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Morphology of the Primary Larva of Mantispa Aphavexelte Aspöck & Aspöck, 1994 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) and Phylogenetic

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ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny Jahr/Year: 2018 Band/Volume: 76 Autor(en)/Author(s): Jandausch Kenny, Pohl Hans, Aspöck Ulrike, Winterton Shaun L., Beutel Rolf Georg Artikel/Article: Morphology of the primary larva of Mantispa aphavexelte Aspöck & Aspöck, 1994 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) and phylogenetic implications to the order of Neuroptera 529-560 76 (3): 529 – 560 11.12.2018 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2018. Morphology of the primary larva of Mantispa aphavexelte Aspöck & Aspöck, 1994 (Neuro ptera: Mantispidae) and phylogenetic implications to the order of Neuro ptera Kenny Jandausch*, 1, Hans Pohl 1, Ulrike Aspöck 2, Shaun L. Winterton 3 & Rolf G. Beutel 1 1 Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Kenny Jandausch * [[email protected]]; Rolf G. Beutel [[email protected]]; Hans Pohl [[email protected]] — 2 Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna and Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, Austria; Ulrike Aspöck [ulrike. [email protected]] — 3 California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, U.S.A.; Shaun L. Winterton [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted 09.x.2018. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 27.xi.2018. Editors in charge: Martin Fikáček & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract. The external and internal morphology of the primary larva of Mantispa aphavexelte was studied and documented with a broad spectrum of techniques. The cephalic anatomy, which is very similar to conditions found in other neuropteran immatures, is mainly af- fected by the formation of specialized mandibulo-maxillary sucking tubes and associated internal features. The postcephalic anatomy largely follows a generalized holometabolan pattern, with well-developed muscles in the thorax and the abdominal segments, an elongate, uncondensed ganglionic chain, and well-developed Malpighian tubules. The phylogenetic analysis of 70 larval characters suggests a weakly supported clade comprising Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. Mantispoidea comprising Rhachiberoth- idae, Berothidae and paraphyletic Mantispidae is suggested by overlapping scales on antennae and maxillae, thoracic “trichobothria”, and hypermetamorphosis with scarabaeiform 2nd instar larvae. The relationships of the mantispoid terminals are not resolved, and Mantispa (Mantispinae) and Plega (Symphrasinae) are not retrieved as sister taxa. Spider parasitism and feeding in spider egg sacs is characteristic for Mantispinae, whereas immatures of Berothidae and non-mantispine mantispid larvae prey on the offspring of social or non-social aculeatan Hymeno ptera, on termites, or on immatures living in soil or under bark, for example scarab larvae. Specializations of the legs like a trumpet-shaped empodium and a fixed tarsal pseudoclaw, enable mantispine larvae to cope with functional challenges linked with their specialized form of parasitism, like entering a host or penetrating its egg sack. The largely immobilized and straight sucking stylets are suitable for piercing eggs of spiders, but not for grasping prey. The terminal eversible attachment structure probably provides anchor- age of the abdominal apex and thus may facilitate the penetration of the egg sac or membranes of the body surface of a spider. It may also facilitate boarding a passing suitable host. Very small size of the 1st instars and hypermetamorphosis are likely linked with parasitism. Even though the primary larvae of M. aphavexelte belong to the smallest immatures in Neuro ptera, the effects of miniaturization are very limited. Key words. Neuro ptera, Mantispa, larva, morphology, hypermetamorphosis, miniaturization, phylogeny. 1. Introduction It was pointed out by ASPÖCK (1999) that the eminent later stages during the course of the following 17 years naturalist Johan Christian Fabricius interpreted mantid- (see ASPÖCK 1999). All immature stages and the devel- flies as small praying mantises (Dictyo ptera: Mantodea), opment and biology of Mantispa styriaca Poda, 1761 whereas LINNAEUS (1758) and SCHNEIDER (1843) assigned were described by BRAUER (1852a) and ROGENHOFER the species known by that time to the genus Raphidia (1862), pioneers in discovering the life-cycle of the ge- (Neuropterida: Raphidioptera). A reliable assessment nus (ASPÖCK 1999). A historical drawing of the 1st instar of the systematic position was only possible when first larva in BRAUER (1852a) and the convincing phylogenetic instar larvae were discovered (BRAUER 1852a), and the assignment based on the modification of the mouthparts ISSN 1863-7221 (print) | eISSN 1864-8312 (online) 529 Jandausch et al.: Morphology of the primary larva of Mantispa aphavexelte as sucking tubes (BRAUER 1852b) were milestones in the BRAUER (1852a,b) concluded when observing Mantispa investigation of Neuroptera (ASPÖCK 1999). in cocoons of Lycosidae. Larvae of Mantispinae feed Mantispidae or mantispid lacewings comprise about exclusively on spider eggs as far as known at present. 410 extant species grouped in 44 genera (ASPÖCK & The first instar of Mantispa styriaca searches actively ASPÖCK 2005; OHL 2004, 2005). The small or medium a spider egg sack (Lycosidae or Salticidae) and enters sized adults (forewing length 5 – 35 mm) are character- it (BRAUER 1869). The larva of Mantispilla perla Pallas, ized by an elongated prothorax, a triangular head with 1772, however, boards a passing spider, spends a period large compound eyes, and especially raptorial forelegs, of time on it, and only in spring enters the completed features resulting in a habitus strongly reminiscent of the egg sack (LUCCHESE 1956). Likewise, Nearctic Mantisp- dictyo pteran praying mantises (Mantodea). inae are “spider-boarders” (REDBORG & MACLEOD 1982). The group is presently subdivided into four subfami- In contrast to spider-associated Mantispinae, larvae of lies, Symphrasinae (Nearctic, Neotropical), Drepanic- Symphrasinae and Calomantispinae are distinctly less inae Enderlein (Oriental, Australasian, Neotropical), specialized as pointed out above, rather preying upon Calomantispinae Navás (Australasian, Nearctic, Neotro- slow moving or immobile immature stages of other in- pical) and Mantispinae Leach (Oriental, Australasian, sects. Recently it has been reported by DOREY & MERRITT Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Nearctic) (LAMB­ (2017) that newly hatched larvae of Drepanacinae bur- KIN 1986 a,b; OHL 2004). The time of origin of the fam- row in soil after dropping and possibly prey upon small ily is estimated as Late Triassic to early Jurassic (LIU et spiders. al. 2015). Presently less than 20 fossil named species After several revisions the genus Mantispa has a of Mantispidae are known (ENGEL & GRIMALDI 2007; palearctic distribution after some species from the new WEDMANN & MAKARKIN 2007; POINAR & BUCKLEY 2011; world were moved to other genera. (HOFFMAN 2002; SNY­ JEPSON et al. 2013; KHRAMOV 2013; SHI et al. 2014; JEP­ MAN et al. 2012, 2018). The type locality of Mantispa SON 2015). Despite of the very characteristic habitus and aphavexelte Aspöck & Aspöck, 1994, the species in the prey-catching habits of adults, the monophyletic origin focus of this study, is on the Greek Island of Samothraki. of the family is presently contentious. It was supported The present distribution area comprises Southern Eu- in a study based on mitochondrial genes and morphology rope, Morocco, Anatolia, Caucasus, Armenia, Kazakh- (LIU et al. 2015). In contrast, anchored phylogenomics stan, Mongolia (ASPÖCK et al. 2001), and as recently suggested paraphyletic Mantispidae (WINTERTON et al. demonstrated also Germany (NIEHUIS et al. 2014). Like 2018), with Rhachiberothidae + Symphrasinae as sister- the type species of the genus, Mantispa styriaca (type group of a clade comprising Berothidae + [(Drepanicinae locality in Austria), M. aphavexelte belongs to Mantispa + Calomantispinae) + Mantispinae]. sensu stricto as originally defined. The biology of Mantispidae was summarized in NEW The primary larva of M. aphavexelte is described (1986) and REDBORG (1998). One of its main charac- here for the first time. Whereas larval head structures of teristics is a transition field between larval predacious Neuro ptera, especially skeletal features, are quite well- habits and parasitism. Females deposit tremendous known (e.g. WUNDT 1959; MACLEOD 1964; BEUTEL et al. numbers of stalked eggs. After hatching, the very small 2010), the anatomy of the postcephalic body was almost and agile primary larva remain in aggregations or drop completely unknown, as it is also the case in other groups to the ground (e.g. Drepanicinae; e.g. DOREY & MERITT of Holometabola (e.g. BEUTEL et al. 2009, 2011). Conse- 2017). Finding a suitable food source is the vital factor. quently, the aim of this study was to document external The tiny first instars either walk on the substrate or are and internal features of the entire larva, using a broad dispersed by the wind. There are two major groups of spectrum of techniques, especially scanning electron prey or hosts, spiders in the case of Mantispinae (and microscopy, microphotography, histology and computer- possibly Drepanicinae; DOREY & MERITT 2017) and so- based 3D reconstruction. The morphological
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  • From Chewing to Sucking Via Phylogeny—From Sucking to Chewing Via Ontogeny: Mouthparts of Neuroptera

    From Chewing to Sucking Via Phylogeny—From Sucking to Chewing Via Ontogeny: Mouthparts of Neuroptera

    Chapter 11 From Chewing to Sucking via Phylogeny—From Sucking to Chewing via Ontogeny: Mouthparts of Neuroptera Dominique Zimmermann, Susanne Randolf, and Ulrike Aspöck Abstract The Neuroptera are highly heterogeneous endopterygote insects. While their relatives Megaloptera and Raphidioptera have biting mouthparts also in their larval stage, the larvae of Neuroptera are characterized by conspicuous sucking jaws that are used to imbibe fluids, mostly the haemolymph of prey. They comprise a mandibular and a maxillary part and can be curved or straight, long or short. In the pupal stages, a transformation from the larval sucking to adult biting and chewing mouthparts takes place. The development during metamorphosis indicates that the larval maxillary stylet contains the Anlagen of different parts of the adult maxilla and that the larval mandibular stylet is a lateral outgrowth of the mandible. The mouth- parts of extant adult Neuroptera are of the biting and chewing functional type, whereas from the Mesozoic era forms with siphonate mouthparts are also known. Various food sources are used in larvae and in particular in adult Neuroptera. Morphological adaptations of the mouthparts of adult Neuroptera to the feeding on honeydew, pollen and arthropods are described in several examples. New hypoth- eses on the diet of adult Nevrorthidae and Dilaridae are presented. 11.1 Introduction The order Neuroptera, comprising about 5820 species (Oswald and Machado 2018), constitutes together with its sister group, the order Megaloptera (about 370 species), and their joint sister group Raphidioptera (about 250 species) the superorder Neuropterida. Neuroptera, formerly called Planipennia, are distributed worldwide and comprise 16 families of extremely heterogeneous insects.