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Ivana Jadrić-Kučan Pokrajinski Carski Kult U Rimskoj Provinciji Dalmaciji the Regional Imperial Cult in the Roman Province of Dalmatia

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Ivana Jadrić-Kučan Pokrajinski Carski Kult U Rimskoj Provinciji Dalmaciji the Regional Imperial Cult in the Roman Province of Dalmatia Ivana Jadrić-Kučan Pokrajinski carski kult u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji The regional imperial cult in the Roman province of Dalmatia Ivana Jadrić-Kučan Ivana Jadrić-Kučan Sveučilište u Zadru University of Zadar Odjel za arheologiju Archaeology Department Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV/2 Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV/2 HR, 23000 Zadar Croatia, 23000 Zadar [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 292.21:904 (497.5-3 Dalmacija)“652“ UDC: 292.21:904 (497.5-3 Dalmacija)“652“ 930.271 930.271 Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper Primljeno: 12. 4. 2011 Received: 12 April 2011 Prihvaćeno: 14. 6. 2011. Accepted: 14 June 2011 Pokrajinski carski kult bio je organiziran na području Hispanije The provincial imperial cult was organized in the territories of Citerior (Tarraconensis), jugozapadne Germanije i Ilirika, to jest u Hispania Citerior (Tarraconensis), south-west Germania and onim provincijama u kojima su važne ratne i osvajačke uspjehe Illyricum, thus in those provinces in which major wartime gains postigli upravo sami osnivači kulta, Gaj Julije Cezar i Oktavijan and conquests were achieved precisely by the cult’s founders, August. Od tri zabilježena konventa provincije Dalmacije Gaius Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus. Of the three districts arheološki ostatci upućuju na službeno štovanje pokrajinskoga (conventi) recorded in the province of Dalmatia, the archaeological carskoga kulta unutar Skardonitanskoga konventa, te vjerojatno remains indicate official worship of a regional imperial cult within unutar Salonitanskog. Prema epigrafskom materijalu na kojem se the Scardona conventus, and probably within the Salona conventus spominju ara Augusti Liburnorum, sacerdos Liburnorum i civitates as well. According to epigraphic material that mentions ara Augusti Liburniae, kult je bio organiziran samo za liburnske zajednice. Liburnorum, sacerdos Liburnorum and civitates Liburniae, the cult Arheološki spomenici s područja Narone pokazuju organizirano was organized only for the Liburnian community. Archaeological carsko štovanje već u vrijeme Augustova života, međutim oni evidence from the territory of Narona speaks of organized imperial svi upućuju na municipalnu razinu kulta. U vrijeme flavijevske worship already during the lifetime of Augustus, although they dinastije dolazi do restauracije pokrajinskoga carskoga kulta u all indicate the cult’s municipal level. During the era of the Flavian Skardoni i do osnivanja novoga pokrajinskog kulta za zajednice dynasty, the regional imperial cult in Scardona was revived, while a jugoistočne Dalmacije u Dokleji. new regional imperial cult was established for the communities of south-east Dalmatia in Doclea. Ključne riječi: August, Tiberije, Dolabela, Vespazijan, Tit, Scardona, Key words: Augustus, Tiberius, Dolabella, Vespasian, Titus, Scardona, sacerdos, ara Liburnorum, Oneum, Epidaurum, Doclea sacerdos, ara Liburnorum, Oneum, Epidaurum, Doclea 41 Ivana Jadrić-Kučan Pokrajinski carski kult u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji The regional imperial cult in the Roman province of Dalmatia Pokrajinski carski kult organizirao se u onim područjima koja su The provincial imperial cult was organized in those areas deemed bila nemirnija i nesigurnija za rimsku vlast, na teritoriju naroda turbulent and unstable by the Roman authorities, in territories koje su nedavno pokorili Cezar i Oktavijan August. Tek kad je inhabited by peoples who had only recently been subjugated by jedno područje bilo u cijelosti pacificirano i uvršteno u veću Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus. It was only after a territory had administrativnu jedinicu, moglo je doći do okupljanja svih been entirely pacified and incorporated into a larger administrative zajednica tog područja i do organiziranja štovanja na razini unit that all communities therein could be brought together and cijele provincije. Time je pokrajinski kult služio kao političko worship could be organized at the overall provincial level. The sredstvo za lakše prihvaćanje rimske vlasti među peregrinskim regional cult thereby served as a political instrument to facilitate stanovništvom i njezino daljnje širenje na okolna područja. acceptance of Roman rule among the peregrine population and Najraniji trag njegova ustanovljenja nalazimo u sjeverozapadnoj its acceptance in surrounding areas. The earliest evidence of its Španjolskoj, utemeljenjem triju oltara, arae Sestianae. Njihovi establishment can be found in north-west Spain based on three materijalni ostatci nisu otkriveni, no literarni izvori pokazuju da su altars, the arae Sestianae. Their physical remains have not been bili posvećeni Augustu (Augusto dicatae).1 Oltari su nazvani prema discovered, but literary sources indicate that they were dedicated rimskom zapovjedniku Luciju Sestiju Kvirinalu Albinijanu, koji je to Augustus (Augusto dicatae).1 The altars were named after the od 22. do 19. g. pr. Kr. bio upravitelj provincije Hispanije Ulterior.2 Roman commander Lucius Sestius Quirinalus Albinianus, who was Oko njih je ustanovljen kult za područje tri konventa, conventus administrator of the province of Hispania Ulterior from 22 to 19 Lucensis, conventus Bracarensis i conventus Asturicensis. Činjenica BC.2 A cult for the territory of three conventi was established around da su ustanovljena tri oltara, a ne jedan zajednički,3 može se them: conventus Lucensis, conventus Bracarensis and conventus objasniti time da ova područja nisu još bila ujedinjena u jedan Asturicensis. The fact that three altars were raised, rather than a single povezani savez. common one3 may be explained by the fact that these territories Provincija Dalmacija bila je podijeljena u tri sudbena had not yet been consolidated into a single unified alliance. konventa (conventus iuridicus), Skardonitanski,4 Salonitanski5 i The province of Dalmatia was divided into three juridical Naronitanski,6 od kojih je prvi bio organiziran po teritorijalnom districts (conventi iuridici): Scardona,4 Salona5 and Narona,6 of which principu i obuhvaćao je veći broj općina (civitates) odjednom, the first was organized on the basis of the territorial principle and dok su u Salonitanskom i Naronitanskom konventu zajednice bile encompassed a higher number of municipalities (civitates) at once, popisane po užim rodovskim zajednicama, tj. dekurijama. Precizna while the Salona and Narona conventus communities were registered godina njihova ustanovljenja nije poznata, no općenito se smatra in accordance with narrower kinship communities, i.e. decuria. The exact year of their establishment is not known, but it is generally 1 Ptol., Geogr., 2, 6, 3. Σηοτον βωμοί; Pomp. Mela 3, 13. In Astyrum litore Noega est oppiudum et tres arae, quas Sestianas vocant, in paeninsula 1 Ptol., Geogr., 2, 6, 3. Σηοτον βωμοί; Pomp. Mela 3, 13. In Astyrum litore sedent et sunt Augusti nomine sacrae.; Plin., n. h., 4, 3. Celtici cognomine Noega est oppiudum et tres arae, quas Sestianas vocant, in paeninsula Neri et super Tamarci, quorum in paeninsula tres arae Sestianae Augusto sedent et sunt Augusti nomine sacrae.; Plin., n. h., 4, 3. Celtici cognomine dicatae… Neri et super Tamarci, quorum in paeninsula tres arae Sestianae Augusto 2 Godine 197. pr. Kr. osnovane su provincije Hispania Citerior i Hispania dicatae… Ulterior. U vrijeme principata Hispania Citerior mijenja ime u Hispania 2 In 197 BC, the provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior were Tarraconensis, a Hispania Ulterior dijeli se na dvije provincije: Baetica i established. During the Principate, Hispania Citerior was renamed Lusitania. Hispania Tarraconensis, while Hispania Ulterior was divided into two 3 U Lugdunu je jedan savezni oltar služio trima administrativnim provinces: Baetica and Lusitania. podjelama Galije (Aquitania, Belgica i Lugdunensis). 3 In Lugdunum, one common altar served the three administrative 4 Plin., n. h., 3, 139. Conventum Scardonitanum petunt Iapudes et divisions of Gallia (Aquitania, Belgica and Lugdunensis). Liburnorum civitates XIV, ex quibus Lacinienses, Stulpinos, Burnistas, 4 Plin., n. h., 3, 139. Conventum Scardonitanum petunt Iapudes et Liburnorum Olbonenses nominare non pigeat. civitates XIV, ex quibus Lacinienses, Stulpinos, Burnistas, Olbonenses 5 Plin., n. h., 3, 142. Petunt in eam iura viribus discriptis in decurias CCCXLII nominare non pigeat. Delmataei, XXV Deuri, CCXXXIX Ditiones, CCLXIX Maezaei, LII Sardeates. 5 Plin., n. h., 3, 142. Petunt in eam iura viribus discriptis in decurias CCCXLII In hoc tractu sunt Burnum, Andetrium, Tribulium, nobilitata proeliis Delmataei, XXV Deuri, CCXXXIX Ditiones, CCLXIX Maezaei, LII Sardeates. In castella. Petunt et ex insulis Issaei, Colentini, Separi, Epetini. Ab his castella hoc tractu sunt Burnum, Andetrium, Tribulium, nobilitata proeliis castella. Peguntium, Nareste, Oneum. Petunt et ex insulis Issaei, Colentini, Separi, Epetini. Ab his castella Peguntium, 6 Plin., n. h., 3, 142, 143. Narona colonia tertii conventus a Salona LXXXV Nareste, Oneum. milia passuum, adposita cognominis sui fluvio a mari XX milia passuum. M. 6 Plin., n. h., 3, 142, 143. Narona colonia tertii conventus a Salona LXXXV milia Varro LXXXIX civitates eo ventitasse auctor est. passuum, adposita cognominis sui fluvio a mari XX milia passuum. M. Varro Nunc soli prope noscuntur Cerauni decuriis XXIV, Daversi XVII, Desidiates LXXXIX civitates eo ventitasse auctor est. CIII, Docleates XXXIII, Deretini XIV, Deraemistae XXX, Dindari XXXIII, Nunc soli prope noscuntur Cerauni decuriis XXIV, Daversi XVII, Desidiates CIII, Glinditiones XLIV, Melcumani XXIV, Naresi
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