form an embryo; the other sperm through the style toward the ovule forms tissue known as endosperm (egg cell). in the seed.

Describe the purposes and What are the purposes of kinds of fruit. fruit?  Once fertilization occurs, the flower  Fruit varies with the species of plant. is no longer needed and dries up.  Some is large, such as watermelon  Seed are formed within fruit. or pumpkin.  Fruit must be sufficiently mature for  Other fruit is smaller, such as a bean the seed to be viable. pod or cherry.  Good fruit formation is essential in  Fruit is the fertilized ovary of a plant many crops because it is the fruit that grows to produce and protect that is often the most valuable seed. product of a plant. What are the kinds of fruit? What are the kinds of fruit?

 Fleshy fruit is large fibrous  Dry fruit is formed as a pod or in a structures that surround seed. hull.

 A berry is a kind of fleshy fruit that  Caryopsis are kinds of dry fruits is typically small, with strawberries with thin walls such as wheat and and tomatoes being examples. barley.

 A pome is a fleshy fruit with several  Samara are kinds of dry fruits with seeds such as an apple or a pear. wings attached to aid dispersion, with elm, ash, and maple being  A drupe is a single-seeded fleshy fruit such as plum or cherry. examples.

Explain the structure and What are the kinds of fruit? kinds of seed.

 Pod fruit has a definite line or seam  A seed is a container of new plant in the fruit, such as beans, peas, life.

peanuts, and cotton.  Seed are formed in the ovaries of  Hull fruit do not have definite lines flowers. or seams in the shell of the fruit,  Good pollination is essential to such as pecans and corn. assure an abundance of seed.  Seed are used to reproduce plants.

 A seed must protect the embryo and provide food for it to grow.

Explain the structure and Explain the structure and kinds of seed. kinds of seed.

 Seed have many important uses to  With some plants, growers want humans, such as food production. fruit with few or no seed such as

 With some plants, such as seedless grapes or oranges. soybeans and corn, growers want  The fruit of these plants are large yields of seed. valuable rather than the seed.

 The seed of these plants are valuable and not the fruit. Seed structure includes external parts and internal Seed structure varies with parts. the kind of plant  External parts are designed to  Dicot nourish and protect the internal parts of the seed. –bean seed

 Internal parts include an embryo  Monocot and needed food supply. –corn seed

Dicot - Bean Seed Dicot - Bean Seed External

 Seed coat—The seed coat is the outer covering of the seed that protects the embryo from injury and holds the seed together.

 Hilum - The hilum is the point at which the seed was attached in the fruit. – The hilum is also known as the seed scar.

Dicot - Bean Seed Dicot - Bean Seed

 Internal:  External - continued  Cotyledons—The cotyledons are  Micropyle—The micropyle is the fleshy-like structures that contain tiny opening near the hilum through food for the embryo.

which the pollen entered the ovule  Radicle—The radicle is the part of to form the seed. the seed that forms the root system of the plant.

 Hypocotyl—The hypocotyl connects the cotyledons and radicle. Dicot - Bean Seed Monocot - Corn Seed

 Internal - continued

 Epicotyl - The epicotyl forms the stem of the plant.

 Plumule—The plumule forms the above ground part of the plant.

Monocot - Corn Seed Monocot - Corn Seed

 External:  Internal:  Seed coat—The seed coat protects and shapes the seed.  Endosperm - the endosperm is the stored food in a monocot seed.  Seed scar—The seed scar is the place where the seed was  Radicle - the radicle, as with dicots, attached, such as a corn kernel to forms the root system. the corn cob.  Hypocotyl - as with dicots, the  Silk scar—The silk scar is at the hypocotyl connects the radicle with end opposite the seed scar and is the food source. the place where the silk was attached to the ovule.

Monocot - Corn Seed Review  Internal - continued  Parts of a flower indicate its type.  Epicotyl -the epicotyl forms the stems of monocots in a manner  Complete flower - has four principal similar to dicots. parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil  Incomplete flower - does not have all  Cotyledon - the cotyledon in a Monocot absorbs food from the four parts endosperm and moves it to the  Perfect flower - stamen and pistil in embryo. same flower  Imperfect flower - lacks either stamen or  Plumule - the plumule develops into the leaves and stems of the plant. pistil Review Review  Fruit - fertilized ovary of a plant  Pollination - transfer of pollen from anther to stigma  Fleshy - large fibrous structure - apple  Pollen - male sex cell of plants  Pod - dry fruit with definite line or  Stigma - female reproductive part of flower seam - bean  Hull - dry fruit without definite line  Fertilization - union of pollen cell with ovule or seam - corn

Review

 Dicot = Bean seed – Exterior parts: Seed coat, Hilum, Micropyle – Interior parts: Cotyledons, Radicle, Hypocotyl, Epicotyl, Plumule

 Monocot = Corn seed – External parts: Seed coat, Seed scar, Silk scar – Internal parts: Endosperm, Radicle, Hypocotyl, Epicotyl, Cotyledon, Plumule