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Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.4, 2008

LIFE HISTORY OF pallens (RAMBUR) (, CHRYSOPIDAE) ON Bemisia tabaci (GENNADIUS) (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) BIOTYPE B AS PREY

IMTIAZ ALI KHAN and FANG-HAO WAN

State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests, Institute of Plant Protection (South Campus), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12, South Street of Zhong-Guan-Cun, 100081 Beijing – China E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Bemisia tabaci biotype B is a major pest, causing serious losses to many agricultural crops. Chrysopa pallens is an important polyphagous predator of many insect pests including B. tabaci worldwide. In the present study, life table of C. pallens was determined by using B. tabaci biotype B as prey on tomato host plant at controlled conditions of 25+2oC, 65+5% RH and 16:8h (L:D) photoperiod in a climatic chamber. C. pallens was able to complete embryonic and immature development and reached to adult stage when fed on B. tabaci as prey. The mean duration of embryonic, L 1, L 2, L 3 and was 7.0, 4.2, 6.2, 8.2 and 12.2 days, respectively. The mean longevity of C. pallens was 56.8 days for females and 46.4 days for males. Mortality occurred during all developmental stages of the predator and it was 31.0% from egg-pupal stage. C. pallens laid a mean total number of 397.4 eggs per female. Key Words: B. tabaci, C. pallens, Life history, Prey consumption, Tomato

Citation: Khan, I.A. and Fang-Hao. Wan. 2008. Life history of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) Biotype B as prey. Sarhad J. Agric. 24(4): 635-639.

INTRODUCTION Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B is a highly polyphagous pest recorded from more than 500 host plant (Greathead, 1986, Secker et al ., 1998) representing more than 60 plant families (Mound and Halsey, 1978, Jiang et al ., 1999, Hilje et al ., 2001), which include field and greenhouse crops (Enkegaard, 1993, Gerling et al ., 2001, Mound and Halsey, 1978, Wagner, 1995) and horticultural crops (Oliveira et al ., 2001) world-wide. The also vectors more than 50 Gemini viruses including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato mottle virus (TMoV), and bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) (Markham et al ., 1996, McAuslane, 2000).

Because of B. tabaci high reproductive rate and many generations per year (Byrne and Bellows, 1991, Brown et al ., 1995), residing on the undersurface of leaves (Cahill et al ., 1996) as well as rapidly developing resistance to many insecticides (Cahill et al ., 1994, Denholm et al ., 1998, Horowitz et al ., 1999, Kranthi et al ., 2001), its control is difficult with conventional methods. The massive spraying of insecticides has killed/suppressed its natural enemies too, which has further aggravated the problem (Lacey and Kirk, 1993). In the last few years, efforts have been directed to find safe alternatives, including biological control, for management of this insect with reduced hazards to the environment and human health. The present study aimed to help devise new or improve the already existing biological control methods for the pest suppression.

Chrysopids are polyphagous predators that can suppress population of many pest species (Hydorn, 1971) such as lepidopteran larvae (Van den Bosch and Hagen, 1966), (Hassan et al ., 1985), spider (Hagley and Miles, 1987), scale (Miller et al ., 2004), psyllids (Knowlton, 1933, Pletsch, 1947), mealy bugs, , thrips and leafhoppers (Balduf, 1974). These polyphagous predators can be easily reared on artificial diets and used for controlling agricultural insect pests (Cohen and Smith, 1998). The green lacewing, Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), is known to be an indigenous predator of aphids in the Palaearctic region (Tsukaguchi, 1995).

Before recommending a predator for a biological control program, it is important to investigate its biology and prey consumption. Also, its preference for a certain stage of the target pest or even the pest species to be controlled as well as a possible interaction with other natural enemies should be determined (Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004). In addition, studying of oviposition and egg-laying behavior strategies of a natural enemy determines the fitness of its offspring and growth rate in the population (Danho and Haubruge, 2003). Imtiaz Ali Khan and Fang-Hao Wan. Life history of C. pallens on B. tabaci biotype B as prey 636

The purpose of the present study was to investigate life history of C. pallens by feeding on B. tabaci biotype B prey under laboratory conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS A stock culture of B. tabaci biotype B was initiated on tomato plants, variety Zhong Za No. 9, with few individuals obtained from a previously maintained colony on cotton plants in a glasshouse of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) Beijing, China during 2006-2007. The rearing occurred in cages (80×50×60 cm) sealed with gauze from four sides in to provide adequate ventilation. The cages were kept in a climatically controlled chamber at the Institute of Plant Protection (South Campus), CAAS Beijing, at a temperature of 25 ±2°C, 65 ±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8h (L:D) with an artificial light intensity of about 4000 lux. Tomato plants were grown in small pots (10 cm diameter and 8 cm height) in a glasshouse and were replaced with new ones whenever more B. tabaci were needed for the experiments. The old infested plants were used to infest the new ones and to feed the predators.

The desired B. tabaci stages i.e. eggs, nymphs or puparia were obtained from the stock culture and used in the different experiments. For this, tomato plants were exposed to adult B. tabaci infestation in the stock culture. Two days after, the whitefly adults were removed, the plants were incubated under climatic conditions as per above and monitored daily for obtaining the desired stage of the pest.

A stock culture of C. pallens was initiated from few individuals obtained from the cultures maintained for other laboratory experiments. The rearing took place in rectangular medium sized aluminum cages (80x50x60 cm) meshed with muslin cloth from all sides for aeration. The cages were held in growth chambers at conditions mentioned above. Aphis craccivora infested bean plants were served as substrate plants and prey for rearing the immature predators. For maintaining adequate prey supply continuously, the old bean plants in the cages were regularly replaced with new ones. The adults were supplied with 10% honey solution inside the cages.

The desired stages of C. pallens for the experiments, i.e., eggs, larvae, pupae as well as adult females and males were obtained from the rearing cages. Five to six mated adult females were transferred into individual cages with honey solution as food. After 24h, the adult females were moved to other cages and the laid eggs were reared further and checked daily till they reached the required stage for the experiments. The cages were kept in a climatic control chamber as mentioned above. The desired predator stage was transferred separately to fresh uniform sized leaves of tomato plant and confined using the clip on cages with a mesh-covered hole in the bottom for aeration. The different larval stages of the predator were daily offered adequate supply of B. tabaci prey.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of life history experiments showed that C. pallens was able to develop and reach adult stage with feeding on B. tabaci biotype B. The mean developmental duration of C. pallens egg, L 1, L 2, L 3 and pupal stage was 7.0, 4.2, 6.2, 8.2 and 12.2 days, respectively (Fig. 1). The total duration from egg to adult was a mean of 37.8 days.

Fig. 1 Mean duration of different immature developmental stages of Chrysopa pallens fed on Bemisia tabaci as prey at 25+2oC, 65+5% RH and 16:8h photoperiod

Information is lacking on duration of different developmental stages and total duration of C. pallens fed on B. tabaci prey, but, such information is available for a widely studied species carnea. Duration of these Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.4, 2008 637

stages is somewhat similar for the two species. Nakahira and Arakawa (2005) recorded duration of L 1, L 2, L 3 and total developmental duration of C. pallens as 4.2, 3.6, 4.5 and 12.3 days, respectively. According to Jagadish and Jayaramaiah (2004) required 3.10, 10.27 and 8.18 days, on average, to complete the egg, larval and pupal stages, respectively, when reared on the tobacco M. nicotianae . Jafari and Fathipour (2004) found the duration of incubation, larval, pupal and total immature periods of C. carnea fed on mirid bug ( Creontiades pallidus ) as 4.15, 8.25, 8.10 and 20.50 days, respectively.

Mortality recorded during C. pallens post -embryonic stages, L 1, L 2, L 3 and pupal stage was 9.4, 6.4, 4.8, 4.8 and 5.6%, respectively (Fig. 2). Total mortality from egg-pupal stage was 31.0%. Jafari and Fathipour (2004) reported higher mortality of C. carnea in embryonic stage (11.58%) as well as egg to adult stage (54.74%) than the present results.

Fig. 2 Mortality during different developmental stages of Chrysopa pallens fed on Bemisia tabaci as prey at o 25+2 C, 65+5% RH and 16:8h photoperiod

Duration of longevity was different for the two sexes, where the females lived longer than males (Fig. 3). Mean longevity of C. pallens was 56.8 days for females and 46.4 days for males. Pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period for females was 7.2, 43.0 and 6.7 days, respectively. C. carnea adult male and female lived for 11.50 and 34.25 days, respectively (Jagadish and Jayaramaiah, 2004). According to Jafari and Fathipour (2004) the duration of pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition periods and female longevity of C. carnea fed on Creontiades pallidus was 6.82, 35.18, 5.73 and 47.32 days, respectively. The total lifespan of C. carnea was 66.70 days. The sex ratio experiment with C. pallens revealed 52:48 female to male ratio (Table I).

Fig. 3 Mean duration of adult’s longevity of Chrysopa pallens fed on Bemisia tabaci as prey at 25+2oC, 65+5% RH and 16:8h photoperiod Imtiaz Ali Khan and Fang-Hao Wan. Life history of C. pallens on B. tabaci biotype B as prey 638

Table I. Sex ratio of Chrysopa pallens adults fed on Bemisia tabaci prey on tomato plants at 25+2oC, 65+5% RH and 16:8h photoperiod Sex ratio Species n Female Male (Female:Male) C. pallens 100 52 48 52:48

Total fecundity of females was a mean number of 397.4 eggs/female, ranging from 380-420 eggs (Fig. 4). Jagadish and Jayaramaiah (2004) stated that the C. carnea gravid female laid, on average, 385.2 eggs in her lifespan.

Fig. 4 Mean daily and total fecundity of Chrysopa pallens females fed on different stages of Bemisia tabaci as prey at 25+2oC, 65+5% RH and 16:8h photoperiod

The results of life history parameters of the two Chrysopid species are comparable with one another. The variations observed are, among other factors, due to different species of predator and host plant tested in the experiments.

CONCLUSION Based on the present results it can be concluded that C. pallens can successfully complete immature development by feeding on various B. tabaci stages. C. pallens can be incorporated in IPM program for suppression of B. tabaci in different agricultural crops. Life history and of the predator should be investigated under field conditions in the presence of whitefly infestation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The research work was a part of the National Basic Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2002CB111400, funded by Ministry of Science and Technology, China) and the research project titled “Group function of different predators and parasitoids combinations on Bemisia tabaci ” funded by the Academic Committee of the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, the Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, P.R. China. Project no. 2007IP13.

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Imtiaz Ali Khan and Fang-Hao Wan. Life history of C. pallens on B. tabaci biotype B as prey 640