Know More
Weblinks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reaction http://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/grignard-reaction.shtm http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch14additionrlir mgx.html http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/organic/c10k/C10K%20Organic %20Lecture%204.pdf http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/Carey5th/Ch20/ch20-3-5-3.html
CHEMISTRY Paper 9: Organic Chemistry-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module no.13: Addition of Grignard reagent
Suggested readings
Organic Chemistry by Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Wothers
March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and structure by Michael B. Smith and Jerry March
A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Sixth edition by Peter Sykes
CHEMISTRY Paper 9: Organic Chemistry-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module no.13: Addition of Grignard reagent
Glossary
A
Aldol condensation: An aldol condensation is an organic reaction in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β- hydroxyketone, followed by a dehydration to give a conjugated enone. Aldol condensations are important in organic synthesis, providing a good way to form carbon–carbon bonds.
C
Carbenoid: Carbenoid is a vague term used for a molecule in which all carbons are tetravalent but still has properties resembling those of a carbene, typically the carbene-like carbon has multiple bonds with a metal. Carbene is stabilized by Metal.
Carbonyl group: A carbonyl group is a chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom[C=O]. The simplest carbonyl groups are aldehydes and ketones usually attached to another carbon compound
Covalent bond: A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.
E
CHEMISTRY Paper 9: Organic Chemistry-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module no.13: Addition of Grignard reagent
Electronegativity: Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine (the most electronegative element) is assigned a value of 4.0, and values range down to caesium and francium which are the least electronegative at 0.7.
Electrophile: In chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron lover) is a reagent attracted to electrons. Electrophiles are positively charged or neutral species having vacant orbitals that are attracted to an electron rich centre.
Enols: Enols or more formally, alkenols, are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond
G
Grignard reaction
The Grignard reaction is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl- magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone. This reaction is an important tool for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds.
N
Nucleophile: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction. All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases.
O
Organolithium reagents: They are organometallic compounds that contain carbon – lithium bonds.
Organozinc compounds: Organozinc compounds in organic chemistry contain carbon to zinc chemical bonds.
Oxidative addition: Oxidative addition is a process that increases both the oxidation state and coordination number of a metal centre. Oxidative addition is often a step in catalytic cycles, in conjunction with its reverse reaction, reductive elimination
P
CHEMISTRY Paper 9: Organic Chemistry-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module no.13: Addition of Grignard reagent
Polarity: In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. Polar molecules interact through dipole–dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds.
R
Reformatsky reaction: The Reformatsky reaction (sometimes spelled Reformatskii reaction) is an organic reaction which condenses aldehydes (or ketones), with α-halo esters, using a metallic zinc to form β-hydroxy-esters.
S
Simmons–Smith reaction: The Simmons–Smith reaction is an organic cheletropic reaction involving an organozinc carbenoid that reacts with an alkene (or alkyne) to form a cyclopropane.
Interesting Fact:
François Auguste Victor Grignard (May 6, 1871 in Cherbourg - December 13, 1935 in Lyon) was a Nobel Prize-winning Frenchchemist. Grignard was the son of a sail maker. After studying mathematics at Lyon he transferred to chemistry and discovered the synthetic reaction bearing his name (the Grignard reaction) in 1900. He became a professor at the University of Nancy in 1910 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912. During World War I he studied chemical warfare agents, particularly the manufacture of phosgene and the detection of mustard gas. His counterpart on the German side was another Nobel Prize–winning Chemist, Fritz Haber.
CHEMISTRY Paper 9: Organic Chemistry-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module no.13: Addition of Grignard reagent