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Distribución Y Asentamientos De Tribus Bereberes (Imazighen) En El Territorio Emeritense En Época Emiral (S

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Distribución Y Asentamientos De Tribus Bereberes (Imazighen) En El Territorio Emeritense En Época Emiral (S Distribución y asentamientos de tribus bereberes (Imazighen) en el territorio emeritense en época emiral (S. VIII-X)1 Bruno Franco Moreno* RESUMEN ABSTRACT Pese a la escasa atención que esta franja del Occi- In spite of the little attention given to this strip of land dente de Al-Andalus recibe en las fuentes historio- in the West of Al-Andalus, in the Arabic historio- gráficas árabes durante el periodo emiral, algunas per- graphic sources during the emiral period, some sour- miten constatar un claro predominio del elemento ces verify a clear predominance of the Berber peo- humano beréber sobre el árabe, como podemos ple over the Arabs. We may appreciate this in the apreciar en las sucesivas revueltas y enfrentamientos successive revolts and confrontations that during the que durante todo el siglo IX/III estas tribus mantie- whole of the IX century these tribes pursued against nen contra los emires cordobeses, el reino astur-leo- the emirs of Cordova, the Astur-leones kingdom and nés y los grupos de población muladí. Buena mues- groups of the Muladi population. Convincing proof of tra de ello ha quedado reflejado en los topónimos this has been shown in the toponyms of some of the de algunas poblaciones actuales de Extremadura, y en present populations in Extremadura and in abando- asentamientos abandonados que vienen a coincidir con ned settlements, which coincide with the ones des- los descritos en los textos de viajeros, geógrafos, his- cribed in the texts of travellers, geographers, histo- toriadores y alfaquíes musulmanes. rians and Muslim doctors (ulemas). PALABRAS CLAVE: Oeste de Al-Andalus, perio- KEY WORDS: West of Al-Andalus, emiral period, do emiral, asentamientos y tribus beréberes, Kura de settlements and tribes Berbers, Kora of Merida. Mérida. INTRODUCCIÓN La valoración del papel desempeñado por el elemento humano norteafricano se ha des- La presencia beréber (Amazigh) en la actual deñado en exceso, tanto a nivel individual como Extremadura, se remonta a los primeros momen- colectivo, en la implantación y formación del tos de la conquista y ocupación de la península estado islámico de al-Andalus, especialmente en Ibérica por las tropas islámicas. No obstante, los estudios históricos y arqueológicos desa- poco se sabe de las características de los asen- rrollados en Extremadura. Por ello se hace tamientos norteafricanos en esta parte del Occi- necesario la realización de trabajos donde se dente peninsular, a diferencia del fiarq al-Andalus, resalte esta presencia beréber; no solamente donde sí ha despertado el interés de arqueólo- enfocados, como hasta ahora, al estudio de las gos e historiadores medievalistas (BARCELÓ,1995:89- rivalidades mantenidas con el estado central, sus 98; GUICHARD, 1969 (5)103 y ss; BAZZANA et alii,1998). desplazamientos continuos, su integración social, * Consorio Ciudad Monumental de Mérida. Doctorando en el Departamento de Hª. Medieval y C.C y T.T. Historiográficas de la U.N.E.D. 1 Este trabajo es un resumen de una ponencia presentada en el seminario que con el título de, Extremadura andalusí: últimos avan- ces arqueológicos, tuvo lugar los días 8-9 de Abril del 2002 en Cáceres, organizado por la Casa de Velázquez y la Univ. de Extre- madura, no llegándose a publicar las actas por motivos ajenos a mi persona. AyTM 12, 2005 39 la geografía espacial, el papel político y militar bus beréberes, específicamente centrado en desempeñado en este lugar de frontera, sino los territorios dependientes de la M‚rida musul- también a la herencia que nos han dejado como mana, primero como capital de al-†agr al-adnà pueblo: sus métodos de cultivo en bancales, los o Frontera Inferior durante gran parte del perí- sistemas de irrigación en terrazas y empleo de odo emiral (MANZANO,1991:57), y posterior- qanat para el mismo (WATSON,1998:225), los hábi- mente ya avanzado el siglo IX, como Kura (pro- tos alimentarios y su peculiar forma de com- vincia) del mismo nombre, y que en líneas portamiento social –la insumisión y el aislacio- generales vendría a ocupar espacialmente buena nismo. parte de la actual Extremadura (VALLVÉ,1986:316). Intentaré materializar dentro de lo posible éstos De ellos escribiría el gran historiador Ibn asentamientos en un mapa para hacer más Jaldun (TRABULSE,1977): práctica su fijación espacial (Fig.1). Con ello pre- tendo fijar el establecimiento de las confede- “La población de estas comarcas se compone raciones beréberes desde el primer momento de beréberes, pueblo organizado en tribus las de la ocupación de esta parte de la Extrema- cuales cada una es animada por un fuerte espí- dura andalusí, así como las sucesivas oleadas de ritu de caSabiyya (sentimiento de solidaridad norteafricanos que se introducen durante los tribal o clánica), pero sin resultado alguno, optan- dos primeros siglos de dominio islámico en la do por repetidas insurrecciones y de apostasía; península; a la vez que señalar los clanes o fami- a cada momento se levantan en armas, sin lias más destacadas, las referencias toponímicas, dejarse contener por los rigurosos castigos que la evolución histórica de estos grupos, etc. les inflingían las tropas árabes”. Acerca de estos núcleos de asentamiento Su aportación total en esta franja de al- beréber en al-Andalus, la investigación ha avan- Andalus fue considerablemente mayor que la zado considerablemente en los últimos años. presentada por los elementos árabes tanto Así a los trabajos a nivel general encabezados yemeníes como qaysíes –recordemos que los por BOSCH VILÁ (1964:12-37;1965:147-161;1994:83- yûnd sirios nunca se asentaron en este solar– 96), y continuados por PIERRE GUICHARD así mientras no aparezcan nuevos documentos, (1969:103-156; 1976), MOLINA LÓPEZ (1985-6: 25- las fuentes historiográficas árabes no dejan lugar 33), MANZANO MORENO (1990: 397-428;1991), a dudas acerca de esta abrumadora presencia y HELENA DE FELIPE (1995:185-189;1997), se aña- de elementos norteafricanos, pues del otro den los de Mª. ÁNGELES PÉREZ ÁLVAREZ lado del estrecho vinieron familias, clanes y (1987: 101-106) y MANUEL TERRÓN ALBARRÁN cabilas en gran número (Al-MAQQARI, 1984: 179). (1991: 21-37) en el ámbito regional. No debemos olvidar, la celebración de Congresos y mono- Al comenzar este análisis se hace necesa- gráficos donde se tratan diversos aspectos del rio resaltar que los datos que nos han sido pueblo Amazigh (“Al-Qantara, 1990, nº. XI”; “V sema- trasmitidos entre los decisivos años del 711 y na de estudios medievales, 1994: 209-215”, “Imazighen del 755 carecen prácticamente de valor, pues pro- Magreb entre Occidente y Oriente” [Introducción a los beré- ceden en su mayor parte de época Omeya. Las beres], Granada, 1994). atribuciones de etnia árabe o beréber en este período son escasas, las más, falseadas por auto- También hay que sumar las aportaciones de res árabes de los siglos XI y XII. Así pues, resal- prestigiosos investigadores del otro lado del tar que las adscripciones tribales del período Mediterráneo como cABD AL-WAHID pre-omeya son casi nulas. Por tanto, la mayor DUNNÚN TAHA (1981: 35-48), y RACHID parte de este estudio va a ir centrado a par- RAHA cAHMED (1994: 83-96), que han veni- tir de la instauración del emirato Omeya de al- do a subrayar la importancia del elemento nor- Andalus. teafricano en el devenir histórico de al-Anda- lus, y la posterior influencia que ejercieron en Lo que sigue a continuación es solo una sus lugares de origen a partir del siglo XI/V en recapitulación sobre los asentamientos de tri- Almorávides, Almohades y Meriníes. 40 AyTM 12, 2005 ANTECEDENTES los espacios hidráulicos, los restos constructi- vos subterráneos y de superficie, objetos cerá- Los beréberes constituyen la población carac- micos, etc. terística del Norte de África, y más concreta- mente del Magreb. Por ello no es extraño que Todo ello nos está ofreciendo continua- la ocupación de la Hispania tardoantigua fuera mente datos de la presencia social y material obra esencialmente de estos elementos nor- de estos grupos norteafricanos tan olvidados teafricanos. El primer documento historiográ- en nuestra región, tanto a nivel de los estudios fico que señala este dato se encuentra en la historiográficos, como respecto a las prospec- Crónica Mozárabe de 754 (LÓPEZ PEREIRA, 1980: ciones arqueológicas se refiere. 68), donde se nos habla de los “Mauri” utilizando este nombre para citar unos episodios que las crónicas musulmanas posteriores reservaban ESTABLECIMIENTO DE TRIBUS para los beréberes (GONZALBES, E.,1994: 19ss). BERÉBERES EN AL-ANDALUS Estas descripciones coinciden con los “mauri” de los autores grecolatinos para narrar las inva- Solo unas cuantas fuentes historiográficas siones que tuvieron lugar en regiones de la islámicas nos ofrecen datos acerca de esta pre- Bética a mediados del siglo II d.C. Son por sencia beréber en el primer momento de la tanto sucesos que se vienen repitiendo entre dominación de al-Andalus. La obra de Ibn Hazm, ambas poblaciones de las dos orillas desde hace Yamharat Ansab al-cArab (LÉVI-PROVENÇAL,1948) milenios, y que en esta ocasión van a repre- ha sido de las pocas fuentes que trata este sentar a la fuerza de choque de las tropas “islá- tema, aunque sea pasando de puntillas si lo micas” que van a cruzar el estrecho hacia el comparamos con las páginas dedicadas a los lina- 711/92. jes árabes. El otro gran autor que realiza un gran trabajo sobre estos pueblos es Ibn Jald_n en El historiador de origen egipcio Ibn cAbd al- su Historia de los Beréberes (SLANE,1968: vol. I- Hakam indica en su Futuh Ifriqiya wa-l-Anda- IV), que aunque de fecha tardía (S. XIV) es lus,(VIDAL BELTRÁN,1966:41) obra escrita a media- imprescindible para conocer las áreas de pro- dos del siglo IX, que “las tropas comandadas cedencia de estas tribus.
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