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Modern Warfare in the 20 Th Century

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Modern Warfare in the 20 Th Century Questions 1. Millions of soldiers perished in WW-I trenches until one side collapsed in exhaustion. Is the decision to develop new weapons systems for reaching a quick decisive victory a wise one? 2. The 1918 Nobel Prize committee decided to give the award to Fritz Haber for his discovery of the Nitrogen (Haber-Bosch) cycle for the production of industrial fertilizer from atmospheric nitrogen. On the one hand side that invention enhanced and ensured agricultural production for feeding mankind, on the other hand it ensured the death of many millions of soldiers in WW I since it allowed the German army to operate a very efficient ammunition production? 3. How would you decide as a person, in times of war, in times of threat; to offer your services for the good of your country or to refuse on moral grounds? Physics Aspects 1. Natural and anthropogenic radioactivity sources and exposure to South Bend-Mishawaka population 2. The recent development of human radiation exposure 3. Medical and biological effects of radiation Bruce Heggie 4. Long-term contamination effects of the nuclear test program Anthony Erdman Historical Aspects 1 The US nuclear physics community and its role in the Manhattan Project Yana Jones 2 The role of European émigrés in the progress of US weapons program 3 Private and public nuclear shelters within South Bend and Mishawaka 4. Official information policy and preparation for nuclear emergency case Catherine Peck Philipps Nuclear Weapons 1. Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons Alexander Jarocki 2. History and purposem of the nuclear submarine program Tim Gannatti 3. Principles and challenges in the design and production of a Uranium bomb 4. Principles and challenges in the design and production of a Plutonium bomb 5. Fuel issues of the Hydrogen bomb 6. Bunker busters Ethical and Legal Aspects 1. Legal and political aspects of nonproliferation in terms of international agreements and treaties 2. Ethical aspects of present and past proliferation policy 3. The case of Robert J. Oppenheimer and Edward Teller 4. Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash movement 5. The European Easter marches 6. Monk Malloy Interview Non-Proliferation 1. Purpose and Status of the US nuclear weapon program Patrick Kelly 2. Purpose and Status of the nuclear program of Israel 3. Purpose and Status of the nuclear program of Iran Stephanie Socias 4. Purpose and Status of the nuclear program of North-Korea Zi Yin 5. Purpose and Status of the nuclear program of Pakistan 6. Purpose and Status of the nuclear program of Russia Katherine O'Connor 7. Smuggling of nuclear materials 8. Nuclear Materials from the Central-Asian republics 9. The use and consequences of dirty bombs as terrorist weapon Social and Economic Aspects 1. The industrial military complex in South Bend – present and past involvement with WMD production 2. The possibility of nuclear winter and the potential impact on the local economy 3. Causes and consequences of radiation fears in the US population Modern Warfare in the 20th Century The development of weapons research The development of weapons laboratories The emergence of modern science Marne 1914 Ypres 1915 World War I Verdun 1916 Trenches Somme 1916 Passchendaele 1917 Cambrai 1917 Kaiserschlacht 1918 Trench War Trenches & Drum-Fire "When day dawned we were astonished to see, by degrees, what a sight surrounded us. The sunken road now appeared as nothing but a series of enormous shell-holes filled with pieces of uniform, weapons, and dead bodies. The ground all round, as far as the eye could see, was ploughed by shells. You could search in vain for one wretched blade of grass. This churned-up battlefield was ghastly. Among the living lay the dead. As we dug ourselves in we found them in layers stacked one upon the top of another. One company after another had been shoved into the drum-fire and steadily annihilated. " Ernst Jünger, after a night march to the front line at Guillemont. Paul Nash, 1917-19 Georges Leroux, L’Enfer, 1917-18 Artillery Drum-Fire At that moment, another whistling sound rang out up in the air; we all felt it, our hearts in our mouths, this one's for us. Then a huge, deafening din - the shell had landed right in the midst of us. Half-dazed, I got to my feet. In the huge shell-hole, machine- gun cartridge belts set off by the explosion glowed with a crude pink light. They lit up the heavy smoke where a mass of twisted blackened bodies lay and the shadows of survivors were running away in every direction. At the same time many appalling screams of pain and appeals for help could be heard. The dark mass of people turning around the bottom of this glowing, smoking cauldron opened out for a second almost like the vision of a hellish nightmare, the deepest abyss of horror. " C. R. Nevison, 1915 Shelling Before attacks and offensives took place, heavy artillery was used to soften up the enemy trenches. At the offensive at the Somme in the summer of 1916 General Douglas Haig ordered an eight-day preliminary bombardment before sending 750,000 men (27 divisions) to attack the German trenches (16 divisions). (58,000 British casualties the first day. In total 420,000 British, 200,000 French, and ~500,000 German casualties, maximum gain 12km!) The following year, Haig decided on a ten day bombardment during the offensive at Ypres. This barrage involved 3,000 guns firing 4,283,550 shells at the German defenses. C.R.W. Nevison, Paths of Glory, 1917 Machine Guns In 1881 HiramInvented Maxim, byan AmericanHiram Maxim inventor in 1884, visited the Paris Electrical Exhibition. Whilebut only at the slowly exhibition implemented he met aduring man who the prewartold him: decade. "If you wanted to make a lot of money, invent something that will enable these Europeans to cut each other's throats with greater facility." The 1914 machine gun weighted between 30 kg-60 kg. It was usually positioned on a flat tripod and would require a gun crew of four to six operators. In theory they could fire 400-600 small-caliber rounds per minute, a figure that was to more than double by the war's end, with rounds fed via a fabric belt or a metal strip. The shooting distance ranged from 2000 to 4000 yards. The disadvantage was rapid overheating during use which requires initially constant water cooling until air cooling was maximized. Machine Guns stopped infantry attacks and maintained trench war conditions! Nearly 40% of casualties was caused by machine gun fire! New Weapon Technologies A British army officer, Colonel Tanks Ernest Swinton and the Secretary of the Committee for Imperial Defense, Maurice Hankey, were enthusiastic about the development of a new “armored caterpillar” (landship) for breaking through enemy trench defenses. It was Churchill who sponsored the establishment of the Landship Committee to investigate the potential of constructing what amounted to a new kind of military weapon in the 20th century. First Attempts Leonardo da Vinci made an early design in 1495 of a tank moved by slaves turning a crankshaft running on spiked wheels. Richard Edgeworth invented the Caterpillar track in 1770. In the Crimean War a small number of steam powered tractors based on this design proved successful in the muddy terrain. The development of the modern tank remained dormant until the arrival of the internal combustion engine and the right opportunity for extensive use. Tanks to get the battles moving • First used by British army at the Somme; initial surprise but attack stalled (1km). • Opportunity for Germans to recover and to develop anti- tank weapons • First major British tank attack at battle of Cambrai with more than 400 tanks! Purpose & Developments Mark V Tank Production 1916-18 Year UK France Germany Italy USA 1916 150 - - - - 1917 1,277 800 - - - 1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84 New Weapons at Air Air Power Use and Direction Rapid development of air force leading from observation purpose to plane to plane air battle to bomb raid techniques. First restricted to raids on enemy combatants but rapidly used for air raids on industry, towns, villages, and civilians paving the way for the air raid techniques in World War II and after. Zeppelins In the early part of the war Zeppelins were used for bombing raids. A Zeppelin bombed Liege in Belgium on 6th August, 1914 but was forced to land after encountering artillery fire. Three more Zeppelins were destroyed by ground forces over the next two weeks. Although easy to hit, the Germans continued to use them on attacks on France. In January 1915, two Zeppelin naval airships 190 meters long, flew over the east coast of England and bombed great Yarmouth and King's Lynn. The first Zeppelin raid on London took place on 31st May 1915. The raid killed 28 people and injured 60 more. The Development of Chemical Weapons Violation of Hague agreement from 1899 against the use 1915 Tear gas of chemical weapons. All 1915 Chlorgas nations signed except for 1916 Phosgen the United States! 1916 Senfgas 1916 Grünkreuz 1917 Blaukreuz 1917 Gelbkreuz 125,000 tons of gas Lance Sergeant Elmer Cotton, described the effects of chlorine gas in 1915. It produces a flooding of the lungs - it is an equivalent death to drowning only on dry land. The effects are these - a splitting headache and terrific thirst (to drink water is instant death), a knife edge of pain in the lungs and the coughing up of a greenish froth off the stomach and the lungs, ending finally in insensibility and death. The color of the skin from white turns a greenish black and yellow, the color protrudes and the eyes assume a glassy stare.
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