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The Geography of Creativity in the Greater Tokyo Area: 2000-2010

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IKEGAYA, MAKOTO, Ph.D. The Geography of Creativity in the Greater Tokyo Area: 2000-2010. (2018) Directed by Dr. Keith G. Debbage. 201 pp. Since Richard Florida’s theory of the creative class was first introduced, many related studies of creativity, have been undertaken regarding analyzing the key features and predictors of the knowledge economy. Though the notion of the creative class has been popular for nearly two decades, not many studies have analyzed creativity in Japan. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the geographical patterns of the creative class in the Greater Tokyo Area (GTA) to better understand the key predictors that drive the spatial variation of the creative class. Based on data from the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, the spatial distribution of the creative class seemed highly uneven for the 138 cities and wards of the GTA with significant concentrations in Kawasaki, Tokyo and Yokohama. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that 68.9 percent of the spatial variation in the creative class by place of work could be best explained by the share of the labor pool in science research, professional and technical services, and also information and communication industries. On the other hand, 92.3 percent of distribution of creative class by place of residence could be explained by a more traditional human capital predictor, the percent of the population with a bachelor’s degree. Those parts of the GTA with disproportionate shares of technical skills and high shares of educated individuals seem to generate highly creative labor markets. Since a key component of the creative class differs markedly by place of work and place of residence, it seems geography is a major factor in explaining the distribution of creative class in the GTA. THE GEOGRAPHY OF CREATIVITY IN THE GREATER TOKYO AREA: 2000-2010 by Makoto Ikegaya A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2018 Approved by Committee Chair © 2018 Makoto Ikegaya APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation, written by Makoto Ikegaya, has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Committee Chair Committee Members Date of Acceptance by Committee Date of Final Oral Examination ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank several people who have made this dissertation possible. Dr. Debbage was patient enough to take on this project and provide many hours of mentorship, edits and guidance to help improve it to the level it is today. Dr. Walcott has been with me since my master’s degree and was greatly influential in seeing this project through from beginning to end. Dr. Liu provided excellent support to this project, especially regarding the spatial analysis. Dr. Jacobs, in addition to help on this dissertation, greatly improved my understanding of the geographic analysis of my own country. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................6 2.1. What is the Creative Class? ..................................................................6 2.2. Why is the Creative Class Important? ................................................13 2.3. A Critique of the Creative Class .........................................................17 2.4. Creativity — Ambiguous Term .........................................................21 2.5. Creative Cities – New Form of Urban Environment .........................22 2.5.1. Why Creative Cities? .................................................................28 2.5.2. Creative Cities – A New Sense of Place .....................................30 2.5.3. Policies in Creative Cities ...........................................................34 2.5.4. Opportunities and Barriers in Creative Cities .............................36 2.6. Cities in Japan .....................................................................................38 2.7. Tokyo: World City or Nested City? ....................................................45 III. METHODS ..........................................................................................................52 3.1. Dependent Variables ...........................................................................52 3.2. Some Background on Local Autonomy in Japan ...............................53 3.3. Defining the Greater Tokyo Area (GTA): Scale of Analysis............................................................................56 3.4. Defining the Creative Class: The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System .............61 3.5. Independent Variables ........................................................................63 IV. FINDINGS ...........................................................................................................71 4.1. Spatial Distribution of the Creative Class in Aggregate .....................72 4.2. Spatial Distribution of the Super Creative Class ................................78 4.3. Super Creative Class by Place of Work ..............................................79 4.4. Super Creative Class by Place of Residence.....................................105 4.5. Spatial Distribution of the Creative Professional Class ....................121 iv 4.6. Creative Professional Class by Place of Work .................................125 4.7. Creative Professional Class by Place of Residence ..........................136 4.8. Summary of Creative Class Geography ............................................146 4.9. Regression Analysis ..........................................................................152 4.10. Super Creative Class Regression Analysis by Place of Work ..........................................................................155 4.11. Super Creative Class Regression Analysis by Place of Residence ...................................................................163 4.12. Creative Professional Class Regression Analysis by Place of Work ..........................................................................169 4.13. Creative Professional Class Regression Analysis by Place of Residence ...................................................................174 4.14. Creative Class in Aggregate Regression Analysis by Place of Work ..........................................................................177 4.15. Creative Class in Aggregate Regression Analysis by Place of Residence ...................................................................181 V. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................185 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................193 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. The Global “Creative” Index ...............................................................................16 Table 2. The Local Government System of Japan .............................................................54 Table 3. The Number of Local Municipalities in the GTA ...............................................59 Table 4. The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Used to Derive the Creative Class Dependent Variables ..............................................62 Table 5. Descriptive Statistics for the Greater Tokyo Area; Dependent and Independent Variables, 2010 .................................................65 Table 6. The Creative Class in the GTA, 2010 ..................................................................71 Table 7a. Creative Class in Aggregate (%) Top and Bottom 10 Sub-Areas by Place of Residence and Place of Work, 2010 ...........................................76 Table 7b. Creative Class in Aggregate (#) Top and Bottom 10 Sub-Areas by Place of Residence and Place of Work, 2010 ...........................................77 Table 8. Greater Tokyo Sub-Areas Ranked by Super Creative Class (%) Top and Bottom 10 By Place of Work: 2000-2010 ........................82 Table 9. Super Creative Class (%) by Place of Work in ku areas in Kawasaki, 2010 ..................................................................................85 Table 10. Greater Tokyo Sub-Areas Ranked by Super Creative Class (%) Top and Bottom 10 and its Occupational Sub-Components by Place of Work, 2010 .....................................................87 Table 11. Greater Tokyo Sub-Areas Ranked by Key Predictor Variables: Science Research Industry Employment (%), Telecommunication Industry Employment (%) and FIRE Industry Employment (%), 2010 ..........................................................90 Table 12. Greater Tokyo Sub-Areas Ranked by Key Predictor Variables: Completed University (4 years) and/or Graduate School (%) and Annual Household Income $ 100,000 and above, Top and Bottom 10, 2010 ..............................................................................92 vi Table 13. Super Creative Class with/without Engineers (SOC #B-5) by Place of Work in the Greater Tokyo Area, 2010 ......................................96
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