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Watershed Park Administrative History Redwood National and State Parks

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Watershed Park Administrative History Redwood National and State Parks National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior History Program Pacific West Region Watershed Park Administrative History Redwood National and State Parks Mark David Spence, PhD Watershed Park Administrative History Redwood National and State Parks By Mark David Spence, Ph.D. Prepared for under Task Agreement Number 004 Organization of American Historians Cooperative Agreement: H0400000014 for Dr. David Louter, History Program Lead Pacific West Region National Park Service 2011 Contents A Forest of Symbols and Values ................................................................................. 10 A Patchwork Park ........................................................................................................ 15 Shifting Landscapes .................................................................................................... 18 Part One ......................................................................................................................... 23 Making Claims and Making Parks, 1850s–1960s ........................................................... 23 The Land-use Mosaic of Redwood National and State Parks ..................................... 24 Native American Landscapes ...................................................................................... 26 Property and a New Environmental Order ................................................................... 34 Industrial Logging ........................................................................................................ 38 Postwar Cutting within the Current Boundaries of RNSP ............................................ 43 The Recreational Landscape ....................................................................................... 45 Save the Redwoods! ................................................................................................... 50 The Movement for a Redwood National Park .............................................................. 50 First Park Efforts ............................................................................................................. 53 The Successful National Park Movement Begins ........................................................ 60 A New Park for a New Age .......................................................................................... 67 Shortcuts and Shortcomings ....................................................................................... 75 The Environmentalist Park .......................................................................................... 79 False Starts and True Precedents, 1968–1976 ........................................................... 91 “Under Fire from Every Direction” ................................................................................ 92 Early Park Planning, 1968–1973 ................................................................................. 96 A Conceptual Plan ..................................................................................................... 103 Working without a Plan, 1969–1976 .......................................................................... 107 Administration ............................................................................................................ 110 Cooperative Mandates and Resource Management, 1969–1974 ............................. 113 1 The Failed Cooperative Agreements of 1974 ............................................................ 119 Research and Resource Management ...................................................................... 123 Science and Expansion ............................................................................................. 127 Expanding Redwood National Park, 1976–1980 ....................................................... 135 A Landmark Environmental Law and the Push for Expansion ................................... 138 Redwoods and Politics .............................................................................................. 141 “Things no one has ever thought possible” ............................................................... 145 The Redwood National Park Expansion Act of 1978 ................................................. 147 A New Planning Model for a New Park ..................................................................... 153 Planning for Visitor Use ............................................................................................. 157 Reorganizing Park Administration ............................................................................. 161 Engaging Old Neighbors ........................................................................................... 164 American Indians in a New Context .......................................................................... 167 Unfinished Business: State Parks and May Creek .................................................... 173 Managing the Second-growth of Redwood National Park, 1980–1993 ..................... 190 Acting on the Will of Congress, 1978–1993 .............................................................. 192 Acquisition, Compensation, Redevelopment, and Park Administration ..................... 194 “The most expensive park ever” ................................................................................ 195 The Redwood Employee Protection Plan .................................................................. 199 Regional Economic Development ............................................................................. 202 “Development and implementation of a program for . rehabilitation” ..................... 204 Early Rehabilitation Work to 1980 ............................................................................. 205 Rehabilitation Matures, 1980–1983 ........................................................................... 208 Charting a New Future for Rehabilitation, 1984–1989 ............................................... 217 Transitions in the Rehabilitation Program, 1988–1989 .............................................. 223 Monitoring the Park Protection Zone and Upper Watershed, 1978–1983 ................. 226 Setbacks and Slowdowns in the PPZ and Upper Basin, 1983–1990 ........................ 230 2 U.S. Highway 101 Bypass, 1980–1992 ..................................................................... 235 The Redwood Creek Estuary: Restoration, Engineering, and Cooperation, 1980–1988 ........................................................................................................................................ 238 The U.S. Highway 101 Bypass “Debacle” and new Directions for Redwood National Park ................................................................................................................................. 244 Administering a More Meaningful Park, 1980–1993 .................................................. 246 Administration, Organization, and Management Facilities ......................................... 250 Resource Protection, Community Relations, Visitor Use, Cooperation, and Adaptive Management: A Brief History of the Requa Maintenance Facility, 1980–2000s .............. 252 Operating on a North-South Axis ............................................................................... 256 The Management Assistant and Community Relations, 1980–1984 ......................... 261 The Role of Assistant and Deputy Superintendents, 1984–1990 .............................. 266 Administering Natural Resource Management, 1980–1993 ...................................... 270 Rehabilitation in an Evolving Resource Management Context .................................. 272 Watershed Rehabilitation: Programmatic Maturity and Restructuring ....................... 274 Resources Management: Beyond Watershed Rehabilitation .................................... 277 Cultural Resources Management .............................................................................. 282 Interpretation and the Redwood Renaissance ........................................................... 291 Visitor Use ................................................................................................................. 295 Outdoor Education .................................................................................................... 297 Settling on a Visitor Information Center ..................................................................... 300 Seeking a Southern Gateway .................................................................................... 303 Property Acquisition and Future Development .......................................................... 308 Recreating Redwood through Cooperative Management and Partnerships, 1994–2003 ........................................................................................................................................ 327 A Return to Founding Principles: ............................................................................... 330 Old Promises and New Prospects, 1994–2003 ......................................................... 330 3 Creating Redwood National and State Parks ............................................................ 330 Administering RNSP: Implementing Cooperative Management ................................ 339 The General Management Plan/General Plan ........................................................... 344 Defining the Parks ..................................................................................................... 347 Cooperative Management:
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