The Neuropteroidea of North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and of Europe: a comparative review (Insecta)
by
Horst ASPOCK1 & Herbert HOLZEL2 1 University of Vienna, Austria 2 Bruckl, Austria
ABSTRACT An account is given of the Neuropteroidea of North Africa (i.e. the African countries bordering the Mediterranean), Mediterranean Asia (i.e. the Asian countries bordering the Mediterranean) and of Europe, and summarized in 52 tables. Altogether 625 species of Neuropteroidea in 15 families (Sialidae, Raphidiidae, Inocelliidae, Coniopterygidae, Osmylidae, Sisyridae, Mantispidae, Berothidae, Dilaridae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Nevrorthidae, Nemopteridae, Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae) have been recorded within this area which comprises a large part of the Western Palaearctic. Europe (with 333 recorded species) harbours representatives of all 15 families, North Africa (with 266 recorded species) apparently lacks only the Osmylidae, while no Nevrorthidae occur in Mediterranean Asia (with 299 recorded species).
The predominant family in North Africa is Myrmeleontidae followed by Chrysopidae and Coniopterygidae. The Myrmeleontidae are also the largest family in the Mediterranean parts of Asia, but besides Chrysopidae and Coniopterygidae, Raphidiidae and Hemerobiidae form also a considerable part of the Neuropteroidea fauna. In Europe the predominant family are Raphidiidae, followed by Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Coniopterygidae and Myrmeleontidae. All other families are represented in all parts of the whole area by only a few, often by less than 20, but in most cases by less than 10 species. About 90 species are common to North Africa and Europe (mostly Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae and Myrmeleontidae, but no Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Dilaridae and Nevrorthidae); about 95 species have been recorded from North Africa and Mediterranean Asia (mainly Myrmeleontidae, Chrysopidae and Coniopterygidae, but again no Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Osmylidae, Dilaridae, Nevrorthidae or Sisyridae). For several reasons, Mediterranean Asia and Europe show many more features in common than North Africa and Europe. So far 140 species representing all families except the Sisyridae and Nevrorthidae have been found in Europe and Mediterranean Asia (mainly Anatolia). Only about 60 species have been recorded in all three regions, mainly Chrysopidae, Myrmeleontidae, Coniopterygidae and, in addition, a few Hemerobiidae, Mantispidae and Nemopteridae.
31 H. Aspock & H. Holzel
From the 625 species so far recorded from this part of the Western Palaearctic, about 50 are either nomina dubia, or most probably synonyms (both marked in the lists by an asterisk); but more species are still to be detected, mainly in North Africa, to a lesser degree in Mediterranean Asia, and only very exceptionally in Europe and the entire total of the Neuropteroidea of this area is most probably around 700, at least 650, certainly not more than 750.
The degree of exploration of the three regions is rather different. Most "key" regions of Europe have been very well investigated and only a few more species can be expected. In North Africa and to a lesser degree in Mediterranean Asia, large parts have been poorly investigated and many more species may still be found. Only the families Raphidiidae and lnocelliidae have been studied very intensively in all regions, and almost no surprising finds are to be expected.
The taxonomic basis for the study of the Neuropteroidea of the Western Palaearctic is generally good, although some families (particularly Mantispidae) or genera (Coniopterygidae: Nimboa Navas, Berothidae: Nodalla Navas, Hemerobiidae: Sympherobius Banks, Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla Steinmann, Myrmeleontidae: Neuroleon Navas) need revision. Besides these alpha taxonomic problems, much work, particularly with respect to the biology, is required on the Neuropteroidea of the Mediterranean parts of Africa and Asia and, to a less degree, even of Europe.
A rough biogeographical analysis is attempted which reveals that practically all Neuropteroidea of the Mediterranean regions of Asia, North Africa and of Europe can be assigned either to the arboreal or to the eremial bioma. In Europe arboreal elements (with various centres) are by far predominant, while the African fauna is mainly formed by eremial elements (mainly of the Afroeremial centre); in Mediterranean Asia both arboreal and eremial elements (particularly of the Syroeremial and Iranoeremial centres) constitute the Neuropteroidea fauna.
It is pointed out that the study of the Neuropteroidea of this area may lead to various ecological and biogeographical conclusions of general significance which are far beyond a pure academic interest.
Key words: Neuropteroidea, Megaloptera, Sialidae, Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae, Inocelliidae, Neuroptera, Coniopterygidae, Osmylidae, Sisyridae, Mantispidae, Berothidae, Dilaridae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Nevrorthidae, Nemopteridae, Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae, Europe, Mediterranean Asia, North Africa, Turkey, Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, biogeography.
INTRODUCTION Although the Neuropteroidea of North Africa and the Mediterranean countries of Asia have been studied for more than 200 years, there has never been an attempt to summarize the information, or even simply to present a list of all recorded species. This is in contrast to the neuropterous fauna of Europe which, after several earlier summarizing papers and accounts, was the subject of a monographic review by H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & HOLZEL (1980), that is now being updated (H. ASPOCK, 1992). This supplementary (third) volume of the book will, for the first time, contain an annotated catalogue of all species and subspecies recorded from those regions of Africa and Asia bordering the Mediterranean and of the Atlantic Islands. The knowledge of the Neuropteroidea of this part of the world is essential to an understanding of the Neuropteroidea of Europe from a biogeographical perspective.
32 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asiaand Europe
The superorder Neuropteroidea is represented in Europe by all three orders and by 15 families. The Mediterranean regions of Africa and Asia also harbour only these same 15 families (Table 1), although there are striking differences with respect to the relative dominance of certain families (Fig. 1).
The main difficulties in presenting a summarizing review, an annotated catalogue or simply a list of the Neuropteroidea stem from the fact that a large number of described species has so far remained unclarified and in many families some alpha taxonomic work is still required.
Actually, only the order Raphidioptera with its two families - Raphidiidae and lnocelliidae - on one hand and, with some restrictions, the family Coniopterygidae and the subfamily Crocinae of the Nemopteridae, on the other hand, have been the subject
Table 1
NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF NEUROPTEROIDEA RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA
Europe Medit. N.Africa Europe Europe Medit. Europe Total Asia + + Asia + (whole Medit. N.Africa + Medit. area) Asia N.Africa Asia ~Order, Family + N.Africa MEGALOPTERA 6 1 1 1 - 7
SJAUDAE lEACH, 1815 6 1 1 1 7
RAPHIDIOPTERA 74 36 4 8 - 106 RAPHIDIIDAE l..AlREILLE, 1810 67 35 3 7 - - 98
INOCEUIIDAE NAVAs,1913 7 1 1 1 - 8
NEUROPTERA 253 262 261 131 89 95 57 512
CONIOPTERYGIDAE BURM., 1839 47 26 33 20 25 11 10 60
OSMYUDAEHANDURSCH,1906 2 4 . 2 4
SISYRIDAE HANOURScH, 1906 5 1 1 1 6
MANTISPIDAE lEACH, 1815 5 5 3 4 3 2 2 6
BEROTHIDAE HANDURSCH, 1908 2 3 8 , 1 - 11 DILARIDAE NEWMAN, 1853 10 2 2 1 - 13
HEMEROBIIDAE l..AlREILLE, 1802 54 30 13 29 7 7 7 61
CHRYSOPIDAE SCHNEIDER, 1851 59 50 50 33 26 23 19 96
NEVRORTHIDAE NAKAHARA, 1915 3 - 1 - 4 NEMOPTERIDAE BURMEISTER, 1839 7 18 15 4 1 6 1 30
MYRMELEONTJDAE l..AlRE1LLE,1803 44 111 121 31 23 44 18 195
ASCALAPHIDAE RAMBUR, 1842 15 12 14 6 2 2 - 26
NEUROPTEROIDEA 333 299 266 140 89 95 57 625
33 34 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope of comprehensive worldwide revisions (MEINANDER 1972, 1990; HOLZEL 1975; H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & RAUSCH 1991). The records concerning species of these families in North Africa and in the Near East have consequently been dealt with more or less completely. The degree of documentation of the Raphidioptera fauna on one hand and of the Coniopterygidae and Crocinae on the other is, however, quite different (see details under the families). Generally speaking, the taxonomy of the Neuropteroidea of Europe is in a very good, or at least satisfactory state, whilst the alpha taxonomy of most families of Mediterranean countries of Africa and Asia presents many unresolved questions. There are, however, considerable differences between the individual families (see details below). The remarks on the taxonomic situation pertain only the adults; an account of what has been done on the taxonomy of larvae and other preimaginal stages is beyond the scope of this paper.
GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE Mediterranean Asia and North Africa is the area represented by those countries (in the political sense) that border the Mediterranean Sea: Anatolia (= Turkey without its European part), Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt east of the Suez canal (= Asian part of Egypt), Egypt west of the Suez canal (= African part of Egypt), Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. This of course is in some respects artificial; some countries are very large with areas far from the Mediterranean (e.g. Turkey and Algeria), others are very small, and there is no doubt that the Neuropteroidea of the northwestern parts of Jordan are more Mediterranean than those of the northeastern parts of Anatolia. Nevertheless, the decision to include all (but exclusively) countries bordering the Mediterranean presents a clear definition of the area under consideration. In addition, the species occurring within this geographical area probably cover more or less the whole spectrum of species with Mediterranean distributional centres.
Europe is treated in the traditional sense (see H. ASPOCK 1992: fig. 1), i.e. in the east as far as the Ural Mountains and to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea. In particular, it should be emphasized that it includes the Crimean Peninsula and all Greek islands to the east of the Aegean Sea (Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Rhodos, etc.).
DEGREE OF EXPLORATION The degree of exploration of the Neuropteroidea fauna in this large geographic area has been very heterogeneous in two respects: (i) some taxa (families or genera) have been studied very intensively throughout the whole Western Palaearctic, but others only in certain areas; (ii) on the other hand, several geographic areas are still relatively blank spaces, while others - e.g. most parts of Europe, at least all "key-regions" - have been investigated very intensively. Among the northern African countries, Morocco is the best investigated, followed by Algeria and Tunisia. Much work is still to be done in Egypt, and Libya is certainly the country with the least amount of available data. Among the Asian countries, Anatolia heads the list of explored countries, although some parts still require investigation. Also, the Neuropteroidea of Israel have been satisfactorily studied while Syria is the country with the least records.
SOURCES OF DATA The basic information for the tables which form the bulk of the next chapter and of the whole paper, originates from hundreds of papers published by many authors mainly
35 H. Aspock & H. Holzel during the past 100 years; in several cases even earlier publications were considered, including all those containing original descriptions. It is impossible to cite all these publications within the scope of this paper, but all references will be given in the Supplementary Volume of our book on the Neuropteroidea of Europe.
As regards the Neuropteroidea of Europe, basic information can be obtained from H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & HOLZEL (1980) and H. ASPOCK (1992). Most records of Raphidioptera have been published in a monograph by H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & RAUSCH (1991). Most records of Coniopterygidae are to be found in MEINANDER (1972, 1990). A few other important summarizing papers are cited below under the relevant family.
Besides these published records, a considerable amount of unpublished information has been included in these tables. Several Austrian and German entomologists, particularly neuropterologists, H., U. and Ch. ASPOCK, H. & L. HOLZEL, E. HUTTINGER, P. OHM, H. and R. RAUSCH, F. and P. RESSL, have carried out field studies in several Mediterranean countries of Asia and North Africa and have collected a very rich material of almost all families so that these private and public collections represent an important source of records and information of various kinds.
ANNOTATED LISTS OF THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDI TERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE The following lists are the first of their kind to be published, i.e. an account of all species of Neuropteroidea recorded from all parts of Europe and from all Asian and African countries bordering the Mediterranean. These lists are very different with respect to completeness on one hand, and to a critical revision of the taxonomic situation on the other. Nevertheless, they give an idea of the spectrum of species occurring or to be expected in certain Mediterranean countries of Asia and Africa, and in Europe. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are either nomina dubia or synonyms. The following abbreviations are used for authors of taxa:
H. A. = H. ASPOCK LEST. = J.A. LESTAGE U. A. = U. ASPOCK M. = C. MANDRU BURM.=H.H. BURMEISTER MART.= O. MARTYNOVA CARP. = F. CARPENTIER N. = N. NAGLER ESB.-PET. = P. ESBEN-PETERSEN R. = H. RAUSCH HZL. =H. HOLZEL SENG.=C;. SENGONCA
* * *
MEGALOPTERA
SIALIDAE Documentation: Tables 1-3.
36 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asiaand Europe
--_.
Table 2
NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF FAMILIES ASSOCIATED WITH FRESHWATER (SIALIDAE, OSMYLIDAE, S/SYRIDAE, NEVRORTHIDAE) RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA
Europe Med~. N.AfMca Europe Europe Med~. Europe Asia + + Asia + Med~. N.Africa + Med~. Asia N.Africa Asia Family,~ Genus + N.Africa SIALJDAE
Sialis LATREILLE, 1603 6 1 1 1 - - OSMYLIDAE Osmylus LATREILLE, 1602 2 4 - 2 - -
SISYRIDAE
SisyraBURMEISlER, 1639 5 1 1 1 NEVRORTHIDAE
NevrorthusCOSTA, 1863 3 1 . . . .
Taxonomic situation: European species unambiguous. A few species described in recent years are almost certainly synonyms (H. ASPOCK 1992) and have not been considered here. The single species recorded in North Africa is easily recognized (D. ASPOCK & H. ASPOCK 1983a).
Degree of exploration: satisfactory in Europe, very poor in North Africa and Mediterranean Asia. More (perhaps also even new) species may be expected in regions with abundant freshwater.
THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE
Table 3
MEGALOPTERA : SIALIDAE
'CB country C ~ .!!! UJ 0 s 8 2 C .!!! .~ a ~ as a; 0.. 0.. as .!Il 0> ~ a. 'C s > ~ c 0 e Species ()' > l!! i;; ~ :J ~ Ji: (J) .3 !!J w ~ :J F ::! w Sialislutaria (LJNNAEUS, 1758) • Sialismoria KuNGSTEDT, 1932 • • Sialissorciicia KUNGSlEDT, 1932 • Sialis fuliginosaPIClET. 1636 • Sialis nigripes PlClET. 1865 • SialissibiricaMcLACHUW, 1872 • SialisvanderweeleiU.A. & H. A., 1963 •
37 H. Aspock & H. Holzel
RAPHIDIOPTERA
RAPHIDIIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 4-11. Taxonomic situation: the family has recently been treated in a monograph by H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & RAUSCH (1991), and a few further publications on European Raphidiidae have subsequently appeared (see RAUSCH & H. ASPOCK 1991, 1992, 1993; H. ASPOCK 1992). There are no real taxonomic problems, and identification keys are available for the whole region. The tables for the two families are probably the most complete ones in this paper.
Table4
NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF GENERA OF RAPHIDIIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA
Europe Medtt. N.Africa Europe Europe Medtt. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medtt. N.Africa + Medtt. ~" Asia N.Africa Asia Genus + N.Africa Phaeostigma NAVAs, 1909 28 13 - 2 - - Dichrostigma NAVAs, 1909 2 2 - - - - 7jederiraphidia HA & UA & RAusCH. 1985 1 - · - - - TUTrXJtaphidia H.A. & U. A., 1966 1 4 · 1 - - - 7Burotaphidia H.A. & UA & RAusCH, 1982 . 2 - - - - -
SubilJaNAVAs, 1916 5 4 - - - Ornatotaphidia, HA & U.A., 1968 2 - · - - - - XanthostigmaNAvAs,1909 3 · · · · · Parvoraphidia H.A. & UA., 1966 3 · - · · . Ulrike HA, 1968 1 1 - - - · Raphidia UNNAEUS, 1758 10 9 - 4 -
Atlantoraphidia HA & UA, 1968 1 · - - · · - I Hispanoraphidia HA & UA, 1968 1 - - - - - Harraphidia STEINMANN, 1963 1 · 1 - · - Ahicoraphidia UA & H.A., 1969 - 1 · · · - OhmelJaHA & U.A., 1968 4 · · · - · ltalotaphidia HA & UA., 1968 1 · - - · - Puncha NAVAs, 1915 1 · · · - · . Venustotaphidia HA & UA, 1968 2 - · - - - I Maurotaphidia HA & UA, 1983 - 1 - · - -
38 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope
Degree of exploration: very good in Europe, in Mediterranean Asia and in Morocco, insufficient in Algeria and Libya. Further species can only be expected to a very limited degree. Raphidioptera most probably do not occur in Egypt.
Table5
NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBGENERA OF PHAEOSTIGMA RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA
Europe Medit. N.Africa Europe Europe Medit. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medit. N.Africa + Mooit. Asia N.Africa Asia ~Genus, Subgenus + N.Africa Phaeostigma NAvl>s, 1909, 5.1. 26 13 - 2 - - - Phaeostigma NAvl>s, 1909, s.str. 5 . · · · - · Graecoraphidia HA & UA, 1966 3 - · - - · Crassoraphidia H.A. & U.A., 1966 - 3 · · - - - MagnoraphidiaH.A. & U.A., 1968 5 1 - · - - · Ponforaphidia HA & UA, 1968 3 2 - 1 - · - Aegeoraphidia HA & U.A. & RAUSCH. 1991 4 5 · 1 - · - Phaeostigma 5.1. incertae sedis 3 . · · · · -
Caucasoraphidia HA & U.A., 1968 1 - · · · · Superboraphidia HA & UA, 1966 4 1 - - - - I Miroraphidia HA & UA., 1966 1 - · - · ·
Table6
NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBGENERA OF RAPHIDIA RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA
Europe Medit. N.Africa Europe Europe Medit. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medit. N.Africa + Medit. Asia N.Africa Asia Genus,~ Subgenus + N.Afnca Raphidia LiNNI>CUS, 1758, 5.1. 10 9 4 - - · Raphidia LiNNI>CUS, 1758, s.str. 10 6 - 4 - - Aserbeidshanoraphidia H. A. & U. A., 1968 - 1 - - - - Nigroraphidia H. A. & U. A., 1968 - 2 · · - -
39 H. Aspock & H. Holzel
THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA,NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE
Table?
RAPHIDIOPTERA : RAPHIDIIDAE (I)
~ .<: country c ~ UJ 0 I <: .!ll .l!! [ 2 .~ Qi a. a. .!ll ~ Species Q. .2l > ~ c e ~ > I!! ~ '" '"OJ 0 ::l ~ i (J) ~ .!!l {l] W :::J ~ « ::l; w Phaeostigma (Ph) notata (FABRICIUS, 1781) • Phaeostigma (Ph) ita/ogallies (H. A. & U. A., 1976) • Phaeostigma (Ph.) gal10italica (H. A & U. A., 1976) • Phaeostigma (Ph) euboica (H. A & U. A, 1976) • Phaeostigma (Ph) pilicollis (SlElN,1863) • Phaeostigma (G.) divina divina (H. A. & U. A, 1964) • Phaeostigma (G.) d. simillima (H. A & U. A, 1964) • Phaeostigma (G.) d. retsinata (H. A & U. A., 1973) • Phaeostigma (G.) hoelzeli (H. A & U. A, 1964) • Phaeostigma (G.) albania RAUSCH & H. A, 1991 • Phaeostigma (C.) cyprica (HAGEN, 1867) • • Phaeostigma (C.) knappi (H. A & U. A., 1967) • Phaeostigma (C.) klimeschiella H. A & U. A. & R., 1982 • Phaeostigma (M.) major (BURMEISlER. 1839) • Phaeostigma (M.) wewalkai (H. A & U. A, 1971) • Phaeostigma (M.) f1ammi(H. A & U. A., 1973) • Phaeostigma (M.) horticola (H. A & U. A, 1973) • Phaeostigma (M.) robusta (H. A & U. A, 1966) • Phaeostigma (M.) klimeschi (H. A & U, A., 1964) • Phaeostigma (P.)ponties (Al.aAROA, 1891) • Phaeostigma (P.) setulosa setu/osa (H. A & U. A, 1967) • • Phaeostigma (P.)s. aegea H. A & U. A & RAusCH, 1991 • Phaeostigma (P.)rhodopica (KLAPA!.EK, 1894) • Phaeostigma (P.) grandii (PRINOPI, 1960) •
40 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope
THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA,NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE
TableS RAPHIDIOPTERA : RAPHIDIIDAE (II)
~ country .!!! c ~ II> s I .!!! .. 2 .~ a. ~ 8 Species ~ 0 Qi a. .. .~ ."OJ I< > .B !! >- ~ Ol 0 ~ ~ ~ rn .s .!!l ~ iB' :::J ~ ::IE w « " Phaeostigma (Ae.) raddai (H. A & U. A, 1969) • • Phaeostigma (J'Ie.) ress/i (H. A. & U. A, 1964) • Phaeostigma (J'Ie.) prophetica (H. A & U. A., 1964) • Phaeostigma (J'Ie.) karpathana U. A & H. A, 1989 • Phaeostigma (Ae.) biroi (NAvAs.1915) • Phaeostigma (Ae.) varlianorum (H. A & U. A., 1965) • Phaeostigma (Ae.) noane (H. A & U. A, 1966) • Phaeostigma (J'Ie.) remane (H.A.& U.A.& SENG.,1976) • Phaeostigma tha/eri (H. A & U. A, 1964) • Phaeostigma holzingeriRAuscH & H. A, 1993 • Phaeostigma /ongicauda (SlEIN,1863) • Phaeostigma (C.) caucasica (ESB.-PET., 1913) • Phaeostigma (5.) auberti (H. A & U. A, 1966) • Phaeostigma (5.) rauschi (H. A & U. A, 1970) • Phaeostigma (5.) mammaphila (H. A. & U. A, 1974) • Phaeostigma (5.) turcica (H. A & U. A. & RAUSCH. 1981) • Phaeostigma (5.) minois U A & H. A, 1990 • Phaeostigma (M) curvatula (H. A & U. A, 1964) •
41 H. Aspock & H. Hotzet
THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE
Table 9
RAPHIDIOPTERA : RAPHIDIIDAE (III)
:m 'W country .'" ~N .!!l '" ! s § (5 ~ s a; 1i 1i .!!l .~ ~ Species 1il e. .. .8 > > .. .~ ., Ie e .'"> e en ~ 0 :> ~ {Jj ~ is en .5 .!!!. w t2 «'" ::. w Oichrostigma ffavipes(STEIN, 1663) • Oichrostigma mehadia (H,A. & U. A., 1964) • Oichrostigmaadanana (A1..BAROA. 1691) • • • • Oichrostigma malickyi (H.A & U, A.. 1964) • Tjsderimphidiasantuzza (H. A & U. A & RAusCH. 1960) • Turcomphidiaamara (H. A. & U. A., 1964) • • Turooraphidia acerba (H. A & U. A.. 1966) • Turcomphidiahethitica H. A & U, A. & RAusCH. 1964 • Turoomphidia fuscinata (H. A & U. A, 1964) • 7iluroraphidianetrix H. A. & U, A & RAUSCH. 1962 • 7iluroraphidiamarielouisae (H. A & U. A & SENG..1976) • Subilla oonfinis(STEPHENS. 1636) • Subillaaliena (NAvAs. 1915) • Subilla altemis (H. A & U. A, 1971) • Subillaxylidiophila(H. A. & U. A., 1974) • Subilla wallen'(H. A. & U. A, 1967) • Subilla fatma (H.A & U. A & RAusCH. 1979) • Subilla ooIossea(H. A. & U, A & RAusCH. 1979) • Subillapriapella H. A & U. A & RAusCH. 1962 • Subillaphysodes (NAvAs. 1914) • Ornatomphidia etrusca (ALBAADA. 1691) • Ornatoraphidia christianodagmara (H. A. & U. A. 1970)
I •
42 Neuropteroidea ofNorthAfrica. Mediterranean Asia and Europe
THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIESOF ASIA, NORTHAFRICAAND OF EUROPE
Table10 RAPHIDIOPTERA : RAPHIDIIDAE (IV)
til 0 :? 'E:: country E:: .!!! til 0 ! (5 c: s .!!! § 2 'E:: s .~ Qi Q. Q. .~ Q) Species 1;j Q. ~ > > ~ '" e e ~ ~ > e Cl '" Cl 0 :J ~ fIl .s ~ LZ' w ::J F 43 H. Aspock & H. Holtel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table11 RAPHIOIOPTERA : RAPHIOIIOAE (V) :'i country <:: ~N .!!l VI ! § I .m .Il! :g 2 s a; Q. Q. III .!!! ~ a Species Q. .!l 11 >. <:: 2 >. I!! ~ 0 :::J ~ is (f) .3 !!l .z; tB' ::J ~ ~'" :::iii w Atlamoraphidia maculicollis (STEPHENS. 1636) • Harraphidia harpyia STEINMANN. 1963 • Harraphidia laufferi (NAVAs. 1915) • Hispanoraphidia castellana (NAVAs. 1915) • Africoraphidia spilonota (NAvAs. 1915) • • Ohmella baetica baetica (RAM BUR. 1642) • Ohmella baetica bolivari (NAvAs. 1915) • Ohmella postulata (H. A & U. A, 1977) • Ohmella libidinosa (H. A & U. A, 1971) • Ohmella casta (H.A & U. A. 1966) • ltaloraphidia solariana (NAVAs. 1926) • Puncha ratzeburgi (BRAUER. 1676) • Venustoraphidia nigricollis (ALBARDA. 1691) • Venustoraphidia renate (H. A & U. A, 1974) • Mauroraphidia maghrebina H. A & U. A & RAUSCH. 1963 • INOCELLIIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 12 & 13. Taxonomic situation: the family has recently been treated in a world revision (H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & RAUSCH 1991). There are no taxonomic problems, and identification keys are available for the whole region. Degree of exploration: very good in most regions, except Algeria and Libya, where an inocelliid species possibly occurs (U. ASPOCK & H. ASPOCK 1994a). 44 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asia andEurope Table 12 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF 'NOCELLIIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE,THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe Med~. N.Africa Europe Europe Med~. Europe Asia + + Asia + Med~. N.Africa + Med~. Asia NAfrica Asia Genus,~ Subgenus + N.Africa Fibla NAVAs,1915,5.1. 3 1 - - - Fibla NAVAs, 1915, s.str. 2 1 - - - - Reisserella HA & U.A., 1971 1 - - - - Parainocel/ia HA & UA, 1968 3 1 - 1 - . . Inacel/ia SCHNEIDER, 1843 1 - - THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table13 RAPHIDIOPTERA : INOCELLIIDAE ~ "§' 'C country c .!!l III 0 ~ 8 (5 c s .!!l as 0 2 a; Q. Q. as .!Il 'C a 1ii a. .~ .2l > > c e e Species c I!! ~ '" 0 ~ « () ill .5 .!!! ~ w'" ::J F <'" :::t w'" Fibla (F.)hesperica NAvAs. 1915 • Fibla (F.)maclachlani (ALeAROA. 1891) • Abla (F.)peyerimhoffi (NAvAs, 1919) • • • Fibla (R,Jpasiphae (H. A. & U. A.. 1971) • ParainoceHia (P) ressli (H. A. & U, A" 1965) • • ParainoceHia (P) braueri (ALBAROA. 1891) • ParainoceHia (P) bicolor (COSTA, 1855) • Inocellia crassicomis (SCHUMMEl. 1832) • 45 H. Aspock & H. Holzel NEUROPTERA HEMERORHJFORMKA CONIOPTERYGIDf_E Documentation: Tables 1, 14-17. Table 14 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBFAMILIES, TRIBES, GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF CON/OPTERYGIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe MediI. N.Africa Europe Europe MediI. Europe Asia + + Asia + MediI. N.Africa + MediI. Asia NAfrica Asia + ~Subfamily, Tribe, Genus, Subgenus N.Africa AJeuropteryginae ENDERLEIN, 1905 17 8 9 7 6 1 1 Aleuropterygini ENDERLEIN, 1905 7 2 5 2 4 Aleuropteryx LOw, 1885 7 2 5 2 4 Fontenellein; CARP. & LEST.,1928 10 6 4 5 2 1 1 Helicoconis ENDERLEIN, 1905, s.1. 9 5 4 4 2 1 1 He/icoconis ENDERLEIN, 1905, s.str. 4 3 2 Ohmopteryx Kis, 1970 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 FontenelJea CARP. & LEST., 1928 4 1 3 1 1 Vartiana H. A. & U. A., 1965 1 1 1 Coniopteryginae BURMEISTER, 1839 30 18 24 13 19 10 9 Coniopterygini BURMEISTER, 1839 23 13 17 9 12 6 5 Nimboa NAVAs, 1915 2 4 3 1 1 Coniopteryx CURTIS, 1834, s.l. 19 9 12 9 10 5 5 Xeroconiopteryx MEINANDER, 1972 6 1 7 1 5 1 1 Coniopleryx CURTIS, 1834, s.str. 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 Holoconiopteryx MEINANDER, 1972 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 Metaconiopteryx Kls & N. & M., 1970 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 Parasemidalis ENDERLEIN, 1905 2 2 1 Conwentziini ENDERLEIN, 1905 7 5 7 4 7 4 4 Hemisemidalis MEINANDER, 1972 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Conwentzia ENDERLEIN, 1905 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Semida/is ENDERLEIN, 1905 4 1 4 1 4 1 1 46 Neuropteroidea ofNortn Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope Taxonomic situation: the family has been treated in a world revision (MEINANDER 1972), and identification keys are available for all species known up to 1972. Since then many new species have been described and reviewed by MEINANDER (1990). Further important data on Coniopterygidae have been published by MONSERRAT & DIAZ-ARANDA (1990). In his most recent paper (see p. 187 of this volume) MEINANDER questions the validity of a considerable number of species acknowledged as being clearly valid. He is of the opinion that the variability of the male genitalia, including species occurring in Europe, Mediterranean Asia, and/or North Africa, has been underestimated. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table15 NEUROPTERA: CONIOPTERYGIDAE (I): ALEUROPTERYGINAE ~ 'C country c 0 ~ 0 .s 0 I III ~ro 0 (5 c '"2 III :~ 'C a a; c. .~ Qi a. a. e .2l > > > c e SpecieS > e1 .0 '" 0 ::J ~ Ci C/) ~ .!!J. tZ' tZ' ::J ~ ~ :;: w AleuroptetyXIoewiiKLApA1...EK, 1894 • • Ateuropteryxjuniperi OHM, 1968 • • • AteuroptetyX iberica MONSERRAT, 1977 • • AteuroptetyX remane RAusCH& H. A & OHM, 1978 • AleuroptetyXumbrata ZELENY, 1964 • • • AteuroptetyX maculata MEINANDER, 1963 • • AleuroptetyXminuta MEINANDER, 1965 • • AleuroptetyX wawrikae RAUSCH & H. A, 1978 • Helicoconis (H.) egliniOHM, 1965 • Helicoconis (H.) hirtinervis TJEDER, 1960 • • Helicoconis (H.) lutes (WAlLENGREN, 1871) • Helicoconis (H.) sengonoa RAUSCH & H. A & U. A,1978 • Helicoconis (0.) pseudolutes OHM, 1965 • • • • Helicoconis (F.)hispanica OHM, 1965 • • Helicoconis (F.)iberica OHM, 1965 • Heh'coconis (F.)marocoana CARP. & LEsT,1928 • Helicoconis (F.)panticosa OHM, 1965 • • Helicoconis (F.)transsylvanica KIS, 1965 • Helicoconis (F.)a/girica MEINANDER, 1976 • Helicoconis aptera MESSNER, 1965 • • Vartiana necopinata H. A. & U. A, 1965 • • • 47 H. Aspock & H. Holzel Degree of exploration: unsatisfactory in Europe and in the other parts of the region. Extensive material has been collected during the last 15 years from many parts of the region but has not been evaluated (see also H. ASPOCK 1992). Moreover, as can be seen from Tables 15-17, the fauna of Libya and Syria is virtually unknown. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table16 NEUROPTERA: CONIOPTERYGIDAE (II): CONIOPTERYGINAE (I) ]' ~ ." country c ~ ~ .m 0 § ~" ~ .!!! .l!! ~ .~ Q; a. a. .!!! Species ~ 0 1l" > > Q) e e >- l!1 Cl ~ 0 ::l :t ()' rn .s !!J. tZ' w :J F" If ::;; w Nimboa adelae MONSERRAT, 1985 • Nimboa asadeva RAUSCH& H. A, 1978 • Nimboa espanoliOHM, 1973 • & • Nimboa kasyi RAusCH H. A, 1978 • Nimboa maroquina MONSERRAT, 1985 • Nimboa ressliH. A & U. A, 1965 • & • Nimboa vattianorum H. A U. A, 1965 • • Coniopteryx (X) aegyptiaca WITHYCOMBE, 1924 • Coniopteryx (X) kermnen MEINANDER, 1971 • • • Coniopteryx (X) ketiae MONSERRAT, 1985 • Coniopteryx (X) atlantica OHM, 1983 • • Coniopteryx (X) atlaseTISIs MEiNANDER, 1963 • • • Coniopteryx(X) loipetsederiH. A, 1963 • • Coniopteryx (X) mucrogonarcuata MEINANDER, 1979 • Coniopteryx (X) perisi MONSERRAT, 1976 • • Coniopteryx (C.) aspoeckiKls, 1967 • Coniopteryx (C.) borealis TJEDER, 1930 • • • Coniopteryx (C.) ezequiMoNSERRAT, 1984 • Coniopteryx (C.) pygmaea ENDERl.EIN, 1906 • • • Coniopteryx (C.) hoelzeliH. A, 1964 • Coniopteryx (e) tineifonnis CURTIS, 1834 • • Coniopteryx (H.) drammontiRousSET, 1964 • • Coniopteryx (H.) haematica MclAcHLAN, 1868 • • • • Coniopteryx (H.) renate RAUSCH & H. A, 1977 • Coniopteryx (M) arcuata Kls, 1965 • • • Coniopteryx (M.) esbenpeterseniTJEDER, 1930 • • Coniopteryx(M) lentiae H.A & U. A, 1964 • • • • Coniopteryx (M) tjederi KIMMINS, 1934 • • • 48 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table17 NEUROPTERA: CONIOPTERYGIDAE (III): CONIOPTERYGfNAE (II) ~ country c .!l! II> 0 ! s § c .!l! .~ 2 ., Qj 0. 0. ., .lI! a ~ 0 'C ..2l > > c Q) e e Species c >- l!! ~ 0 :J ~ OSMYLIDAE Documentation: Tables 1 & 2, 18. Taxonomic situation: the four species of the family recorded from Europe and the Mediterranean are easily differentiated and no real taxonomic problems exist. A study of the (apparently complicated) intraspecific variation of Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scopoli) is still in preparation. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table18 NEUROPTERA : OSMYLIDAE ]' :m 'C country c .!l! ~ro II> 0 ! s .!l! § 2 c 'C.. a ~ .~ Qj 0. 0. .. .!!l Q) 0 > > C e e Species c >- s l!! ~ 0 :J -c is CfJ ~ .!!J m m ::J ~ ~ ::i: w Osmyfus fulvicephalus (ScoPOU. 1763) • • Osmyfus cilicicus KROGER. 1913 • Osmyfus multiguttatus McLACHLAN, 1870 • Osmyfus elegantissimus KOZHANTSIKOV. 1951 • • 49 H. Asp6ck & H. uotzet Degree of exploration: the distribution of Osmylidae in Europe has been well documented and there are also a considerable number of records from Anatolia. It is uncertain whether or not the family occurs in North Africa, However, a single record of O.julvicephalus from Algeria published by NAVAs (1933) seems doubtful. SISYRIDAE Documentation: Tables 1 & 2, 19. Taxonomic situation: no problems exist with respect to the taxonomy of the species of this family in the Western Palaearctic (FLINT 1966; H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & HOLZEL 1980). Degree of exploration: the Sisyridae of Europe are well known, while there are only very few records from North Africa and Mediterranean Asia. Studies should be carried out near freshwater biotopes, particularly ponds and lakes; they will probably yield further (not necessarily new) species. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table 19 NEUROPTERA : SISYRIDAE 1 country C 0 ~ so g I s g 'C a 2 a; a. a. :~ Q) a. .~ ..c >- >- '" e e Species > '" l!! Cl Cl ~'" Cl 0 ~ I ~ (/J .s !B UJ UJ :::J F « ::!: UJ" Sisyra fuscata (FABRICIUS, 1793) • Sisyra terminalis CURTIS, 1854 • Sisyra da/ii MCLACHlAN, 1866 • Sisyra iridipennis (COSTA, 1884) • • • Sisyra tri/obata FUNT, 1966 • Sisyra jutlandioa EsSEN-PETERSEN, 1915 • MANTISPIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 20 & 21. Taxonomic situation: the European species have recently been revised and clarified (D. ASPOCK & H. ASPOCK 1994b). The Mantispidae of North Africa as well as Mediterranean Asia, however, urgently need revision. So far it is impossible to say how many species really occur in these regions, at any rate certainly more than in Europe, but probably not more than ten. 50 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asia andEurope Degree of exploration: Europe has been investigated adequately with respect to Mantispidae, and there is also much unidentified material in many collections awaiting evaluation from most Mediterranean countries of Asia as well as of Africa. Table20 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF GENERA OF MANT/SPIDAE, BEROTHIDAE AND DlLARlDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe Medrt. N.Africa Europe Europe Medrt. Europe Asia + + Asia + Madrt. N.Africa + Medrt. Asia N.Africa Asia ~Family, Subfamily, Genus + N.Africa MANTISPIDAE Mantispa ILlIGER, 1798 4 5 2 4 2 2 2 Nampista NAVAs,1914 1 1 1 BEROTHIDAE Berothinae HANOURSCH, 1908 2 2 8 1 1 - - Isoscelipteron COSTA, 1863 2 1 1 1 1 - - Nodal/a NAVAs,1926 - 1 7 . - - - Nyrminae NAVAs,1933 . 1 - - - . - NyrmaNAvAs,1933 - 1 - - - - - DlLARIDAE DilarRAMBUR,1842 10 2 2 1 . - THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table21 NEUROPTERA : MANTISPIDAE ., ]' 'l:: country l:: a .!!l 0 ~ 0 ! .!!l 0 ~" (5 l:: 'l:: a 2 .rg a; a. a. .!ll cv a; 0 J!l > > > l:: '" e e Species > Il! OJ OJ .0'" OJ 0 :;) ~ () U) 3 .!!!. w w :::J t.=! « ::;; w Mantispa styriaca (PODA, 1761) • • • Mantispa scabricol/isMcl.AcHLAN, 1875 • • Mantispa perla (PALLAS, 1772) • • Mantispa aphavexe/te (U, A & H. A, 1994) • • • Mantispa adeiungiNAVAs, 1912 • Nampista auriventns (GuERIN-MENEVILLE, 1838) • • 51 H. Aspock & H. Holzel BEROTHIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 20, 22. Taxonomic situation: in Europe, where only the genus Isoscelipteron Costa occurs, there are no problems. The genus Nodalla Navas, which is the dominant (and, in the deserts and semideserts, the only) berothid genus in North Africa and in large parts of Mediterranean Asia, is being studied at present. Due to the scattered occurrence of many populations (possibly species or subspecies?) considerable taxonomic problems exist and we really do not know how many species of Nodalla occur in the arid areas between the west coast of Morocco and the eastern border of Egypt. Most probably some of the species listed in Table 22 (at least the two marked with *) will prove to be synonyms. The few, scattered records of Nyrma Navas have been summarized (D. ASPOCK 1989). Degree of exploration: good in Europe, satisfactory in many parts of Mediterranean Asia and in Morocco, and also in some areas of the other countries of North Africa (D. ASPOCK 1987, 1990). Rich material is available from North Africa which has not yet been evaluated due to taxonomic difficulties. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table22 NEUROPTERA : BEROTHIDAE : BEROTHINAE and NYRMINAE as ~ 0 'I: country c .!!l VI 0 $ g 8 0 c .!!l .~ 0 2 ,~ Q; a. a. III .~ a ;; Q. s-, Ie e Species c llJ ~ > ~ OJ 0 :J () > OJ ~ ~ « CIl ~ .!!1 w tB' ::J ~ « w /sosce/ipteron fulvum COSTA, 1863 • • • • /sosce/ipteron gfaserellum (U. A. & H, A & HZL., 1979) • • Nodalla aegyptiaca NAVAs, 1926 • *Nodalla sinaitica NAVAs, 1926 • Nodalla saharica (ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1920) • Noda/fa geyri (ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1920) • Nodalla dumonti (NAVAs, 1930) • Noda/fa eatoni(McLAcHLAN, 1898) • • Nodalla barbara (NAvAs, 1929) • 'Noda/fa oranensis ROUSSET 1968 • Nyrma kelVi/1ea NAvAs, 1933 • 52 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asia and Europe DILARIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 20, 23. Taxonomic situation: the European species have been well studied (H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & HOLZEL 1980; MONSERRAT 1988a) and no real taxonomic problems are unresolved. The situation in Mediterranean Asia and North Africa is quite different; the species recorded from there have not been critically revised, and there is some material available that has not yet been evaluated due to taxonomic difficulties. Degree of exploration: records of Dilaridae in Europe are extensive, and most available material has been evaluated. Nevertheless, surprising discoveries are still possible in Europe, as was recently demonstrated (D. ASPOCK & H. ASPOCK 1995). The Mediterranean parts of Asia as well as North Africa have, however, been insufficiently investigated for Dilaridae. The tables presented here are consequently certainly incomplete for these regions. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table23 NEUROPTERA : DILARIDAE :m .'"% country ~ g. 0 .!!l I/) 0 w "0 '" .!!l 8 0 2 a. .!Il .'"'"Q) 0 -c ~'" Qi a. c-, Ie e SpecieS m '" > ~ c Cl 0 :J ~ > e Cl Cl '" ~ 0 (f) .5 .!!!. UJ UJ :.:J F « ::< UJ OilarnevadensisRAMBUR. 1642 • Oilardissimi/isNAV/>s.1903 • OilarcorsicusNAv/>s. 1909 • OilarsaldubensisNAv/>s. 1902 • OilarjuniperiMoNSERRAT. 1966 • Oilarmeridiana/isHAGEN.1666 • Oilarpumilus NAv/>s. 1903 • Oilardue/HU.A. & H. A., 1995 • Oilarparthenopaeus COSTA.1655 • Oilar turcicusHAGEN.1656 • • OilarsyriacusNAV/>s.1909 • OilaralgericusNAV/>s.1909 • OilarboHvariNAv/>s.1903 • • 53 H. Aspock & H. Holzei HEMEROBIIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 24-27, arrangement of genera according to OSWALD (1993). Taxonomic situation: no major taxonomic problems prevail in the Western Palaearctic. A few European species described in recent years are almost certainly synonyms (see also H. ASPOCK 1992) and have not been considered here. The Tables 25-27, however, contain those species described from Mediterranean regions (North Africa, Syria) which should be regarded as nomina dubia or synonyms (marked by *) (see also MONSERRAT 1990). Table 24 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBFAMILIES, GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF HEMEROBIIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe Medrt. N.Aflica Europe Europe Medrt. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medrt. N.Africa + MediI. Asia N.Africa Asia + ~SUbfamily, Genus, Subgenus N.Africa Hemerobiinae LATREILLE, 1602 34 21 6 20 3 3 3 HemerobiusUNNAEUS. 1758.5.1. 16 12 1 11 1 1 1 Hemerobius UNNAEUS. 1758. S.str. 15 12 1 11 1 1 1 Brauerobius KROGER, 1922 1 . . Wesmae/iusKROGER, 1922, 5.1. 18 9 5 9 2 2 2 Wesmae/ius KROGER, 1922. s.str. 2 2 - 2 - Kimminsia KtWNGTON, 1937 16 7 5 7 2 2 2 Sympherobiinae COMSTOCK. 1918 8 5 2 5 2 2 2 SympherobiusBANKS. 1904, 5.1. 8 5 2 5 2 2 2 SympherobiusBANKS, 1904, s.str. 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 Niremberge NAVAs. 1909 4 2 2 Notiobiellinae NAKAHARA, 1960 1 - . . Psectra HAGEN, 1666 1 ------Mega/ominae KROGER, 1922 4 2 4 2 1 1 1 Mega/omus RAMBUR, 1842 4 2 4 2 1 1 1 Drepanepte~ginaeKROGER. 1922 2 - - - - Drepeneptery» lEACH, 1815 2 . . - - - Microminae KROGER, 1922 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 Micromus RAMBUR. 1842 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 54 Neuropteroidea ofNortbAfrica, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope Degree of exploration: the distribution of Hemerobiidae in Europe appears to be very well known and a considerable number of records is also available from Anatolia. Only a few species occur in the other parts of the region, for most many recordsare also available. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table25 NEUROPTERA: HEMEROBIIDAE (I): HEMEROBIINAE (I) ., ~ 0 country c a .!!! a ! ~ 0 ::> c .~ o lit ~ '" Qj a. a. 'iii'" Ie 5. .~ .B ,., ,., 'c .. i2 Species '" III lJl ~'" lJl a ::> () (fJ ~ ~ ~ .3 si tZ' W :.J t::! 4: w Hemerobius (H.) humufinus LJNNAEus, 1756 • • Hemerobius (H.) perefegans SlEPHENS, 1636 • Hemerobius (H.) simufans WALKER, 1653 • • Hemerobius (H.) stigmaSlEPHENS, 1636 • • • Hemerobius (H) pini SlEPHENS, 1636 • • Hemerobius (H.) comumex TJEDER, 1932 • • Hemerobius (H.) fenestratus TJEDER, 1932 • Hemerobius (H) atrifrons McLACHLAN, 1666 • Hemerobius (H) nitidufus FABRICIUS, 1777 • • • Hemerobius (H.) schedfi H6LZEL, 1970 • Hemerobius (H.) handschiniTJEDER, 1957 • • Hemerobius (H.) micans OUYlER, 1792 • • Hemerobius (H.) futescens FABRICIUS, 1793 • • Hemerobius (H) gilvus SlEIN, 1663 • • • Hemerobius (H.) zernyi ESBEN-PElERSEN, 1935 • • • • Hemerobius (8.) marginatus SlEPHENS, 1636 • *Hemerobius fautus NAVAs, 1909 • 55 H. Aspock: & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table26 NEUROPTERA: HEMEROBIIDAE (II): HEMEROBIINAE (II) '@' .<:0 country .!!! c: ~ 0 (/) 0 I 0 (J) .!l! .~ 0 2 c: Q. £ -~ Qj Q. Q. .!!l (J) Species Q. >, >, c: Ie Ie ~ >, 11 ~ ~'" 0 ~ « is U) .3 .!!l llJ llJ ::J ,=:! ~ :::;: llJ '" '" '" Wesmaelius (W) concinnus($1EPHENS, 1636) • • Wesmaelius (W) quadrifasciatus (REUTER, 1894) • • Wesmaelius (1(.) fassnidgei(KiWNGTON, 1933) • Wesmaelius (1(.) reisseriU.A. & H.A., 1982 • Wesmaelius (1(.) griseus (ZELENY, 1971) • Wesmaelius (1(.) netvosus(FABRICIUS, 1793) • WesmaeHus (1(.) helveticus(H.A. & U. A., 1964) • • Wesmaelius (1(.) malladai (NAVAs, 1925) • • Wesmaelius (1(.) tjederi (KiMMINS, 1963) • Wesmaelius (1(.) subnebulosus(STEPHENS, 1836) • • • • Wesmaelius (1(.) transsylvanicus (Kis, 1968) • Wesmaelius (1(.) faVUS (WIlHYCOMBE. 1923) • • Wesmaelius (1(.) balticus (TJEDER. 1931) • Wesmae6us (1(.) navasi(ANDREU. 1911) • • • • • • Wesmae6us (1(.)ellnctatus (OHM. 1967) • Wesmae6us (1(.) persimilis (OHM, 1967) • Wesmae6us (1(.) mortoni(Mcl.AcHLAN. 1899) • • Wesmae6us (1(.) mongoliells (STEINMANN. 1965) • • "Wesmaeliusfulvus(NAVAs. 1919) • I ..wesmaeliusgeyri (ESBEN-PETERSEN. 1920) • "Wesmaeliuslindbergi(EsSEN-PETERSEN. 1931) • 56 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA,NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table27 NEUROPTERA: HEMEROBIIDAE (III):SYMPHEROBIINAE, NOTIOBlELLINAE, MEGALOMINAE, DREPANEPTERYGINAE AND MICROMINAE 1? 8' country '1:: .!!l C ~ c0 ! .m III § 2 .~ a; a. a. III .fll '1:: a Species ~ Q. .2l > > c Ql 2 e ~ () e-, l!! ~ 0 ::> ~ U> .s !!1 m m :.::J ,2 ;;;:'" :::;; UJ Sympherobius (5.) elegans (STEPHENS, 1636) • • Sympherobius (5.) pygmaeus (RAMBUR, 1642) • • • • Sympherobius (5.) faIIaxNAVI>s, 1906 • • • • • • Sympherobius (N.) fuscescens (WALLENGREN,1663) • • Sympherobius (N.) pellucidus (WALKER, 1653) • • 5ympherobius (N.) klapalekiZEJ..ENY, 1963 • Sympherobius (N.) riudoriNAvl>s, 1915 • Sympherobius maculipennis KIMMINS, 1929 • Psectra diptera (BURMEISTER, 1639) • Megalomus tortricoides RAMBUR, 1642 • • Megalomus hirtus (LJNNAEUS, 1761) • Megalomus tineoides RAMBUR, 1642 • • • Megalomus pyraloides RAMBUR, 1642 • *Megalomus atomarius NAVI>s, 1935 • *Megalomus balachowskyi LESTAGE, 1926 • *Megalomus navasi LACROrx, 1912 • Drepanepteryxphalaenoides (LJNNAEUS, 1756) • Drepanepteryxalgida (ERICHSON, 1651) • Micromus variegatus (FABRICIUS, 1793) • • Micromus angulatus (STEPHENS, 1636) • • • Micromus paganus (LJNNAEUS, 1767) • Micromus gradatus (NAvl>s, 1912) • I Micromus lanosus (ZELENY, 1962) • 57 H. Aspock & H. Holzel CHRYSOPIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 28-33. Taxonomic situation: no serious taxonomic problems are apparent for the entire region, except species of the genus Chrysoperla Steinmann and some Dichochrysa Yang species (prasina Burmeister group) (CIANCHI & BULLINI 1992; BROOKS 1994). The presence of cryptic species has recently been revealed through the use of multilocus electrophoresis and investigations of courtship tremulation patterns (THIERR Y & ADAMS 1992; DUELLI 1996). The problems arising are presently being studied. Many species described from countries in North Africa, listed in Tables 31-33 (marked by *), must be regarded as nomina dubia, as the descriptions are either inadequate or types are apparently lost. Table 28 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBFAMILIES, TRIBES AND GENERA OF CHRYSOPIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe Medit. N.Africa Europe Europe Medit. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medit. N.Africa + Medit. Asia N.Africa Asia + ~Subfamily. Tribus, Genus N.Africa NothochrysinaeNAvPs,1910 3 1 1 1 1 NothochtySS McLACHLAN, 1868 2 1 1 Hypochrysa HAGEN, 1866 1 1 1 ChrysopinaeSCHNEIDER,1851 56 49 49 32 25 23 19 Belonopterygini N/WPs, 1913 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 ltalochrysa PRlNCIPI, 1946 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 ChrysopiniSCHNEIDER,1851 54 45 46 30 24 21 18 Nineta NAvPs, 1912 6 3 1 3 1 1 1 Chrysotropia NAvPs, 1911 1 1 1 Chrysopa lEACH, 1815 17 13 10 9 5 5 5 Dichochrysa YPNG, 1991 15 10 18 7 9 5 5 Peyerimhoffina LACROIX, 1920 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chrysoperla STEINMANN, 1964 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 RexaNAvPs, 1919 2 1 1 1 1 Cuncfochrysa HOL.ZEL, 1970 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 Suarius NAvPs, 1914 4 7 8 3 2 4 2 Chrysemosa BROOKS & BARNARD, 1990 - 1 1 - Brinckochrysa TJEDER, 1966 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 5X Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asia andEurope Degree of exploration: very good in Europe, satisfactory in almost all other parts except Syria, Lebanon, Libya and Egypt. Some summarizing papers on the fauna of East-Mediterranean countries including the Arabian Peninsula have been published (HbLZEL 1967, 1980, 1988). THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table29 NEUROP"rERA: CHRYSOPIDAE (I): NOTHOCHRYSINAE ~ ~ '1:: country C ~ ~ .!!! VI a 8 ~~ 0 c Q. Q. '1:: a 2 .~ ., Q> ~ 0 '" Species 2l >. >. :1 e e I:: >. Il! Cl ~'" 0 ::> <{ ~ If) .s .!!1 tZ' ur ::J ~ ~ :;; w Nothochrysa tuMceps (SlEPHENS, 1836) • Nothochrysa capitata (FABRICIUS, 1793) • • • Hypochrysa elegans (BURMEISlER, 1839) • • THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table30 NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE (II): CHRYSOPINAE (I) ~ '8'1:: country c .!!! VI g ! s .!!! as § Q. '1:: s 2 ., Q. .!I! Q> ~ 0 .~ e Species 2l >. >. ~ I:: Cl a e ~ >. ~ Il! Cl '" ::> ~ ~ If) .!!1 tZ' ur ::J ~ « :;; w Halochrysa bimaculata HOLZEL, 1980 • • Halochrysa lobini H6LZEL & OHM, 1982 • Halochrysa italica (ROSSI, 1790) • • • • Halochrysa vartianorum HOLZEL, 1967 • Halochrysa stigmatica (RAMBUR, 1842) • • • • • • Nineta flava (SCOPOU, 1763) • • Nineta guadarramensis (PICTET, 1865) • • • Nineta vittata (WEsMAEL, 1841) • Nineta caJinthiaca (H6LZEL, 1965) • • Nineta inpunctata (REUlER, 1894) • Nineta pal/ida (SCHNEIDER. 1846) • Chrysotropia ciliata (WEsMAEL, 1841) • • 59 H. Aspock & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table31 NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE (III): CHRYSOPINAE (II) m country c E 0 ,!!1 UJ 0 ~ o I ~ ] ::l c 'iii.. . o a a; ii ii .. Q) 12 .~.. Species .. Ci .8 > > ~ 'e e c () Q) I!! 0> 0> 0> 0 :l ~ -c tr: -' .!!1 UJ UJ ::J F « :::;; UJ Chrysopa perla (UNNAEUS, 1758) • • Chrysopa walkeri McLACHLAN, 1893 • • • • Chrysopa dorsalis BURMEISlER, 1839 • • • Chrysopa regalis NAVAs, 1915 • Chrysopa hungarica KLAPALEK, 1899 • • Chrysopa fuscostigma ESBEN-f'ErERSEN, 1932 • Chrysopa abbreviata CURTIS, 1834 • Chrysopa altaica HOLZEL, 1967 • Chrysopa dasyptera McLACHLAN, 1872 • Chrysopa nigrescens HOLZEL & OHM, 1986 • Chrysopa formosa BRAUER, 1850 • • • • • • Chrysopa wagneri ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1933 • Chrysopa nierembergiNAvAs, 1908 • Chrysopa curdica HOLZEL, 1967 • Chrysopa dubitafls McLACHLAN, 1887 • • • • • Chrysopa phyllochroma WESMAEL, 1841 • Chrysopa commata KIS& UJHELYI, 1965 • Chrysopa hummeliTJEDER, 1936 • Chrysopa sogdianica McLACHLAN, 1875 • • • Chrysopa viridana SCHNEIDER, 1845 • • • • • • • Chrysopa nigricostata BRAUER, 1850 • • • • Chrysopa pal/ens (RAMBUR, 1838) • • • • • • • • 'Chrysopa mimeuriNAvAs, 1935 • 'Chrysopa navasiLAcROlX, 1913 • 'Chrysopa xanthocephala NAVAs, 1916 • 'Chrysopa punctata (NAVAs, 1935) • 60 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asiaand Europe THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table32 NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE (IV): CHRYSOPINAE (III) . >. '" e Species .n'" ~'" c Cl e ~ (; >. l!! Cl Cl '" 0 :> ~ (f) 3 .!!!. w w :::J F « ~ ui Dichochrysa flavifrons (BRAUER, 1650) • • • • • • • • Dichochrysa granadensis (PICTET, 1665) • • Dichochrysa picteti (McI..M;HLM, 1660) • • • Dichochrysa inomata (NAvAs, 1901) • Dichochrysa iberica (NAvAs, 1903) • Dichochrysa subcubitalis (NAvAs, 1901) • • Dichochrysa alarooni(NAvAs, 1915) • • Dichochrysa maghrebina (HOLZEL & OHM, 1964) • • Dichochrysa prasina (BURMEISTER, 1639) • • • • • • Dichochrysa zelleri(SCHNEIDER, 1651) • • • Dichochrysa ventralis (CURTIS, 1834) • Dichochrysa ariadne (HOLZEL, 1978) • Dichochrysa genei (RAMBUR, 1842) • • • • • • • • Dichochrysa venosa (RAMBUR, 1842) • • • • • • • • • Dichochrysa venusta (HOLZEL, 1974) • • Dichochrysa sybaritica (McLACHLM, 1875) • Dichochrysa clathrata (SCHNEIDER, 1845) • • • • Dichochrysa subflavifrons (TJEDER, 1949) • • Dichochrysa phlebia (NAVAs, 1927) • Dichochrysa amseli (HOLZEL, 1980) • *Dichochrysa aegyptiaca (NAVAs, 1915) • *Dichochrysa gravesi(NAvAs, 1926) • *Dichochrysa ilranina (NAVAs, 1935) • *Dichochrysa irrorella (NAVAs. 1935) • *Dichochrysa melanopis (NAVAs, 1914) • *Dichochrysa selenia (NAvAs, 1912) • *Dichochrysa deserta (NAVAs, 1912) • 61 H. Aspock & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table33 NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE (V): CHRYSOPINAE (IV) ~ m0 'I:: country I:: .!!! 0 g In S. I1l I1l § 2 I:: 'I:: a ,!!! I1l Q) a. a. I1l :~ Q) Species ~ c. .0 > > I:: e e >. l'1 Cl ~ 0 :l CJ) ~ ~ !f ~ « ?S .!!l UJ tZ' F ::!: UJ Peyerimhoffina gracilis (SCHNEIDER, 1851) • • • • Chrysoperlacamea (SlEPHENS, 1836) • • • • • • • • • • • • ChrysoperlameditefTBnea (HOLZEL, 1972) • • • Chrysoperlamutata (MclAcHlAN, 1898) • • • • • • • • Chrysoperlarenoni (lAcROIX, 1933) • Chrysoperlairanica (HOLZEL, 1967) • RexalordinaNAvAs, 1919 • • • Rexaraddai (HOLZEL, 1966) • • Cunctochrysaalbolineata (KiWNGTON, 1935) • • Cunctochrysabaetica (HOLZEL, 1972) • • • • Suariuswa/singhami NAVAs, 1914 • • • • • • Suariusnanus(McLACHlAN, 1893) • • • • SuariusaHsteri(NAvAs,1914) • • • • Suariuslucasi(NAvAs, 1910) • SuariusmaroccanusHOLZEL, 1965 • SuariusVl/rtianae (HOLZEL, 1967) • Suariuscaviceps(MclAcHlAN, 1898) • • • • • • SuariusiberiensisHOLZEL, 1974 • Suan"us Vl/nensis (HOLZEL, 1967) • Suan"us tigridis(MORTON, 1926) • • • • • Suanusstoreyi(NAvAs,1926) • *Suariuspygmaeus (NAvAs, 1930) • Chrysemosaandresi(NAvAs, 1915) • • Chrysemosasodomensis(HOLZEL, 1982) • Brinckochrysaalfierii(NAvAs, 1926) • • • • • • Brinckochrysaamseli (HOLZEL, 1967) • Brinckochrysachlorosoma(NAvAs, 1915) • • • • • • • BrinckochrysanachoiMoNSERRAT, 1977 • 62 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope NJEVID. NEVRORTHIDAE Documentation: Tables 1 & 2, 34. Taxonomic situation: all four species occurring in the Western Palaearctic have been studied and can be clearly identified (D. ASPOCK & H. ASPOCK 1983b). Degree of exploration: it is surprising that the family has never been found in Spain, Morocco or in Anatolia and Lebanon where many ecologically suitable biotopes (fast-running rivulets) are present. The distribution areas of all Nevrorthus Costa species comprise many scattered isolated spots harbouring more or less small populations. More careful systematic field studies in suitable freshwater biotopes are thus necessary. Many isolated populations have most probably already been eradicated. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA. NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table 34 NEUROPTERA: NEVRORTHIDAE ..0 :m '1:: country I:: 0 ~ g. 8 1\1 11l 0 2 I:: :~ '1:: a ~ '"o, .;::11l 11l a; a. a. 11l e Species .0 ~ >. >. ~ c 0 e () >. Ol ~ ~'" ::;: ::l ~ ~ UJ .5 !!!. ui $ :::J w Nevrorthus iridipennis COSTA, 1863 • Nevrorthus apatelios (H. A & U. A & HOL.ZEL , 1977) • Nevrorthus fallax (RAMSUR, 1842) • Nevrorthus hannibal U. A & H. A, 1983 • • JM[¥JPnM[JE ILJE NEMOPTERIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 35-37. (*) See U. ASPOCK 1992. 63 H. Aspock & H. Holzel Table35 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF NEMOPTERIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe Medrt. N.Africa Europe Europe Medrt. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medrt. N.Africa + Medrt. ~" Asia N.Africa Asia Subfami~, Genus + N.Africa Crocinae NAVAs. 1910 2 9 7 1 1 5 1 Josandrevs NAVAs, 1906 1 Croce McLACHLAN, 1885 1 1 1 Die/ocroceCOWLEY.1910 6 5 3 Anacroce HOLZEL, 1975 1 Pterocroce WITHYCOMBE, 1923 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nemopterinee BURMEISTER, 1839 5 9 8 3 1 Nemoptera LATREILLE, 1802 3 3 1 2 1 Lertha NAVAs, 1910 2 2 4 1 O/ivierina NAVAs, 1912 2 KirbyniaNAvAs,1910 2 Halter RAMBUR. 1842 1 Savignyella KIRBY, 1900 2 THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table36 NEUROPTERA: NEMOPTERIDAE (I): CROCINAE i' B country c .!!! 0 $ ~ ~ c .!l! .~ 8 a; '5. '5. .!Il ~ ~ a. -e .2l ,., ,., c a Species " I!! ~" '" 0 ::J ~ ~ ?; ti 3 J!!. (lj w'" :::J ;;::'" ::;; w '" Josandreva saziNAvAs, 1906 • Croce aristata (KLUG, 1836) • • • • Dielocroce chebauli (MclAcHLAN,1898) • • • • Die/ocroce berlandi (NAvAs, 1936) • • Die/ocroce ephemera (GERSTACKER, 1894) • Dielocroce harterti (NAvAs, 1913) • Dielocroce necrosia (NAVAs, 1913) • • Die/ocroce slfierina (NAvAs,1926) • Die/ocroce baudii (GRIFFINI, 1895) • • Die/ocroce hebraea HOLZEL, 1975 • Anacroce freidbergiHOLZEL,1975 • Pterocroce capi/taris (KLUG, 1836) • • • • • • 64 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asiaand Europe Taxonomic situation: no difficulties prevail with regard to the species of the subfamily Crocinae which has been treated monographically (HOLZEL 1975); identification keys are available for the whole region. The situation is, however, different in Nemopterinae, where only the genus Nemoptera Latreille does not present taxonomic problems. The North African species of the genus Lertha Navas have recently been revised (MONSERRAT 1988b), but all other Nemopterinae, particularly those occurring in Mediterranean Asia, are in urgent need of revision. Degree of exploration: very good in Europe, but inadequate in all other parts of the region. THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table 37 NEUROPTERA: NEMOPTERIDAE (II): NEMOPTERINAE m m .g country c: 0 .!1l VI 0 ~ g. (J c: .!1l .~ o ~ :g VI 2 ., a a Q) .~ ] f! a. >- >- >- '1: OJ f! Species c: '" ~ OJ .0'" 0 :J '" () (f) ~ ~ 65 H. Aspock & H. Holzel MYRMELEONTIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 38-49. Taxonomic situation: with the exception of the genera Palpares Rambur and Neuroleon Navas, there are no serious taxonomic problems in Europe. The species in Table 38 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBFAMILIES, TRIBES AND GENERA OF MYRMELEONTIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA (I) Europe Medtt. N.AfMca Europe Europe Medtt. Europe Asia + + Asia + Medtt. N.Africa + Medtt. Asia N.Africa Asia + ~Subfamily. Tribe. Genus N.Africa Palparinae BIWKS, 1911 1 7 9 1 1 6 1 PalpariniBIWKS,1911 1 7 9 1 1 6 1 Pa¥JaresRAMBUR, 1642 1 6 8 1 1 5 1 Stenares HAGEN, 1666 1 1 - - 1 - Myrme/eontinae LATREILLE. 1603 43 104 112 30 22 36 17 Acanthad~miNAvAs, 1912 2 5 8 2 2 3 2 Acanthadis~ RAMBUR. 1642 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 Centroclis~ NAVAs. 1909 - 1 4 - - 1 - Phanodisis BIWKS. 1913 - 2 - - Mymecaelurini ESBEN-PETERSEN. 1916 8 39 36 4 2 10 1 Myrmecae/urus COSTA, 1855 2 5 10 2 1 Aspoeckiana HOLZEL, 1969 1 2 NohoveusNAvAs.1919 1 5 8 3 NophisNAVAs,1912 2 1 - - 1 - /rano/eon HOLZEL. 1966 - 2 - - - LopezusNAvAs.1913 1 1 1 Maracanda McLACHLIW, 1675 1 1 1 Iso/eon ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1931 1 1 - - - Cueta NAVAs, 1911 2 7 8 2 1 2 1 GepusNAvAs.1912 - 3 3 - - 2 SolterNAvAs.1912 1 10 3 1 Myrme/eontiniLATREILLE, 1603 9 6 5 6 4 4 4 Myrme/eon UNNAEUS. 1767 8 7 4 5 3 3 3 Euro/eon ESBEN-PETERSEN. 1916 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Dendro/eontini BIWKS, 1699 1 1 - 1 - - Dendro/eon BRAUER. 1666 1 1 1 - - 66 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope Mediterranean Asia are also fairly well known. Some genera have been revised throughout the Western Palaearctic and identification keys are available for the whole region: Gepus Navas, Maeronemurus Costa, Geyria Esben-Petersen, Mesonemurus Navas (HOLZEL 1983a, 1987). For many other genera, particularly with respect to species recorded from North Africa, the state of alpha taxonomy is rather poor and we are convinced that many species listed in Tables 40-49, marked with *, will prove to be synonyms. Degree of exploration: very good in Europe, no additional species have been found since 1980. Satisfactory in Mediterranean Asia and North Africa except Syria, Lebanon, Libya and Egypt. Some summarizing papers on the fauna of East Mediterranean countries including the Arabian Peninsula have been published (HOLZEL 1972, 1982, 1983b, 1988). Table39 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF SUBFAMILIES, TRIBES AND GENERA OF MYRMELEONTIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA (H) Europe Medrt. N.Africa Europe Europe Medrt. Europe Asia + + Asia + ~o Medrt. N.Africa + Medrt. Asia N.Africa Asia Tribe. Genus + N.Africa NemoleontiniB~t MaoronemurusCosTA,1855 2 4 6 2 1 1 1 Geyria ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1920 2 2 - - 2 MesonemurusNAvAs,1919 - 2 1 - 1 - Delfimeus NAVAs, 1912 2 5 1 2 1 Neuro/een NAVAs, 1909 8 14 25 5 6 5 4 Noa/eon HOlZEL, 1972 - 1 1 - - 1 Graonus NAVAs, 1922 - 1 - Disto/eon B~t Deutoleon NAVAs, 1927 1 - - - Nemo/eon NAVAs, 1909 1 1 1 Nicarinus NAVAs, 1914 1 1 1 Cree/eon TILLYARD, 1918 3 9 16 2 2 4 1 QuinemufUS KIMMINS, 1943 - 1 - Gangui/usNAvAs, 1912 - 1 1 - - 1 - Pseudoformicaleo VANDER WEELE, 1909 - 1 1 - - 1 - Glenurini BANKS, 1927 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 Nedro/edonNAvAs.1914 1 1 1 Megistopus RAMBUR, 1842 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Gymnocnemia SCHNEIDER. 1845 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67 H. Aspock & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table40 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (I): PALPARINAE :i" 'W'C country c ~ .!ll Ul 0 s 8 <:: .!ll 0 ~" :9 2 'C a a; a. a. .!!l Species Q. s ..2l >. >. <:: '"Q) e Ie c >. e Ol ~'" Ol 0 ::> «'" (; rn ~ si Jr w ::J ~ THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table41 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (II): MYRMELEONTINAE: ACANTHACLISINI :i? 'W'C country <:: ~ ~ 0 .!ll Ul 0 0 2 <:: .!ll .:g 0 a -~ a; a. a. .!!l Q) ~ Q. ..2l e-, >. c e e Species <:: >. e ~'" Ol 0 ::> ~ « (; rn ~ .!!!. Jr Jr ::J ~ 68 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table42 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (III): MYRMELEONTINAE: MYRMECAELURINI (I) '1::B' country I:: .!!l en 0 I S. I:: .!!l "£ 2 a. a. .!!! '1:: ~ a iii Q) a. .~ I:: '" l::! Species .8 > > ~ lJ) ~'" (] '" l!! lJ) '" 0 :::J ~ (J) .5 .!!!. W (j] ::J ~ 'l: ~ w Myrmecaelul1Js trigrammus (PALLAS, 1771) • • • • Myrmeoaelul1Js acerbus (WALKER, 1653) • Myrmecaelul1Js grandaevus NAVAs, 1932 • Myrmeoaelul1Js lachlani NAVAs, 1912 • • • • Myrmeoaelul1Js tabarinusNAvAs, 1913 • • Myrmecaelufl./S major McLAcHLAN, 1675 • • Myrmecaelul1Js medius NAVAs, 1913 • Myrmeoaelul1Js neuralis NAvAs, 1913 • Myrmecaelul1Js lobatus NAvAs, 1912 • • Myrmecaelul1Js varians NAVAs, 1913 • *Myrmecaelurus agrammus NAvAs, 1912 • Myrmecaelul1Js ardens (NAVAs, 1914) • *Myrmecaelul1Js indistinctus NAvAs, 1930 • *Myrmecaelurus segonzaciNAvAs. 1912 • Aspoeckiana uralensis HOl.ZEL. 1969 • Aspoeckiana curdica HOl.ZEL. 1972 • Aspoeckiana glaseri HOl.ZEL, 1972 • Nohoveus punctulatus (S1EVEN, 1622) • Nohoveus atrifrons HOl.ZEL, 1970 • Nohoveus laetior(NAvAs, 1932) • • NohoveuspersicusNAvAs,1929 • Nohoveus gestroanus NAvAs, 1932 • • Nohoveus gialensis NAvAs, 1932 • Nohoveus Iepidus (KLUG, 1634) • • • Nohoveus palpaHs (KLApAlEK, 1914) • • • Nohoveus andreinii (NAVAs. 1914) • *Nohoveus krugeriNAvAs, 1930 • *Nohoveus venalisNAvAs, 1926 • 69 H. Aspock & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTEROtDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA,NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table43 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (IV): MYRMELEONTINAE: MYRMECAELURINI (II) m l? -e0 country <: .!!! Ul 0 ! $ 8 2 c: :~ .l!! 0 ~ :9 .~ OJ c.. c.. (]) Species Q. ~ > >- ~ c: e e ~ ~ > I!! '" 0 :J ~ tr: .s .!!l w Jr :::J ~ ~ ::;; w '" Nophisteil/ardiNAvPJl,1912 • • • • • Nophis f1ava HOlZEl., 1972 • Illlno/aon octavus HOlZEl., 1961 • Illlno/aon septimus HOlZEl., 1972 • Lopezus f8dtschenkoi (MclAcHLAN, 1675) • *Lopezus disparilis NAvPJl. 1932 • Lopezus alllbicus HOL.ZEL, 1972 • Malllcanda lineata NAVI>s, 1912 • • • /so/aon pumilia (KLApI>J.E.K, 1914) • Isoloeon alllbicus HOL.ZEL. 1972 • Cueta lineosa (RAMBUR. 1842) • • • • • • • • Cueta kasyiHOlZEl.. 1969 • • Custa puel/a (NAVPJl, 1913) • Cueta gestroi NAvPJl. 1914 • Cueta arenosa (NAVPJl. 1913) • Cueta stichoptelll (NAVPJl. 1913) • Cueta imparNAvPJl, 1932 • Cueta beieri HOlZEl., 1969 • • • Cueta clalll HOL.ZEL. 1981 • Cueta macu/ata HOlZEl., 1961 • Cueta virgata (KLuG, 1634) • *Cueta Iongula NAvPJl. 1926 • Cueta pe/lens (KLUG. 1634) • • • Gepus invisusNAvPJl. 1912 • • • • • Gepus cunctatus HolZEl.. 1962 • • Gepus tarsus NAvPJl, 1919 • • Gepus labeosus HOlZEl., 1963 • • • 70 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asia andEurope THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA,NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table44 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (V): MYRMELEONTINAE: MYRMECAELURINI (III) ~ .<:B country c .!!l 0 ! s ~" ~ <: .~ 8 ~ ~ .~ Q. Q. :~ Species Q. ~ ~ > > <: e e ~ () > ~'" 0 ::> (f) .5 !!1 m m :::J ~ ~'" ~ UJ SolterliberNAYPs, 1912 • • • Solter naevipennis NAYPs, 1913 • SolterrothschildiNAYPs,1913 • • Solterpropheticus HOl.ZEL, 1981 • • Solter simoni HOl.ZEL, 1981 • Solter wittmeri HOl.ZEL, 1982 • SoltergaudryiNAYPs,1914 • Solter ledereri NAYPs, 1912 • • • • Solter freidbergiHOl.ZEL, 1981 • Solter katharinae Hol.ZEL, 1981 • SoltervirgiliiNAYPs,1931 • • Solter dubiosus HOl.ZEL, 1981 • Solter vartianae HOl.ZEL, 1967 • 71 H. Asptick & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTERODEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA,NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table45 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (VI): MYRMELEONTINAE: MYRMELEONTINI & DENDROLEONTINI B country .!ll C ~ If) 0 I C .!ll ~' 2 'C.. Qj 1i 1i III .!I! ~ a ~ .~ (J) Species a. .8 >. >. ~ C e ~ >. I!! 0 ::J ~ rn .s !!J Jr Jr :::J F! ~ ::;; UJ Myrme/eon formicarius UNNAEUS, 1767 • • Myrme/eon gerlindae HOL.ZEL, 1974 • • Myrme/eon noackiOHM. 1965 • • Myrmeieon hya/inus hya/inus OUVIER. 1811 • • • • • • • • • Myrrne/eon hyalinus distinguendus RAMBUR, 1842 • • • Myrrne/eon inconspicuus RAMBlJR, 1842 • • • • Myrmeieon immanis WALKER, 1853 • Myrmeieon bore (TJEDER, 1941) • Myrme/eon pseudofasciatus H6L.ZEL. 1981 • • Myrrne/eon fasciatus (NAVAs, 1912) • • • • • • • Myrme/eon circumcinctus TJEDER. 1963 • • Euro/eon nostras (GEOFFROY in FOURCROY, 1785) • • • Dendro/eon pantherinus (FABRICIUS, 1787) • • 72 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope THE NEUROPTEROlDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table 46 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (VII): MYRMELEONTINAE: NEMOLEONTINI (I) ., 0 ·C country C ~ .!l! VI 0 ~ ~~ III § 2 C .!l! ·C a ~ Q. Qj a. a. III .~ Q) Species is >. >. 2 2 c l e Ol ~ a ::> -c () U"J .5 si t'il' w :.:J ~ ~ ::;; w Maeronemurtls appendiculatus (LATREILLE, 1807) • • • • • • Maeronemurtls bilineatus BRAUER, 1868 • • Maeronemurtls Hnearis(KLuG, 1834) • • • MaeronemurtlS delicatulus MoRTON, 1926 • MaeronemurtlS e/egantulus MclACHLAN, 1898 • • • MaeronemurtlS quedenfeldti (KOLBE, 1884) • MaeronemurtlS maroccanus HOL.ZEl, 1987 • MaeronemurtlS maghrebinus HOL.ZEl, 1987 • MaeronemurtlS gal/us HOl.ZEL, 1987 • Geyria lepidula (NAVAs, 1912) • • • • • Geyria saharica EsBEN-PElERSEN, 1920 • • • • Mesonemurtls harlem NAVAs, 1919 • • • • • Mesonemurtls steineri Hol.ZEL, 1972 • Delfimeus scriptus NAvAs, 1912 • • Delfimeus irromtus (OUVlER, 1811) • • • • Delfimeus punctatus (NAVAs, 1914) • • • Delfimeus friedeH(HOL.ZEl, 1972) • Delfimeus limassolicus (NAVAs, 1931) • • • Neuroleon arenarius (NAVAs, 1904) • • • Neuroleon tenel/us (KLUG, 1834) • • • • • • Neuroleon ocreatus (NAvAs, 1904) • Neuroleon egenus (NAvAs, 1903) • • • • • • • • Neuroleon erosi (NAvAs, 1922) • Neuroleon nemausiensis (BoRKHAUSEN, 1791) • • • • Neuroleon assimilis (NAvAs, 1915) • • • Neuroleon dislichus (NAVAs, 1903) • • Neuroleon microstenus (MclACHLAN, 1898) • • • • • • • Neuroleon antii (NAVAs, 1928) • Neuroleon argutus (NAVAs, 1914) • • 73 H. Aspock & H. Holzel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table47 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (VIII): MYRMELEONTINAE: NEMOLEONTINI (II) 'iii" 0 ? 'C country c; a .\1l VI 0 ! $. 0 c 0 ~" 2 'C s ~ a. .~ a; a a :m '" Neuroleon danieli (lAcROIX, 1922) Neuroleon daphne HOLZEL, 1968 • • Weuroleon deceptor NAVI>s, 1915 • Neuroleon dianae HOLZEL, 1972 • Neuroleon dumontinus (NAvl>s, 1930) • Neuroleon erato HOLZEL, 1972 • Weuroleon testai (NAvl>s, 1932) • Neuroleon gracilis (ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1920) • Neuroleon hieraticus NAvl>s, 1926 Weuroleon inflatus (NAvl>s, 1926) • • rNeatoteon junior (NAvl>s, 1930) • *Neuroleon laniger (NAvl>s, 1930) • Neuroleon leptaleus l!'lAVI>s, 1912) • • Neuroleon Iongipennis (ESBEN-PETERSEN, 1931) • Neuroleonlucasi(NAvl>s,1912) • Neuroleon lugubris (NAvl>s, 1926) • • *Neuroleon maroccanus NAvl>s, 1912 • *Neuroleon mavromusfakisi(NAvl>s, 1931) • Neuroleon nubilusNAvl>s, 1913 • Neuroleon numidus NAvl>s, 1928 • Weuroleon striatellus NAvl>s, 1919 • Weuroleon syrusNAvl>s, 1927 • Neuroleon taifensis KIMMINS, 1943 • • Weuroleon viHosus (NAVI>s, 1914) • Noaleon limbateHus (NAvl>s, 1913) • • Graonus mesopotamiae (MORTON, 1921) • 74 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean Asiaand Europe THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table 48 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (IX): MYRMELEONTINAE: NEMOLEONTINI (III) ., :i' s country c ~ 0 .!ll lJ) 0 $ c .!ll .<: 8 2 .~ 0; Q. Q. .!l! a Species ~ 0 .J1l >- >- c '"Q) e 12 > II! Cl Cl ~'" Cl 0 ~ ~ ()' en 3 J!J. w ur ::l F :. w « " Distoleon tetragrammicus (FABRICIUS, 1798) • • • • • Distoleon curdicus HOL.ZEL, 1972 • Distoleon laticcl/is (NAVAs, 1913) • • • • Distoleon annulatus (KLUG, 1834) • • • • • • Distoleon cuigneti (NAVAs, 1912) • Distoleon divisus (NAVAs, 1913) • *Distoleon dumontinus (NAVAs, 1933) • *Distoleon gafsanus (NAVAs, 1921) • *Distoleon ochroneurus (NAvAs, 1932) • Deutoleon lineatus (FABRICIUS, 1798) Nemoleon notatus (RAMBUR, 1842) • • • • Nicarinus poeciloptervs (SlEIN, 1863) • • • 75 H. Aspock & H. Hotzel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table49 NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE (X): MYRMELEONTINAE: NEMOLEONTINI (IV) AND GLENURINI ~ ~ country g ." .!l! "0 $ 8 ~" '"2 c .!l! 0 2L .~ a; -a -a .!Il ." Species i a. 1l > > c: '" Ie Ie c: ~ ~'" Ol 0 :J > '" -c () CJ) ~ J!1 tB' tB' ::::; t2 « ::;; w Creoleon /ugdunensis (VILLERS, 1789) • • • Creoleon p/umbeus (OUVlER, 1811) • • • • • Creoleon aegyptiacus (RAMBUR, 1842) • • • • • • Creoleon africanus (RAMBUR, 1842) • Creoleon griseus (KLuG, 1834) • • • Creo/eon desertus HOLZEL, 1982 • Creoleon para/lelus (KLAPALEK, 1911) • • • • Creoleon elegans HOLZEL, 1968 • Creoleon neurasthenicus (NAvAs, 1913) • Creoleon cinerascens (NAVAs, 1912) • • Creoleon persicus HOLZEL, 1972 • Creoleon neftanusNAvAs, 1930 • • Creoleon antennatus (NAVAs, 1914) • • • • *Creoleon altemus NAVAs, 1933 • *Creo/eon arenosus NAVAs, 1934 • Creo/eon confa/onieriiNAvAs, 1932 • *Creoleon gularis NAVAs, 1926 • *Creoleon hiericontinus NAvAs, 1932 • *Creoleon maurus NAVAs, 1923 • Creoleon patrizianus NAvAs, 1932 • *Creoleon turbidus (NAvAs, 1919) • QuinemuflJs cinereus KIMMINS, 1943 • Ganguiluspa/lescensNAvAs,1912 • • • Pseudoformicaleo graci/is (KLUG, 1834) • • • • • • NedroledonanatolicusNAvAs,1914 • • Megistopus flavicomis (ROSSI, 1790) • • • • Megistopus mirabi/is HOLZEL, 1981 • Gymnocnemia variegata (SCHNEJOER, 1845) • • • • 76 Neuropteroidea ofNonhAfrica, Mediterranean Asia andEurope ASCALAPHIDAE Documentation: Tables 1, 50-52. Taxonomic situation: the European species have been studied (H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & HOLZEL 1980) and no species have been found since then; no real taxonomic problems exist. The situation in North Africa and Mediterranean Asia is, however, quite different: with the exception of the genus Libelloides Schaffer all taxa are in need of revision. Degree of exploration: very good in Europe, but rather poor in all other parts of the region. ,----- Table50 NUMBERS OF SPECIES OF GENERA OF ASCALAPHIDAE RECORDED IN EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND IN NORTH AFRICA Europe Medit. N.Africa Europe Europe Medit. Europe Asia + + Asia + Med~. N.Africa + Medit. Asia N.Africa Asia Genus + ~ N.Africa Asca/aphus FABRICIUS, 1775 2 4 1 Suhpalacsa LEFEBvRE, 1842 1 Stephanolasca VPN DER WEELE. 1908 1 Bubopsis MclAcHLAN, 1898 2 2 4 1 1 1 Deleproctophylla LEFEBVRE, 1842 3 1 2 1 Puer LEFEBVRE, 1842 1 1 1 1 Libel/oides SCHAFFER, 1763 9 6 1 3 1 77 H. Aspock & H. Helsel THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table51 NEUROPTERA: ASCALAPHIDAE: ASCALAPHINAE (I) \? :m .g country c: 0 .!!1 VI g g. 0 s .~ 0 ~ £ 2 0; a. a. ·m Species a. .~ ..c c-, > > 'c e e ~ (; '" '" l!! ..c'" OJ 0 :J ~ '" CfJ 3 .'!! ~ ~ ::J ~ ~ ::2i w Asca/aphus bartJarus (LINNAEUS, 1767) • Asca/aphus festivus (RAMBUR, 1842) • • Asca/aphus minutus TJEDER, 1986 • Asca/aphus krueperi (VAN DER WEELE, 1908) • • Asca/aphus hyatinus (NAVios, 1921) • Suhpa/acsa fuscostigma NAVios, 1925 • Stephano/asca alfierii NAVAs, 1925 • Bubopsis agrionoides (RAMBUR, 1842) • • Bubopsis hamata (KWG, 1834) • • • • Bubopsis andromache U. A.& H. A. & HZL" 1979 • • • • • Bubopsis eatoni McLACHLAN, 1898 • • Bubopsis costaiNAvios, 1913 • De/eproctophy//a australis (FABRICIUS, 1787) • De/eproctophy//a dusmetiNAvios, 1914 • De/eproctophy//a variegata (KWG, 1834) • • • De/eproctophy/la bleusei KIMMINS, 1949 • Deleproctophy/la gelini NAVios, 1919 • Puer maculatus (OUVlER, 1789) • Puera/gericus VANDER WEELE, 1908 • • 78 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope THE NEUROPTEROIDEA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND OF EUROPE Table 52 NEUROPTERA: ASCALAPHIDAE: ASCALAPHINAE (II) ., :m .g country c o .!ll 0 g S 0 ~ro 0 c .!ll ~ "£ '"2 'C.. Q. ,~ .. Q; a. a. .. -~ Q) !2 ;>, ;>, Species .. ;>, .a ~ !2 ~ e-, I!! Ol rn 0 :J o so .5 .!!! UJ Jl' ::J ~ « ~ UJ libel/oides coccajus (DENIS & SCHIFFERMOLLER. 1775) • libelloides ottomanus (GERMAR.1817) • • libel/oides baeticus (RAMBUR. 1842) • libe/Ioidesjungei (AiSlLEllNER. 1982) • libelloides /ongicornis (LJNNAEUS. 1764) • Libel/oides macaronius (SCOPOU. 1765) • • • • Libelloides rhomboideus rhomboideus (SCHNElDER.1845) • • • • Libel/oides rhomboideus cretensis ty,.,.. DER WEELE.1 908) • Libel/oides italicus(FABRICIUS. 1781) • Libel/oides hispanicus (RAMBUR. 1842) • libelloides ustulatus (EVERSMANN. 1850) • Libel/oides ictericus ictericus (CHARPENTIER. 1825) • • • • libelloides ictericus siculus (ANGEUNI. 1827) • Libelloides ictericus cars/cus (RAMBUR. 1842) • Libelloides ictericus cyrenaicus U. A. & H. A. & Hzt..1976 • libelloides syriacus (MoLAcHLAN. 1871) • • * * * DISCUSSION AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS A detailed biogeographical analysis of the Neuropteroidea of North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and Europe would require the scope of an entire book. We merely intend to outline the principal features which may also provide the basis for future investigations. As regards biogeography, the Neuropteroidea of the whole region - North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and Europe - comprise two main groups: arboreal elements and eremial elements in the sense of de LATTIN (1967). The existence of others such as oreotundral or xeromontane elements (de LATTIN 1967; VARGA 1977) may be questioned and can, at any rate, be disregarded. A somewhat unique situation is manifest by those few species that are associated with freshwater: Sialidae, Sisyridae, Osmylidae, Nevrorthidae. It may, however, be assumed that at least most of them are linked with arboreal habitats and that they need well vegetated habitats and may consequently be regarded arboreal elements. Europe harbours arboreal elements almost exclusively, North 79 H. Asptick & H. Holzel Africa and Mediterranean Asia about 50 % eremial elements, in some parts much more, and only eremial elements occur in the desert and semidesert biotopes. In other parts, e.g. in the Atlas Mountains in Northwest Africa or in the Taurus Mountains in Anatolia, arboreal elements predominate. The arboreal elements consist of three main groups: o Mediterranean elements with about 10 subcentres (in Europe about 50 %, in North Africa almost 100 % of the arboreal elements). Examples: almost all Raphidioptera; o Siberian and Mongolian elements (in Northern Europe almost 100 %, in North Africa almost 0). Examples: many Hemerobiidae; -extramediterranean European elements (only a few species in Europe, possibly also in Anatolia, but none in North Africa). Example: Puncha ratzeburgi (Brauer). Besides these, a few Syrian and Caspian elements and, in addition, several polycentric Holarctic or cosmopolitan arboreal species occur in this part of the Western Palaearctic. Among the eremial species three different elements also predominate: o Afroeremial elements, e.g. by far the most Myrmeleontidae in North Africa; o Syroeremial elements, e.g. most Myrmeleontidae in the deserts of Israel and the Sinai Peninsula; o Iranoeremial elements, e.g. most Myrmeleontidae in the desert-like biotopes of Ana tolia. Besides these, a considerable number of eremial species are polycentric, e.g. most eremial Coniopterygidae, Sympherobius fallax Navas, Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan, Italochrysa stigmatica (Rambur), Cueta lineosa (Rambur), Creoleon griseus (Klug). Common features on one hand and differences in the composition of the Neuropteroidea of North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and Europe on the other can beseen from Tables 1 & 2, 4-6, 12, 14, 20, 24, 28, 35, 38 & 39, 50 and particularly - with respect to the distributions of the species - also from Tables 3, 7-11, 13, 15-19,21 23, 25-27, 29-34, 36 & 37, 40-49, 51 & 52. The predominant five families in Mediterranean Asia (Fig. 1) are the Myrme leontidae (111 recorded species), Chrysopidae (50), Raphidiidae (35), Hemerobiidae (30) and Coniopterygidae (26) followed by the Nemopteridae (18) and Ascalaphidae (12). All other families are represented by less than 10 (in most cases even less than five) species. It may be assumed that the Coniopterygidae will finally tum out to be the third largest family. The five main families in North Africa are the Myrmeleontidae (121 recorded species), Chrysopidae (50), Coniopterygidae (33), Nemopteridae (15) followed by the Ascalaphidae (14) and the Hemerobiidae (13). Again, the remaining families are represented by less than 10 species. The position of Coniopterygidae will again certainly progress to being the second largest family. It is of particular interest that North Africa harbours only four species of Raphidioptera. In Europe the family with the largest number of species are the Raphidiidae (67), followed by the Chrysopidae (59), the Hemerobiidae (54), the Coniopterygidae (47), the 80 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa. Mediterranean AsiaandEurope Myrmeleontidae (44) and the Ascalaphidae (15). This sequence is most probably definite. although a number of additional species of Coniopterygidae may occur in Europe. The family Osmylidae has not yet been found in North Africa (except for a doubtful record, see p. 50), and it possibly does not occur there. The family Nevrorthidae has not been found in Mediterranean Asia, and it is probably absent from that region. Species common to North Africa and Europe represent only nine families of Neuroptera, most of them Coniopterygidae (25), Chrysopidae (26) and Myrmeleontidae (23). These are mainly arboreal species that occur in the Atlas Mountains and, to a lesser degree, eremial species that occur in specific areas in the arid regions mainly in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Species occurring in Mediterranean Asia and Europe represent almost all families except Sisyridae and Nevrorthidae, most of them among Chrysopidae (33), Myrmeleontidae (31), Hemerobiidae (29) and Coniopterygidae (20). Again, most of these are arboreal elements whose distribution also includes the mountainous regions of Anatolia and Lebanon. Common features of the Neuropteroidea of North Africa and Mediterranean Asia are mainly manifest in the families Myrmeleontidae (44 common species, mainlyeremial elements), Chrysopidae (23, partly arboreal, partly eremial) and Coniopterygidae (11, also partly arboreal, partly eremial). Species that occur in all three regions - which means (in most cases) a more or less circummediterranean distribution - are to be found only among the Chrysopidae (19), Myrmeleontidae (18), Coniopterygidae (10), Hemerobiidae (7), Mantispidae (2) and Nemopteridae (1). These species are mainly arboreal elements occurring outside Europe particularly in higher altitudes of some Mediterranean countries of Africa and Asia. It is striking that both Europe and Mediterranean Asia (particularly Anatolia) harbour a significant number of species of Raphidioptera, of which only eight have been found in both regions, with a very limited distribution, and it is worth emphasizing that none of the 74 European species have been found in North Africa, This demonstrates impressively that most snakefty species are very localized with distributions that usually do not exceed the distributional centres to any extent. Relationships between the Neuropteroidea of Mediterranean Asia and Europe are manifest particularly at the genus level. Most Coniopterygidae, arboreal as well as eremial elements are, however, of an expansive type with huge distribution areas. This is also the case in many Chrysopidae as well as Myrmeleontidae. Many of them have distributions from the western coast of North Africa throughout Europe (arboreal elements) or throughout the Sahara (eremial elements) as far as Middle Asia or even Mongolia. Many features of the distribution of Neuropteroidea in Europe on one hand, and the Mediterranean parts of Asia and Africa on the other, can only be sufficiently understood when considering the palaeogeography, particularly of the Tertiary. A discussion of these questions is beyond the scope of this review, but we would like to draw the atten 81 H. Aspock & H. Holzel tion of the reader to some important paleogeographical publications: HsD, RYAN & CITA (1973); BUU-DUVAL, DERCOURT & LE PICHON (1976, 1977); HsD et at. (1977); ROGL & STEININGER (1983, 1984); STEININGER & ROGL (1984); POR (1987); WOLFART (1987). In particular we would like to mention the very informative colour maps on the geographic situation of the Mediterranean during various geological periods published by ROOL & STEININGER (1983). It should be remembered that landbridges existed between Europe and Africa during the early Mesozoic (Trias, Jurassic), about 200 million years ago and then, after a long separation of the two continents by the Tethys Sea throughout the Mesozoic and the early Tertiary, probably again in the Eocene, approximately 40-50 million years ago. Finally again in the late Miocene, about 6 million years ago, when the connection of the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean was interrupted leading to the famous salinity crisis and initiated the Mediterranean desiccation which lasted about 500 000 years. Moreover, in the Middle Miocene (Serravalien), about 15 million years ago, there was a connection of the Tyrrhenic islands to Sicily and further to North Africa. The first landbridge between Africa and Asia, the Levantine landbridge, which was due to a breakup of the Tethys, is rather recent, it developed about 15-18 million years ago. These facts and hypotheses are of essential significance for a biogeographical analysis of the Neuropteroidea of the regions surrounding the Mediterranean that has so far been carried out to only a very limited degree for a few taxa (H. ASPOCK, HOLZEL & U. ASPOCK 1976; H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & HOLZEL 1980; H. ASPOCK 1990; H. ASPOCK, U. ASPOCK & RAUSCH 1991; U. ASPOCK & H. ASPOCK 1994a). Despite many affinities and relationships it is surprising how specialized the neuropterous fauna of North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and Europe has become, or has remained ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are much indebted to Dr Ulrike ASPOCK (Vienna, Austria) and Dr Mervyn W. MANSELL (Pretoria, R.S.A.) for constructive criticism and improvement of the manuscript. REFERENCES ASPOCK, H. 1990. The Raphidioptera of Africa: a review of present knowledge (Insecta: Neuropteroidea), In: Mansell, M.W. & Aspock, H. (Eds) Advances in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Neuropterology. Berg en Dal, Kruger National Park, R.S.A., 1988. 47-61. Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria, R.S.A. ASPOCK, H. 1992. The Neuropteroidea of Europe: a review of present knowledge (Insecta). In: Canard, M., Aspock, H. & Mansell, M.W. (Eds) Current Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Neuropterology. Bagneres-de Luchon, France, 1991. 43-56. Imprimerie Sacco, Toulouse, France. 82 Neuropteroidea ofNorth Africa, Mediterranean AsiaandEurope ASPOCK, H., ASPOCK, U. & HOLZEL, H. (unter Mitarbeit von H. RAUSCH) 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas. Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Systematik, Okologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Planipennia) Europas. 2 vols, 495 & 355 pp. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, F.R.G. ASPOCK, H., ASPOCK, U. & RAUSCH, H. 1991. Die Raphidiopteren der Erde. Eine monographische Darstellung der Systematik, Taxonomie, Biologie, Okologie und Chorologie der rezenten Raphidiopteren der Erde, mit einer zusammenfassenden Ubersicht der fossilen Raphidiopteren (Insecta: Neuropteroidea). 2 vols, 730 & 550 pp. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, F.R.G. ASPOCK, H., HOLZEL, H. & ASPOCK, U. 1976. Taxonomie und Chorologie von Libelloides ictericus (Charpentier) s. 1. (Neuroptera, Planipennia, Ascalaphidae) - ein Beitrag zur Biogeographie des westlichen Mittelmeeraumes. 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Acta Universitatis Deprecenciensis de Ludovico Kossuth Nominatae 14: 223-285 WOLFART, R. 1987. Late Cretaceous through Quaternary Palaeogeographic Evolution of the Middle East. In: Krupp, F., Schneider, W. & Kinzelbach, R. (Eds) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East. Beihefte zum Tiibinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Mainz, F.R.G., 1985. Reihe A, 28: 9-22. Wicsbaden, F.R.G. Addresses of authors: Prof. Dr Horst Aspock Mr Herbert Holzel Department of Medical Parasitology Eppersdorf 1 Clinical Institute of Hygiene A-9371 Bruckl, University of Vienna Austria Kinderspitalgasse 15 A-1095 Wien Austria 86