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Beyond the Arch Community and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone and East Africa

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Beyond the Arch Community and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone and East Africa 7th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Beyond the Arch Community and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone and East Africa Proceedings Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel cover.indd 1 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM The production of these proceedings was made possible through the generous support of the Yellowstone Association. The 7th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem was sponsored by the following organizations: Yellowstone Association National Park Service Xanterra Parks and Resorts American Studies Program, School of Environment and Natural Resources, and Research Office, University of Wyoming Big Sky Institute, Montana State University Draper Museum of Natural History, Buffalo Bill Historical Center Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program, U.S. Agency for International Development cover.indd 2 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM Beyond the Arch Community and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone and East Africa Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel Yellowstone Center for Resources Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 2004 TOC.indd 1 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM Design and Layout: Alice Wondrak Biel Suggested citation: Name of author(s). 2004. Paper title. Page(s) __ in A. Wondrak Biel, ed., Beyond the Arch: Community and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone and East Africa. Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. October 6–8, 2003, Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel, Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone National Park. Wyo.: Yellowstone Center for Resources. For ordering information, contact: Publications Office, Yellowstone Center for Resources, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190; (307) 344-2203 The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions and pol- icies of the U.S. government or other organizations supporting the confer- ence. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute the endorsement of the U.S. government or other organizations supporting the conference. Beyond the Arch Program Committee Dr. Lisa Graumlich, Big Sky Institute, co-chair Dr. Eric Sandeen, University of Wyoming, co-chair Dr. Frieda Knobloch, University of Wyoming Dr. Charles Preston, Draper Museum of Natural History Photo credits: cover, Roosevelt Arch (Tom Murphy); title page, clockwise from top left, Roosevelt Arch centennial event (NPS); Kenyan schoolchil- dren (Darren Ireland); wolf attacking a cow elk (anonymous donor); topi approaching a lion (Darren Ireland); page 4, American bison (NPS); Cape buffalo (Darren Ireland). ii Beyond the Arch TOC.indd 2 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM Contents Opening welcome ................................................................................. 7 Suzanne Lewis, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park An attempt to coalesce with change...................................................... 9 Herbert Anungazuk Long distance migrations: Yellowstone in a global context................ 18 Joel Berger Uncommon properties: the historical ecology of cooperation in a ranching valley ............................................................................ 24 Alison Bidwell Pearce Landscapes of tradition, landscapes of resistance ............................. 38 Don Callaway Issues in carnivore and ungulate conservation in the Yellowstone and Selous ecosystems .................................................................... 67 Scott Creel and Douglas W. Smith Cross-border insecurity: national parks and human security in East Africa ...................................................................................... 70 Kevin C. Dunn Approaching the table: transforming conservation–community conflicts into opportunities............................................................. 82 Christina Ellis, Izabella Koziell, Brian McQuinn, and Julie Stein What we’ve learned about nature from the national park idea........ 96 Dan Flores Community Conservation Services for Serengeti National Park’s surrounding communities................................................. 107 Emmanuel J. Gereta Ecological mechanisms linking nature reserves to surrounding lands.............................................................................................. 115 Andrew J. Hansen and Ruth DeFries Conservation and contested landscapes: the potential for commu- nity-based conservation in East Africa and North America....... 126 Jim Igoe Proceedings iii TOC.indd 3 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM Theodore Roosevelt’s quest for wilderness: a comparison of Roosevelt’s visits to Yellowstone and Africa................................. 149 Jeremy Johnston A. Starker Leopold Lecture................................................................ 168 Richard Leakey Involving communities in conservation in Zanzibar: local factors in program outcomes ....................................................... 179 Arielle Levine A brief survey of standing: seeking shelter without technicalities in Africa ........................................................................................ 197 Kelly Matheson Livelihood diversification among the Maasai of northern Tanzania: implications and challenges for conservation policy............................................................................................. 204 J. Terrence McCabe Democratizing natural resource management: experiences from northern Tanzania............................................................... 215 Fred Nelson A century of changing land uses and property rights in Tanzania’s Selous Game Reserve ................................................. 228 Roderick P. Neumann Connecting islands of hope in a raging sea....................................... 244 Charles R. Preston Excluding people from parks in East African savannas: unintended consequences for wildlife?......................................... 253 Robin Reid Play, place, and safety in images of Yellowstone and other national parks .............................................................................. 272 Bruce A. Richardson A conservation agenda in an era of poverty .................................... 278 Steven E. Sanderson Understanding ecosystem processes for conservation and management................................................................................. 287 A.R.E. Sinclair iv Beyond the Arch TOC.indd 4 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM Ungulate grazing systems compared between the Greater Yellowstone Area and East Africa ................................................ 304 Francis J. Singer, Linda C. Zeigenfuss, and Robert Stottlemyer Early wildlife and parks research in East Africa: parallels with Yellowstone? .................................................................................. 319 Lee M. Talbot Yellowstone wildlife watching: a survey of visitor attitudes and desires .................................................................................... 328 Alice Wondrak Biel The snowmachine in the garden: Yellowstone, industry, and the Snowmobile Capital of the World ................................................ 341 Michael J. Yochim Poster session abstracts ..................................................................... 358 Proceedings v TOC.indd 5 12/10/2004, 11:18 AM Foreword Since Yellowstone National Park’s establishment, its extraordinary resources have been protected largely through the efforts of generation after generation of park managers and friends. The challenges facing park managers have grown increasingly complex; issues such as crowding, landscape fragmentation, non-native species invasions, conflicting use demands, and grand-scale political and emotional controversies would have been largely foreign to Yellowstone’s early caretakers. Today, effective protection of the park’s natural and cultural treasures requires active, informed management based on good science—science conducted by researchers outside, as well as inside the National Park Service. The purpose of the Greater Yellowstone conference series, instituted in 1991, is to encour- age awareness and application of wide-ranging, high-caliber scientific work on the region’s natural and cultural resources. The wealth of subjects and issues to be explored in Yellowstone National Park provides an unbounded font of research possibilities, as well as an unflagging need for their results. This biennial conference series, with the active involvement of professional soci- eties and other institutions, provides a much-needed forum for knowledge-sharing among the hundreds of researchers doing work here, park managers, and the general public. The Seventh Biennial Conference, Beyond the Arch: Community and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone and East Africa, reached beyond the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park to seek commonality and difference with parks built on the Yellowstone model, but in a wholly separate social context. Through a publicly-oriented discussion of issues that drew together national parks in the Greater Yellowstone and East Africa, managers, scientists, poli- cymakers, and the public came together to discuss and consider the interdependence of both nature–society relations and natural and cultural history in local and global contexts. The conference’s featured speakers included eminent conservationist and political activ- ist Dr. Richard Leakey. Historian Dr. Dan Flores eloquently explored how the national park idea
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