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The Science Behind the Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Chemistry Is The FRONTIER A MAGAZINE ABOUT ALLIGATOR BIOSCIENCE AND IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY #2, 2018 The science behind the Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Chemistry is the core in Alligator’s research and development FRONTIER – A MAGAZINE ABOUT ALLIGATOR BIOSCIENCE AND IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to: Alligator carries on the legacy 1901 Emil von Behring 1902 Ronald Ross 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen 1904 Ivan Pavlov of the Nobel Prize winners in 1905 Robert Koch 1906 Camillo Golgi 1907 Alphonse Laveran Medicine and Chemistry . 1908 Ilja Metjnikov Paul Ehrlich 1909 Theodor Kocher On Monday October 1, it was announced that James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo 1910 Albrecht Kossel 1911 Allvar Gullstrand had been awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discov- 1912 Alexis Carrel 1913 Charles Richet eries on immune checkpoints – which according to the Nobel Assembly at the 1914 Robert Bárány 1919 Jules Bordet Karolinska Institute “has revolutionized treatment and changed our view of how 1920 August Krogh 1922 Archibald V. Hill cancers can be treated.” Otto Meyerhof 1923 Frederick G. Banting John Macleod I share the opinion of the Nobel Assembly. 1924 Willem Einthoven 1926 Johannes Fibiger The groundbreaking research by James 1927 Julius Wagner- Jauregg Allison and Tasuku Honjo on how the 1928 Charles Nicolle immune system can be used to fight cancer 1929 Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick Hopkins has profoundly changed the therapeutic 1930 Karl Landsteiner 1931 Otto Warburg arena. Not only in terms of how we treat 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington cancer but also on the prospect of surviving Edgar Adrian the disease. 1933 Thomas H. Morgan 1934 George H. Whipple George R. Minot William P. Murphy The advancements at Alligator would not 1935 Hans Spemann 1936 Sir Henry Dale have been possible without Allison’s and Otto Loewi 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Honjo’s research. Since the first immuno- 1938 Corneille Heymans therapy antibody was approved in 2011, 1939 Gerhard Domagk 1943 Henrik Dam the CTLA-4 blocker Yervoy®, scientists all Edward A. Doisy 1944 Joseph Erlanger over the world have pursued the quest of Herbert S. Gasser 1945 Sir Alexander developing drugs that activate the immune Fleming system against cancer. Ernst Boris Chain Howard Walter body library ALLIGATOR-GOLD®. ATOR-1015 Florey 1946 Hermann Joseph I am proud to say that Alligator plays an is built and optimized using both phage Muller 1947 Carl Cori important part in this global effort ATOR- display and the protein optimization tech- Gerty Cori 1015 is leading the way for the next gener- nology FIND. Moreover, the key mechanism Bernardo Alberto Houssay ation of CTLA-4 products, bispecific anti- of action of ATOR-1015 is to activate the 1948 Paul Müller 1949 Walter Hess bodies with tumor-localizing properties. It immune system via CTLA-4. Three Nobel Egas Moniz 1950 Edward C. Kendall is directly borne out of Allison’s research, Prize discoveries in the same molecule. This Philip S. Hench Tadeus Reichstein is the first of its kind, and will enter clinical will be a difficult record to beat! 1951 Max Theiler phase I before the end of the year. 1952 Selman A. Waksman 1953 Hans Krebs At Alligator, we will now make every effort to Fritz Lipmann 1954 John F. Enders What is more, George Smith, Frances H. continue to work in the spirit of the Nobel Thomas H. Weller Frederick C. Robbins Arnold, and Greg Winter were awarded the Prize. A Revolution for Life. 1955 Hugo Theorell Nobel Prize in Chemistry on October 3. 1956 André F. Cournand Dickinson W. Arnold developed a protein evolution tech- Per Norlén, CEO Richards Werner Forssmann nology that is related to Alligator’s FIND® 1957 Daniel Bovet 1958 George Wells Beadle technology (Fragment INduced Diversity), In honor of previous prize winners in the phys- Edward Lawrie iology and medicine categories, we have listed Tatum and Smith and Winter developed phage dis- Joshua Lederberg play, the technology behind our human anti- all of their names in this issue of Frontier. 1959 Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg Frontier #2, 2018 2 FRONTIER – A MAGAZINE ABOUT ALLIGATOR BIOSCIENCE AND IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY 1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Peter Medawar Tasuku Honjo, James P. Allison and 1961 Georg von Békésy 1962 Francis Crick James Watson Maurice Wilkins their discoveries. 1963 Sir John Eccles Alan L. Hodgkin Andrew F. Huxley This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James P. Allison 1964 Konrad Bloch USA Feodor Lynen and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy through the inhibition of 1965 François Jacob negative immune regulation. Thanks to research by Allison and Honjo, it is now André Lwoff Jacques Monod possible to release the inherent power of the immune system to fight and destroy 1966 Peyton Rous Charles B. Huggins cancer cells in a completely new and revolutionary way. 1967 Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald 1968 Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg 1969 Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria 1970 Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler Julius Axelrod 1971 Earl W Sutherland Jr. 1972 Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter 1973 Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974 Christian de Duve Albert Claude George E. Palade 1975 David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard M. Temin 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg D. Carleton Gajdusek 1977 Andrew V. Schally Roger Guillemin Rosalyn Yalow 1978 Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O Smith Tasuku Honjo antigen receptors can activate or inactivate 1979 Allan M. Cormack Tasuku Honjo, born in 1942, is a Japanese the immune system’s T cells. This knowledge Godfrey N. Hounsfield immunologist. He is best known for his constitutes the core of immuno-oncology 1980 Jean Dausset Baruj Benacerraf discovery and research into the mecha- and Allison’s research resulted in the first George D. Snell 1981 Roger W. Sperry nisms and proteins that are essential in the immuno-oncology drug in 2011. Torsten N. Wiesel regulation of immune reactions. Honjo’s 1982 Sune Bergström Bengt Samuelsson research has paved the way for the develop- Allison also has very personal experiences John R. Vane Storbritannien ment of anti-PD-1 immunotherapies, which of cancer. At the age of eleven, his mother 1983 Barbara McClintock 1984 Niels K. Jerne have been approved for the treatment of died from lymphoma and his brother Georges J F Köhler César Milstein melanomas and other forms of cancer. He passed away from prostate cancer in 2005. 1985 Michael S. Brown has worked as a researcher in both the US Allison himself has undergone surgery for Joseph L. Goldstein 1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini and in Japan. prostate cancer and skin cancer and is Stanley Cohen 1987 Susumu Tonegawa currently undergoing immunotherapy treat- 1988 Sir James W. Black Gertrude B. Elion James P. Allison ment for bladder cancer. George H. Hitchings James P. Allison was born in 1948 in Alice, 1989 J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus Texas, and is the youngest of three sons to Allison is a professor at M.D. Anderson 1990 Joseph E. Murray Edward Donnall Constance Kalula (Lynn) and Albert Murphy Cancer Center at the University of Texas. In Thomas 1991 Erwin Neher Allison. His scientific interest was aroused his spare time, he plays the harmonica in a Bert Sakmann 1992 Edmond H. Fischer in earnest by his math teacher in the eighth blues band called Checkpoints together with Edwin G. Krebs grade, an interest that has meant Allison has colleagues from immuno-oncology. 1993 Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp spent a large share of his life studying how Frontier #2, 2018 3 FRONTIER – A MAGAZINE ABOUT ALLIGATOR BIOSCIENCE AND IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY 1994 Alfred G. Gilman Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter Martin Rodbell 1995 Edward B. Lewis Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein- The chemistry prize winners have Volhard 1996 Rolf M. Zinkernagel Peter C. Doherty taken control over evolution. 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad The first seed of life on earth appeared some 3.7 billion years ago. Evolution has 1999 Günter Blobel since produced almost inconceivable riches on a previously deserted planet 2000 Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel through its modus operandi of genetic change and selection. Life now exists in Arvid Carlsson 2001 Tim Hunt locations under the most varying conditions. This year’s Nobel Prize winners in Sir Paul Nurse Leland H. Hartwell Chemistry have been inspired by evolution and used the same principles to develop 2002 Sydney Brenner John E. Sulston proteins that solve a number of our chemical challenges, such as manufacturing H. Robert Horvitz biofuel and drugs. Using the phage display method, we can now develop antibodies 2003 Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield to treat auto-immune diseases and in some cases cure metastatic cancer. 2004 Richard Axel Linda B Buck 2005 Barry Marshall Robin Warren 2006 Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello 2007 Mario R. Capecchi Oliver Smithies Sir Martin J. Evans 2008 Harald zur Hausen Françoise Barré- Sinoussi Luc Montagnier 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn Carol Greider Jack Szostak 2010 Robert Edwards 2011 Bruce Beutler Jules Hoffmann Ralph Steinman 2012 John B. Gurdon Shinya Yamanaka 2013 James Rothman Randy Schekman Thomas Südhof 2014 John O’Keefe Edvard Moser May-Britt Moser The year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Frances H. Arnold was born in 1956 in 2015 William C. Campbell Satoshi Ōmura awarded to three people: Frances H. Pittsburgh, US. She received a PhD in 1985 Tu Youyou 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi Arnold, George P. Smith and Sir Gregory from the University of California, Berkeley, 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall sMichael Rosbash P.
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