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Home , Berbers, Bestiarii, Bulla Regia, Byzacena, Dihya, El Djem

ROMAN : From the to the , From to and From NUMIDIAN to Conquering Lady Africa, ,

Ancient and Modern of the (Coastal and Western )

• • Morocco – Tingitana (especially) – Caesariensis • – Sitifensis • Tunisia • • Libya • Africa Proconsularis • • • Theatre at , ca 169 CE Peoples and periods of the Magrib: An Ancient “Melting Pot”

• Indigenous people = Berbers (from the : “barbarus,” meaning foreign and speaking a strange speech, Engl., “”); Libyan peoples; in Morocco • Punic or Semitic peoples, Phoenicians ( founded ca. 814 BCE) • Roman, Latin-Speakers (African colonies established following the Punic (263- 146 BCE) – Carthage fell to the Romans in 146 BCE – Colony of Africa established under Julius , ca. 40 BCE • (Germanic tribes migrating from the North, most immediately from , ca. 430-540) • (following the Byzantine/Roman “reconquest” – 534- 703) • Arabs (beginning in the , with the fall of Carthage in 698) – by ca. 700, the whole was under the control of the Umayyads • Resistance from Morocco to Umayyad rule, beginning of Islamic independent kingdom of the Idrissids in (Idriss I) in 792 The Punic Period: Queen Sacrificing, Vatican Punic House, , , 330-260 BCE Thuburbo Maius (Tunisia), Capitolium , Tunisia House of Amphitrite, first half 3rd cen. Famous Generals and Rulers

• Hannibal (247-182 BCE) • King Massinissa (Numidia) – d. 148 BCE • King (Massinissa’s grandson) • Juba I (crushed by , 46 BCE) • Juba II (’ client king of Mauretania married to Selene, daughter of and Cleopatra) • (first African Emperor of ) • Al-Kahina (woman warrior and leader of the Berbers against the invading Arabs) King Juba I d. 46 BCE Cleopatra Selene II and Juba II, Rulers of Mauretania ca. 30 BCE Mauretanian Royal Tomb, Algeria Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, and (Geta erased) Gods and of AFRICA

• Native Gods, Numidian/Berber/Libyan pantheon • Phoenician Gods (e.g., Ba’al and , later Romanized as Saturn and Caelestis or Juno) • Roman (Liber Pater, Magna Mater, , Juno, Minerva, Venus, Hercules, Neptune) • • – Roman (188-430/35) – Vandal (Arian - 540) – Greek (534 – ca. 700 Byzantine – Carthage fell in 698) • (698 – present)

Tophet, Carthage , , Temples to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

Sacrificial Altar, Djemila, Algeria Ecclesia Mater , , Christian Cemetery Church Christian Baptismal Font from , Tunisia Great , , Tunisia, 670 CE Famous Poets, Philosophers, Historians and Theologians • PubliusTerentius Afer ( - Latin playwright – 185-160 BCE) • Marcus Cornelius Fronto (100-170, tutor to ) • (125- 180 CE) – “The Golden Ass” • (late 2nd cen) • , of Carthage (d. 258) • (tutor to Emperor Constantine’s son, Crispus) • Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (d. 430)

St. , attributed to Caravaggio ca. 1600 , Algeria The Basket of the Roman Estate, Africa Proconsularis

Amphitheatre, El Djem, Tunisia Bardo Museum, 2-3rd cen. Races at Carthage Races at , 6th cen. Now in the Bardo Museum in Combat, Thelepte, 3rd cen. Now in Bardo Museum Bestiarii at work – from Smirat, now in the Museum (2nd cen)

Lady Africa, El Djem, Tunisia Christian Controversies in Roman Africa • Tertullian and the New (Late Second and Early Third Century) • Cyprian and the Unity of the (Middle Third Century) • Donatus and the Purity of the Clergy (Fourth and Early Fifth Century) • Pelagius and the Power of Will (Early Fifth Century) • Only the first three are directly linked to Christian Practice The New Prophecy • The Paraclete and Counselor that Christ promised in John 14:25 & 16:7-13 had finally arrived and inspired prophets with new teaching. • The change was in new practices that were more rigorous. – No reconciliation for serious post-baptismal sin • Especially idolatry, adultery, murder – Only one marriage in a life-time; marriage continues forever – Fasting lasting until sundown, without food or drink • Only those following the New Prophecy have power to forgive (but do not use it) – Not bishops, in virtue of their office (Matt 16:19) – Not martyrs, in virtue of their witness and intercession (Rev 6:9-11) Cyprian and the Unity of the Bishops • The Fallen in the Decian Persecution (250-51) – The Sacrificers and the Certified – Exclusion from Communion: could they be readmitted? – Limits of Bishop’s Power and Authority – Intercession of the Confessors and Martyrs • Laxist Presbyters offered Communion to Fallen – Appeal to authority of the Martyrs • Cyprian argued that only Bishops in unity have power and authority to sanctify by forgiving sins – In rituals of baptism, eucharist, reconciliation – Power (Holy Spirit) given by Christ to “college” of bishops (John 20:22-23 – Only Faithful Bishops, in unity have power to sanctify – Martyrs can intercede at Judgment by Christ; not in church Cyprian and Rebaptism • Laxist Presbyters who accepted the Fallen set up their own College of Bishops – Claimed that they also had the power to sanctify – Objected to the rigor of Cyprian • Cyprian and his colleagues rebaptized Converts baptized by Laxists – Only Bishops in unity could baptize – Only Bishops who were faithful could hold and exercise power to sanctify (gift of Holy Spirit) – Baptism (and Eucharist) performed outside the unity were useless. • Cyprian met with disagreement in Rome and Africa – Efficacy of Sacraments depended on God not Bishop Donatist Schism • Persecution (303-304 in Africa) required Bishops to turn over sacred books and vessels – Some Bishops refused and were executed – Some Bishops capitulated or dissembled • Conflict over status of Caecilian of Carthage (312-336) – Charge that he had been ordained by failed bishop – Donatus made competing bishop of Carthage • Appeals to Constantine to settle conflict – Trials in Rome and at Arles supported Caecilian – Constantine attempted to force unity 317-321 Expansion of Donatist Schism • Donatist church was isolated in Africa – All Bishops had to be free of crime of apostasy • Only the faithful could have Holy Spirit and could sanctify – Acceptance of an apostate Bishop incriminated other Bishops • The entire church had become unfaithful by tolerating Caecilian and his colleagues – Donatist were the only Holy Church – Rebaptize converts from Caecilianist church • “Catholic” Bishops rejected Donatist charges and theory – The efficacy of sacramental ministry depends on Christ – Unfaithful bishops harm only themselves; should be removed – Converts from Donatist church are not rebaptized Attempts to Resolve Division • Constantine (317-321) attempted to suppress through nonlethal force • Constans leader (345-47) used incentives and of leaders – Julian allowed leaders to return from exile in 362 • Theodosius & (392- – More aggressive bishops on both sides – Donatists supported some revolts against emperors – Privileging of over traditional pagans – Honorius began treating Donatists as deviants – Catholics make concessions for acceptance of Donatist clergy – Colloquy of Carthage (June 411); imperial suppression of Donatists through fines and confiscation of property