Principles of Propagation from Seeds
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BIL 161: Environment and Development: the Effects of Environmental Variables on Seed Germination
BIL 161: Environment and Development: The Effects of Environmental Variables on Seed Germination The seed is more than just a plant waiting to happen. It is a complex marvel of evolution, a miniature life-support system that responds to environmental cues in order to give the embryo nestled within the best chance of survival. I. Characteristics and Classification of Plants Plants share synapomorphies that set them apart from other organisms. 1. true tissues (of types unique to plants) 2. waxy cuticle (to prevent desiccation) 3. stomates (microscopic gas exchange pores on the leaves) 4. apical meristems (permanent embryonic tissue for constant growth) 5. multicellular sex organs (male antheridia and female archegonia) 6. walled spores produced in structures called sporangia 7. embryo development inside the female parent 8. secondary metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, etc.) 9. heteromorphic alternation of generations The most primitive plants do not produce seeds at all, but rather release spores into the environment where they grow into a second life cycle stage, called the gametophyte. In seed plants, the life cycle is highly derived. Seed plants still make spores, but each spore grows into a gametophyte that is little more than a bit of tissue that gives rise to gametes. In the male parts of the plant, each spore develops into a sperm-producing male gametophyte known as pollen. In the female parts of the plant, meiosis occurs inside a structure known as the ovule, which will eventually give rise to the seed. Plants can broadly be classified as follows. A. Bryophytes – non-vascular plants (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) B. -
Plant Physiology
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant ..................................................................................................... -
What Are Soybeans?
candy, cakes, cheeses, peanut butter, animal feeds, candles, paint, body lotions, biodiesel, furniture soybeans USES: What are soybeans? Soybeans are small round seeds, each with a tiny hilum (small brown spot). They are made up of three basic parts. Each soybean has a seed coat (outside cover that protects the seed), VOCABULARY cotyledon (the first leaf or pair of leaves within the embryo that stores food), and the embryo (part of a seed that develops into Cultivar: a variety of plant that has been created or a new plant, including the stem, leaves and roots). Soybeans, selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation. like most legumes, perform nitrogen fixation. Modern soybean Embryo: part of a seed that develops into a new plant, cultivars generally reach a height of around 1 m (3.3 ft), and including the stem, leaves and roots. take 80–120 days from sowing to harvesting. Exports: products or items that the U.S. sells and sends to other countries. Exports include raw products like whole soybeans or processed products like soybean oil or Leaflets soybean meal. Fertilizer: any substance used to fertilize the soil, especially a commercial or chemical manure. Hilum: the scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to its seed vessel (the brown spot). Leaflets: sub-part of leaf blade. All but the first node of soybean plants produce leaves with three leaflets. Legume: plants that perform nitrogen fixation and whose fruit is a seed pod. Beans, peas, clover and alfalfa are all legumes. Nitrogen Fixation: the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen Leaf into a nitrogen compound by certain bacteria, such as Stem rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes. -
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
E TG/81/7(proj.1) ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2018-04-05 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS Geneva DRAFT * COMMON SUNFLOWER UPOV Code(s): HLNTS_ANN Helianthus annuus L. GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY prepared by experts from Hungary to be considered by the Technical Working Party for Agricultural Crops at its forty-seventh session, to be held in Naivasha, Kenya, from 2018-05-21 to 2018-05-25 Disclaimer: this document does not represent UPOV policies or guidance Alternative names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower Soleil, Tournesol Sonnenblume Girasol The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] TG/81/7(proj.1) Common Sunflower, 2018-04-05 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. -
Germination : Seeds Come Equipped with Everything Needed to Create A
Germination : Seeds come equipped with everything needed to create a new plant. They’re simply waiting for optimal environmental conditions to be met, then the process of germination can begin. First, the seed absorbs water. The seed coat softens and enzymes within are dissolved. Warm temperatures activate the enzymes to begin working. Oxygen combines with the seed’s stored energy and new tissue is formed through cell elongation and cell division. This description of germination, though over- simplified, gives us a useful glimpse of plant life in its infant stage. · All seed germination involves water, temperature and oxygen. However, each plant species has unique requirements for these three conditions. Therefore, follow seed package instructions carefully. Days to germination and planting depth are important knowledge for successful gardening. · Seeds are often started indoors in order to extend the growing season in our Midwest location. Seed starting in early spring also gives the gardener an opportunity to optimize conditions for germination. Soil temperature can be controlled through the use of heating mats. Watering from the bottom at appropriate intervals keeps the soil moist, not water logged. · Moisture is a pre-requisite for successful germination. However, too much water will exclude oxygen from the seed. Note that seeds need oxygen during this stage of their development; the need for carbon dioxide increases later when leaves emerge and photosynthesis begins. · Each species has an optimal temperature and a range of temperatures for germination. ISU Publication PM 874 “Starting Garden Transplants at Home” includes a table of best soil temperature for germination of several flower and vegetable species. -
Effects of Root Pruning on Germinated Pecan Seedlings
PROPAGATION AND TISSUE CULTURE HORTSCIENCE 50(10):1549–1552. 2015. if pruning the roots shortly after germination stimulates lateral root formation. Similarly, little work has been attempted to consider Effects of Root Pruning on Germinated the effects of taproot pruning in young pecan seedlings back to different lengths on root Pecan Seedlings regeneration. The objective of this study 1 was to determine if root pruning at different Rui Zhang, Fang-Ren Peng , Pan Yan, Fan Cao, periods after seed germination affects pecan and Zhuang-Zhuang Liu seedling root and shoot growth and to evaluate College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, different degrees of taproot pruning on root Nanjing 210037, China initiation. Dong-Liang Le Materials and Methods College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; and Nanjing Green Universe Pecan Science and The test was established at Lvzhou Pecan Research Station, Nanjing, China (lat. Technology Co. Ltd., 38 Muxuyuan Street, Nanjing 210007, China 32.05°N, long. 118.77°E). Open-pollinated Peng-Peng Tan seeds of the Chinese selection ‘Shaoxing’ were used as seed stock to produce seedlings. College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, ‘Shaoxing’ had a small nut of very good Nanjing 210037, China quality with 50% percentage fill. The seeds averaged 30.4 mm in length, 20.9 mm in Additional index words. Carya illinoinensis, taproot, lateral root, shoot growth width, and 5.4 g in weight. Seeds were Abstract. Root systems of pecan trees are usually dominated by a single taproot with few collected on 7 Nov. -
Germination, Survival, and Growth of Grass and Forb Seedlings: Effects of Soil Moisture Variability
Acta Oecologica 35 (2009) 679–684 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Oecologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actoec Original article Germination, survival, and growth of grass and forb seedlings: Effects of soil moisture variability Philip A. Fay a,*, Megan J. Schultz b,1 a USDA-ARS, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 E. Blackland Road, Temple, TX 76502, USA b Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811, USA article info abstract Article history: Seed germination and seedling growth, survivorship, and final biomass and their responses to watering Received 31 January 2009 interval were studied in two grass and six forb species to assess germination and seedling growth Accepted 13 June 2009 responses to increased soil moisture variability as might occur with future increases in precipitation Published online 14 July 2009 variability. Seeds were planted in prairie soil and watered at 1, 2, 4, or 7 d intervals (I). Seed germination peaked at I ¼ 4 d whereas leaf growth in grasses and forbs, and final biomass in grasses peaked at I ¼ 7d, Keywords: suggesting that growth and biomass were favored at greater soil moisture variability than seed germi- Allocation nation. Biomass responses to I were stronger than the germination responses, suggesting that soil Biomass Climate change moisture variability more strongly influenced post germination growth. Individual species responses to I Community fell into three groups; those with responses to I for: (1) seed germination and seedling survival, (2) Establishment biomass, or (3) both germination and biomass production. These species groups may be more useful than Extreme events life form (i.e., grass/forb) for understanding seed germination and seedling dynamics in grasslands Functional group during periods of soil moisture variability. -
Germination Structure of Seeds Quote
Germination Structure of Seeds Quote: Thomas Fuller's Gnomologia, 1732: "The greatest Oaks have been little Acorns." Seeds are found in a staggering array of shapes and sizes, but the process by which seeds germinate is similar in all species. Abies koreana Acer griseum Wisteria floribunda 'Korean Fir' by Roger Culos. CC BY-SA. 'Paperbark Maple' by Roger Culos. CC 'Japanese Wisteria' by Roger BY-SA. Culos. CC BY-SA. Alsomitra macrocarpa Macrozamia communis Strelitzia reginae 'Alsomitra macrocarpa seed' by Scott 'BurrawangSeeds' by AYArktos. CC BY- 'Paradiesvogelblumensamen' by Zona. CC BY. SA. Sebastian Stabinger. CC BY-SA. Taraxicum officinale Stephanotis floribunda Phleum pratense 'Achane of Taraxacum sect. 'Stephanotis seed' by L. Marie"/Lenore 'Timoteegras vruchten Phleum Ruderalia' by Didier Edman, Sunnyvale, CA. CC BY. pratense' by Rasbak. CC BY-SA. Descouens. CC BY-SA. Dicotyledon seeds testa epicotyl plumule hypocotyl cotyledon radicle 'Aesculus hippocastanum seed section' by Boronian. CC BY. plumule epicotyl hypocotyl testa hilum radicle cotyledon micropyle endosperm Monocotyledon seeds endosperm epicotyl testa hypocotyl cotyledon radicle Parts of a seed Testa The seed coat. A protective layer which is tough and hard and it protects the seed from attack by insects, fungi and bacteria. Cotyledon Dicotyledons have 2 cotyledons Monocotyledons have 1 cotyledon A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf. It is the first leaf to appear when a seedling grows. They often contain reserves of food which the developing seedling can use to grow. Epicotyl The section of stem between the cotyledon(s) and the plumule. In a seedling it is the section of stem between the cotyledons and the first true leaves. -
Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris Richardii
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris richardii Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza 1,2 , Alejandra Vasco 3, Ikram Blilou 4, Luis Herrera-Estrella 2,5 and Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez 1,* 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group at Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, TX 76107-3400, USA; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 4 December 2020 Abstract: Ferns are a representative clade in plant evolution although underestimated in the genomic era. Ceratopteris richardii is an emergent model for developmental processes in ferns, yet a complete scheme of the different growth stages is necessary. Here, we present a developmental analysis, at the tissue and cellular levels, of the first shoot-borne root of Ceratopteris. -
Seed Germination
Aquaponics Seed Germination Adapted from: This is an original activity from Environmental Science 250: Environmental Education. Grade Level: Intermediate ACADEMIC STANDARDS Duration: Various class English Language Arts Pre K – 5 periods . 1.2 Reading Informational Text o Key Ideas and Details Setting: Classroom o Craft and Structure o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas Summary: Students will be able o Vocabulary Acquisition and Use to germinate and track the o Range of Reading . 1.5 Speaking and Listening growth of their seeds. o Comprehension and Collaboration o Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas Objectives: Students will be o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas able to germinate and track the o Conventions of Standard English growth of their seeds. In order to English Language Arts 6 – 12 do this they will understand the . 1.2 Reading Informational Text process by which a seed o Key Ideas and Details germinates and the conditions o Craft and Structure o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas necessary for growth. o Vocabulary Acquisition and Use o Range of Reading Vocabulary: Germination . 1.5 Speaking and Listening o Comprehension and Collaboration Additional Materials (Included o Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas in Module): o Integration of Knowledge and Ideas o Conventions of Standard English . Seed Diagram . Germination Process Writing in Science and Technical Subjects 6 – 12 Handout . 3.6 Writing . Seeds o Text Types and Purposes o Production and Distribution of Writing . Paper towels o Research to Build and Present Knowledge . Plastic bags o Range of Writing . Notecards Reading in Science and Technical Subjects 6 – 12 . Tweezers . 3.5 Reading . -
Morphological Description of Plants: New Perspectives in Development and Evolution
® International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology ©2010 Global Science Books Morphological Description of Plants: New Perspectives in Development and Evolution 1* 2 Emilio Cervantes • Juana G . de Diego 1 IRNASA-CSIC. Apartado 257. 37080. Salamanca. Spain 2 Dept Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Campus Miguel de Unamuno. Universidad de Salamanca. Spain Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The morphological description of plants has been fundamental in the history of botany and provided the keys for taxonomy. Nevertheless, in biology, a discipline governed by the interest in function and based on reductionist approaches, the analysis of forms has been relegated to second place. Plants contain organs and structures that resemble geometrical forms. Plant ontogeny may be seen as a sequence of growth processes including periods of continuous growth with modification that stop at crucial points often represented by structures of remarkable similarity to geometrical figures. Instead of the tradition in developmental studies giving more importance to animal models, we propose that the modular type of plant development may serve to remark conceptual aspects in that may be useful in studies with animals and contribute to original views of evolution. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: concepts, description, geometry, structure INTRODUCTION: PLANTS OFFER NEW reflects a more general situation in Biology, a discipline APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT that has matured from the experimental protocols and views of biochemistry, where the predominant role of experimen- The study of development is today a major biological disci- tation has contributed to a decline in basic aspects that need pline. Although it was traditionally more focused in animal to be more descriptive, such as those related with mor- systems, increased emphasis in plant development may phology. -
The Origin of Alternation of Generations in Land Plants
Theoriginof alternation of generations inlandplants: afocuson matrotrophy andhexose transport Linda K.E.Graham and LeeW .Wilcox Department of Botany,University of Wisconsin, 430Lincoln Drive, Madison,WI 53706, USA (lkgraham@facsta¡.wisc .edu ) Alifehistory involving alternation of two developmentally associated, multicellular generations (sporophyteand gametophyte) is anautapomorphy of embryophytes (bryophytes + vascularplants) . Microfossil dataindicate that Mid ^Late Ordovicianland plants possessed such alifecycle, and that the originof alternationof generationspreceded this date.Molecular phylogenetic data unambiguously relate charophyceangreen algae to the ancestryof monophyletic embryophytes, and identify bryophytes as early-divergentland plants. Comparison of reproduction in charophyceans and bryophytes suggests that the followingstages occurredduring evolutionary origin of embryophytic alternation of generations: (i) originof oogamy;(ii) retention ofeggsand zygotes on the parentalthallus; (iii) originof matrotrophy (regulatedtransfer ofnutritional and morphogenetic solutes fromparental cells tothe nextgeneration); (iv)origin of a multicellularsporophyte generation ;and(v) origin of non-£ agellate, walled spores. Oogamy,egg/zygoteretention andmatrotrophy characterize at least some moderncharophyceans, and arepostulated to represent pre-adaptativefeatures inherited byembryophytes from ancestral charophyceans.Matrotrophy is hypothesizedto have preceded originof the multicellularsporophytes of plants,and to represent acritical innovation.Molecular