Editorial Team of Insaniyat Journal of Islam and Humanities

Editor in Chief Dr. Ida Farida, M.LIS

Managing Editor Ida Rosida, M.Hum

Editors Dr. Halid, M.Ag Syaifullah Kamalie, Ph.D Arief Rahman Hakim, M.Hum Muhammad Azwar, M. Hum Fauziyyah Imma,MA

Graphic Design and Layouter Ridwan Kamil, S. Kom Table of Contents

Editorial Team

Table of Contents

Aspects Influencing the Quality of Management of the Community Learning Activity Centers in Banten Province ...... (1) Ahmad Amarullah

Gender Relation in Willow Trees Don’t Weep Novel (2014) by Fadia Faqir: A Feminist Literary Criticism ...... (13) Ida Rosida, Aini Soraya

The Contribution of Scholars in Addressing Earthquake and Tsunami (The Study of Malay -Mi nangkabau Manuscripts) ...... (29) Firdaus

The Islamic Entries in Three Major English Dictionaries ...... (41) Abdurrosyid

The Politeness Strategy and its Scale of Ahok’s Statements as a Governor of Jakarta ...... (51) M. Agus Suriadi

Hujjiyah Nazariyah Saddiaz-Żarāi’fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmywatatbīquhāfī Qadāyāal-Maukulātwa al- Mashrubātwa al-Malbusāt ...... (71) Imam Sujoko INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 2(1), November 2017

The Politeness Strategy and Its Scale of Ahok’s Statements as a Governor of Jakarta M. Agus Suriadi Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Literature Department, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta email: [email protected]

Abstract The research discloses to the politeness scales and strategies of Ahok’s statements as a Governor of Jakarta. To identify both, the data will be analyzed and presented qualitatively by using five (5) strategies by Brown and Levinson, and five (5) measuring scales rating of politeness theorized by Leech. The data that have been presented show that the strategies used by the speaker are mostly negative politeness strategies. The speaker emphasizes the advantages on the Speaker image only without paying attention to the Interlocutors. In the context of existing multi-lingual it shows that the form of the statements is mostly classified into declarative and assertive dominating the statements. On a scale of decency, it demonstrates that the authority scale often becomes the one mostly performed in the statements centering on less positive face. While the people’s opinions on the strategy used by speaker are various. Several of them ignore the strategy and concern to the work result; and many others really concern to strategy used and it is a crucial thing to adapt to the social-cultural context. The negative politeness strategy is mostly used because the speaker emphasizes the advantages on the speaker image only without paying attention to the communicant. Therefore, the impact is polarity in both societies and something which breaks in the cultural politeness strategy commonly used among the persons who are in the duty for the nation. Both work result and social rules are important to be done. Keywords: Ahok, Politeness, Strategy, Scale, and Statement

A. Introduction Jokowi, and in that election, Jokowi-Ahok Everyone in Indonesia, either children or were elected as a Governor and vice governor adults, could be familiar with Basuki Tjahaja for 2012-2017. In the middle of their period, Purnama who is popular with his nick name Jokowi was considered by his party to join “Ahok”. His political career began as a the Indonesian President election for 2012- member of Regional People’s Representative 2017 and he won it. After Jokowi resigned Assembly (DPRD) of Belitung district of as the Governor of DKI Jakarta and was 2004-2009 from New Indonesia Party sworn as the Indonesian President, based on (PIB). One year later, after getting 37% more regulation Ahok substituted Jokowi and was of the popular vote, Ahok served as a Regent officially sworn as a Governor of DKI Jakarta of East Belitung. His career continued when in the Presidential Palace on November 19, becoming a candidate of vice governor 2001 by President Jokowi. in Jakarta governor election, paired with Ahok’s way in communicating his

51 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... policies when leading Jakarta is indeed Robbin t. and Ide 2005) in the first review “unique”. Mass media in Indonesia as if about politeness formulates politeness waiting for a “new surprise” that will be language which is based on the ability of made by him, and it is certainly interesing to pragmatics (pragmatic competence) that be put as headline in the media where they consists of two elements, namely, be clear work. The reason is that rarely does a public and be polite. Both were taken from Grice’s official interlocutor have a style that is more province cooperation, which includes “magical” than him. As a result, it often be clear elements namely: 1) Maxim of raises many reactions from various parties, quantity, which provides information as either pro or contradiction for it. required in the said event, but should not That way in giving information in be given excessively; 2) Maxim of quality, Linguistics-Pragmatics study is commonly which can only convey something that is known as politeness study which has believed to be the truth based on knowledge been developing since the 1970s ( Harris and evidence; 3) Maxim of relations, in 2001 ) and the study is still interesting to which the information submitted should discuss. Because the Pragmatics study is a conform to the facts; 4) Seasons of manner, relationship possess in a social and cultural in which information submitted should not nature which is dynamic, this study which is be confusing. Whereas, be polite elements relating to the civility becomes a linguistic are: 1) Don’t impose, by not pushing to the contemporary topic research that adorns. Interlocutors; 2) Give options, by giving Politeness Strategies are not as simple some choices of information; 3) Make others as only about how to show good manners feel good, that the speaker is friendly and has towards others, giving priority to the elder, familiarity to the Interlocutors. or not calling names to the elder (mostly in Besides, there is a name as speech Asia), but also a quite complex to deduce act in politeness strategy by Brown and the provisions that can be used by many Levinson (1987) drew on Goffman’s idea individuals. It links to the various contexts of face and expanded upon Lakoff’s about or dictions used by speakers that refer to the politeness and Leech’s about the concept of social and cultural rules in the society. The face. This theory emphasizes the strategy speakers also should show a good attitude of politeness language based on the theory to the listeners or Interlocutors to make a of social Goffman. They divide the face positive response. into two concepts: 1) Negative face, which Generally, in doing daily social is the willing to deliver information to the interaction, interlocutors would be able Interlocutors without any resistance; 2) to accept and appreciate the information Positive face, which is the willing of speakers conveyed by the speakers based on the self- to be heard and appreciated. Furthermore, image shown by the speakers when they they also emphasize that in communicating, are talking. Negative or threatening facial it should not only concerned with personal expression shown by the speakers in the study willing without regard to the wishes of the of Pragmatic is named Face Threatening Acts Interlocutors responses with a more positive (FTA). It is better if a speaker can show the self-image through the concept of face. And if facial expression that has a positive face or it refers to Leech who approaches politeness profile that is accepted by the Interlocutors. from a more pragmatic perspective, it is That act in the study of pragmatics is referred categorized into the irony principle where to as a Face Saving Acts (FSA) (Yule, 1996). this principle accounts for how the speakers Moreover, Lakoff proposes two rules can be perceived as being polite even though of politeness, which aim at minimizing their intentions are impolite. conflicts in the social interaction: 1) Be clear In the interaction, the first to be done and 2) Be polite (2011). Lakoff (Lakoff, by the speakers is the decision to use the

52 INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 2(1), November 2017

FTA or not (Thomas, 1995:169). So, when ask his men by “Do the execute the land!”. communicating, the speakers should make This strategy may be followed by utterance a politeness strategy to make a positive such as ‘ help ‘ or can? This functioned to interaction with others. The choice of making smoothen the FTA called mitigating devices strategy will be made based on the calculation (device deduction) (Yule 1996, 63). of the speakers against the weight of the 2. On record with positive politeness redress FTA by using the parameters as follows: (1) Brown and Levinson as stated by Grant the level of necessity (rate of imposition), (O’Keeffe, Anne, Clancy, & Adolph’s 2011) which is an absolute burden that becomes in mention that positive politeness oriented effect in a certain culture; (2) social distance which threatens speaker’s positive face. between the speakers and Interlocutors; A speaker will show a positive image of and (3) the magnitude of power difference the face to a friendly receiver or audience. (power) or dominance among speakers and Positive face is the approach of applying the Interlocutors. So, when it formulated is W impression on the face of the speaker on the (FTA) = R + D + P (Renkema, 1993:14). certain things which indicates that he has the same desire with the audience. This strategy 1. Politeness Strategies is by treating as a group member, a friend, The theory related to the politeness strategy or as someone who has the same tastes and based on the face must be continually desires in common. monitored during an interaction, because Yule (1996, 62) defines positive politeness it will be different case, especially for the as the act with a more positive face of body elder. During a conversation, face should art to speak it unfavorable to the speakers be controlled to avoid miss communication. or audience or known as a face saving act It is important to maintain not only one’s (FSA). The positive face of someone when own face but also the others (Fraser, 1990). speaking shows more friendly-ness which Speakerss and receivers must be able to “save emphasizes that both want the same thing face” when they are confronted with a “face- and have the same goal. threatening act” (FTA), which threatens the So, in this strategy threatening speaker’s faces of the addressees (Johnstone, 2008). positive face and an equal should be Here are some strategies of politeness considered can reduce threatening advance. according to Brown and Levinson (Brown The face Saving Act is where both show and Levinson 1987): awareness of the social distance over the 1. On record, without regressive action, speakers to audience responses (Yule 1996, baldy or bald on record 61). It shows that FTA can be implemented Commonly, this strategy is used when with an action of save face using positive the speaker and receiver know well each politeness that emphasizes on the rescue other or in an urgent situation. In this case, act which threatens speaker’s positive face. maintaining face is not the priority or the main Further, positive face relates to the familiarity goal is only to the point of a conversation. A between the speaker and interlocutor. Brown person may shout, “Watch out!” if someone and Levinson cited by O’Keeffe and his looks at someone else who is in danger. friends (O’Keeffe, Anne, Clancy, & Adolph’s This strategy does not try to preserve face, 2011, 66 – 68) classified it into 15 positive but can be used to threaten it if taken out of politeness strategies: context. Another example also could be seen 2.1 Heed the interests, desires, behavior, when a governor ordered his staff to enforce communicant stuff (Pay Attention to hearer’s the rules or execute to the Government land interest, wants, needs, goods) illegally occupied by members of the public. In this strategy speakers should pay This strategy also can be used by the head to close attention to the condition of the audience that could include physical

53 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... changes, the ownership of certain things, closer between speakers and audience. For and so on. This strategy can be used for example: “My brother, can you help me example when somenone needs something repair my motorcycle? from the audience, he begins with a prolog: 2.5 Strive to agree with communicant (seek “Today you look fresher than usual,” and he agreement/make small talk) continues with: “I’m needing an additional On this strategy the speaker repeats capital for my ventures, will you lent it?”. some speech spoken by him to show that The phrase “today you look fresher than the audience is listening to speaker and the usual” is a strategy used by the speaker. information spoken by him. After impressing him, he continues into the 2.6 Avoid contention with opponents said speaker’s points and expects the main points (avoid disagreement) will be responded properly. The way of this strategy is the speaker 2. 2 Exaggerate interest in, approval of or should be trying to avoid disagreements sympathy with a hearer). with the audience because by doing this, This strategy is used by giving an the speaker tries to deliver information association with something impressing affectively. If there is event of refusal of the audiences and expected can attract to information through set an ambush, then the the speaker’s goals. For example: “your information becomes less acceptable and house is beautiful”, and then it continues understood thoroughly by the audience. to the point. This statement describes the 2.7 Find common ground. speaker’s compliments to audience’s house In this strategy, the speaker tries to and expects the host became excited and reposition himself into a state of feeling or honored. After the sociological conditions the speaker tries to adapt with the perception has occurred between both, then the intimacy among speakers and audience. Here, the of communication becomes more effective speaker also tries to reposition himself to to communicate. conditions that are felt by the audience. So, 2.3 Enhance the sense of attraction to to make the similarities of perception and communicant (employ exaggeration and intonation between speakers and audience, it dramatic effect in your speech in order to would be entwined a good, measurable, and interest and involve the hearer). directional communication. This strategy is to improve the audience’s 2.8 Make a joke. response that is initially less interested or This strategy can be applied if the likely to be indifferent to the information condition of the audience is not in a good given by the speakers, be a better response. condition or in a bad mood. Here, the speaker The way is by slipping the phrases and should understand in advance the condition questions to invite the audience to be more of the speaker’s mood shown through his involved in communication. For example: face. “Did you know what I saw in the middle 2.9 Assert or imply knowledge of and concern of way here?” a truck slipped on side of the for a hearer’s wants. road”. After the audience feels interested in This strategy can be used when the the information given, the speakers can give speaker has enough information about the more information to him, because an interest topic that will be said and also the audience. shows something to be explained. If not, the communication will not run well. 2.4 Use in-group identity markers. 2.10 Offer, promise. To break the limits between the speakers This strategy is used due to the existence and the audience, the speakers can use this of a limited time between speakers and strategy by using mark identity, such as audience, so the expected and objective Mas, Brother, Sist, Madam, and so on, to communication have not been achieved. This soften the imperatives of power and make strategy is also often used in the interactive

54 INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 2(1), November 2017 communication like in interview. desire of the speaker for unopposed, saddled, 2.11 Show a sense of optimism (be optimistic). harassed, or exempted in accordance with This strategy can be applied to be able his wishes (Brown & Levinson, 1987, to contribute positively to the environment 129). In addition, there is an explanation around the speakers. For example: “Although stating that negative politeness is an action heavily defeated on this, but I believe God oriented to face rescue face negative which justice will surely come”. tends to show respect and emphasis on the The example above shows an optimistic importance of time or the Affairs of the statement of a speaker who is actually communicant, including even in apology difficult to accept the fact of life that cannot for any inconvenience or interruption (Yule, be avoided. Rather he keeps it in his mind, 1996, 62). In addition, negative politeness and convinces himself that there are surely can be done by giving homage (deference) to all considerations behind. The speaker above the interlocutor. uses behaviors that are able to reinforce 3.1 Speech expressed indirectly according the his positive mental, so he knows how to prevailing social customs in the community overcome his pessimism that often stood (be conventionally indirect). through the spoken words. This strategy makes us able to give 2.12 Use inclusive ‘ we ‘ form. indirect commands in accordance with the This strategy commonly uses the words applicable norms at the local people. For ‘ let’s or Come on ‘, for example: “Let’s other people, the less precise in speech could celebrate this moment by eating together.” be the norm, but elsewhere the speech is The word “Let’s celebrate” is an considered legitimate only to communicate. egalitarian form of someone who does 3.2 The strategy used in the form of questions not look at himself as a speaker who must with certain particles (question, hedge). be respected because of the structural The use of this strategy is to know the organization position. Instead, the speaker State of the partner said, whether the partner would like to inform the audience as an said in a State of just listening to the things equal one. spoken by the speaker or not 2.13 Give [or ask for] reasons. 3.3 Do carefully and don’t be too optimistic, The strategy is used to validate about but not being pessimistic (be pessimistic). any information requiring an answer and This strategy is used to avoid too deep clarification so as not to be biased. disappointment when a speaker is expecting 2.14 Assume or assert reciprocity. a high response from the partner said. For The Act of this strategy is similar to example: “there may be a slight concern for the bargain. Both the speaker and audience you to help us get out of this difficulty.” will agree to do something based on the deal From the example above, it can be seen has made. The Speaker will do what the the strategy used, in which the speaker at least audience want, and also the audience will do still hopes, albeit slightly, that the partner what the speaker means. said is able to respond to the expectations of 2.15 Give sympathy to the audience (give a the speaker. gift). 3.4 Reduce power or threats to audience face This strategy is used to provide comfort (minimize the imposition). and trust to the social conditions against the By reducing the threat of facial speakers, audience. One of that is offering an assistance it creates familiarity when speaking. In to the audience. addition, it will create tension when the 3. On record with negative politeness redress speakers amplify the threat of the look on the The third Strategy is called a negative face to the partner said that finally the desire politeness oriented on the communicant of the speakers is not achieved. or audience prepayment negative, i.e. the 3.5 Give homage (give deference).

55 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ...

With a toss of self-esteem of partner said, partner said to decide how to interpret speech it would have created an award to him which delivered by speakers. Huang (2007:118) then partner said can respond to interlocutor mentions that the strategy off the record can with full attention. be done by giving verbal instructions (verbal 3.6 Use apology (apologize). hint) so that if used, then both partners will The purpose of apology on this strategy understand what the intention of the speaker. is to show regret because the speaker speaks 4.1 Provide the cue (give hints would) less pleasantly to the interlocutor of the What is hinted in this strategy is if speech act. the speakers offer us something that is not 3.7 Don’t mention speakers and partners explicitly relevant to the conditions that exist said (impersonalize) between speakers and partners said, he will By not mentioning the name or initials indirectly ask the partner to interpret the of the speakers as well as partners said does things that may be relevant to the condition not make the communication be frozen. As a of the speakers at the time. result of the break off one of the parties said, 4.2 Provide instructions pertaining to (give the result of the mentioning names or initials association clues). can create ice and disruption of the process The goal of the use of this strategy is that said. the partner is fully able to understand what 3.8 State actions threatening the advance spoken about the conditions and situation as a generally accepted social provisions over a statement spoken by speakers. And (Adopt an inclusive perspective). thus said partners can respond over a speech This strategy is used to provide a delivered by speakers voluntarily without reminder to anyone for the creation of a joint any coercion from anyone to do it comfort. 4.3 Presuppose. 3.9 Nominalize This strategy is used before the speaker This strategy is the process of making the says something, but he already has alleged word into noun (noun) from part of speech against the response that will be received other, generally adjective (adjective) or from the partner said, for example, at the adverb (adverb). In the process, which is time the offer as a form of habit in Indonesia a type of word formation, it may be added to partner said. derivational suffix on the verb or adjective. 4.4 Make a statement that shrink a person’s 3.10 Say clearly to the partners said that the ability (understate). speaker has given a good thing to him, or What is meant by understate in this vice versa (claim or disclaim indebtedness to strategy is to know one’s judgment about the hearer). other people. The assessment refers to This strategy is used to increase the assessment under someone’s standards that power or the position of the speakers so that apply in the community. As now revealed the partners are said to want wishes from does not assume that someone is good. speakers. 4.5 Make statements that overstate 4. Speak openly or not vaguely (Off-record) (overstate). If the third strategy was previously used Overstate strategy is a form of to reveal a speech by way of outright, either exaggeration that aims to convey an apology, without or with pleasantries, then the fourth criticism, or satire. strategy was conducted vaguely. 4.6 Use tautology (use tautology). According to Brown and Levinson Tautology in this strategy is the use of (1987:211), when a speaker wants to do an looping the same meaning but using different action threatening the advance (FTA), but words, The goal is conveying the reason, wants to avoid responsibility for his act, then criticism, rejection of requests, or complaints he can do it faintly (off the record) and let the 4.7 Use contradictions or conflicts (use

56 INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 2(1), November 2017 contradiction) person who is aware of the FTA in question is This strategy is used to assume that intended for partners said. This strategy aims none of the spoken statements are true. This to let the partners said not frightened over the is because the speakers are not able to speak speech spoken by speakers. Generally this the truth in public. This strategy can also be strategy aims to give wisdom to the partners used to deliver the complaint or criticism said through the said objects that can be 4.8 Speak ironically (be ironic) understood as a lesson for the partner said. What is meant by ironic strategy is 4.15 Wear the speech is incomplete or ellipsis speaking the opposite of the truth. The (be incomplete, use ellipsis). strategy is delivered by providing points This strategy actually violates the in the form of context, nasal honking, and thimble and thimble quantity behavior gestures or understood by participant. because of functioning follow-up to develop 4.9 Use metaphors (use metaphors). inviting receiver to be able to respond to The strategy of metaphor is a speech that what is said by the speakers. aims to reveal either directly or indirectly Of the overall strategy, all of which aim the situation and conditions in question by to provide courtesy to attendees as well as interlocutor. speakers of both receivers in order to be able 4.10 Use rhetorical questions (use rhetorical to communicate well so that the information questions). in question can be achieved. Neither the This strategy aims to break the deadlock desired information that otherwise could that indicates to the obtained information by not be achieved due to the advance attitude the speakers. The spoken phrase is floating, makes no good response from participants. which means that he does not need a response 5. Negative Politeness (does not make any from the partner said. speech or speak in the heart (don’t perform 4.11 Use ambiguous (be ambiguous) the FTA). In using them, this strategy is generally As explained by Brown and Levinson metaphor expression, but not all should be (Languages and Clarke 2000) a speech has metaphor, depending on the context. It is the potential to threaten a person’s face. meant to refer to the literal meaning of fact Therefore, the speakers can avoid threatening or otherwise, the speech expressed refers to face with speakers by not doing the FTA. the meaning that is not fact. This strategy tries to minimize threats to 4.12 Wear a vague speech (be vague). the audience’s negative face. An example of In this strategy, a statement is stated when negative politeness would be used is indirectly (off the record) with the face of when the speaker requires something from a threatening (FTA), at work with a speaker the audience, but wants to maintain the disguising the object said to partner said. audience’s right to refuse, he can do this by 4.13 Exaggerate by making generalizations being indirect, using hedges or questions, (over-generalize). minimizing imposition and apologizing. The rules in this strategy indirectly apply the speakers face threatened to follow 2. Scale of Politeness up through said partners said. This strategy There are at least three kinds of measuring can also be said to eventually lead to follow- scales rating of politeness which up to this up. time are widely used as a basis of reference 4.14 Replace the intended receiver to the in the study of politeness. The three scales others (displace). include: On the strategy of indirect speech of 1 Leech’s Politeness Scale the speakers (off the record) to receivers, it In Leech’s model of politeness, every replaces the Interlocutors’ partner said or said interpersonal maxim can be used to rank the partners with other people and hopes that the

57 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... politeness of a speech. The following are of the oath, promises, and the agreement scales of politeness by Leech (Leech 2014, statement; 4) Expressive, which is the 123 – 27): form said that serves to show the attitude 1.1 Cost-Benefit scale: Representing the cost of the speaker to the partners said through or benefit of an act to the speaker and hearer follow up said. This category can be in the This first measures the scale to large-small shape of giving thanks speech survived, losses and gains arising from a criminal apologizing, blaming, praising, and speech said. It is understood that politeness is not of grief; and 5). Declarations, the form said always symmetries, modesty with respect to that balance reasonably between the content the partner said, not necessarily convenient and the context of the situation. It is intended for speakers and the context is influential to for the speakers to speak differently than follow civility said. Sometimes the speech is usual. This category can be in the shape of increasingly harming speakers themselves, any termination, cancellation, prohibition, and will be increasingly considered that legalization, fulfilment, categorization, etc. speech is polite. Instead, the speech that 1.2 The Optionality scale: Indicating the is profitable for self-speakers will be degree of choice ‘ permitted explosives increasingly considered impolite. In such to speakers and/or hearer by a specific case, seen from the view of the partners said, linguistic act it can be said that the more profitable of the This scale refers to many or at least partners said, it will increasingly be viewed options conveyed by the speaker to a that no speech politeness in it. In this case, it partner said in the speech. Increasingly it requires wisdom from the speakers. allows speakers of speech or partner said To maintain or improve civility statement, to determine the numerous choices freely, speakers can use the follow illocution stated which would be considered the more polite. by Searle in the Leech (Leech 1983, 105-7) 1.3 The Indirectness of scale: indicating the and also Yule (Yule, 1996, 53 – 54) about amount of inferencing required of the hearer the classification of acts said that also refer in order to establish the intended speaker to Searle, follow to the speakers associated meaning. with illocution anyone?, according to This scale refers to the rank of direct or whom?, when?, and where acts of said it indirect mean of a speech. The more speech done?. Searle said follow-up categorizes the will be increasingly considered directly illocution into five (5) categories, namely: impolite on it. 1) Assertive, the form said that expresses an 1.4 The Authority scale: representing the affirmation of the truth revealed said. This status of the relationship between speaker category can be in the shape of statement, and hearer. suggestion, complaint, claim, and reports. This scale refers to the relationship As with any form of illocution statements, between the social status of the speaker and it tends to be neutral as a form of courtesy. said partners involved in speech. The farther But in some cases, neutrality has exceptions the distance between speakers of social in the form of a boast of something; 2) ranking with partners said, the more polite Directives, the form said that tends to be the speech used will tend to be. measured from the behavior of the partners 1.5 The Social distance scale: Indicating the said after listening to the speakers. Speakers degree of familiarity between the speaker expect the partners said to respond in the and the hearer. form of the action, in accordance with what This scale refers to the rank of social is mentioned in the speech of the speakers; 3) relationship between the speaker and said Commisive, this demands that the speakers partners engaging in a speech. There are said do everything mentioned in what he concern that the closer the distance between said. These requirements may take the form the two social ranks, the increasingly less

58 INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 2(1), November 2017 polite it will be. pragmatics, and it is affected by the context. 3. Context of Background 3. Civility and Context The ability to understand more deeply Politeness or civility is a dynamic society against the conveyed speech that is associated with the unwritten Convention. understood by speakers will be effected also The use of said is not only linguistic by the background of partners said. The functioning, but also serving as a social background will be very complex. Scheme meaning. The appropriateness of the use of partners said as information that has been said on the appropriate context conditions gathered since the partners said was born can and situations become a necessity by the be a context definition of a said. speakers. The use of said inappropriate in 4. Context of Distance the context of the necessary presumption This context needs clearity and can will occur that causes Frost communication be responded by the partners said. The situation. articulation that is different on each speaker Although politeness discussion does not will require distance which corresponds to the equal to the using of the presence expressing articulation that is submitted by the speakers. to the formal distance and an appreciation Close proximity does not necessarily for people who is older; however, in certain guarantee the partners said that can be used contexts it remains valid. by partners to deliver in accordance with In Indonesian, the use of the word “you” the intentions of speakers, or vice versa. with the word “you” will have different However, in the wider meaning, the distance social meaning for the interlocutor. When can also mean socially. The distance of the compared in English, the words “you” and strata, age, education, and so on can be a “your” are still represented with the word context effecting the success of the process “you” which both are equal. Yule (1996) said. In addition to the context—the context divided it into 4 civilities contexts: described above, there is also the context of 1. Context of Participants the generally valid on events spoken, such as Politeness is the development happening the context of the social and cultural context. on the pragmatics of science and of course 5. Context of Social dealing with the study of communications. Social distance in fact is undeniable In a communication it will certainly involve in the process said. Determination of speakers who do said, partners said as the formulation of politeness depends on social recipient said, and as an object discussed. distance and power between speakers and This context will depend to third party of partners said. Determination of formulation interlocutor. In other words, these three of politeness that is less precise because of instruments will affect the level of both the social context will affect the success of modesty and clarity of communications on a process said. When the context in the form events spoken as a pragmatic level. of social distance reduces, it also reduces 2. Context of Definition negative politeness that arises due to the The definition by the partners as the distance. Social distance is generally in the understanding of spoken submitted by form of a level of familiarity, the difference receiver will be very important in the in status, role, age, gender, education, class, process of communication. The definition occupation or ethnicity. Although in theory it of inappropriate that will be stated by the becomes obsolete, in the context of pragmatic speakers in question will cause the missing the issues becomes inevitable that cannot be link in the process. Then of course, the denied. speaker is very influential towards the 6. Context of Cultural context. Politeness is the phenomenon of Culture is a fastener that is not written as one of the context of decency said in the

59 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... community. Cultural differences will become C. Results and Discussions a selection step said that should be done by Here, the data are presented into 9 data the participants said. By understanding the collected randomly. This is done to provide prevailing culture handy world, will make an objective data, so that the results of this it easier for someone to be understood in the research can contribute to the academic context of said. research and social study as follows:

B. Methods Data 1 This is qualitative research where the data Statement: “Saya tidak terlalu percaya have been collected in order to find the dengan Sekda. Saya curiga pas saya information and conclusion with verbal enggak jadi gubernur atau cuti, hilang describing (Bruce, 2004). The collected lagi ini pasal kontribusi tambahan. Saya data have been analyzed by applying the curiga ada kesepakatan nanti,” kata Ahok theory about the politeness theory by Brown di Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (I and Levinson (1987). The analysis used is don’t really believe in the Secretary. I guess, componential utterance (Languages and when I leave the position as governor either Clarke 2000), that examines the meaning of permanently or temporarily, the regulation interpretative (pragmatics) and the value of about an extra contribution that I have signed the sentence based on context and situation will be deleted. I guess there will be an of statement. informal agreement behind that)” Ahok said This research is located in Jakarta, in the Criminal Court of Corruption, Jakarta, with the characteristics of the speech or Monday (5/9/2016). communication language of Ahok as the Response: “Itu hak orang untuk memberikan Governor of DKI Jakarta. The sample of the keterangan, pantas atau tidak. Dipolitisir data are randomly taken from media online apapun itu, tergantung yang bersangkutan,” related to the statement of Ahok containing kata Saefullah, kepada wartawan” (it is the pragmatic aspect. people’s right to give information, either It reveals some questions: 1) politeness appropriate or not. Any political will behind Strategies used by the speaker in conveying it, depending on the people”, Saefullah said information regarding to public policy as a to the reporters at City Hall, Jakarta, Monday governor; 2) follow up politeness Scale of (6/9/1999). Ahok said in presenting his policy directions Signal Statement : (“I don’t really as the Governor of DKI Jakarta; and 3) believe”, “I guess”) public responses to those strategies and scale The type of the Act : Assertive considered. FTA : Act which threatens Moreover, to find out the people’s the audience’s negative face (warning) responses to the governor’s statements Strategy : On Record without strategy, it uses some qualitative approaches redressive action through interviews and by using the results Topics : Additional of a survey that has been done by some Contributions in the reclamation of Jakarta independent survey institutions such as Sea LSI (Indonesia Circle Survey). The survey Social status : Governor of Jakarta has made scientific sample through the for 2014-2017 appropriate rules of probability sampling Implication : F i n a n c i a l in DKI Jakarta. This is done to know irregularities the responses of the people towards the concern will occur, performance of Ahok as a governor. Ahok is unhappy to the Secretary work

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The scale : The Authority scale the speaker and the secretary as his staff is Context : Audience between the boss and the staff. This is because The signal statements “I don’t really the position of Secretary is a civil servant believe” and “I guess” are categorized into (PNS), the number one in the hierarchy of a declarative one used by the speaker to the provincial Government of DKI Jakarta who interlocutor. This signs indicate that the must support for the Governor’s program. speaker believes in the truth that he said. This means that the speaker would like to Meanwhile, the speaker uses On Record ask the secretary to improve the quality of without redressive action strategy to show his his work. suspicions and unbelief to his subordinates. It seems that the desire to maximize his speech Data 2 and minimize the desire of the speaker to Statement: “Crisis Center itu akan respect to the audience. It is indicated that he memetakan bidang pekerjaan warga,” kata wants to allow what he wants to do without Sandiaga.” (..The Crisis Center will map the any bother. people’s jobs,” Sandiaga said). Further, if analyzed to the concepts Response: “Ya bikin aja, bagus gitu” (“I of speaker face in front of the public, it can agree with that, just do it. That’s a good be seen that the speaker indirectly warns the thing”), Ahok said at City Hall, Jakarta, secretary as an object of speech to improve Friday (2/9/1999). his capacity. The speaker also has a desire Signal Statement : “Just do it”, “that’s a to do it without being bothered by others. good thing” It also shows that speaker has a desire to be The type of the Act : Assertive independent and has freedom in the act. FTA : Threat to speaker’s All are because of the condition negative face (accepting offer) where the secretary proposed to the Strategy : Off-record Legislatives Board to put an additional Topics : a plan of one of the contribution in Governor Consideration, not prospective candidates of DKI Governor in the Legislative. So, with this proposal it to build a Crisis center for the people of assumes that it can be changed sometimes. Rawajati, Pancoran-South Jakarta Because Legislative consideration is higher Social status : Governor of Jakarta that governor one, at the time Ahok agreed for 2014-2017 with it because there is no regulation about Implication : The evictees at it yet. Rawajati is beyond the law or legal The social status between the speaker The scale of politeness: Indirect Sacle and the secretary as the topics discussed is Context : Planning to make a the superior and subordinates. It could be crisis center caused by the fire. said that the speaker act which threatens From the lingual sign it shows that speaker speaker’s negative face to the secretary. The confirms that he is indeed less pleased over speaker saying directly and openly shows the the plan. The word “aja or just do it” and speaker’s negative face. “bagus itu or that’s a good thing” implicitly By using the authority of the speaker asserts his unpleasant against a plan of one as the boss, it can be seen that the authority of the prospective candidates of Jakarta, scale occurs. The speaker does not have the Sandiaga Uno to build a Crisis Center for social impact as a public figure by the system. the people of Rawajati, Pancoran, a region in So, the achievement of target information to South Jakarta. the audience is a priority than to maintain the With the face which reflect a desire to audience’s right to refuse. express one’s idea without resistance, the The context of meaning interpretation speaker implicitly does not care with the is a base of using this strategy. The position audience’s responses. He only wants to show

61 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... his unpleasant by using off record strategy. Monday (6/9/1999). The strategy used by the speaker shows Response: Saefullah: “Saya pasrah saja. throw lingual sign he uses. “Just do it” and Enggak bermanuver ke sana ke mari” (I “that’s a good thing” are the phrases to submit to it. I never make a maneuver to any imply the real desire he has, unpleasant. kind of parties for it),” Saefullah said, on The speaker pretends that he agrees with the Friday (19/8/2016). audience’s offer. As a result, his face is not Sylviana: “Kebetulan saya banyak tugas directly threatened. The word “that’s good” di sini (sebagai PNS). Enggak sempat shows that the speaker tries to interpret what ketemu partai. Saya di sini sebagai Deputi he spoke. He tries to impress the audience Gubernur. Yang jelas saya dari dulu pelayan by his statement by showing an act which masyarakat,” (as a civil servants, I have threatens speaker’s negative face which is many tasks here, so I have no time to meet oriented to the negative face of audience, any kinds of party. I just do my job as a where the desire of speaker does not impose Governor Deputy. Clearly, I have been a civil on the audience. Here, the Speaker also tries servant since long time ago. “Sylviana said. to rescue the face oriented face negative Signal Statement : “I am really thankful”, which tends to show respect and emphasis “Instead”, “do not need to be fired” on the importance of time or the Affairs of Types of acts said : Declaration the third as the audience. FTA : Threat to speaker’s As a political rival in the election of 2017, negative face (accepting thanks) both certainly have a political impact on the Strategy : Off-record (give hints) image of them. The using of this strategy Topics : the information about is an action that is quite right, because the his subordinates, created image to the audience results in a Saefullah and Deputy positive impact to the voters. Governor Sylviana Thus, the scale is classified into indirect Murni who will join scale, because the speaker tries to show the 2017 election an indirect point of speech of him, and Social status : Governor and his because of that, the audience try to assume subordinate to the speaker’s point. The speaker will also Implication : the presence of assume to the reaction that will be made to disappointment performance against both the speaker. The scale of politeness: Indirect Scale The background becomes a context of Context : Meaning this statement. The indication is shown in From the lingual sign “I am thankful”, it the utterance “just do it” and “that’s a good indicates to Declaration where the speaker thing” which reflects to the unpleasant to thanks to both, if they want to join the respond to the the plan. And because both 2017 Jakarta election because it means that speaker and audience are politicians, the the speaker does not need to make a big political purposes are containing to the pan. consideration without any resistance, both in administration and in politics. But if it Data 3 refers to “do not need to be fired”, it shows Stament: “Saya mah bersyukur banget. that the speaker gives a hint to the audience Justru saya harap Sekda sama Bu Sylviana that the speaker is unhappy with the work bisa maju supaya mereka bisa berhenti, achievements they have been doing. The enggak usah saya pecat,”(I am really political conditions would certainly be a thankful for it instead. Thus, I hope both consideration as a consequence of public Secretary and Sylviana are able to join the office contested through the direct election. election, so that they do not need to be fired The use of the word “Sekda” and “Bu” by me), Ahok said at City Hall, Jakarta, on shows the context of formalities in this act.

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Although the image of negative face is shown million sentence to the former President by the speaker, the speaker is still trying to Director of PT Agung Podomoro Land (APL) act by threatening speker’s positive face. The Ariesman Widjaja, who is proven to have indication where both his subordinates use bribed to the DKI Jakarta legislative member, BAMUS as their interest is the background M. Sanusi of Rp 2 billion for deliberations of of using this strategy on this act. the regulation (Raperda) about reclamation. This act is classified into indirect scale The Tribunal judges considers that PT APPS where weighs how hard the audience must has already contributed to Jakarta so that the work to understand the speaker act. Could verdict was commuted from the proscutting be the speaker allows them to resign without attorney demands, of 4 years in prison resistance, or could be this act is an indirect and a fine of Rp 250 million. Some of that order for both to resign. The sign words “I commitment can be seen from a number of am thankful” also shows the existence of a contributions to APL, such as flat of Daan meaningful definition of context, reveals Mogot, flat of Muara baru, and reconstruction or opens a promotion to the others as civil of Pluit reservoirs. servants for their career. In this act, the speaker shows a positive politeness to minimize the threat to the Data 4 audience’s positive face. The speaker did Act : “Saya kira kalau kontribusi, Agung this by attending the invoking equality and Podomoro kontribusi ya, dan mereka feeling belonging to the Podomoro as a juga termasuk pengembang yang paling group. The speaker also wants to show that komitmen bayar kontribusi itu (if talking the verdict is fair enough because APL has about contribution fee, I think Agung contributed to the construction of Jakarta. Podomoro is the most committed developer It also shows a declaration of satisfaction for that)”, Governor said when responding to from the first party to the third party in the verdict of Agung Podomoro boss at City procurement service provider. The speaker Hall in JAKARTA, on Jl. Medan Merdeka tries to treat the object as a member of the Selatan, Central Jakarta, Friday (1/9/2016) group said, a friend, or as someone having Signal Statement : “the most committed the same tastes and desires in common. developer” The context of interpretation is behind Types of acts said : Declaration this act. The context is also becoming FTA : Threat to speaker’s increasingly clear that the speaker agrees positive face (accepting offer) with the verdict being given by the judge to Strategy : on record with Ariesman. positive politeness The scale used in this act is categorized redress into indirect scale. The speaker seems to Topics : liability of avoid a direct statement to show his neutrality developer contributions as a governor who must facilate the whole Social status : Governor of Jakarta parties and stakeholder who care and want to for 2014-2017 develop Jakarta. Implication : the satisfaction of service users Data 5 Context : the background Statement: “Saya selalu katakan, malah saya The scale of politeness: Indirect Scale mengundang semua kepala daerah mengadu Lingual sign marker “the most committed (bertarung) di Jakarta, supaya Jakarta developer” shows a declaration, recognition mendapat yang terbaik dari yang terbaik, (I of the speaker to the object act. The topic always say, in fact I invite all peeople who was discussed based on a three-year (3) have capacity to fight in the election for imprisonment verdict and fines of Rp 200 Governor of Jakarta (2017), so that Jakarta

63 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... has the best elected governor)”, Ahok said at district head”. This statement indicates that City Hall, Wednesday, August 31, 2016. all the participants of the election are “the Signal Statement : “I invite to all” district head”, but the fact is the potential Types of acts said : Declarative participants of the election do not all serve FTA : Acts which threaten as head of the region. Otherwise, here Ahok Speaker’s negative face (accepting offer) as a candidate challenges to anyone who has Strategy : (on record with capacity to join the election. Here it is also positive politeness redress) reflected that he has a strong confidence to Topic : a survey results of win the election. The alternative statement Study Populi Center could be said “all potential nation element”. Social status : Governor of Jakarta He also suggests never to choose the for 2014-2017 candidate because of his religion, relative, Implication : the challenge to fight gender, race, and so on. Choose the candidate in Jakarta elections of 2017 because of his capacity. Context : meaning This scale is categorized into the Cost- Politeness scale : Indirect Scale Benefit scale because the speaker measures “I invite to all” as a lingual sign refers to the large-small losses and gains arising from declarative addresses, where Ahok challenge said that he would convey. The speaker likes to anyone who wants to fight in Jakarta. As to earn advantages against him through the a governor and with the authority he has, election going to be followed by qualified Ahok has no authority to invite anyone candidates. In other words, the speaker likes referring to the election. But, as a citizen, he to win the election respectably by beating the can do anything beyond the regulation. The potential candidates. This strategy of course authority to do the electoral process areas has been measured through the ID Collection (of the elections) is a Regional Electoral Act by his winning team. The speaker has Commission (KPUD), including inviting the calculated against the political support prospective candidates. In other words, the showing that the numbers are good enough lingual sign seems to negate an unwillingness to beat the other candidates. to respond to the results of a survey released by the Institute of the study of Populi Center Data 6 on Tuesday (30/8/2016), where the results of “Mudah-mudahan banyak yang melanggar, a survey stating if Ahok head to head with langsung tilang, (dikasih) slip biru (denda) Tri Rismaharini, Ahok will still win. Rp 500 ribu, lumayan. Kalau seribu mobil, “I invite” also shows a positive face Rp 500 juta sehari (Hopefully many who image with speakers showing that he is violate, directly ticketed, (given) the blue attempting to establish a partnership to the slip (fine) Rp 500 thousand, passable. Ifa audience for the effective communication thousand cars, Rp 500 million a day),” Ahok process. This is supported by other statement said at City Hall, Monday, on August 29, that according to Ahok, during the campaign, 2016. the most important is how to educate the Signal Statement : “Hopefully” public in politics. Positive Politeness that is Types of acts : Assertive the approach of applying the impression on FTA : Threat to speaker’s negative face the face of the speaker that on certain things, (accepting offer) the speaker also has the same desire with Strategy : Speak not blatantly or the audience that is by treating as a group vague (off the record) member, a friend, or as someone who have Topic : Regulation of odd-even system the same tastes and desires in common. Social status : Governor of Jakarta for Meaning is the context of this statement. 2014-2017 It is reflected through utterance “all the Implication : Do not break the rules

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Context : The Definition Data 7 Scale : Indirect scale “Mana ada saya jadi cawagub. “Hopefully” indicates an affirmation to the Cagub dong. Kuda yang baik adalah traffic offenders for beginning Jakarta Even- kuda yang tidak akan makan rumput di Odd Traffic System trial. All the traffic belakangnya. Kalau sudah maju, maju violators will be dealt with in accordance terus,” (It does not make in sense if I become with existing rules, namely fines of Rp a vice governor candidate. A good horse is 500,000. The utterance above is also as an the one that won’t eat the grass behind him. affirmation to the offenders that their offense Once stepping, go ahead)”, Ahok said after will benefit the government earning, Jakarta inaugurating the “Rumah Lembang” as his locally-generated revenue (PAD) which will campaign base during the election process, get an extra PAD through that fine. in Menteng, Central Jakarta, Thursday night, By using the strategy to speak on August 25, 2016. indirectly or not vaguely (off the record) Signal Statement : “does not make in it assumes that the statements stated will sense”, “go ahead” be literary based on stated or there is an The type of act : Assertive implication rhetoric as the real meaning FTA : Acts which threaten purposed. The implication implies that the the audience’s positive face (criticizing) speaker hopes the drivers will obey the rule Strategy : Speak directly to avoid the fine. This is because the speaker without further (Bald on-Record) urges for the common benefit and it can be Topic : Feedback statement commonly understood that the violation of Indonesia should not be done. This strategy is also Democratic Party to indicate a complaint or criticism to the (PDIP) politician, violating road users. The Penalties of the Masinton Pasaribu system would be enforced on Monday, on who stated that Ahok August 30, 2016. is better becoming a Even-Odd Traffic System trial had vice Governor if he been conducted since July 27 to August wants to be carried 26, 2016. During the trial, the police only by PDI-P party. gave sanctions in the form of reprimand. Social status : Governor of Jakarta No less than 16,086 reprimand were given for 2014-2017 to offenders during the socialization. The Implicates : Becoming a lingual sign “Hopefully many people who governor candidate or not at all break it” implies unreal message. This is Context : The background backward with the speaker means. The The scale of politeness: Indirect Scale definition implies that the speaker wants that The lingual sign “not make in sense” and the drivers do not break this regulation. “go ahead,” indicates an Assertive. The The scale contained in the statement information implies containing strong above is categorized into the Indirectness information that Ahok will continue to scale because it refers to the rating of direct become a governor candidate on the or indirect statement. The statement does 2017election with or without support not directly aim to indicate the politeness from PDI P. This statement also contains a to the audiences to the topic. Currently, the claim or declaration of the party which has Even-Odd Traffic System is being enacted supported him. The statement also contains in sections of the main roads, along the road a bald on record strategy used by him. The of Thamrin-Sudirman-Gatot Subroto Street, indication can be seen that the speaker did a and parts of H.R. Rasuna Said at 07.00-10.00 speech directly to the point without the use and 16.00-20.00. of any kind of presuppositions or lengthened

65 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... statement that made the audience taking indeed. That’s why we want to learn from time to be able to process further to what the Bu Risma. She needs a long time to do that. spoken means. She has been making it since the head of However, the continuation of the the Department of hygiene and Landscaper, statement with “a good Horse is the one that then head of the Planning Board of the city won’t eat the grass behind him” indicates of Surabaya, and mayors of five years. It’s that the speaker is using a strategy that is been more than ten years. In Jakarta, there not blatantly Speak or is vague (off the are 2,700 kilometers pavements to be fixed. record). The Speaker tried to let the audience Give me time, right now, we already have to decide how to interpret his implied got the prototypes for it) utterance. From the event of the statement, it Signal Statement : “Yes indeed”, “that’s is seen that the speaker uses a metaphor as a why we want to strategy to convey the message indirectly to learn”, “right now, the audience. we had already got The statement above is influenced by the prototypes for the background as the context which refers it” to the ability to understand deeper against The type of Act : Assertive the message convened. The background is FTA : Acts which very complex, so the diction will be used threaten Speaker’s positive face (Accepting is naturally different. Speaker’s schemata confessing) collected as the source of information since Strategy : On record with he was kid can be a context influencing the negative politeness redress statement. One of the party member stated Topic : The condition of the that Ahok is more suitable to become Deputy pavement Jakarta and Surabaya. Governor than a governor if he wanted to be Social status : Governor of Jakarta carried as the candidate from his party. for 2014-2017 When the speaker uses the metaphor Implicates : The extent of the above, it demonstrates The Indirectness of area that was treated should scale indicating the amount of inferencing Context : The background required of the hearing order to establish The scale of politeness: Indirect Scale the intended speaker meaning. The using The word “Yes” denotes an affirmation of of metaphor above refers to his immediate the speaker who realizes the fact that the ranking or indirect meaning of the statement. condition of the pedestrian in Jakarta has The categories of scale also interpret not been as good as in Surabaya. This is also that the speaker has a goal to keep the corroborated by the following statement: principle of politeness in the speech act. “that’s why we want to learn” that shows a positive image of the speakers to the Data 8 audience. “Ya, memang. Makanya kami mau belajar By calling the name “Bu Risma” it dari Bu Risma. Bu Risma menata itu butuh indicates the existence of respect to her as tahun yang lama. Bu Risma kebetulan (pernah the object of statement. However, on the menjabat) dari Kepala Dinas Kebersihan other hand the speaker uses on record with dan Pertamanan, lalu Kepala Badan negative politeness redress strategy which is Perencanaan Kota Surabaya, lalu Wali the speaker states frankly with pleasantries Kota lima tahun. Itu sudah di atas sepuluh in the form of negative politeness. It can be tahun itu. Di Jakarta, ada 2.700 kilometer seen from the statement “In Jakarta, there are trotoar yang harus total kami bangun. Kasih 2,700 kilometers pavements to be fixed up” saya waktu. Saya beresin. Sekarang sudah which means that in Surabaya the pavements beberapa prototype kami punya.”(Yes, are neat because the width is not equal to

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Jakarta, or smaller than Jakarta. could organize the sidewalk because the As a negative politeness, it is oriented area administered no bigger than a South on the speaker negative prepayment where Jakarta”, if it is directly spoken of course, he wants to be unopposed, saddled, harassed, then the statement is categorized as impolite. or exempted in accordance with his wishes. Here, the speaker considers using on record Data 9 with negative politeness redress strategy It took two periods? to save the oriented negative face which “Saya enggak usah dua periode. Tahun ini tends to show respect and emphasis on juga kelihatan sampai Oktober. Minimal the importance of time or the affairs of the prototype jalan utama kamu sudah lihat speaker. beda. Supaya kamu mengerti, sebenarnya The statement “that’s why we want to ada modelnya…(I don’t need taking two learn” also reflects the existence of statement periods. On October of this year, the works strategy expressed indirectly according the will be seen. At least you’ll see difference on prevailing social customs in the community the prototype of main streets. To make you (be conventionally indirect). It indirectly understand, there is actually a model for it).” implies that the speaker proposes to the “Sekarang saya wajibkan bikin model ada audience making appointment for the trotoar, (dengan pakai) semen aja. Saya meeting to discuss what the particular way to enggak mau (pakai) keramik, enggak mau construct pavements. Although compliance batu alam. Itu nanti pakai main disemen with the norms, the submission should be tetapi ada juga beberapa daerah yang musti delivered in written, but on the other side the ada resapannya.” (Now I order to make a speech is considered legitimate or normal to model of a sidewalk (with) the cement only. be revealed. I don’t want to use the ceramics and also In order to create a success in the natural stone. Later it will use cement to construction process of statement, then there make strong and adapted for the area which should not be an imposition in that process has absorption. because there will be an “ice” situation Signal Statement : “I don’t need taking resulted from the successful communication. two periods”, “Now I ordered to make a Formally, the diction that corresponds to the model of a sidewalk (with) the cement only”, level of formality is urgently needed. “That’s why we ordered from Japan” The ability to understand deeper to the The type of Acts : Assertive information is stated deeply against to the FTA : Threat to speaker’s cognitive background of the speaker and Negative Face (Accepting an offer) it will be very complex. Construction of Strategy : Speak directly sidewalks or pedestrian in Surabaya, which without any further interruption (on record) is considered better than the sidewalk in Topic : the condition of the Jakarta becomes the context behind the pavement in Jakarta and Surabaya. definition of the statement background. Social status : Governor of Jakarta If referring to the direct or indirect rank, for 2014-2017 it can be said that the statement above fits Implication : the extent of the area into the scale of Indirectness: indicating the that was treated amount of inferencing required of the hearer Context : the background in order to establish the intended speaker The scale of politeness: Authority scale meaning. This is meant to avoid the lack The signal statement “I don’t need taking of compensation when the above statement two periods”, “Now I order to make a model is directly compared to the achievements of a sidewalk (with) the cement only”, and reached by the total area. For example, “That’s why we ordered from Japan” are the statement being said above “Bu Risma assertive acts indicating that he estimates

67 M. Agus Suriadi : The Politeness Strategy ... the work will be done before his position as The strategy he uses implies the message that Governor ends. people need to work together. Floods, public The context of data 9 shows that negative transportation, and land-case are some issues face remains indicated by the speaker to the that need to be resolved by anyone who audience. This indicates that the speaker leads Jakarta. It also implies the elaborating is only passing on information without between rhetoric and action. regard to the audience. The strategy used If analyzed from postmodern realm, by the speaker is speaking frankly with the every word and every statement imply that pleasantries in the form of negative politeness they are inseparable from the flow of life. (on record with negative politeness redress). So, when he used Bald on Record strategy, This implicates looking of the existing in the it can be interpreted that he was spilling form of a assertive statement. the community concerns and at the same As a negative politeness oriented on time he was contending discourses based the negative communicant prepayment, it on the fact in the past (a matter of mass desires the speaker for unopposed, saddled, transport problem and flood) and based on harassed, or exempted in accordance with his campaign tagline “new Jakarta with more his wishes. The speaker is seen using on modern and democratic. record with negative politeness redress Meanwhile, the strategy used by strategy. This is done to rescue the negative Ahok needs to be changed or corrected to face oriented which tends to show reverence be more mannered appease either to the to the speaker himself. people or to Jakarta People Representative The statement “that’s why we ordered” Board (DPRD). This question emerged to also implies the existence of the strategy the forefront when the Chairman of the which is directly expressed (bald record) DPRD DKI Prasetyo Edi Marsudi suggested and intends to inform directly that Jakarta is that Governor should change the style of joining cooperation with disabled of Japan communication. The style here can be organization to make sidewalks, so disabled considered as the strategy. “In the future, Mr. will be more comfortable. The speaker uses Ahok should be more polite in your being. this strategy by speaking directly to the point His statement also must be maintained,” said without using presuppositions or lengthened Prasetyo on Monday (17/11). “So Mr. Ahok statements that make the audience need is right, but the way to speak was wrong,” he taking more time to respond the spoken. said again. If seen from the existing scale, the No matter he understands or not with the spoken goes into the Authority scale: academic discussion, the way he speaks is representing the status of the relationship sourced from real-world context (authentic), between speaker and hearer where the not from the context of the world that is spoken refers to the social status of the fabricated. Whether he understands or not, relationship between speakers and hearer or in practice he was hooking other people audience involved in communication. In this as opposed to talk, as opposed to a part. It case, submitted to power of the speaker as can be concluded that the strategies orient the head of the region. not only to himself but also to the presence Behind the strategy used by him, it of others because the other people need to contains some campaigns to work properly. be appreciated through the way to talk. The used strategy implies not merely without However, this seems difficult to be realized, meaning, but rather has to call all of the staff because he ever stated that actually he could in Jakarta order to change of the paradigm as not change the strategy he has been used. It the civil servants to be more agile and ready has become a part of his character. This is to serve the people of Jakarta because they reflected in his statement: “I’m sorry, Mr. have earned income with a quite high salary. and Mrs., I honestly can’t like Mr. Jokowi by

68 INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 2(1), November 2017 referring to eat first and chat here and there. References So, I can’t. If Mr. and Mrs. are breaking the Austin, John Langshaw. 1962. “How rules, I am really sorry, we will dismantle to Do Things with Words your house, “ Ahok said while talking (William James Lectures).” with people of Bidara Cina, East Jakarta, Wednesday (18/11). Bousfield, Derek. 2010. Last Impoliteness and Rudeness: Issues and Definitions. D. Conclusion Interpersonal Pragmatics. Vol. 6. http:// From the data that have been presented, it books.google.com/books? hl = en & lr = shows that the strategy used by the speaker & id = Uigz6s_vsNEC & oi = fnd & pg are mostly negative politeness strategy. The = PA101 & dq = “circumstances, + so + speaker emphasizes the advantages on the we + use + them.? + (1995 + Thomas: Speaker image only without paying attention positive “+” + “=” + politeness + = + to the Interlocutors. In the context of existing the + use + of + the + that + expressions multi-lingual, it shows that the form of the are both “+” + of + the + simultaneously statement is mostly classified intodeclarative getting + what + you + want +. and assertive dominating the statements. On a scale of decency, it demonstrates that the Brown, Penelope, and Stephen Levinson. authority scale often becomes the one mostly 1987. “Politeness: Some Universals performed in the statements centering on in Language Use.” Studies in less positive face. While the people’s Interactional Sociolinguistics 4, opinions on the strategy used by speaker are 55 – 84. DOI: 10.2307/3587263. various. Several of them ignore the strategy and concern to the work results; and many Bruce L. Methods for the social others really concern to strategy used and sciences. Pearson Education Inc, it is a crucial thing to adapt to the social- United States of America, 2004. cultural context. The negative politeness strategy is mostly used because the speaker Bungin, Burhan. 2001. The methodology emphasizes the advantages on the speaker of social research. Surabaya, image only without paying attention to the Indonesia: Universitas Airlangga. communicant. So, the impact is polarity in both the societies and something break in the Bachri, Bachtiar s. 2010. Convincing cultural politeness strategy commonly used Validity Data through Triangulation among the person being in the duty for the on Qualitative Research. University nation. Both work results and the social rules Of Surabaya Country. Surabaya. are important to be done. The discursive strategy of politeness Center, Populi. 2017. “the new face of Craving offers considerable promise in expanding citizens of Jakarta On Pilgub 2017.” Ins. our understanding of politeness in Indonesia. Whereas, taking a more critical stance on Culpeper, Jonathan. 2005. “Impoliteness social-cultural or norms in politeness research and Entertainment in the Television is now increasing to norms or politeness Quiz Show: ‘ The Weakest Link across cultures. Further, it is incumbent on ‘.” Journal of Politeness Research us as analysts to take a more nuanced view Language Behaviour Culture 1 (1): 35 of their role in theorizing politeness until – 72. DOI: 10.1515/jplr. 2005.1.1.35. the political issue. This research sketches a way in pinning down the notion of politeness Djamarah, Syaiful Bahri and Aswan discussion in political issue. Zain. 2010. Teaching and Learning

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Strategies. Jakarta: Cipta Rineka. Works Watts, Richard j. 2003. Politeness. First Publ. Harris, s. 2001. “Being Politically Impolite: Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press. Extending Politeness Theory to Adversarial Political Discourse.” Yule, George. 1996. “Pragmatics.” Discourse & Society 12 (4): 451 – 72. http://www.amazon.com/ DOI: 10.1177/0957926501012004003. Pragmatics-Oxford-Introductions- Language-Study/dp/0194372073. Kedveš, Ana. 2013. “Face Threatening Acts and Politeness Strategies in Summer Wijana, I Dewa Putu. 1996. the basics School Application Calls” 3:431 – 44. of Pragmatics. Yogyakarta: Andi.

Lakoff, Robbin t. and Sachiko Ide,. Welvi, Yossie Ana, et al. 2015. “Said Follow- 2005. Broadening the Horizon of up Directive of teachers in the learning Linguistic Politeness. Edited by process in MTs Riadhus Sholihin Sachiko Lakoff, Robbin t. and ideas. New Sijunjung Koto” in Journal of Philadelphia and The Netherlands. language, literature, Education and learning, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 84-95.: Languages, Middle Eastern, and Hugh Clarke. State University of Padang Padang. 2000. “Adapting Brown and Levinson’s Politeness ‘ ‘ Theory to the Analysis Zamzani, et al. 2011. the “development of Casual Conversation *,” 1 – 8. of the measuring instrument of Social Interaction in the Indonesian Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Language Politeness Bersemuka” Pragmatics. New York: Longman. Litera in the journal, vol. 10, no. 1, p. ———. 2014. The Pragmatics of 35-55. Yogyakarta: State University of Politeness. The Pragmatics of Yogyakarta. Politeness. DOI: 10.1093/acprof: oso/9780195341386.001.0001.

O’Keeffe, Anne, B Clancy, and S Adolphs. 2011. “Introducing Pragmatics in Use.” New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics 5:128 – 30. DOI: 10.4324/9780203830949.

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Sugiyono. (2007). Research methods for quantitative, qualitative approach to civic, and R & d. Bandung: ALFABETA Moleong, j. (2007). Qualitative Research Methods. Bandung: PT Rosda karya.

Nana Syaodih, Sukmadinata (2007), research methods of education, Bandung; Teen Rosda

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