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Home , Antiquities Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Treaty of Portsmouth

Presidential Leadership Notes – Week 6 – October 18, 2019 Abraham Lincoln

I. The Development of the Emancipation Proclamation A. Proclamation-89-Termination 0f Certain Blockades 1. On May 12, 1862 Lincoln issued Proclamation 89, Termination of Blockade of Beaufort, North Carolina, Port Royal, South Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The purpose was to “hereby declare that the blockade of the said ports of Beaufort, Port Royal, and New Orleans shall so far cease and determine, from and after the 1st day of June next, that commercial intercourse with those ports, except as to persons, things, and information contraband of war, may from that time be carried on subject to the laws of the …” B. Proclamation-90 Revoking Major General David Hunters Order On Military Emancipation 1. On May 9, 1862, Major General Hunter declared martial law in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida and freed all the slaves there. On May 19, 1862, Lincoln issued Proclamation 90, revoking the General’s declarations and saying instead: Therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, proclaim and declare that the Government of the United States had no knowledge, information, or belief of an intention on the part of General Hunter to issue such a proclamation, nor has it yet any authentic information that the document is genuine; and, further, that neither General Hunter nor any other commander or person has been authorized by the Government of the United States to make proclamations declaring the slaves of any State free, and that the supposed proclamation now in question, whether genuine or false, is altogether void so far as respects such declaration. I further make known that whether it be competent for me, as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, to declare the slaves of any State or States free, and whether at any time, in any ease, it shall have become a necessity indispensable to the 1 maintenance of the Government to exercise such supposed power, are questions which, under my responsibility, I reserve to myself, and which I can not feel justified in leaving to the decision of commanders in the field. These are totally different questions from those of police regulations in armies and camps. On the 6th day of March last, by a special message, I recommended to Congress the adoption of a joint resolution to be substantially as follows: Resolved, That the United States ought to cooperate with any State which may adopt a gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such State pecuniary aid, to be used by such State, in its discretion, to compensate for the inconveniences, public and private, produced by such change of system. The resolution, in the language above quoted, was adopted by large majorities in both branches of Congress, and now stands an authentic, definite, and solemn proposal of the nation to the States and people most immediately interested in the subject-matter. To the people of those States I now earnestly appeal--I do not argue; I beseech you to make the arguments for yourselves; you can not, if you would, be blind to the signs of the times. I beg of you a calm and enlarged consideration of them, ranging, if it may be, far above personal and partisan politics. This proposal makes common cause for a common object, casting no reproaches upon any. It acts not the Pharisee. The change it contemplates would come gently as the dews of heaven, not rending or wrecking anything. Will you not embrace it? So much good has not been done by one effort in all past time as, in the providence of God, it is now your high privilege to do. May the vast future not have to lament that you have neglected it. C. Proclamation-91-concerning-the-collection-taxes-rebellious-states 1. On July 1, 1862 Lincoln announces that taxes in the 11 Confederate states cannot be collected “peaceably” and therefore liens will be placed upon all real estate subject to federal taxes with an additional penalty of 50 per cent. D. On July 22, 1862, Lincoln called a meeting of the cabinet for a first reading of the proposed Emancipation Proclamation. E. Proclamation-92-warning-rebel-sympathizers 1. On July 17, 1862, Congress passed “AN ACT to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and confiscate the property of rebels, and for other purposes”. It set the penalty for treason at death and for assisting in the insurrection at a minimum of 5 years in prison. It also provided for property forfeitures. On July 25, 1862, Lincoln issued Proclamation 92 which said “I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, do hereby proclaim to and warn all persons within the contemplation of said sixth section to cease participating in, aiding, countenancing, or abetting the existing rebellion or any rebellion against the Government of the United States and to return to their proper allegiance to the United States on pain of the forfeitures and seizures as within and by said sixth section provided.” E. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln called a meeting of the cabinet to read to them his final draft of the Emancipation Proclamation and to tell them of his decision to go forward with it that day. F. Proclamation-93-declaring-the-objectives-of-the-war-including-emancipation- slaves-rebellious-states

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1. This is the famous announcement of September 22, 1862 that the Emancipation Proclamation would be issued on January 1,1863. 2. This proclamation was published in newspapers around the country on September 23, 1862. G. Proclamation-94-suspending-the-writ-habeas-corpus 1. On September 24, 1862, Lincoln issued Proclamation 94: Whereas it has become necessary to call into service not only volunteers, but also portions of the militia of the States by draft in order to suppress the insurrection existing in the United States, and disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the ordinary processes of law from hindering this measure and from giving aid and comfort in various ways to the insurrection: Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection, and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all rebels and insurgents, their aiders and abettors, within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia draft or guilty of any disloyal practice affording aid and comfort to rebels against the authority of the United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment by courts-martial or military commissions; second, that the writ of habeas corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now or hereafter during the rebellion shall be imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority or by the sentence of any court-martial or military commission. H. The Emancipation Proclamation 1. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued, as promised on January 1, 1863.

II. Economic Development Agenda of Lincoln A. Homestead Act of May 20, 1862 Legislation granting public lands to small farmers had been among the campaign promises of the 1860 Republican platform, and Lincoln supported early passage of the Homestead Act, which he signed into law on May 20, 1862. The bill stipulated that any adult citizen (or person intending to become a citizen) who headed a family could obtain a grant of 160 acres of by paying a small registration fee and living on the land for five years. The settler could own the land in six months by paying $1.25 an acre. By the end of the Civil War, fifteen thousand homestead claims were filed, and many more followed in the postwar era. Designed originally as a means of allowing the poor to have their own farms, the law benefited few people. This was because to take advantage of the nearly free homestead lands, families had to find the initial resources to travel west, to clear the land, and to sustain themselves—all before they could harvest crops for markets. Most of the land originally went to poor Midwestern and Eastern farmers, who then sold their properties after five years to land speculators allied with the railroad interests. Nevertheless, the law established the basic framework for the development of western territories. (https://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/domestic-affairs) B. Morrill Land Grant Act of July 2, 1862 Lincoln also signed into law and supported the legislation sponsored by Justin Smith Morrill, senator from Vermont, transferring giant allocations of to the states to be sold for the support of agricultural and mechanical arts colleges. The amount of land granted 3 each state was proportional to its representation in Congress—thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative. In total, under the original act, some seventeen million acres were given to the states. The bill demonstrated Lincoln's commitment to make the federal government an important force in higher education, one that would insure its democratization. Military science was also to be included in the curricula of these so-called land-grant colleges. Later, these schools in the Midwest and South were to become the great state university systems. (https://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/domestic-affairs)

C. The Pacific Railway Act of July 1, 1862 On July 1, 1862, after decades of debate and disagreement on the matter, Lincoln brought the transcontinental railroad to life with a stroke of his pen. And with that same stroke, he created Union Pacific. The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 gave the work of building the railroad to two companies: Central Pacific, an existing California railroad, and a new railroad chartered by the Act itself – Union Pacific. Central Pacific would start at the Pacific and head east, and Union Pacific would start in the middle of the country, the beginning of the frontier, and head west. What path Union Pacific should take was a matter of much contention. Lawmakers already realized the impact the railroad could have on local economies and wanted the business for their own states. Even before he became president, Lincoln, a railroad attorney, had an avid interest in the Pacific route. On a visit to in 1859, he met with Grenville Dodge, who would one day become Union Pacific's chief engineer. Dodge later wrote in his “Personal Recollections of Lincoln”: “Mr. Lincoln sat down beside me and, by his kindly ways, soon drew from me all I knew of the country west and the results of my reconnaissances. As the saying is, he completely ‘shelled my woods,' getting all the secrets that were later to go to my employers.” Lincoln remembered Dodge's expertise and summoned the engineer to Washington in 1863 to discuss a starting point for Union Pacific. Dodge was adamant: the railroad must follow the Platte Valley and begin at Omaha-Council Bluffs. On November 17, two days before the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln issued an executive order setting the railroad's eastern terminus exactly where Dodge had advised. Union Pacific broke ground in Omaha in December 1863. Unfortunately, due to many delays, the first rails wouldn't be laid until July 1865, three months after the president's death. https://www.uprr.com/aboutup/history/lincoln/lincoln_up/index.shtml

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Theodore Roosevelt

The President

When became president of the U.S. in 1901 America’s society and economy were changing rapidly, and with his energy and visionary leadership he set the maturing nation on the path to prosperous growth and diplomatic influence that would last throughout the 20th Century. By the time he left office in March 1909, Roosevelt also had changed forever the influence and scope of the presidency. Though he remains the youngest person ever to hold America’s highest office, Roosevelt was one of the best prepared to be president, entering the with a broad understanding of governmental and legislative processes and with executive leadership experience. He led the U.S. onto the world stage by becoming actively involved in foreign affairs. On the home front, Roosevelt believed the federal government had a role, even an obligation, to ensure a level of equality in Americans’ daily lives and used government regulations and policies to bring about social and economic justice. In contrast to those who served before him, Roosevelt believed the president had the power to act except in areas specifically prohibited by law or granted in the Constitution to Congress or the Courts. He put this approach to good use in 1902 when he negotiated a settlement to the anthracite coal strike, the first time the federal government intervened in a labor dispute and recognized the rights of organized labor. Roosevelt also negotiated with Congress to see the passed in 1906, putting in place many safeguards Americans take for granted today involving , quality controls in manufacturing, and drug labeling. In addition, he fought against unfair trade practices, establishing precedents for the president’s intervention in business, trade and consumer affairs. In international affairs, Roosevelt also acted boldly and decisively. He negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and became the first American honored with the Nobel Peace Prize. Realizing that the Navy needed to be able to move ships quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, he acted to recognize the fledgling country of Panama, negotiate control of the Canal Zone and push to see the built, one of the 5 grandest engineering projects of the 20th Century. Considered the father of the modern American Navy, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to provide funding for modern steel-hulled battleships and sent the —16 ships from the Atlantic fleet—in an around-the- world cruise, which raised America’s visibility and respect among world powers. Roosevelt left his greatest mark on conserving America’s natural resources. He realized the country’s abundant resources were being used faster than they could be replaced or replenished, and that great natural wonders like the were in danger of commercial development. This led him as president to use executive power like none of his predecessors had, to protect nearly 230 million acres of land, including 150 national forests, the first 55 federal wildlife refuges, 5 national parks, and the first 18 national monument sites. https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=991271&module_id=33 9336

The Presidency: (September 1901) Vice President Roosevelt was on a tour of Vermont where he was scheduled to deliver a number of speeches when he was told some shocking news. President McKinley had been shot while visiting the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. The accused assassin was an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz. Roosevelt rushed off to Buffalo by train after getting word of the shooting. By the time Roosevelt arrived in Buffalo, McKinley's doctors had taken decisive action in order to save the President's life. The assassin's bullet had torn through the President's stomach. McKinley's condition improved to the point that Roosevelt felt confident the President would make a full recovery. Roosevelt decided to join his wife and children who were already vacationing in the Adirondack Mountains in upstate New York. While on a hiking trip at Mount Tahawus, he was informed that McKinley had taken a turn for the worse. However, Roosevelt decided not to return to Buffalo unless he was really needed. He came to the conclusion that he would just be getting in the way with the family and close friends of the President. He felt confident that he had showed the nation he was very concerned about the President's condition and was ready for whatever would happen next. This decision would change abruptly when a messenger gave him the news that President McKinley's life was slipping away. By the time he had reached the town of North Creek, he was told by his personal secretary, William Loeb, that the President had died of a massive infection. So, the new President boarded a train that would take him not just to Buffalo but to begin a new, unprecedented era in American history. Roosevelt's train arrived in Buffalo at approximately 3:30 p.m. After paying his respects to Mrs. McKinley, TR took the oath of office. So, on September 14, 1901 the American people had a new President. At six weeks short of his forty- third birthday, he was the youngest person to become president, then and now. TR was the right man for the right time. Not only did he lead the United States into the twentieth century and make it a major player in world politics, but he also took the presidency to a new level of power and influence both in this country and around the world. The Roosevelt solution to successful leadership was simply this: combine intelligence with courage. TR believed that a president could do whatever the country needed unless expressly forbidden by the constitution to do so. This was certainly an activist approach as opposed to the caretaker approach of many of his predecessors. He believed that being president was a golden opportunity and he meant to take advantage of every minute he was in office. "This office of President of the

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United States", he commented, is "one of the three or four offices in the world best worth filling." TR Sets His Goals TR's accomplishments would be numerous and precedent-setting. There would be few presidents who could match his influence. His style of leadership would help bring the United States prominently on to the world stage as a new star with fresh ideas. As Roosevelt began his presidency, he outlined his very specific goals in the annual address to Congress. He stated that there was a great need for regulatory controls over corporations and called for helping wage earners by using protective tariffs, enforcing anti-trust laws, limiting the importation of cheap foreign goods, and cutting taxes. In addition, he favored the gold standard and wise government spending. To the railroad industry he had a very specific one - word message: regulation. He went on to state that railroads were public servants and needed to be treated as such. To the bankers he stated that the federal government would be watching their practices carefully. He wanted to protect the country's natural resources not only for present but also future generations. In foreign affairs he thought the acquisition of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Hawaii, which had taken place in previous administrations, was in America's best interests. TR thought the U.S. must have a strong navy in order to enforce the Monroe Doctrine against European influence in the Western hemisphere. He pushed for the building of a canal through Central America that would expedite shipping from the long voyage around South America. His willingness to use the power of the presidency to its fullest stands in contrast to his more cautious and conservative predecessors. A Prime Example of How Roosevelt Was to Run the Country The Coal Mining Crisis His presidency had many highlights. An example is the coal-mining crisis in October 1902. On the verge of a strike that could cripple the nation, TR had to make a groundbreaking decision: should he use the office of the President to help mediate stalled negotiations in private industry? Financial magnate JP Morgan urged the President to act for fear that a coal strike would devastate the economy. He wanted the President to use the Sherman Antitrust Act to force the miners back to work. Instead the President had offered the coal miners’ union a proposal that would create a presidential commission to study the issues and report back to the President with a possible outline for a settlement. While the commission studied the issues, the coal miners would go back to work. The President promised the union president John Mitchell that he would then try to get the mine operators to accept the commission's recommendation. Mitchell turned down the President's offer stating that the union would be giving in way more than the coal mine operators. TR essentially agreed. So, to end the stalemate he threatened to have the army take over the mines in order to avoid a nation - wide crisis, especially with winter approaching. The mine operators decided it was too risky to allow the President to do this, so they agreed to have the commission study the issues, but they only wanted certain members on the commission. After some haggling back-and-forth they agreed to have the President select certain members of the commission, a move the coal miners’ union also agreed to. The commission recommended a ten percent increase in pay for the miners but also stated that the United Mine Workers Union would not be the sole bargaining unit for all miners. However, the real importance of this crisis was the way the President used the power of his office. He was not afraid to use his influence even in an issue where most other presidents were not willing to get involved.

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Additional Highlights of TR’s Presidency • Construction of the Panama Canal • Passage of the of 1906 and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 • Conservation and Preservation: 240 million acres set aside for public lands • Creation of the first National Monument: Devil's Tower • Enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act "trust – busting" by 45 antitrust suits Conclusion Theodore Roosevelt dedicated himself to a life of public service. Although he died at the age of 60, he accomplished more than most people could in several lifetimes. He was not discouraged by early physical ailments or political disappointments. He established a new philosophy for the presidency in that he believed that the chief executive of the United States could use the power of his office in order to bring about badly needed change, and he was not afraid to step on the toes of those who might prevent such change. He was a president who believed that the ultimate purpose in life was to serve others. His message to the American people could be summed up when he stated, "Keep your eyes on the stars but your feet on the ground." https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=991271&module_id=33 9336

1901 March 4. TR takes oath of office as Vice President of the United States. September 6. President William McKinley shot at Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York. September 14. McKinley dies in Buffalo. TR summoned to Buffalo from Mount Tahawus in Adirondacks. TR takes oath of office as twenty- sixth President of the United States at about 3:15 p.m. in house of Ansley Wilcox, 641 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, now the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site. At 42, TR is the youngest President in history, before or since. 1901-1909 TR serves as President of the United States. 1901 October 16. Booker T. Washington, Negro educator and leader, has dinner at the White House with , leading to bitter attacks on TR by white Southerners. TR's subsequent appointments of blacks to office in South result in further attacks on Roosevelt administration. 1902 February 19. TR orders antitrust suit under Sherman Act to dissolve Northern Securities Company; beginning of "trust-busting" policy. Roosevelt administration subsequently brings antitrust suits against Swift and Company, Standard Oil, American Tobacco, DuPont, and other companies, for a total of 45 antitrust suits in 1902-1909. May 22. Crater Lake National Park established in Oregon; the first of five national parks created by TR. June 17. signed, leading to first federal irrigation projects, including what is now Theodore Roosevelt Dam in Arizona. July 4. TR proclaims amnesty and institutes civil government in Philippines at end of insurrection against American rule. October. TR settles Anthracite Coal Strike. December. TR enforces Monroe Doctrine against Germany in dispute over Venezuela.

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1903 February 14. Department of Commerce and Labor created. February 20. Elkins Antirebate Act for railroads signed. March 14. TR establishes Pelican Island, Florida as first federal bird refuge. TR created a total of 51 bird reservations in 1903- 1909. October 17. Alaskan boundary dispute with Canada settled in London in favor of the United States. November 3. Panama declares independence from Colombia after Colombia rejects treaty with United States for building canal in Panama. U.S. recognizes Panama's independence on November 7. November 18. Panama Canal treaty signed between Panama and United States. Panama Canal completed in 1914. 1904 June 23. TR nominated for President, and Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana for Vice President, at Republican National Convention, Chicago. November 8. Roosevelt and Fairbanks elected with 7,628,834 votes to 5,084,491 for Democrats Judge Alton B. Parker and Henry G. Davis. December 6. TR proclaims "" to Monroe Doctrine in his annual message, defining police role of United States in Latin America. 1905 January. Agreement made with Dominican Republic to resolve crisis over foreign debts. January 24. Wichita Game Preserve established in Oklahoma, first federal game preserve. TR subsequently created federal game preserves at the Grand Canyon, Fire Island in , and National Bison Range in Montana. February 1. United States Forest Service established. Under the Roosevelt administration, federal forest reserves increased from about 43,000,000 acres to approximately 194,000,000 acres. March 4. Roosevelt inaugurated for second term. August 5. TR meets in Oyster Bay, Long Island with Russian and Japanese envoys to begin negotiations to end Russo-Japanese War. August 25. TR goes down in and pilots Navy submarine Plunger in Long Island Sound. . signed ending Russo-Japanese War. TR awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his mediation between Russia and Japan. 1906 January. Algeciras Conference opens to resolve crisis between France and Germany over Morocco. TR successfully mediates dispute. June 8. Antiquities or National Monuments Act signed. Under this law, TR created by proclamation 18 protected "national monuments," 1906- 1909, including (the first, September 24, 1906) in , Arizona's Petrified Forest, the Gila Cliff Dwellings in New Mexico, Muir Woods in California, the Grand Canyon, and Mount Olympus in Washington. June 11. Employers' Liability Act passed for interstate commerce. Overturned by Supreme Court, an amended act passed April 22, 1908, which was upheld by Supreme Court. 1906 June 29. passed, giving authority to Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates. June 30. TR signs Pure Food and Drug Act. June 30. TR signs bill which includes federal meat inspection law. August 3. Negro soldiers accused of shooting up town of Brownsville, Texas on night of August

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3. Roosevelt discharges without honor three companies of black troops, although no soldiers are convicted. Leads to bitter civil rights controversy. November 8-26. Mr. & Mrs. Roosevelt go to Panama to inspect building of Canal; first time a President leaves the United States while in office. Arrive in Panama November 14; depart for Puerto Rico November 17. December 10. TR awarded Nobel Peace Prize for ending Russo-Japanese War in 1905. TR first American to win Nobel Peace Prize and a Nobel Prize in any field. Gives prize money to charity. TR delivers acceptance speech in Europe in 1910 1907 March 14. TR appoints Inland Waterways Commission to study river systems, waterpower, flood control, reclamation. TR as President makes use of study commissions, appointing six, Commission on the Organization of Government Scientific Work (1903), Public Lands Commission (1903), Keep Commission on government administration (1905), Inland Waterways Commission (1907), National Conservation Commission (1908), and Country Life Commission (1908). June 15. Second Hague Peace Conference opens. TR was first world leader to call for this conference. United States insists Central and South American nations be included. U.S. attempts to strengthen court of arbitration fail. Conference fails to limit naval arms race. Drago Doctrine against use of force in collection of foreign debts adopted. October-November. "Panic of 1907" in stock market and banks. November 16. Oklahoma admitted as forty-sixth state. December 16. American "Great White Fleet," part of TR's policy of "speak softly and carry a big stick," departs on good will cruise around world. 1908 May 13-15. , called by TR to consider conservation, meets at White House, attended by governors, Supreme Court, cabinet, and other leaders. Leads to inventory of natural resources, creation of state conservation commissions, annual governors' conferences. June 8. National Conservation Commission appointed by TR, as result of governors' conference, to inventory natural resources of United States. August 10. TR appoints Country Life Commission to study rural problems. November 30. United States signs Root-Takahira agreement with Japan in attempt to resolve many problems between the two countries. December 8. TR addresses Joint Conservation Congress of leaders, which meets in Washington to receive report of National Conservation Commission. 1909 February 18. North American Conservation Conference convenes at White House. February 22. TR greets Great White Fleet on return from world cruise. March 4. Roosevelt administration ends. Republican successor, President , inaugurated https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=991271&module_id=33 9336

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