Lacépède) sciensts, so that by the age of 18 Phycological Trailblazer he submied his first note (on Conferva and No. 8 Byssus) to the Academy of Bordeaux. In 1797, when he was 19 years old Baron J. B. G. M. and unemployed, Bory enlisted in the Army and was staoned at Ile de BelleIle on the Bory de Saint-Vincent Atlanc coast. The next year, through the intercession of Lacépède, Bory was appointed as scienst on an expedion (originally printed in the Phycological newsleer. 1996. commanded by Nicolas Baudin. This Vol. 32 No. 1) expedion of 1800-1804 was to eventually Baron Jean Bapse Geneviéve reach Australia (Ducker, 1979), although Bory Marcellin Bory de Saint-Vincent was born on le the expedion on the out-bound leg. The July 6, 1778, in the town of Agen, two ships, Géographe and Naturaliste, Department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France. He reached Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands, came from a and the Canary Islands. At Tenerife in the prominent family Canary Islands Bory that had produced was as much many lawyers, fascinated by the judges, nave people, the government "Guanches,'' as by the officials, and plants and animals. soldiers. It was a He deplored the family that earlier slaughter of encouraged his the nave people by inquisive nature. the Spanish. He was At an early age his intrigued by many family moved to a features of the people palaal chateau in and by their customs, Bordeaux, which such as the manner of sll exists today. embalming their Bory's formal dead. educaon was By the me the interrupted by the expedion reached Revoluon “I’île de France" (now (1789-1790), and Maurius) there so he learned from developed a deep his family and misunderstanding Fig. 1. J. Bory de Saint-Vincent. (Courtesy of the friends. A maternal between Baudin and Laboratorie de Cryptogamie, Museum Naonal his crew, including uncle made a d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris). major impact on some of the sciensts. his life by An important part of introducing him to natural history. Also the crew, including during his youth he was associated with both Bory, departed the expedion at Maurius. young (e.g., Lamouroux) and older (e.g., Bory' s primary reason for leaving was illness (he was coughing up blood), and he was

1 hospitalized for two months. Once he was but they maintained an acve correspo- released, he was out making collecons and ndence during all these years, and their observaons, using his botany to help him leers have been preserved. Dufour gave a regain his health. No longer connected with descripon of Bory: [translated] " .... of small the expedion, Bory pursued these build, and with a pale complexion and a lively invesgaons at his own expense out of a countenance, cheerful by nature, passionate sense of duty. Much of his movaon was about music and able to hum very well all the based on his atude that he had to fulfill his tunes, of infinite natural wit, with remarkable contract with the French government. ease of speech without being overly Although Port Louis was a disappointment to talkave, with exquisite grace in telling a Bory because the streets were badly paved story or anecdote, very likeable and and the houses were mediocre, he was ambious to appear so [!], a friend of the astonished by the beauty and variety of the world ... , well educated but only touching on plants, animals, and rocks. On his first day many of the sciences and going into lile there he collected many variees of plants depth in any, generous in his spending and from the streets of the capital. But there are lifestyle and habitually without a penny, no interesng mountains on Maurius, and ambious for tles which he somemes so Bory crossed over to "l'île Bourbon" (now usurped, wring well and quickly ... , and Reunion). Bory spent more than half a year although married he lived as a boy making on Reunion, covering the island in all mistresses and debts everywhere, ... living for direcons and cataloging the flora and fauna. today and not tomorrow.” Bory was a complete naturalist, interested in Bory married in 1802, a marriage that all aspects of natural history but botany in produced two daughters. He was living in parcular. He was mesmerized by tropical military quarters in Rennes but frequently plants, especially ferns, and botany became traveled to Paris to manage his publicaons. almost a drug to him. He also witnessed a full In 1803 he published "Essai sur les îles erupon of the major volcano on the island. Fortunées ... ," a two volume work on his Eventually he headed homeward on a experiences associated with the Baudin German ship. It was on this return voyage expedion and his subsequent travels. It that the ship dropped anchor at the Island of included exposions on Teneriffe, Reunion, St. Helena to avoid an English ship. He Maurius, and St. Helena. He made the stayed, spending addional me making revoluonary hypothesis (for the period) collecons and observaons. He captured a about the existence of a mysterious engulfed spectacular buerfly on St. Helena and later connent. The book, which caught the presented it to Napoleon Bonaparte, who aenon of Napoleon, was a success in spite welcomed Bory back with good will. Bory of some crics who did not like the mixing up also brought back an ample supply of of descripons of his trip with those of plants documents on natural history. He had drawn and minerals. Bory connued in his military up a map of St Helena, which he gave to career, primarily as a cartographer. While Bonaparte. Thirteen years later Bonaparte traveling through much of Europe, he was took this map with him into exile. Back in able to study both geography and botany. He France by 1802, Bory met Léon Dufour, who was considered a good soldier, while at the was later to become a renowned naturalist same me he usually had a pencil in his hand and entomologist, and they became life-long rather than a weapon. He was staoned at friends. It was a remarkable friendship in that Dunkerque in 1805 but oen made trips to due to circumstances the two seldom met, Belgium and the Netherlands. In Nov. of 1805

2 he was staoned in Austria and in December meet up with the Great Army at the Bale of was at the Bale of Austerlitz. He wrote to Bautzen in May. his friend DuFour that his brave general and Then there was a return to Spain, but 20 of his friends were wounded: “There is by this me the French Army was retreang only me, who in spite of my best intenons, into the Pyrenees in the face of Wellington's cannot get honors for being wounded." In advancing troops. The south of France had late 1806 he was assigned to Berlin. Exploring become an entrenched camp by late 1813. Prussia and Poland in 1807, he wrote to The first four months of 1814 witnessed Dufour that his "overused" squadron was skirmishes against Wellington's army, a major having great success and that instead of bale occurring near Toulouse on April 10. finding insects to pin for DuFour' s collecon, Part of the French Army, including Bory, they were busy bayoneng Cossacks. He retreated to his hometown of Agen. On April wrote that he missed the Bale of Eylaie in 13, 1814, Napoleon abdicated (for the first 1807 but nonetheless spent 8 days miserably me), and fighng ceased. At this me of sick and ready to die. great turmoil, Bory played an important role He returned to Paris in Feb., 1808, in calming the populaon of Agen and in and managed to describe three new genera thwarng the parsans, who were oen of algae, Lemanea, Thorea, and thieves, from gaining the upper hand. He was Draparnaldia. In Oct. he went with the Army later congratulated for this good work. On to Spain, where he was staoned in Galicia. June 5, Bory was in Paris, declaring his loyalty In 1809 he found himself in Madrid under to King Louis XVIII and to Marshall Soult. Marshall Ney. Bory wrote to DuFour that Ney Later that year Soult, the new Secretary of oen used him in the most difficult War, asked Bory to take on the responsibility reconnaissances. It was very risky then to go for running the Department of Maps and in small groups because ambushes by Records in the Ministry. parsans were frequent. The next year he In March to June, 1815, the was sll in Spain but in Andalusia and then so-called "Hundred Days" period, Napoleon Seville, under Marshall Soult. He parcipated had returned to power, and Bory switched his in the aack of Badajoz in 1811, against a loyalty to him. In Bory' s mind this was not a reinforced army of 11,000 infantrymen and crime because he genuinely regarded 2,000 horses. He wrote to DuFour that at one Napoleon as the best alternave for France, break of day they aacked the enemy and which was sll rife with many hardcore that he directed the infantry. His translated revoluonaries on the one hand, chafing to account to DuFour: "I was very exposed kill off the King and the nobility, and many during the whole business but finally luck got noblemen on the other hand, eager to kill off me out of it." Badajoz was conquered but the revoluonaries. That same reasoning had was lost 5 months later to Spanish, movated him to swear his loyalty to the Portuguese, and English troops. Not long King earlier. In the French Parliament Bory aer there was a French aack on a troop of gave a rousing speech calling for a 18,000 Spanish entrenched in a narrow pass. democrac constuon, and he also severely Bory wrote to DuFour with his impressions. In aacked the privileged class, which he August of 1811 he carried out an exploraon, loathed, despite his past devoon to the King including botanizing, in the Sierra Nevada of as well as to Napoleon. But Waterloo soon Spain. He connued in Spain in 1812, followed, on June 15, and a week later especially around Toledo. In 1813 he joined a Napoleon abdicated for the second me. quick military excursion into Germany to Bory was a republican and, following the

3 Fig. 3. Iridaea micans Bory (pl. 13, Bory in Fig. 2. Lessonia nigrescens Bory (pl. 5, Bory Duperrey, 1826-1827.) [= Iridaea cordata in Duperrey, 1826-1827.) (Turner) Bory.] second abdicaon, made a devoted but fule Bory later remarked: You cannot imagine effort toward the succession of Napoleon II, how much this ploy diverted me! by opposing the return of the Bourbons. Eventually Bory was pardoned and These acts resulted in his being banished by returned to France in 1819. He found himself the government of restoraon. An order in Paris but penniless because, even though came down from the new government on veterans of the Great Army received a July 24, 1815, to banish 38 persons, including pension of half their war-me salary, the Bory and Soult. Bory refused the offer of a order of 1815 which banished him deprived friend to plead on his behalf for mercy from Bory of a pension. He had risen to the rank of the King. Bory would agree to such an acon colonel. only if all 38 persons were to be pardoned. The period of 1820-23 was a me of So for the next four years Bory was on the feverish botanical work on Bory' s part. He run, wandering all over Europe, pursued by played a major role in the publicaon of the the police and hiding out successfully not Diconnaire classique d'histoire naturelle only near Paris, but in Belgium, Germany, (1822- 1831) and contributed many of the Bohemia, and The Netherlands. During this entries on algal genera. Bory was responsible exile he collected plants and rocks, and as a for describing such familiar genera as the diversion he wrote verses and inserted them diatoms Navicula and Achnanthes, the reds in the towns' newspapers just as he was Audouinella, Iridaea, Dictyurus, and Tenarea, leaving. This would alert the police to his the chrysophyte Anthophysa, and the brown presence, but by then he was on his way. Agarum. Ragan and Gutell (1995) credited

4 Bory as apparently being the first person to Paris. Bory, long a devotee of tropical plants propose a third Kingdom of life, the and animals, was keen to see this strange "Psychodiare," or two-souled organisms, animal housed at the Jardin des Plantes. including "Arthrodiees," (simple filaments, Bory's friends arranged to have the giraffe led giving rise to mole or non-mole free cells, to the top of a small hill, the "Labyrinthe," at composed of such families as Conjugurées, the same me Bory, with a telescope in hand, Oscillariées, Fragillaires, and Zoocarpées) climbed onto the roof of the jail to observe sponges, and the majority of the corals. His this curious animal. "Regne Végétal" was essenally the Plant The way in which Bory got his release Kingdom less some of the Cryptogamic from jail is interesng. His daughter groups. Augusne, who was engaged to be married, In 1823 Bory was involved in a duel insisted that she would not marry unl her with M. Harel, one of his fellow-exiles. In father could give lead her down the aisle, i.e., fact, the two had been past friends during he had to be out of jail. This resulted in a their exile in Belgium. But Harel made some two-year-long engagement. Augusne's slanderous remarks about Bory. Harel fiance, anxious to marry, offered to pay off refused to fight with a sword, claiming he Bory' s debts. Bory proudly refused for some was a civilian, not a solider. Bory' s gun failed me but finally relented, and he was sprung to go off, and luckily Harel's gunfire from jail in 1828. ricocheted off a rock near Bory, the ball Late in 1828 Bory was put in charge glancing off his calf. (as president) of the staff of the scienfic In 1825 Bory suffered another set- expedion to Morée, the Peloponnesus back. Because of unpaid ruinous debts he Peninsula of Greece. This expedion was locked up in the Prison of Sainte-Pelagie. occupied most of 1829 (Biers, 1926). The He had remarked "Botany saved me!" when results were published in 1832. Also in 1832 he was so sick on Maurius, and again during Bory was elected into membership in the this period of imprisonment it was botany Academy of Sciences. that sustained him. Although a friend offered It was in July of 1830 that another to pay off his debts to keep him out of jail, revoluon occurred in Paris, this me King Bory nobly refused. Yet he was not unhappy Charles X being deposed. With the accession in jail in that he had his books and herbarium of the liberal King Louis-Philippe, fortune and could welcome visitors without once again smiled in Bory's direcon. The restricons. But he was unable to leave and edict of 1815, which had deprived Bory of his collect plants. In addion to publishing on his military pension, was rescinded. own collecons, Bory (1826-1829) worked up Consequently, he was re-installed in the Army the material collected during the voyage at his rank of Colonel, and he received his around the world of the Coquille (1822-1825) back pay from 1815. under the command of Capt. L. J. Duperrey. In 1839 the government nominated The collecons of algae were made by the Bory to be President of the "Commission first officer D. J. Dumont d'Urville and the scienfique de I' étude de I' Algérie." He botanist/ chemist R. P. Lesson, to whom Bory worked on the botany of Algeria, living in paid homage with the phaeophyte generic Algers from January, 1840, unl May, 1842. It names Durvillaea and Lessonia (Figs. 2 and was in North Africa that he expanded his 3). gustatory palee, sampling exoc game, It was during his detenon that a including wild boar, porcupine, mongoose, giraffe was introduced for the first me in and carnivores such as lion ("beer than

5 rabbit"), jackal, caracal, and panther ("it ___. 1926. Bory de Saint-Vincent, chef directeur needs lo be marinated"). He found all quite de l’Expédion scienfique de Moree. tasty except for hyena, which he regarded as Bullen Museum Histoire Naturelle 32: foul. In 1842, Bory returned to France, sll 254-259. relavely poor but with many honors, such as Bornet, E. 1909. Deux leres de Bory de Saint Vincent, being Commander of the Legion of Honor. He President de la Commission d'Exploraon scienfique de I' Algerie, relaves aux rered to an apartment in Paris, from which travaux de cee commission (publiées et he regaled his many vising friends with annotées par M. Ed. Bornet). Bull. Soc. Bot. stories of his travels. Occasionally his doctor- France 56: 1-9. neighbor (and fellow-phycologist) Camille Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B. G. M. 1796. Mémoire sur Montagne dropped by, and the two would les genres Conferva et Byssus, du Chevalier C. share goose liver sent by Dufour. Bory' s Linne. 58 pp. Bordeaux. collecons proved useful in Montagne' s own ___. 1803. Essais sur les isles Fortunées de I' anque research. Bory died of a heart aack on Atlande, ou Précis de l'histoire générale de I' December 26, 1846. Instead of leaving an archipel des Canaries. 522 pp., 4 pls., 3 maps. inheritance, Bory le only debts. Montagne Baudouin, Paris. looked aer the sale of his collecons and ___. 1804a. Voyage dans les qualre principales isles became adviser and protector of Bory' s des mers d' Afrique, fail par ordre du daughter Augusne. His herbarium, the only Gouvernement pendant les années IX et X (1801-1802), avec l'histoire de la traver see item of value, was sold. Thuret purchased the du capitaine Bau din jusqu' au Port-Louis de algal herbarium, which is now kept in PC l’île Maurice. vol. 1, xvi + 408 pp. Paris. (Biers, 1920, 1924). ___. 1804b. Voyage dans Jes quatre principales îsles Bory de Saint-Vincent had a full and des mers d' Afrique. vol. 2, 431 pp., Atlas, pis. colorful life. In addion to his scienfic body 1·14, 14 [bis]. 15-23, 23 [bis], 24-56. Paris. of work, he authored two plays (both ___. 1805. Voyage to, and travels through the four comedies) and other literature, such as fables principal islands of the African seas, and verses. He made significant contribuons performed by order of the French in geography, having made maps of the government, during the years 1801 and 1802, countries he visited, including Reunion, St. with a narrave of the passage of Captain Helena, the limestone caves of Maastricht, Baudin to Port Louis in the Maurius. iv+ where he hid out for awhile, Aix-la-Chapelle, 5-212 pp. R. Phillips, London. ["An abridged and—under military order—all the places translaon" of the 1804 work.] ___. 1808a. Mémoire sur un genre nouveau de la through which the Great Army passed. He cryptogamie aquaque, nomme Thorea. Ann. was an acute observer with a curious mind. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 126-135, pl. 18. In spite of his weaknesses, he was ___. 1808b. Mémoire sur le genre Lemanea de la disnguished by his courage, his work ethic, famille des Conferves. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. his pre-eminence in the scienfic field, and 12: 177-190, pls. 21, 22. his loyalty to his many friends. ___. 1808c. Mémoire sur le genre Batrachosperma de la famille des Conferves. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Biers, P. 1920. L’herbier tricolore de Bory de 12: 310-334, pls. 29-31. Saint-Vincent. Bullen Museum Histoire ___. 1808d. Mémoire sur le genre Draparnaldia de Ia Naturelle 26: 1-3. famille des Conferves. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. ___. 1924. L’herbier cryptogamique de Bory 12: 399-409, pl. 35. de Saint-Vincent au Museum. Bullen ___. 1822-1831. Diconnaire classique d'histoire Museum Histoire Naturelle 30: 417-422. naturelle. Par Audouin et al. 17 vols. Rey & Gravier; Baudoin freres. Paris.

6 ___. 1826. Cryptogamie. In: J. Dumont-D'Urville, Flore express my gratude to Lynda and Tim des Malouines. Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 4: Entwisle for their translang skills and help 573-621. with this report. ___. 1827b. L’homme. Essai zoologique sur le genre humain. 2e éd, Rey & Gravier, Paris. (3e ed. Paris, 1836). Michael J. Wynne ___. 1827c. Essai monographique sur !es Oscillaires. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 32 pp. Paris, Imprimerie Tastu. [Extrait du Diconnaire d'histoire naturelle.] ___. 1826-1829. Cryptogamie. In: L. J. Duperrey, "Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du roi, sur la Corvee de sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant !es annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825." Botanique. 301 pp. +Atlas. [1827 =pp. 1-96; 1828 =pp. 97-200; 1829 =pp. 201-301; 1826 =Atlas.] Paris. ___. 1832a. Expédion scienfique de Morée. Travaux de la secon des Sciences physiques. Paris et Strasbourg, G. Levrault. 4 vol. in 4° et Atlas in fol. ___. 1832b. Cryptogamie. In: Expédion scienfique de Morée, avec atlas in fol. de 38 pl. Secon des Sciences physiques 3(2): 281-337. ___. 1834. Hydrophytes, Hydrophytae. In: C. Belanger, Voyage aux Indes-Orientales ... .pendant 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829. Vol. 3. Botanique. llpe. Cryptogamie. Pp. 159-178, pls. XV, XVI. Paris. ___. 1838. Noce sur la Commission explorave et scienfique d' Algerie. 20 pp. Imprimerie Cosson, Paris. Ducker, S. C. 1979. History of Australian phycology: the significance of early French exploraon. Brunonia 2: 19-42. Maryllis, P. 1910. Bory de St. Vincent, naturaliste et voyageur. 6 pp. La Couronne agenaise, Villeneuce-sur-Lot. Ragan, M. A., & R. R. Gutell. 1995. Are red algae plants? Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 118: 81-105. Role, A. 1973. Un desn hors série: la vie aventureuse d'un savant "Bory de St. Vincent" 1778-1846. 256 pp. [16 pis.] La Pensée Universelle, Paris. Sauvageau, C. 1908. Bory de Saint-Vincent, d' a pres sa correspondence publiée par M. Lauzun. Journal de Botanique, 2e ser., 1: 198-222.

I am extremely indebted to Prof. Francis Magne for his considerable help in organizing this informaon and also wish to

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