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Broadband Radio Transmission in Railways Yukiya Tateishi* Takahiro Baba** Yusuke Suzuki* Ko Takani*

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Broadband Radio Transmission in Railways Yukiya Tateishi* Takahiro Baba** Yusuke Suzuki* Ko Takani* Special edition paper Broadband Radio Transmission in Railways Yukiya Tateishi* Takahiro Baba** Yusuke Suzuki* Ko Takani* Radio systems are widely used in railways, carrying on the communications between onboard and wayside equipment. In recent years, higher transmission speed is being demanded for the radio system. In this research, we carried out a survey on the current situation to see application of radio transmission in railways. The results of our survey including comparisons showed that a broadband environment using WiMAX is being put in place around conventional lines in the greater Tokyo area. We also conducted transmission tests using broadband radios to clarify the technical issues of and possibilities for broadband radio transmission services on Shinkansen trains. The tests confirmed that transmission at a rate of 4.4 Mbps is possible. •Keywords: Broadband radio transmission, Train radio, Internet, LCX, Throughput 1 Introduction functionality. Starting with the Yamanote line in 2007, all of conventional lines in the greater Tokyo area were equipped with With the recent arrival of a full-fledged ubiquitous age, a variety digital train radio by 2010. of broadband radio transmission services are coming to be Thanks to the introduction of a digital radio system, available. It is said that the new radio application fields are going data transmission became possible in addition to voice calls. in two directions; one is “a shift to broadband”, and the other is Instructions from train dispatchers (operational notices) can “diversification”1). be shown on the monitor display in the driver’s cab by text Progress is being demanded in broadband radio transmission transmission. And train operation status can also be notified to services for railway systems, particularly those that can be used passengers using displays in passenger cabins. in communications between onboard and wayside equipment. Moreover, on lines under the control of the Autonomous In addition to general passenger services such as connection to decentralized Transport Operation control System (ATOS), the Internet, radio systems that are directly related to railway information such as line occupation by trains and delay time operation also need higher functionality and use of broadband. can be transmitted from the wayside. And in case of a vehicle The Advanced Railway System Development Center is now failure, information about the failure can be transmitted from researching a next-generation railway system for the greater onboard to terminals in the dispatcher’s office and the depot Tokyo. In this system, broadband radio transmission enables and displayed on those terminals, allowing support for recovery coupling of optimally allocated wayside and onboard system by the dispatcher’s office and the depot. functions. The aim of that is to improve safety, stability and As the transmission speed of digital train radio is only convenience and to reduce costs. For the purpose of identifying 9.6 kbps, it is hard to call it broadband radio transmission. how broadband radio transmission can be used in railways, we By efficiently applying technologies such as those for voice conducted a survey on radio transmission systems currently in encoding and transmission error correction, however, we can use, centering on systems of JR East. effectively use and transmit information at that small capacity We also conducted transmission tests using broadband radios of 9.6 kbps. to identify technical issues and possibilities for broadband radio We are also making efforts to put into practical use the transmission services on Shinkansen trains. This article reports Advanced Train Administration And Communications System on those two issues. (ATACS) radio train control system that utilizes the same radio technologies as those of digital train radio. Japan’s Radio Law Current Situation of Radio Data specifies that those systems use narrow band digital transmission 2 Transmission in Railways methods, so the systems transmit in a very narrow radio 2.1 Conventional Lines bandwidth of 4.8 kHz. JR East currently utilizes many kinds of radio technologies. Generally, high-speed and large-capacity radio system is Most of those are applied to railway operation-related jobs in called “broadband radio transmission” because transmission of frequencies used exclusively for railway business. A typical large volumes of data needs a broad radio bandwidth. Typical example is train radio. Train radio had been gradually put into examples of broadband transmission include general-purpose use since 1985 in the pre-privatization Japan National Railways radio systems such as Wi-Fi and Worldwide Interoperability for era, but only for voice calls over analog radio. As equipment Microwave Access (WiMAX). was more than 20 years old, we planned to switch train radio Those radio systems are used to transmit train operation to digital communications for higher transmission quality and information to large LCD displays above the doors of commuter 34 JR EAST Technical Review-No.20 *Advanced Railway System Development Center, Research and Development Center of JR East Group **SOFTBANK TELECOM Corp. (previously at Advanced Railway System Development Center) Special edition paper trains (Visual Information System, VIS) and to provide Need for Broadband Radio 3 Transmission Internet access services on limited express trains. Wi-Fi enables transmission to and from onboard equipment using access points 3.1 Comparison between Transmission Methods set up on locations such as platforms. Wi-Fi signals only have Broadband radio transmission needs broad bandwidth and a a range of up to 100 m, so required information is transmitted stable radio reception level. The broadband radio transmission mainly when stopped at stations. WiMAX, on the other hand, has methods include Wi-Fi, WiMAX and millimeter wave systems a greater signal range. It can thus make data transmission while as introduced in section 2. Table 1 shows a comparison between running between stations too, sending the newest information those methods. The necessary frequency bandwidth for Wi-Fi, in real time. WiMAX and millimeter wave systems has been secured. The new Narita Express (series E259) trains started Internet Of the three methods, millimeter wave systems allow access service as part of efforts to improve on-train services in the highest-speed transmission at 100 Mbps. But, to ensure October 2009. This system communicates with WiMAX base continuous transmission service, many technical issues in securing stations using antennas on the train roof and converts data a stable radio reception level while running currently need to be into that for Wi-Fi at onboard repeaters to communicate with overcome. Those issues include setting up of base stations and passengers’ terminals. In this way, the system provides onboard attenuation by rain. Furthermore, passengers’ terminals cannot Internet access. receive millimeter wave signals, so we have to use a system like The other broadband radio transmission system on that for WiMAX Internet access service where trains receive conventional lines utilizes millimeter waves. This system is millimeter waves and transmit data via Wi-Fi or other access used for the aforementioned transmission to VIS and makes points set up in cabin. high-speed transmission at 100 Mbps when stopped at terminal The millimeter wave systems shown in Table 1 are of the stations. While millimeter waves allow very fast transmission, 60 GHz frequency used for VIS transmission, but this frequency the system requires special attention to the coupling of onboard suffers particularly large transmission loss. Currently, the National and wayside antennas due to their extremely high directionality. Institute of Information and Communications Technology Other usages of millimeter waves include image transmission for (NICT) is carrying out R&D on high-speed mobile transmission platform monitoring and detection of obstacles on crossings as technology by airplanes in the 40 GHz frequency that has less is used with other railway operators. Millimeter wave systems transmission loss. It is reported that broadband radio transmission are currently mainly analog systems. However, systems will be in railways can be a major application of the airline millimeter shifted to digital in the future. wave system2). WiMAX already has many base stations in operation along 2.2 Shinkansen railway lines in the greater Tokyo area. Small base stations and In November 2002, train radio of the Tohoku and Joetsu relay stations are installed in railway stations to supplement Shinkansen was upgraded with the newest digital radio weak electric fields. In this context, we can say that a broadband technologies, enabling many data transmission services that radio transmission environment by WiMAX is in place, as could not be offered with the previous analog system. The stable radio reception level can be achieved relatively easily on switch to digital improved transmission quality to increase data conventional lines in the greater Tokyo area. transmission speed. The major outcomes include a Shinkansen At the same time, use of WiMAX on Shinkansen trains dispatch transmission system, a vehicle technology support system, faces the issues of transmission in tunnels and the number of communication device monitoring and an onboard information base stations required along the lines. Many base stations secure system. The signaling system of the Shinkansen, also partially communications along Shinkansen
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