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Map 49 Illyricum Compiled by J.J. Wilkes, 1995 Introduction The map is dominated by the mountainous watersheds of the south-west Balkans–between the Danube basin and the Mediterranean, and between the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas–which meet at the great massif of the Sar Planina (ancient Skardon Mons) between the upper valleys of the R. Drin (Drilon) and the R. Vardar (Axios). The region is crossed from the west and from the north by two major routes; these converge at Salonica (Thessalonica) on the Thermaic Gulf, the dominant city of the area since its foundation in the late fourth century B.C. In the north two routes, from the Upper Ibar and Upper Morava, unite at Skopje (Scupi), ancient center of Dardania, and then follow the course of the Vardar through the narrows above Titov Veles (Bylazora?) to Stobi, ancient center of Paionia, at the confluenceoftheR.CrnaReka(Erigon).FromtheretherouteagainfollowstheVardar,thoughbypassestheDemir Kapu defile, to enter the historical heartland of Lower Macedonia around Pella. The general line of the road is not in doubt, although its exact course, and the locations of some minor stations recorded in TabPeut, have yet to be identified. The same applies both to the next passage through the watershed to the east, down the R. Struma (Strymon) valley from Kjustendil (Pautalia) in north-west Thrace to Amphipolis on the main coastal route, and to a lesser route from Pautalia via Stobi to Herakleia in Pelagonia (D2). Both routes are recorded by TabPeut. In the second century B.C. the Romans constructed a strategic route from the ancient Corinthian colonies at Apollonia and Dyrr(h)achium/ Epidamnos on the Adriatic to Thessalonica in order to secure their new province of Macedonia. This road, the Via Egnatia, named after an early Roman proconsul Cn. Egnatius (Collart 1976), followed a difficult course along the R. Shkumbini (Genusus) over the Candaviae mountains to Ohrid (Lychnidos) in the high lakeland; thence, crossing several high passes, it proceeded via Herakleia and Edessa to Pella. In spite of its difficulty, it remained the major route between the southern Adriatic and the Aegean until modern international boundaries supervened. Recent investigations in Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Greece have established the line of the road in many places. Also now identified are the locations of most of the stations listed by the itineraries. For some stretches, the lists of ItAnt and TabPeut do not correspond. The most detailed record of relay stations (mutationes) and stopping-places (mansiones), however, is furnished by ItBurd. Few traces have yet been found of the road recorded by TabPeut between Lezha (Lissus) and Niš (Naissus, Map 21 D6) via the Drin and Ibar river valleys, along part of the most direct route between the southern Adriatic and the lower Danube. A significant number of the places and communities named in ancient accounts of wars in the area have yet to be located. The topography of these episodes has been studied by Hammond, drawing on an exceptional knowledge of the terrain and the pattern of Balkan warfare. Some of his more radical and intuitive reconstructions, which are accepted here, have been doubted by Papazoglou in her studies of the topography and settlements of Roman Macedonia. The many fortified hill settlements in Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and north-west Greece–shown by TIR Naissus–are omitted here, except where they relate directly to significant areas of ancient mining. 750 MAP 49 ILLYRICUM Directory Abbreviations TIB Nikopolis P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 3, Nikopolis und Kephallenia, DenkWien 150, 1981 TIR Naissus Tabula Imperii Romani K 34, Naissus, Dyrrhachion–Scupi–Serdica–Thessalonike, Ljubljana, 1976 TIR Philippi Tabula Imperii Romani K 35, I, Philippi, Athens, 1993 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B3 Acroceraunia Pr. Cape of Gjuhezes TIR Naissus 13 (Linguetta) ALB B3 Ad Acroceraunia RL near Llogara Pass ALB Hammond 1967, 690 D2 ‘Adcephalon’ MAC See Map 50 E3 Ad Decimum GRE See Map 50 C2 Ad Dianam RL near Babië ALB Ceka 1972; Hammond 1974, 187 D3 Ad Duodecimum GRE See Map 50 B3 Ad Novas RL Shënepremte? ALB Hammond 1974, 192 B1 Ad Picaria(s) RL Puka? ALB TIR Naissus 12 B2 Ad Quintum RL Bradashesh ALB Ceka 1972a; Hammond 1974, 188 Adriaticum Mare = (H)Adriaticum Mare F2 Ag. Pneuma GRE See Map 51 E1 Agrianes CH upper Struma valley BUL Thuc. 2.96.3; Hammond 1972, 202 A1 *Agruvium YUG See Map 20 D3 Aiane GRE See Map 50 E3 Aigeai GRE See Map 50 E3 Aineia GRE See Map 50 B2 Akrolissos HR M. Shelbuemit ALB Prendi 1972; TIR Naissus 11 Alata = (H)Alata B2 Albanopolis RL Zgërdhesh?, near Kruja Islami 1972; TIR Naissus 13 ALB F1 Alino RL settlement and mine BUL TIR Naissus 13 D2 Alkomena HR Bučin? MAC Papazoglou 1988, 302-303 E3 Aloros GRE See Map 50 B3 Amantia HR Ploça? ALB Anamali 1972, 68; TIR Naissus 14 E2 Amphax(it)is GRE See Map 50 F3 Amphipolis GRE See Map 51 C3 Amyron M. Mt. Tomorit ALB TIR Naissus 15 E1 ‘Anausaro’ RL Vladičin Han YUG TIR Naissus 15; IMS 4, 27-29 F3 Anthemous GRE See Map 50 B1 [Antibaris] RL Bar YUG ItMiller 484 C3 Antigoneia HR Lekli? ALB Hammond 1967, 278-79; Budina 1976 E2 Antigoneia? GRE See Map 50 B3 Antipatreia HRL Berati ALB TIR Naissus 16; Spahiu 1983 C3 Aoi Stena Aoos gorge ALB Hammond 1966a, 39-42 B3 Aous fl. ACHRL Vijosë / Aoos ALB / GRE Hammond 1967, 699; TIB Nikopolis 129 § Aias fl. Booses; TIR Naissus 16; § Aoos fl. § Auos fl. F3 Aphytis GRE See Map 50 B3 Apollonia ACHRL Pojan ALB TIR Naissus 16 F3 Apollonia GRE See Map 50 B3 *Apsos RL Semen? ALB Hammond 1974, 191 Apsos fl. = (H)Apsos fl. E1 Aquae? RL Vranjska Banja YUG TIR Naissus 17 B2 Ardaxanos fl. Erzeni? ALB TIR Naissus 17 A1 Ardiaei? See Map 20 F3 Arethousa GRE See Map 51 MAP 49 ILLYRICUM 751 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D3 Argestaeus Campus HR plain near Kastoria GRE Livy 27.33.1; Hammond 1972, 110-11 D2 Argestaioi HR Babuna valley MAC Hammond 1972, 80; Papazoglou 1988, 311-12 D2 Argos MAC See Map 50 D3 Argos Orestikon RL Hrupista GRE Papazoglou 1988, 236-38 B3 Argyas fl. Shushice ALB TIR Naissus 18 C3 Argyros H Gjirokastra ALB TIR Naissus 18 D3 Arnisa C near Vegora Novigrad Thuc. 4.128.3; Hammond 1982, 134-35 GRE C2 Artatus fl. Velcka (Radika) MAC Livy 43.19.8; Hammond 1972, 44 C3 Asnaus M. Nemerçka Mts. ALB TIR Naissus 18 E2 Astibos MAC See Map 50 D2 Astibos fl. MAC See Map 50 E2 Astraia? MAC See Map 50 C2 Atintanis H Çermenike ALB Hammond 1989, 12-15 § Atintanes D2 Audaristos MAC See Map 50 B3 Aulon RL Kepi Triportit ALB TIR Naissus 19 D2 Axios fl. GRE / MAC See Map 50 B2 Barbanna fl. Bojanna / Buna ALB / May 1946, 54-56; TIR Naissus 21 YUG E2 Bargala MAC See Map 50 D3 Barnous M. GRE See Map 50 D3 *Battyna R Kranochori GRE Papazoglou 1988, 239-41 D3 Begorritus L. GRE See Map 50 E3 Ber(r)oia GRE See Map 50 D2 Beranci CHR MAC TIR Naissus 24-25 Bermion M. = Bora M. C3 Beue HR near R. Molca ALB Hammond 1972, 64; TIR Naissus 26 C3 Bevus fl. Molca ALB Hammond 1972, 64; TIR Naissus 26 F2 Bisaltia GRE See Map 50 F1 Bistritsa R settlement and mine BUL TIR Naissus 27 C3 Boioi H S Lake Ohrid ALB Hammond 1972, 94 C3 Boion M. Grammos and Smolika Strabo 7 frag. 6; TIR Naissus 28 Mts. GRE F3 Bolbe L. GRE See Map 50 D3 Bora/ GRE See Map 50 Bermion M. E3 Botti(ai)a/ GRE See Map 50 Emathia A1 Bouthoe CHR Budva YUG TIR Naissus 32 E1 Božica RL settlement and mine YUG Dušanić 1977, 74 C2 Brucida RL Bukovo? MAC TIR Naissus 30; Papazoglou 1988, 270-71 D2 Bryanion CHR Graište? MAC Papazoglou 1988, 303-304 D2 Brygai CH upper basin of R. Crna Hammond 1972, 72; Papazoglou 1988, 271 MAC F1 Burgaraca RL Lesnovo BUL TIR Naissus 32 D2 Bylazora? MAC See Map 50 B3 Byllis HRL Hekal ALB Ceka 1984 D3 Cambunii M. GRE See Map 50 C2 Candabia RL Qukës? ALB Hammond 1974, 187; TIR Naissus 33 C2 Candaviae M. Polisit Mts. ALB Hammond 1972, 27-28 D2 Castra/ R/ Dolenci? MAC Papazoglou 1988, 268-69 Parembole L D3 Cellae RL near Petres GRE Hammond 1982, 137 D2 Ceramia(e)? RL Varoš MAC Papazoglou 1988, 291-92 B3 Ceraunii M. Cikes Mts. ALB TIR Naissus 35 F3 Chalcidice GRE See Map 50 B3 Chaonia S Albania Hammond 1967, 678-79 E1 Chepino RL BUL TIR Naissus 35 B3 Chimaira RL Himara? ALB TIR Naissus 36 752 MAP 49 ILLYRICUM Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F2 Ciropolis BUL See Map 51 C2 Claudanon RL Orake? ALB Hammond 1974, 185-86 B1 Clausala fl. Kiri ALB Livy 44.31.3; May 1946, 55-56 B2 Clodiana RL Mafmutaga? ALB Hammond 1974, 188; TIR Naissus 36 C3 Codrion H Kalaja e Irmajt? ALB Livy 31.27.5; Hammond 1972, 100 C1 Creveni RL Vau i Dejes? ALB TIR Naissus 37 E2 Damjan MAC See Map 50 C1 Dardania RL S Serbia and N Macedonia TIR Naissus 39 § Dardani CH Kosovo / upper Vardar Papazoglou 1978, 131-87 F1 Daskalovo RL fort, settlement BUL TIR Naissus 39 C3 Dassaretis HR between R. Vjose and TIR Naissus 40 Lake Ohrid ALB E1 Dentheletai HR upper Struma BUL TIR Naissus 41; Papazoglou 1978, 101-102 D2 Derriopos HR region of upper R.
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    Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova 29 Illyrian-Albanian Continuity on the Areal of Kosova Jahja Drançolli* Abstract In the present study it is examined the issue of Illyrian- Albanian continuity in the areal of Kosova, a scientific problem, which, due to the reasons of daily policy, has extremely become exploited (harnessed) until the present days. The politicisation of the ancient history of Kosova begins with the Eastern Crisis, a time when the programmes of Great-Serb aggression for the Balkans started being drafted. These programmes, inspired by the extra-scientific history dressed in myths, legends and folk songs, expressed the Serb aspirations to look for their cradle in Kosova, Vojvodina. Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Montenegro. Such programmes, based on the instrumentalized history, have always been strongly supported by the political circles on the occasion of great historical changes, that have overwhelmed the Balkans. Key Words: Dardania and Dardans in antiquity, Arbers and Kosova during the Middle Ages, geopolitical, ethnic, religious and cultural concepts, which are known in the sources of that time followed by a chronological development. The region of Kosova preserves archeological monuments from the beginnings of Neolith (6000-2600 B.C.). Since that time the first settlements were constructed, including Tjerrtorja (Prishtinë), Glladnica (Graçanicë), Rakoshi (Istog), Fafos and Lushta (Mitrovicë), Reshtan and Hisar (Suharekë), Runik (Skenderaj) etc. The region of Kosova has since the Bronze Age been inhabited by Dardan Illyrians; the territory of extension of this region was much larger than the present-day territory of Kosova. * Prof. Jahja Drançolli Ph. D., Departament of History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Pristina, Republic of Kosova, [email protected] Thesis Kosova, nr.
  • Światowit. Volume LVII. World Archaeology

    Światowit. Volume LVII. World Archaeology

    Światowit II LV WIATOWIT S ´ VOLUME LVII WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Swiatowit okl.indd 2-3 30/10/19 22:33 Światowit XIII-XIV A/B_Spis tresci A 07/11/2018 21:48 Page I Editorial Board / Rada Naukowa: Kazimierz Lewartowski (Chairman, Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland), Serenella Ensoli (University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Italy), Włodzimierz Godlewski (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland), Joanna Kalaga ŚŚwiatowitwiatowit (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland), Mikola Kryvaltsevich (Department of Archaeology, Institute of History, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus), Andrey aannualnnual ofof thethe iinstitutenstitute ofof aarchaeologyrchaeology Mazurkevich (Department of Archaeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia, The State Hermitage ofof thethe uuniversityniversity ofof wwarsawarsaw Museum, Russia), Aliki Moustaka (Department of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thesaloniki, Greece), Wojciech Nowakowski (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, ocznikocznik nstytutunstytutu rcheologiircheologii Poland), Andreas Rau (Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany), rr ii aa Jutta Stroszeck (German Archaeological Institute at Athens, Greece), Karol Szymczak (Institute uuniwersytetuniwersytetu wwarszawskiegoarszawskiego of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland) Volume Reviewers / Receznzenci tomu: Jacek Andrzejowski (State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, Poland), Monika Dolińska (National Museum in Warsaw, Poland), Arkadiusz
  • MAC II in General, All Greek Troops “Constitutionally

    MAC II in General, All Greek Troops “Constitutionally

    ALEXANDER’S FINAL ARMY An Honors Thesis for the Department of History By Jonathan A. Miller Thesis Advisor: Steven Hirsch Tufts University, 2011 AKNOWLEDGMENTS Alexander the Great is a man with whom many great leaders throughout history have been compared, a model of excellence whose achievements can never quite be matched. 2 My introduction to his legacy occurred in the third grade. Reading a biography of Julius Caesar for a class project, I happened across Plutarch’s famous description of Caesar’s reaction to reading a history of Alexander: “he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. ‘Do you not think,’ said he, ‘that it is a matter of sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?’”1 This story captivated my imagination and stuck with me throughout my middle and high school years. Once at college, I decided to write a thesis on Alexander to better understand the one man capable of breeding thoughts of inadequacy in Caesar. This work is in many ways a tribute to both Caesar and Alexander. More pointedly, it is an exploration into the designs of a man at the feet of whom lay the whole world. This paper has meant a lot to me. I want to thank all those who made it possible. First and foremost, my undying gratitude goes to Professor Steven Hirsch, who has helped me navigate the difficult process of researching and writing this thesis.