S. Bruce Archibald, Ph.D
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Aquatic Insects Are Dramatically Underrepresented in Genomic Research
insects Communication Aquatic Insects Are Dramatically Underrepresented in Genomic Research Scott Hotaling 1,* , Joanna L. Kelley 1 and Paul B. Frandsen 2,3,* 1 School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84062, USA 3 Data Science Lab, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20002, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (P.B.F.); Tel.: +1-(828)-507-9950 (S.H.); +1-(801)-422-2283 (P.B.F.) Received: 20 August 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 5 September 2020 Simple Summary: The genome is the basic evolutionary unit underpinning life on Earth. Knowing its sequence, including the many thousands of genes coding for proteins in an organism, empowers scientific discovery for both the focal organism and related species. Aquatic insects represent 10% of all insect diversity, can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and are key components of freshwater ecosystems. However, aquatic insect genome biology lags dramatically behind that of terrestrial insects. If genomic effort was spread evenly, one aquatic insect genome would be sequenced for every ~9 terrestrial insect genomes. Instead, ~24 terrestrial insect genomes have been sequenced for every aquatic insect genome. A lack of aquatic genomes is limiting research progress in the field at both fundamental and applied scales. We argue that the limited availability of aquatic insect genomes is not due to practical limitations—small body sizes or overly complex genomes—but instead reflects a lack of research interest. We call for targeted efforts to expand the availability of aquatic insect genomic resources to empower future research. -
1 Paleobotanical Proxies for Early Eocene Climates and Ecosystems in Northern North 2 America from Mid to High Latitudes 3 4 Christopher K
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-32 Preprint. Discussion started: 24 March 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North 2 America from mid to high latitudes 3 4 Christopher K. West1, David R. Greenwood2, Tammo Reichgelt3, Alexander J. Lowe4, Janelle M. 5 Vachon2, and James F. Basinger1. 6 1 Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, 7 Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada. 8 2 Dept. of Biology, Brandon University, 270-18th Street, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 6A9, Canada. 9 3 Department of Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Beach Hall, 354 Mansfield Rd #207, 10 Storrs, CT 06269, U.S.A. 11 4 Dept. of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, U.S.A. 12 13 Correspondence to: C.K West ([email protected]) 14 15 Abstract. Early Eocene climates were globally warm, with ice-free conditions at both poles. Early 16 Eocene polar landmasses supported extensive forest ecosystems of a primarily temperate biota, 17 but also with abundant thermophilic elements such as crocodilians, and mesothermic taxodioid 18 conifers and angiosperms. The globally warm early Eocene was punctuated by geologically brief 19 hyperthermals such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), culminating in the 20 Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), during which the range of thermophilic plants such as 21 palms extended into the Arctic. Climate models have struggled to reproduce early Eocene Arctic 22 warm winters and high precipitation, with models invoking a variety of mechanisms, from 23 atmospheric CO2 levels that are unsupported by proxy evidence, to the role of an enhanced 24 hydrological cycle to reproduce winters that experienced no direct solar energy input yet remained 25 wet and above freezing. -
The Green Lacewings of the Genus Chrysopa in Maryland ( Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
The Green Lacewings of the Genus Chrysopa in Maryland ( Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Ralph A. Bram and William E. Bickley Department of Entomology INTRODUCTION Tlw green lacewings which are members of the genus Chrysopa are extreme- ly lwndicia1 insects. The larvae are commonly called aphislions and are well known as predators of aphids and other injurious insects. They play an important part in the regulation of populations of pests under natural conditions, and in California they have been cultured in mass and released for the control of mealy- bugs ( Finney, 1948 and 1950) . The positive identification of members of the genus is desirable for the use of biological-control workers and entomologists in general. Descriptions of most of the Nearctic species of Chrysopidae have relied heavily on body pigmentation and to a lesser extent on wing shape, venational patterns and coloration. Specimens fade when preserved in alcohol or on pins, and natural variation in color patterns occurs in many species ( Smith 1922, Bickley 1952). It is partly for these reasons that some of the most common and relatively abundant representatives of the family are not easily recognized. The chrysopid fauna of North America was treated comprehensively by Banks ( 1903). Smith ( 1922) contributed valuable information about the biology of the green lacewings and about the morphology and taxonomy of the larvae. He also pro- vided k<'ys and other help for the identification of species from Kansas ( 1925, 1934) and Canada ( 1932). Froeschner ( 194 7) similarly dealt with Missouri species. Bickley and MacLeod ( 1956) presented a review of the family as known to occur in the N earctic region north of Mexico. -
The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume
T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203. -
A Carboniferous Insect Gall: Insight Into Early Ecologic History of the Holometabola (Pennsylvanian/Marattiales/Psaronius/Herbivory/Plant-Insect Interaction) C
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 8470-8474, August 1996 Evolution A Carboniferous insect gall: Insight into early ecologic history of the Holometabola (Pennsylvanian/Marattiales/Psaronius/herbivory/plant-insect interaction) C. C. LABANDEIRA*tt AND T. L. PHILLIPS§ *Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560; tDepartment of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; and §Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Communicated by Estella Leopold, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, February 27, 1996 (received for review March 1, 1995) ABSTRACT Although the prevalence or even occurrence known of the histological details of these galls, their structural of insect herbivory during the Late Carboniferous (Pennsyl- comparisons to modern galls, or the identity of their culprits. vanian) has been questioned, we present the earliest-known ecologic evidence showing that by Late Pennsylvanian times Geochronological Context and Techniques of Preparation (302 million years ago) a larva of the Holometabola was galling the internal tissue of Psaronius tree-fern fronds. From 28 known occurrences of galled tree-fern petioles from Several diagnostic cellular and histological features of these the Upper Pennsylvanian Mattoon Formation of the Illinois petiole galls have been preserved in exquisite detail, including Basin (unpublished data), 7 undistorted specimens have been an excavated axial lumen filled with fecal pellets and commi- intensively studied. These galls originate from the Calhoun and nuted frass, plant-produced response tissue surrounding the Berryville localities of the Calhoun coal-ball flora of east- lumen, and specificity by the larval herbivore for a particular central Illinois (10), and are "302 million years old (Ma), host species and tissue type. -
Insect Orders V: Panorpida & Hymenoptera
Insect Orders V: Panorpida & Hymenoptera • The Panorpida contain 5 orders: the Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. • Available evidence clearly indicates that the Lepidoptera and the Trichoptera are sister groups. • The Siphonaptera and Mecoptera are also closely related but it is not clear whether the Siponaptera is the sister group of all of the Mecoptera or a group (Boreidae) within the Mecoptera. If the latter is true, then the Mecoptera is paraphyletic as currently defined. • The Diptera is the sister group of the Siphonaptera + Mecoptera and together make up the Mecopteroids. • The Hymenoptera does not appear to be closely related to any of the other holometabolous orders. Mecoptera (Scorpionflies, hangingflies) • Classification. 600 species worldwide, arranged into 9 families (5 in the US). A very old group, many fossils from the Permian (260 mya) onward. • Structure. Most distinctive feature is the elongated clypeus and labrum that together form a rostrum. The order gets its common name from the gential segment of the male in the family Panorpodiae, which is bulbous and often curved forward above the abdomen, like the sting of a scorpion. Larvae are caterpillar-like or grub- like. • Natural history. Scorpionflies are most common in cool, moist habitats. They get the name “hangingflies” from their habit of hanging upside down on vegetation. Larvae and adult males are mostly predators or scavengers. Adult females are usually scavengers. Larvae and adults in some groups may feed on vegetation. Larvae of most species are terrestrial and caterpillar-like in body form. Larvae of some species are aquatic. In the family Bittacidae males attract females for mating by releasing a sex pheromone and then presenting the female with a nuptial gift. -
Green Lacewings Family Chrysopidae
Beneficial Insects Class Insecta, Insects Order Neuroptera, Lacewings, mantids and others Neuroptera means “nerve wings” and refers to the hundreds of veins in their wings. The order Neuroptera is comprised of several small families. Larvae and adults are usually predaceous. Some families are uncommon while others are present more in the south and west. All neuropterans have chewing mouthparts. Green lacewings Family Chrysopidae Description and life history: Adults are green, 15–20 mm long, and slender. They have large, clear membranous wings with green veins and margins, which they hold over their body like a roof. Most have long hair-like antennae and golden eyes. Oval, white eggs are laid singly on a stalk approximately 8 mm long. Larvae are small, gray, and slender, and have large sickle-shaped mouthparts with which to puncture prey. When they reach approximately 10 mm, they spin a silken cocoon and pupate on the underside of a leaf. There are one to ten generations per year. Prey species: Green lacewing adults require high-energy foods such as honeydew and pollen. Larvae prey on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects, and are nicknamed “aphid-lions.” Some adults are also preda- Green lacewing cocoons containing pupa. (357) ceous. Eggs, larvae, and adults are commercially avail- Photo: John Davidson able and may be purchased from insectaries. These common insects feed in fields, orchards, and gardens. They are commercially available. Chrysoperla carnea, green lacewing adult. (356) Photo: David Laughlin Green lacewing eggs on stalks. (359) Photo: John Davidson Green lacewing larva. (358) Photo: John Davidson IPM of Midwest Landscapes 278. -
Pidae, Osmylin
NATHAN BANKS. 201 SYNOPSES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EXOTIC NEUROPTERA. Included below, with the descriptions of various new genera and species, are synopses of the genera of Panos- pidae, Osmylinae, Hemerobiinae, Mantispidae, South Ameri- can Myrmeleonidae and a new classification of the Perlidae ; most of the synoptic work is a result of a study of several European collections. The types of all the new species described in this paper are in the author's collection. PERLIDAE. Twice I have published classifications of the American Perlidae. After seeing several genera (hitherto unknown to me) in European museums I have prepared a new ar- rangement, which, however, differs little from the others as far as American species are concerned, but places in the same scheme the various exotic genera. For the principal character I would use the shape of the anterior part of the head. 1. Clypeus practically invisible, or only projecting from beneath the raised margin of the front of the head ; tarsi with the last joint very much longer than the first and second together, the first joint barely, if any longer, than the width of the tibia at tip; coxae I widely separate; setae present; no series of cross-veins in the cubito-anal space..... PERLINAE. Clypeus visible in continuation of the general surface of the head, and separated by a suture from the head ; tarsi with the last joint but little or not longer than the first and second together, the first joint longer than the width of the tibiae at tip, last joint of palpi as large as others ....................... -
Wood-Destroying Insect Diagnostic Inspection
Wood-Destroying Insect Diagnostic Inspection Category 12 Study Guide for Commercial Applicator August 2020 - ODA - Pesticide and Fertilizer Regulation- Certification and Training Section Acknowledgements The Ohio Department of Agriculture would like to thank the following entities that helped develop this study manual. Their time, effort, and expertise are greatly appreciated. Authors Susan Jones The Ohio State University Extension – Entomology Joanne Kick-Raack The Ohio State University Extension – PAT William Pound Ohio Department of Agriculture Members of the Ohio Pest Control Assoc. Editors Kelly Boubary – ODA Stephanie Boyd – ODA 3 OHIO WOOD DESTROYING INSECT INSPECTION PROGRAM TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 6 Chapter 1 Training and Licensing Requirements for WDI 7 Chapter 2 Understanding the Real Estate Transaction 10 Chapter 3 Reportable Wood-Destroying Insects of Ohio 13 Chapter 4 Miscellaneous Insects and Fungi Associated with Wood in Structures 33 Chapter 5 Understanding Basic Construction Technology 38 Chapter 6 Inspecting Structures 51 Chapter 7 Management Options for Wood-Destroying Insects 58 Chapter 8 Ohio Guidelines for Completing the NPMA-33 Form 70 Chapter 9 Guidelines for Soil Termiticide Treatments 75 Appendix Glossary of Terms 83 Appendix A Chapter 921 of the Ohio Revised Code (ORC) 84 Ohio Wood-Destroying Insect Inspection Program Introduction The Ohio Department of Agriculture receives numerous inquiries and complaints each year from Ohio consumers and other interested parties with concerns about Wood-Destroying Insect (WDI) inspections and reports performed during the process of real estate transactions. Based on this fact, the Ohio Department of Agriculture and the Ohio Pest Control Association have collaborated to develop and implement a mandatory training program that will establish training guidelines and provide uniform inspection procedures for all individuals performing WDI inspections and uniform guidelines for reporting the results of these inspections for real estate transactions. -
UFRJ a Paleoentomofauna Brasileira
Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ www.anuario.igeo.ufrj.br A Paleoentomofauna Brasileira: Cenário Atual The Brazilian Fossil Insects: Current Scenario Dionizio Angelo de Moura-Júnior; Sandro Marcelo Scheler & Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências: Patrimônio Geopaleontológico, Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista s/nº, São Cristóvão, 20940-040. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Recebido em: 24/01/2018 Aprovado em: 08/03/2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2018_1_142_166 Resumo O presente trabalho fornece um panorama geral sobre o conhecimento da paleoentomologia brasileira até o presente, abordando insetos do Paleozoico, Mesozoico e Cenozoico, incluindo a atualização das espécies publicadas até o momento após a última grande revisão bibliográica, mencionando ainda as unidades geológicas em que ocorrem e os trabalhos relacionados. Palavras-chave: Paleoentomologia; insetos fósseis; Brasil Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Brazilian palaeoentomology, about insects Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, including the review of the published species at the present. It was analiyzed the geological units of occurrence and the related literature. Keywords: Palaeoentomology; fossil insects; Brazil Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 142 ISSN 0101-9759 e-ISSN 1982-3908 - Vol. 41 - 1 / 2018 p. 142-166 A Paleoentomofauna Brasileira: Cenário Atual Dionizio Angelo de Moura-Júnior; Sandro Marcelo Schefler & Antonio Carlos Sequeira Fernandes 1 Introdução Devoniano Superior (Engel & Grimaldi, 2004). Os insetos são um dos primeiros organismos Algumas ordens como Blattodea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera e Psocopera surgiram a colonizar os ambientes terrestres e aquáticos no Carbonífero com ocorrências até o recente, continentais (Engel & Grimaldi, 2004). -
(Neuroptera) from the Upper Cenomanian Nizhnyaya Agapa Amber, Northern Siberia
Cretaceous Research 93 (2019) 107e113 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes Short communication New Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) from the upper Cenomanian Nizhnyaya Agapa amber, northern Siberia * Vladimir N. Makarkin a, Evgeny E. Perkovsky b, a Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia b Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Bogdana Khmel'nitskogo 15, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine article info abstract Article history: Libanoconis siberica sp. nov. and two specimens of uncertain affinities (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) are Received 28 April 2018 described from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian) Nizhnyaya Agapa amber, northern Siberia. Received in revised form The new species is distinguished from L. fadiacra (Whalley, 1980) by the position of the crossvein 3r-m 9 August 2018 being at a right angle to both RP1 and the anterior trace of M in both wings. The validity of the genus Accepted in revised form 11 September Libanoconis is discussed. It easily differs from all other Aleuropteryginae by a set of plesiomorphic 2018 Available online 15 September 2018 character states. The climatic conditions at high latitudes in the late Cenomanian were favourable enough for this tropical genus, hitherto known from the Gondwanan Lebanese amber. Therefore, the Keywords: record of a species of Libanoconis in northern Siberia is highly likely. © Neuroptera 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Coniopterygidae Aleuropteryginae Cenomanian Nizhnyaya Agapa amber 1. Introduction 2. Material and methods The small-sized neuropteran family Coniopterygidae comprises This study is based on three specimens originally embedded in ca. -
Asian Giant Hornet in Washington State
ASIAN GIANT HORNET IN WASHINGTON STATE PEST PROGRAM INTRODUCTION ASIAN Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is the world’s largest hornet. The hornet is native to Asia, and has GIANT been recorded from Japan, Korea, Russia, China, and several other countries. In December 2019, WSDA HORNET verified the first ever sightings of Asian giant hornet in the United States. If Asian giant hornet becomes Asian giant hornet (AGH) is a predatory wasp that established, it could feeds on a wide variety of insects. The introduction have serious impacts of this species is of major concern to agriculture on the environment, because of its predation on honeybees - a few Asian economy, and giant hornets can kill an entire beehive in a matter public health of of hours. If unmanaged they could significantly Washington State. increase costs for beekeepers and potentially disrupt pollination services. They could also impact other local insect populations. While AGH does not generally attack people or pets, they can sting when threatened. If it becomes established, this hornet could have serious impacts on the environment, economy, and public health of Washington State. Some of the Asian giant hornet specimens WSDA recovered during eradication of a nest in Blaine, WA - the first ever nest found in the U.S. ASIAN GIANT HORNET | 1 identification • Usually 1.5 - 2 inches in length, with queens being substantially larger than workers or males • Large orange/yellow head with prominent eyes • Black and orange/yellow striped abdomen • Forms large colonies that usually nest in the ground, although sometimes in tree cavities lookalikes • Western cicada killers are mostly rust-orange colored and have yellow spots on the abdomen.