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The Pollens Consumed by Common Green Lacewings Chrysoperla Spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Cabbage Crop Environment in Western France

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The Pollens Consumed by Common Green Lacewings Chrysoperla Spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Cabbage Crop Environment in Western France Eur. J. Entomol. 102: 547–552, 2005 ISSN 1210-5759 The pollens consumed by common green lacewings Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in cabbage crop environment in western France JOHANNA VILLENAVE1, DOMINIQUE THIERRY2, ABDULLAH AL MAMUN3, THIERRY LODÉ4 and ELIZABETH RAT-MORRIS1 1Institut National d’Horticulture, Unité de protection des plantes, 2 rue Le Nôtre, F-49045 Angers, France 2Université Catholique de l’Ouest, Département des sciences de la vie et de la terre, 44 rue Rabelais, F-49000 Angers, France 3Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 4Laboratoire d’Ecologie Animale, U.F.R. Sciences, Université d’Angers, Campus de Belle-Beille, F-49045 Angers, France Key words. Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla, common green lacewing, cabbage crop environment, pollen, ecophysiology, attractive plants Abstract. The pollens consumed by common green lacewings Chrysoperla spp. in crop environment in western France, were ana- lysed. The diverticulum contents including quantity of pollen of Chrysoperla adults were analysed to compare a feeding behaviour between the sexes. Females consume more pollen than males. The feeding behaviour of the two main species present was compared, yielding new insights into differences between species within the complex Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). INTRODUCTION analyses (Bozsik, 1994). Most studies have been carried The need for food of high quality for the West Euro- out on pollinators (Yeboah Gyan & Woodell, 1987; pean market has been significantly increasing so that Inte- Aupinel et al., 2001), pests (Lingren et al., 1993), or ento- grated Pest Management (IPM) and organic farming are mophagous insects (Colley & Luna, 2000). Only a few now becoming a concern for agriculture. Crops must be such studies have been carried out on Neuroptera (Stelzl, harvested free of chemicals and their protection against 1991; Bozsik, 1992). The green and brown lacewings phytophagous pests must be increasingly managed by show many favourable traits such as wide prey range and alternative methods. In this way, naturally occurring gen- high voracity (Duelli, 2001). The green lacewings include eralist predators may play a key role in crop protection. Chrysoperla Steinmann species of the carnea Stephens Barbosa (1998) emphasised the need to attract natural group (Thierry et al., 1992; Brooks, 1994; Henry et al., enemies to crop environments (Conservation Biological 2001, 2002) and are widely used in IPM (New, 1975, Control). Field crops are temporary habitats. Part of the 1999; Brooks, 1994). The most abundant of these species year, they are inhospitable. The strategy of field-crop spe- in western France (Thierry et al., 2003) are Ch. lucasina cialist insects can be migration within a heterogeneous (Lacroix) (Henry et al., 1996) and Ch. carnea (Stephens) * habitat (Ronce & Kirkpatrick, 2001). A more heteroge- sensu Henry , the so-called “common green lacewing” in neous vegetation bordering or surrounding cultivated cabbage crops (Villenave, unpubl. data). Their life history areas supplies sites for oviposition and overwintering and is complex: larvae are entomophagous while the adults a wider food choice for beneficial organisms, serving are palynophagous and can live both in the arborescent them as shelters (Thies & Tscharntke, 1999; Nicholls & and herbaceous strata. Adults do not show plant speci- Altieri, 2002) in part through diversification of plant spe- ficity (Monserrat & Marín, 1994; Gruppe & Schubert, cies (Theunissen & Den Ouden, 1980; Baliddawa, 1985). 2001). Their migration is complex with three types of Thus, Van Emden (1965) noted that Brassicaceae bor- flight behaviour: migration flights to overwintering sites dering uncultivated fields were less damaged by Brevico- after diapause induction in late summer (Thierry et al., ryne brassicae because syrphid predators were more 1994), migration back to field crops in spring, and preovi- abundant. The presence of weeds and wild plants in position migration flights to new habitats with aphid colo- agroecosystems provides significantly more pollen and nies (Duelli, 2001). nectar as food for natural enemies in and around fields The present study contributes to the clarification of (Cowgill et al., 1993; Colley & Luna, 2000). chrysopid flight behaviour in the crop environment. Con- Strategies to attract beneficial insects and enhance bio- sideration of sources of pollen found in the lacewing logical control of crop pests in adjacent fields (Kloen & diverticulum reveals amplitude and frequency of Altieri, 1990; White et al., 1995) have been studied Chrysoperla migration in the crop environment in through plant observation (Kaitazov & Kharizanov, 1976; western France. The feeding behaviour is analysed, Yeboah Gyan & Woodell, 1987) and food supply yielding new insights concerning the status and behaviour of species within the complex Chrysoperla carnea. * = Chrysoperla affinis (Stephens, 1836) sensu Thierry 547 MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Investigations were conducted in the Loire Valley in western Pollens in the food ingested France, in agricultural zones of vegetable crops (market garden- From March to August 2004, 157 Chrysoperla adults ing). The different sampling sites are managed with different cultural techniques: conventional, IPM, and strictly organic were collected, and therefore 157 slides were observed. farming. All sites include cabbage crops, three sites had seed The number of pollen grains varied from 0 to 12,000 production and one site had vegetable production with organic grains with a mean number of 432 (SD = 1647) per adult farming. Lacewings were sampled regularly during the growing diverticulum. Pollen of about 40 plant species were season, from March to August 2004. In spring, Chrysoperla spp. observed (Table 2), but the mean number of plant species live and feed in the arborescent stratum. In summer, they stay in observed was only 1.99 per adult (maximum six). The their resting places in the trees and fly to the low vegetation diverticula never contained a large variety of pollen. during the twilight for feeding, copulation and oviposition (Duelli, 1986). Therefore, every 15 days, from March to April, Feeding during the flight periods and during the day we collected lacewings during the day, and from June to August From March to May we collected during the day in the arborescent stratum, and From March to May, Chrysoperla spp. adults feed in during the twilight in the herbaceous stratum. the arborescent and herbaceous strata. About 35% of the Survey of Chrysopidae specimens collected during this period had an empty For the herbaceous stratum, we used a mobile vacuum device diverticulum. The quantity of pollen grains found in for 10 min at each sampling occasion. In the canopy, we made diverticula adults collected from the two strata was not two hundred hand net sweeps. significantly different: 1715 (mean number) in the Pollen analysis arborescent stratum and 575 in the herbaceous stratum Specimens collected were killed at –80°C and kept in a (Fig. 2) (after log transformation Fc = 0.95 << FD = 4.54, freezer. Thus, the pollen was not damaged. We extracted the D = 0.05, df = 16). Among the lacewings with diverticula oesophagal diverticulum of adults, which is the part of the gut that contained pollen grains, we observed pollen of where the pollen is stored and not yet digested (Fig.1). The arbored plants in 89% of the specimens collected in the diverticulum was opened on a microscope slide. After lipid trees, versus in only 37% of those specimens collected in extraction with diethyl ether, the pollen grains from the diver- ticulum were placed on a slide with glycerin jelly (Kaiser fourn, the herbaceous stratum. It seems difficult to conclude that Merck Eurolab) containing basic fuchsin as a stain. the adults feed in the stratum they live in. It is necessary to use only as much jelly as occupies exactly In the arborescent stratum, the main plant family repre- the space beneath the coverslip without undue pressure being sented by pollen grains in Chrysoperla diverticula was applied (Hyde & Adams, 1958). Pollen grains were observed Rosaceae, and included such plants as Prunus sp., Spi- with an optic microscope ×400 (Olympus BH-2 with objective raea sp., Pyrus pyraster and Amelanchier sp. (42% of SPlan40, ×40). specimens with Rosaceous pollen contents). The other The pollen grains were determined to family or species level families represented were Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus sp.), at ×400. To quantify the amount of pollen, the slides were Betulaceae (Corylus avellana), Taxaceae and Pinaceae observed at ×20 and the total number of pollen grains in the (Pinus sp.). In March–April, the flowering trees in the diverticulum was estimated, taking in account its size, which ranges from 2 mm (empty crop) to 3 mm (full crop). crop environment are mainly Rosaceae. In the herbaceous stratum, the main plant families rep- Statistical analysis resented by the pollens found in Chrysoperla diverticula An analysis of variance was used to compare the means of were firstly Brassicaceae (Capsella sp., Brassica rapa two samples (Scherrer, 1984). The size of samples can be large and B. napus oleifera) (29% of specimens with pollen or small. The logarithm of the quantity of pollen grains was ana- contents), and secondarily Caryophyllaceae (Cerastium lysed (to meet assumptions of normality in the analyses). Fig. 2. Comparison of the mean of the log number of pollen grains observed in 32 Chrysoperla spp. adults diverticulum
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