THURSDAY, 5Th March 2020 FRIDAY, 6Th March 2020

Home , Doclea (Illyria)

THURSDAY, 5th March 2020 16.00 – 19.00 Arrival and registration of participants at the premises of the Faculty of Humanities, Titov trg 5, Koper

FRIDAY, 6th March 2020 Faculty of Humanities, lecture room Burja 1

8.00 – 9.00 Registration, coffee 9.00 Opening and welcome addresses (Irena Lazar - Organizer and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities UP, Luciana Mandruzzato - AIHV Italia, Predrag Novaković - Slovene Archaeological Society)

9.30-10.00 Invited speaker Luciana MANDRUZZATO Fifty years of glass research in Aquileia

10.00-11.30 Lectures Session chair: Irena Lazar

Boris KAVUR, Martina BLEČIĆ KAVUR We’re different colours, and we’re different breeds… Marko DIZDAR Shiny and nicely! - Glass jewellery from the late Iron Age in the southeastern part of the Carpathian basin Ana FRANJIĆ, Ian C. FREESTONE, Detlef GÜNTHER, Borut KRIŽ Stranded in Novo mesto. The spectrometric analysis of Iron Age glass beads from Lower Carniola, Slovenia Giulia CESARIN Gold-band glass: from Hellenistic to Roman luxury glass production

11.30 Coffee break

12.00-14.00 Lectures Session chair: Luciana Mandruzzato Marcin WAGNER Mould-blown glass vessels from the Roman fort in Apsaros on the Black sea coast Szilamér-Péter PÁNCZÉL Glass artefacts from the ancient theatre of Apollonia Irena LAZAR, Marija LUBŠINA TUŠEK The miniature world of glass Miloš ŽIVANOVIĆ Figure-engraved glass from Doclea, old and new finds

14.00-15.30 Lunch break

15.30–17.00 Lectures Session Chair: Anastasia Cholakova

Anastasia CHOLAKOVA, Katja BROSCHAT, Mario IVANOV The Yambol cup revisited Dimitar NIKOLOVSKI Glass exagia from Stobi Andrej GASPARI Blue glass bowl with Greek inscription from the late Roman cemetery at Gosposvetska cesta in Ljubljana

17.00 Coffee break

17.30–19.00 Lectures Session Chair: Miloš Živanović

Zrinka MILEUSNIĆ Muzejski trg, Koper Majda DADIĆ, Šime PEROVIĆ Typology of late medieval and postmedieval glass finds from Nin Anastasia CHOLAKOVA, Stela DONCHEVA, Kristina N. RAUH, Thilo REHREN, Pavel GEORGIEV, Tihomir TIHOV The murky Middle Ages. Glass finds from the 10th – 11th c. from NE Bulgaria SATURDAY, 7th March 2020

Morning programme in collaboration with the AIHV Italia in the frame of ESOF2020. Upon the invitation of the AIHV Italia, we will join an international seminar of invited glass specialists under the title: Aria e fuoco. Strutture per la lavora- zione del vetro nell‘antichità /Air and fire. Glass-working facilities in the antiquity 8.00 Transfer to Trieste Biblioteca Statale Stelio Crise, Largo Papa Giovanni XXIII, 6 9.00 Welcome adresses

9.30-10.30 Lectures Sylvia Fünfschilling Roman Glassworkshops in Switzerland, a summary Lucia Saguì, Barbara Lepri A che punto siamo con gli indicatori di produzione?

10.30-11.00 Coffee break

11.00-12.30 Lectures

Irena Lazar Roman glass furnace as depicted on oil lamps Frank Wiesenberg Reconstructed Roman glass workshops in operation - 15 years of experiments Marianne Stern On the importance of doing experiments at the right type of glassblowers furnace

13.00 Transfer to Koper

13.30-15.00 Lunch break 15.00-18.00 WORKSHOP, Lecture room Burja 3 View of the new glass finds from archaeological sites in Slovenia

18.00-19.00 POSTER SESSION, Hall of the Burja 1

Kata DÉVAI Names and impressed designs on square bottles from Pannonia: new results and trade connections Kata DÉVAI, István FÓRIZS The tradition of facet-cutting bowls from Pannonia: style, distribution and chemical composition Kristina KOSEVA Late antique glass from Serdica: a case study Kristina KOSEVA Three-handled stemmed goblet from Serdica Sonja JOVANOVIĆ, Anastasia CHOLAKOVA, Stefan POP-LAZIĆ, Maja ŽIVKOVIĆ The blues of Felix Romuliana Nikolina TOPIĆ Stained glass from Dubrovnik cathedral

19.00 Concluding remarks

SUNDAY, 8th March 2020

Excursion to Aquileia, visit of the new museum exhibition, the site and building of the glass furnace / or exursion to Vrhnika and Ljubljana.

8.30 Departure from Koper by bus

18.00 Return to Koper ABSTRACTS (in alphabetical order of the author/s)

Giulia CESARIN Gold-band glass: from Hellenistic to Roman luxury glass production Gold-band glass is a glass category characterised by coloured glass bands combined with a colourless glass band sandwiching gold leaf. There existed a Hellenistic production, spread through the Eastern Mediterranean, with a West- ern limit in South and central Italy, dating 2nd – 1st century BC; and a Roman production, spread mostly in Italy and the Western provinces, dating between the last quarter of the 1st century BC and the mid-1st AD. On this occasion, I would like to present the results of my PhD project, conducted at the University of Cologne and University of Padua, between 2013 and 2017. Since glass literature was lacking a systematic and comprehensive study on such glass category, the project aimed to file all the existing gold-band glass objects in an exhaustive catalogue, to classify them through an innovative methodolo- gy, which combined morphology, technology and stylistic aspects; to reconstruct and experimentally reproduce the working process (with the support of Taylor and Hill); to suggest, on archaeological data, the chronology of the production and the workshops. I tried to answer four main questions concerning: the technological process, the location of the workshops, the chronology of the production, and the relation- ship between Hellenistic and Roman gold-band glass, considering the dynamics linked with their circulation and consumption. Elements of both continuity and innovation are consistent with the commonplace of migration of glassworkers from Eastern Mediterranean to Rome and with the politic and socio-economical scenario at the dawn of the Empire. This connection is historically linked to the Roman conquests in the eastern Mediterranean (Syria, 64 BCE; Egypt, 30 BCE), and related to the invention and diffusion of glassblowing. Gold-band glass rep- resents - chronologically and geographically - the central chain-link within a mil- lennium of evolution of gold-glass techniques, representing a meaningful piece in the wider puzzle of ancient glass history.

1 Anastasia CHOLAKOVA, Katja BROSCHAT, Mario IVANOV The Yambol cup revisited The diatretum found more than half a century ago in the present-day town of Yambol (SE Bulgaria) is well-known to the specialists in late Roman cage cups; it was first published in JGS in 1974. Nevertheless, such an impressive, even if hav- ing been discovered in highly fragmented state find had not received over the past decennia the deserved scholarly attention. To a great extent this was due to the difficulties in the reconstruction of the vessel shape, using the available at that time techniques of restoration. The recent advances in the study of diatreta, the development of new restoration and conservation methods, as well as the increasing application of scientific analyses in the research of ancient glass revived the interest towards the cage cup from Yambol. Its restoration and conservation, thorough documentation, analytical and technological study, and re-interpretation in the context of what is currently known about the diatreta vessels became goals of a joint project of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, the National Institute of Archaeology in Sofia and the Regional Museum of History in Yambol. This talk will outline the main approaches and results of our work: the cup is restored, with most of the fragments being mounted on a transparent support produced using 3D-printing, the reading of the Latin inscription is revised, an exhaustive series of LA-ICPMS measurements provides full profile of all glass colours/chemical compositions used in the making of the vessel. Finally, important technological observations on the cage cup from Yambol offer new and valuable insights into the working practices and skills of the manufacturers of the late Roman diatreta vessels.

Anastasia CHOLAKOVA, Stela DONCHEVA, Kristina N. RAUH, Thilo REHREN, Pavel GEORGIEV, Tihomir TIHOV The murky Middle Ages. Glass finds from the 10th – 11th century from northeastern Bulgaria The presentation concerns three relatively small glass assemblages excavated at early medieval sites in present-day NE Bulgaria, in the core territories of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (ca AD 680 – 1000). A selection of glass finds from an

2 area within Pliska, the first capital of the Bulgarian Kingdom, was available for study; the materials come from structures dated to the 10th – 11th c. AD, with an upper chronological limit around the 60es of the 11th c. The 10th c. production sites near the modern villages of Zlatar and Novosel, region of Shumen, are known mostly for the evidence of non-ferrous metal processing but they also yielded a small collection of glass fragments, all of them included in the present research. The three assemblages, overall dated to a well-defined and not too long time- span, provide an intriguing view towards the circulation and usage of glass in ordinary domestic and production contexts, as opposed to the materials found in the representative buildings of the early medieval Bulgarian royal court. One of the striking features of the commoners’ glass assemblages is the small number and high fragmentation of the pieces, suggesting quite limited use of glass objects in everyday life, especially if compared to similar household contexts of the preceding centuries of Late Antiquity in the same region. Nevertheless, the analytical study of the chemical glass compositions found in the present assemblages demonstrates a very diverse pattern, again in contrast to the compositional uniformity of late antique glass in the NE Balkans. Samples of typical Roman and late antique natron glass indicate possible reuse of ear- lier pieces, while only a single example is in line with standard medieval plant- ash glass. Significantly, the majority of the studied material belongs to various sub-categories of Byzantine glass with high boron concentrations.

Majda DADIĆ, Šime PEROVIĆ Typology of late medieval and postmedieval glass finds from Nin The paper deals with late medieval and postmedieval finds recovered in the archaeological research in Nin in the last thirty years. The history of Nin in this period was marked by the reign of dukes and viceroys from the Croatian aristo- cratic family of Šubići Bribirski, and of the Croatian-Hungarian king and finally Venetian administration. An imminent threat from the east by Ottoman advances could be felt as early as the first half of the 15th century finally resulting in the destruction of the city in the 17th century. This historical course of events and abrupt ceasure after the city was destroyed is reflected in the analysed glass material, among which several variants of Krautstrunk beakers, and fragments

3 of biconical glass oil lamps of Islamic type stand out as the earliest 15th-century groups of finds. Material dating to the 16th century is represented by several variants of ingastare bottles, plain beakers - moiolo, footed beakers, and a piece of window pane with preserved lead installation framework. The second quarter of the 16th century is also represented by a small flask with ribbed body from the tableware repertory, with a specific form of high rim, that is beside in the group of Venetian products found even among material from Ljubljana workshops. The aim of the work is to improve understanding of uses of various types of glassware and other glass items in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Peri- od in the Nin region, and to reconstruct cultural and trade contacts of Nin with other parts of Europe, and even wider area in that period. In that regard archaeological finds were analysed that had been recovered from the excavations of sacral buildings, public and residential edifices and residential zones enabling topographical clarification of distribution and density of population in certain positions in the historical nucleus of Nin which is relatively poorly known owing to specific circumstances of conflicts between the Venetians and the Ottomans that affected Nin at the beginning of the Modern Period. All finds are preserved in Nin, in the Museum of Nin Antiquities of the Archaeological Museum in Zadar.

Kata DÉVAI Names and impressed designs on square bottles from Pannonia: new results and trade connections (poster) Square bottles were traded as packing materials. The practical shape ofthe Isings 50 type facilitated saving storage space, and the thick walls of these vessels guaranteed the secure transport of their valuable contents. Their base-parts were often stamped with names or design patterns, and this can help us to iden- tify their place of origin and to define their routes of transportation. In the territory of Pannonia, relatively few such bottles have been published, and they have not been assessed systematically.This paper discusses some new fragments of square bottles. These finds are important in the economic history of the province, particularly in regard to the reconstruction of trade connections. Some new, inscribed and impressed patterns of base fragments suggests the existence of trade connection between Pannonia and Raetia. D. Gabler

4 assumes that some features in the composition of types within the imported material (Italian terra sigillata of the Tiberian–Claudian period, Sarius-ware, glazed Italian pottery, lamps, Raetian pottery) indicate strong economic ties with the Danubian provinces. Raetia belonged to the same custom district in the nd2 century as Noricum and Pannonia (to the publicum portorium Illyrici). The newly fragments of square bottles confirm the existence of these trade connection.

Kata DÉVAI, István FÓRIZS The tradition of facet-cutting bowls from Pannonia: style, distribution and chemical composition (poster) The decoration with facet-cutting was popular from thest 1 century AD. In the second half of 2nd century and first half of rd3 century AD the glass cutters began to create zoned facet-cutting decoration to arrange the facets in horizontal zones divided by linear grooves mostly in Isings 96 bowls. The bowls and cups with a complex facet- cutting decoration became so fashionable that even goldsmith and potters tried to imitate the technique on their own products. The distribution pattern suggests the existence of at least four production centres, one at Cologne, one in Pannonia, one in Syria and one outside of the empire at Tanais. Examining the spread of these vessels within Pannonia it is clearly shows that facet-cutting bowls were favoured mainly in the settlements of Danube Bend along the Limes (Brigetio, Aquincum and Intercisa). Production peaked in the second half of 2nd century and the first half of rd3 century and it suddenly ends in the 260’s. The decoration schemes, the evolving and size of motifs and traces of tools have been analysed to describe the particularities of products of the Pannonian workshop. We have studied the chemical composition of base glasses from Intercisa and Brigetio by EPMA-EDS. The chemical compositions of the samples from one site are rather close to each other indicating that they were made by the same reci- pe and may be that in the same workshop. The glass is a typical Roman composition with manganese (Mn) below detection limit and very low iron (Fe) from Intercisa, which means that the raw material was of good quality. Just a half % antimony was used as decolouriser. The Brigetio samples are under investigation.

5 Marko DIZDAR Shiny and nicely! - glass jewellery from the Late Iron Age in the southeastern part of the Carpathian Basin During the Late Iron Age, finds of glass items originating from settlements and cemeteries were recorded in the southeastern part of the Carpathian Basin. Particularly important are the finds from grave assemblages, which show that these are characteristic jewellery items for the neck and hands that played an important role in female bodily ornamentation. During the various phases of development, it is noticeable that at the transition from the Early to the Late Iron Age different forms of glass beads appeared, sometimes combined with those of coral or amber. With the beginning of the Late Iron Age, glass beads remain an important jewellery form, with finds from inhumation burials which clearly show the way of wearing and composition of necklaces. With the beginning of the more intense cremation of the deceased, which dominate from the Middle La Tène, the number of glass beads in the graves is reduced, but new forms of glass jewellery are emerging – bracelets and finger-rings that adorn hands. Bracelets and finger-rings were most often burned with the deceased and lost their original shape beyond recognition. Some entirely preserved glass items maybe indicate that these were the gifts given to the deceased during the burial of close members of the community. Recognized forms of glass items, especially during the Middle La Tène, also show affiliation to different workshop centers and are evidence of established communication networks. The finds of glass items during the Late Iron Age in the southeastern part of the Carpathian Basin represent an important part of the visual identity of the deceased, with a noticeable change from the shape intended to decorate the neck (beads) to those adorned with arms (bracelets, finger-rings).

Ana FRANJIĆ, Ian C. FREESTONE, Detlef GÜNTHER, Borut KRIŽ Stranded in Novo Mesto. The spectrometric analysis of Iron Age glass beads from Lower Carniola, Slovenia Excavations at the Kapiteljska Njiva nad Mestne Njive sites in in Novo Mes- to, Slovenia, yielded one of the most abundant assemblages of prehistoric glass beads in Europe. It has been hypothesised that a primary glass production cen-

6 tre might have functioned in the region during the Iron Age. Analysis of 49 Iron Age (eight- to first-century BCE) glass beads and one glass bracelet from Novo Mesto has been undertaken using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The scientific analysis provides new insights on this hypothesis and hints at an alternative provenance of glass used to produce the Novo Mesto beads. Several compositional glass groups of different origins have been discerned. The majority of glasses analysed appear to correspond to natron glass produced in the

Levant. A group of cobalt-coloured glasses, high in Al2O3 and MgO, closely re- sembles glass retrieved from a number of sites in France and from Nimrud, Mes- opotamia. A group of low-alumina glasses appear to be based on Egyptian natron, suggesting SE Mediterranean as a likely source. Finally, a small number of plant ash glasses are of uncertain origin at the time of writing. The results indicate that, instead of a local primary glass production, a diverse range of natron glass sources at a very early stage in the development of this glass type was supplied to Novo Mesto via long-distance Early Iron Age trade routes. The existence of local glass workshops remains uncertain. The chemical composition of glass suggests imported material(s), but does not rule out the possibility that the beads themselves were fabricated locally in Novo Mesto. Further investigations into the low alumina base glass type might provide evidence of local primary glass production, but its relatively low abundance within the assemblage suggests that this is unlikely.

Andrej GASPARI Blue glass bowl with Greek inscription from the late Roman cemetery at Gosposvetska cesta in Ljubljana The preventive excavations before the reconstruction of the Gosposvetska road in Ljubljana (Slovenia), conducted by the Archaeological Research Consortium for Ljubljana under the auspices of Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana in the years 2017/2018, uncovered a large portion of the Late Roman burial complex with over 350 graves, dating from the mid-3rd to the beginning of the 5th century AD. The cemetery is characterized by almost exclusively inhumation burials of which around 90 were placed in stone sarcophagi and further into stone-lined coffins

7 and masonry tombs. The graves concentrate within and around the multi-phased building, aligned perpendicularly to the passing via publica Emona-Celeia, some 600 meters from the northern gates of Emona. On a whole, the cemetery differs from adjacent parts Northern necropolis and may have belonged to the sepa- rate burial ground of the Early Christian or some other Emonan community. The paper focuses on the burial of the adult woman in the sarcophagus, which interment within a purpose-built cella memoriae or enclosure marked the beginning of the whole complex. Apart from skeletal remains, the grave contained the traces of textile garment or shroud with interwoven golden threads, two jet bracelets, worn on the left hand, and impressive bowl with a handle and Greek inscription, cut from a moulded blank of deep blue glass. The undamaged bowl was placed on the upper part of the deceased woman thighs. The analysis with PIXE-PIGE method, performed by Prof Žiga Šmit, demonstrates its primary raw glass is of Levantine origin.

Sonja JOVANOVIĆ, Anastasia CHOLAKOVA, Stefan POP-LAZIĆ, Maja ŽIVKOVIĆ The blues of Felix Romuliana Presented glass fragments were excavated within the late Roman imperial complex of Felix Romuliana, situated in nowadays Eastern Serbia, at the village of Gamzigrad. They come from a few locations within and outside the fortified complex. This small group of fragments and mosaic glass tesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. Only a few fragments are identified as vessel sherds; some others are pieces left behind from secondary glass working. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae and sheets of glass which could be related to architectural decoration. Most of the fragments are clearly dated to the 4th century, but the date of some pieces cannot be determined precisely. It is important to emphasize that some of the production debris was found nearby a glass furnace, dated to the late 3rd/early 4th century, in the period of construc- tion of the palace of Felix Romuliana. The analyses of chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that the blue colourant in all the samples is cobalt, and the opacity/translucency of the glass results from the presence of antimony in the melt. Interestingly, the levels of the colourant and the opacifier are positively correlated, suggesting the existence of an apparently well-established production practice of the late Roman period.

8 Boris KAVUR, Martina BLEČIĆ KAVUR We’re different colours, and we’re different breeds… In 1895, the National Museum in Zagreb bought a larger number of prehistoric archaeological finds discovered in a presumed grave in Sremska Mitrovica (Serbia). In archaeological publications was the discovery, denoted as grave 2, ascribed to a wealthy female burial and used in various chronological systems and interpretations of the end of Early and the beginning of Late Iron Age on the territory of Srem and broader southern Pannonia. However, in the following century in historic and archaeological explanations most authors discussed regularly the metal finds - focusing on the interpretation of fibulae and bracelets. In a modern revision, our focus should shift towards the interpretation of amber, coral and several different types of glass beads. More than a century after the initial publication, we can use the finds for the interpretation of broader cultural processes which as trading networks connected different worlds – from ancient Macedonia to the Baltic, from the central Balkan towards the heart of the Pannonian plain. Most important we can use the finds to explain the concept of prestige in analyses of material culture and reconstruct the intercultural character of social elites, which created and sustained long-distance trade networks. In our presentation, we will use the conceptual framework for the explanation of use and perception of material culture described as “creative thinking”. It is not a given and static adaptation to the observation of material culture but is instead a continuously generated and transformed process in constructive di- alogue between user and material. Creative thinking can be understood as a capacity for inventiveness that is inseparable from the capacity to affect and be affected through movement and sensation from the qualities of the materials that surrounded past individuals or they were confronted with.

Kristina KOSEVA Late antique glass from Serdica: a case study (poster) During the 2011 – 2014 archaeological research of the Western Gate of Serdica (present day Sofia, Bulgaria) parts of the Roman and late antique town’s fortifi- cations and urban structure were uncovered. A well, abandoned and filled with debris, most likely in the course of the 5th century, was excavated within the

9 studied area. The focus of the presentation is going to be the glass assemblage discovered inside this water facility. More than thirty individual vessels have been identified, such as jugs, flasks, hemispherical and conical lamps, while the predominant form of vessel is conical beaker/lamp with pushed in base. The range of colours of the glass varies from light blue, light green to colourless/ nearly colourless with slight yellow or green tint, with the exceptional use of darker green and dark blue. Some vessels could be distinguished as made of better quality glass. Decoration is attested only in the form of applied threads, both made of the same glass as the vessel and of dark blue glass. Despite its fragmentary state, the assemblage illustrates some of the commonly used glass vessels during the Late Antique period in Serdica.

Kristina KOSEVA Three-handled stemmed goblet from Serdica (poster) In 2016, as part of the execution of the project Archaeological Park “Western Gate of Serdica”, archaeological research on the previously excavated area of the site was carried out. One of the studied water conduits yielded a number of finds dated to the 5th century. Among them was a stemmed glass vessel of a particular interest. Although it was not possible to be fully reconstructed, because of missing pieces, the preserved vessel parts were useful enough for the proper identification of its form, Isings 111. In addition some details concerning the manufacturing techniques could be pointed out, such as the applied blue threads on the upper part of the goblet as well as the small handles on its body.

Irena LAZAR, Marija LUBŠINA TUŠEK The miniature world of glass In 2002 Meri Lubšina Tušek directed excavations on the Arnuš plot in the area of Mariborska road in Ptuj – Hajdina. A significant number of Roman period graves were excavated, dating from the st1 to the end of the 3rd century AD. Some of the cremation and skeleton graves were rich with numerous grave goods.

10 In relevance with the conference we would like to single out a group of graves with interesting miniature glass objects, made of decolourised and naturally coloured blue-green glass and miniature glass mirrors in lead frames. The glass objects resemble in form and decoration, with the exception of their height, the previously known glass vessels from the Roman graves in Poetovio. The question is, why were they also made as miniatures? Did the glassmaker made them as a toy for his little girl and later expanded his work for an interest- ed local market? Or we could explain these objects as some kind of master products of an apprentice in a glass workshop? Could and would the analysis of the graves help us to find answers about the purpose and use of these miniatures?

Luciana MANDRUZATO Fifty years of glass research in Aquileia The invited lecture will be an overview on all that has been done about Ro- man glass in Aquileia from Carina Calvi’s book in 1968 up to nowadays. The glass material from Aquileia has been often used as the main comparison for the neighbouring areas and is extremely important for our understanding of the development of the glass industry in the area. The author has been working intensively on the glass from Aquileia in the past decade. She has prepared four publications about the glass from Aquileia and significantly upgraded the work of the previous generations.

Zrinka MILEUSNIĆ Koper – Museum square The early urban traces of Koper were covered and partially erased by the inten- sive mediaeval and later urban development. Chronologically they can be dated to the period of Late Antiquity. For the above-mentioned reasons, the complete reconstruction of the Late Antique and later urban development, based on a particular small range of excavations in the urban environment is not possible at the moment and depends greatly on the cumulative study of various aspects of the material culture, such as the study of ceramic finds, glass finds, modest

11 architectural remains and burial remains from different sites. The presentation will include the current state of research of the glass finds based on the one of largest excavated sitesin Koper in the area of the Dominican monastery. Based on the review of the finds, several topics connected to the urban development of Koper will be tackled: the urbanisation of the coastal areas as opposed to the urban dynamics in the hinterland, the possible production of glass, distribution and trade of glass, the reconstruction of production areas of the town, the continuity of the production and continuity of the functional use of certain urban areas.

Dimitar NIKOLOVSKI Glass exagia from Stobi The goal of the paper is to present the glass weights discovered during the ex- cavation between 2009 and 2012. The glass weights in question were discovered in context belonging to the last stage of urban life in Stobi. There are two circular glass weights discovered, used for measuring coins. The glass weights were discovered in similar contexts chronologically: one was discovered in one of the dwellings constructed on top of the theatre after it went out of use, while the second one was discovered in a storage unit that was part of the shops and workshops behind the semi-circular court.

Szilamér-Péter PÁNCZÉL Glass artefacts from the ancient theatre of Apollonia The aim of the paper is to analyze the glass finds from the excavations of the Greek theater in Apollonia (Pojani village, Fieri district, Albania). The material comes from well-dated archaeological contexts and offers a unique chance to create a representative repertoire of these artifact categories from this site. The typo-chronological analysis of the material reveals some economic aspects (the presence of local workshops, commercial routes, supply sources, etc.), and the statistical analysis of the objects will shed light on issues related to the diet, daily activities and preferences for certain categories of materials and artifacts from the theatre. Such a scientific endeavor is rare for classical archaeology, so far only selected material from Greek theaters has been published.

12 Nikolina TOPIĆ Stained glass from Dubrovnik cathedral Dubrovnik Republic maintained its own glass production in the late Middle Ages, with records of window glass manufacturing as well. Late medieval stained glass fragments were excavated from the Dubrovnik cathedral during the renewal of the building (1981-1987) after a large earthquake in 1979. Since archaeological finds of stained glass are extremely rare in the Balkan region, this is a significant finding. Finds are of diverse colours: ochre, yellow, red, purple, green, brown violet, cobalt blue, and turquoise. Black painting is preserved on several fragments, but insufficiently to reconstruct its depiction. Lead frames in which the cutglass pieces were inlaid and copper net remains (for protection of windows) were found as well. In the Middle Ages, red glass was poorly transparent. To obtain a translucent ruby red colour in glass, the flashing technique was applied. Red flashed glass from the Dubrovnik cathedral was made of yellow glass dipped into a pot with red glass by a cylinder blown sheet technique. This yielded a thin red layer on the surface and a thicker yellow layer beneath it. Analogous examples dated from the 12th-16th century can be found in western European cathedrals. Stained glass from the Dubrovnik cathedral may have been partially produced in Dubrovnik under western European influence (as evidenced by native glass-mak- er friar Petar initiating the creation of eight windows of good quality glass with red interior and white frames for the cathedral in 1431) or imported from western Europe. The cathedral’s stained glass could have been made between the mid-14th century (at which time stained glass was already in use in the city ac- cording to archival documents) and 1440 (when Philip de Diversis mentioned the cathedral glass windows with representations of saints in his book). The cathedral windows were damaged in 1573, and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake caused their final destruction.

13 Marcin WAGNER Mould-blown glass vessels from the Roman fort in Apsaros on the Black sea coast The Polish-Georgian archaeologists have been conducting archaeological - re search in the Roman Fort in Apsaros, which is mentioned already by Pliny the Elder, since 2014. The result of excavations is the discovery of a building dated to the 2nd half of the 1st – 2nd century AD. The ruins of the earliest walls are probably associated with the presence of the Roman army during the reign of Nero. The earliest examples of mould-blown glass vessels were found into a foundation ditch for a rectangular building of horreum, where two hemidrachmas, dated to the reign of the emperor Nero, were deposited. In this layer was found a good preserved cylindrical relief beaker with slightly concave walls and floral decoration in two rows, belonging to the so-called “Victory” beaker. Other fragments of mould-blown glass vessels belong to the lotus beakers, mythological beakers or small jugs, whose analogies are found in the Balkans, Cyprus and the Middle East. The archaeological research in Apsaros has received financial support from the National Science Centre, Poland (UMO-2017/26/M/HS3/00758).

Miloš ŽIVANOVIĆ Figure-engraved glass from Doclea, old and new finds In 2013, at the western necropolis of Doclea, at the site Bjelovine, the remains of luxury built tombs were discovered, which have been robbed several times throughout history. Fortunately, fragments of a glass plate decorated with engraved figurative scenes are preserved in one of them, which testify to the rich- ness of the funeral inventory of the Late Roman period. A similar case was discovered in excavations in 1959 in the eastern part of the same necropolis, at the site Lovishta, where fragments of two glass plates with representations of Hercules and Pan were found. To this should be added examples without a safe archaeological context that were excavated long ago and which are also be- lieved to originate from the western necropolis of Doclea. First of all, there is the well-known Podgorica cup with engraved Christian scenes on it and fragments of vessels with scenes from the Bacchus cult. All these examples together represent a modest collection of Doclea figurally engraved glass, though specific and rare within their types, raise many questions about the new elite and the upper class in Late Roman Doclea.

14 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Kata DÉVAI (in alphabetical order) Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary [email protected] Martina BLEČIĆ KAVUR University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeology and Heritage & István FÓRIZS Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Hungary Koper, Slovenia [email protected] Ana FRANJIĆ UCL Institute of archaeology, London, Katja BROSCHAT Great Britain Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, [email protected] Mainz, Germany [email protected] Ian C. FREESTONE UCL Institute of archaeology, London, Giulia CESARIN Great Britain Mereto di Tomba, Italy [email protected] Sylvia FÜNFSCHILLING AIHV, Basel, Switzerland Anastasia CHOLAKOVA National Institute of Archaeology, Bulgarian Andrej GASPARI Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, [email protected] Department of Archaeology, Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] Majda DADIĆ Arheološki muzej Zadar - Muzej ninskih starina, Nin, Croatia Mario IVANOV [email protected] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Marko DIZDAR Institut za arheologiju, Zagreb, Croatia Maja JANEŽIČ ZVKDS, CPA, Ptuj, Slovenia [email protected] [email protected]

15 Sonja JOVANOVIĆ Luciana MANDRUZZATO Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Independent Scholar and AIHV Italia, Trieste, Italy [email protected] [email protected]

Boris KAVUR Zrinka MILEUSNIĆ University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeology and Heritage & University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Institute of Archaeology and Heritage & Koper, Slovenia Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Koper, Slovenia [email protected] [email protected]

Kristina KOSEVA Dimitar NIKOLOVSKI National Institute of Archaeology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria NI Stobi, Skopje, North Macedonia [email protected] [email protected]

Borut KRIŽ Szilamér Péter PÁNCZÉL Dolenjski muzej Novo mesto, Novo mesto, Mureș County Museum &Babeș-Bolyai Slovenia University, Târgu Mureș, Romania [email protected] Irena LAZAR University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities, Šime PEROVIĆ Institute of Archaeology and Heritage & Museum of Ancient Glass, Zadar, Croatia Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Koper, Slovenia [email protected] [email protected] Stefan POP-LAZIĆ Barbara LEPRI Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Università la Sapienza, Rome, Italy Dragan RADOVIĆ Marija LUBŠINA TUŠEK Muzeji Podgorice, Podgorica, Montenegro ZVKDS CPA, Ptuj, Slovenia [email protected]

16 Lucia SAGUÌ Università la Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Eleni SCHINDLER KAUDELKA Independent Scholar, Graz, Austria [email protected]

E. M. STERN Independent Scholar, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Nikolina TOPIĆ Independent Scholar, Zagreb, Croatia [email protected]

Marcin WAGNER Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland [email protected]

Frank WIESENBERG Römerwelt am Caput Limitis, Rheinbrohl, Germany

Miloš ŽIVANOVIĆ Center for conservation and archaeology of Montenegro, Cetinje, Montenegro [email protected]

Maja ŽIVKOVIĆ Central Institute for Conservation, Belgrade, Serbia [email protected]