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On the Roman Frontier1 Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents List of Figures vii Introduction ix Michael Peachin and Daniëlle Slootjes Part 1 Politics & Military 1 Rome, Pontus, Thrace and the Military Disintegration of the World Beyond the Hellenistic East 3 Toni Ñaco del Hoyo and Isaías Arrayás-Morales 2 Estranging the Familiar—Rome’s Ambivalent Approach to Britain 20 Gil Gambash 3 Rome and Persia in the Middle of the Third Century AD (230–266) 33 Lukas de Blois 4 The Emperor Beyond the Frontiers: A Double-Mirror as a ‘Political Discourse’ 45 Stéphane Benoist Part 2 Politics, Economics, & Society 5 Turning the Inside Out: The Divergent Experiences of Gaul and Africa during the Third Century AD 67 Dan Hoyer 6 Raiders to Traders? Economics of Integration among Nomadic Communities in North Africa 96 Wim Broekaert and Wouter Vanacker 7 Transfer römischer Technik jenseits der Grenzen: Aneignung und Export 123 Günther Schörner vi CONTENTS 8 Perceptions from Beyond: Some Observations on Non-Roman Assessments of the Roman Empire from the Great Eastern Trade Routes 151 Anne Kolb and Michael A. Speidel 9 Hospitium: Understanding ‘Ours’ and ‘Theirs’ on the Roman Frontier 180 John Nicols Part 3 Material Culture and Culture 10 Palmyrenes in Transtiberim: Integration in Rome and Links to the Eastern Frontier 193 Blair Fowlkes-Childs 11 Rival Powers, Rival Images: Diocletian’s Palace at Split in Light of Sasanian Palace Design 213 Anne Hunnell Chen 12 The Reception of Figurative Art Beyond the Frontier: Scandinavian Encounters with Roman Numismatics 243 Nancy L. Wicker Index of Places 257 Index of Names 259 General Index 261 List of Figures 6.1 Export to northern regions 105 6.2 Imports from northern regions 106 6.3 Exchange with southern regions 114 6.4 Mediatory trade between North Africa and Sahel 115 7.1 Übersicht zu Modalitäten des Techniktransfers nach dem entwickelten Fragenkatalog 147 10.1 Fragment of marble relief for Bel and Iarhibol, and probably Aglibol. 20 × 34 × 3 cm. Rome, Musei Capitolini 198 10.2 Fragment of marble relief with head of Astarte. 12 × 18 cm. Rome, Musei Capitolini 2970 199 10.3 Marble aedicula for Aglibol and Malakbel. February 236. 97 × 63 cm. Rome, Musei Capitolini 1206 202 10.4 4a and b. Sol/Malakbel Altar. 84 × 52 × 52 cm. Rome, Musei Capitolini, NCE 2412. 4c and d. Sol/Malakbel Altar. 204 10.5 Cippus for Sol. Musei Vaticani 207 10.6 Detail of Giambattista Nolli’s 1748 Pianta di Roma. The Vigna Crescenzi (later named the Vigna Bonelli) is circled 211 11.1 Plan of Diocletian’s Palace at Split, highlighting the main north-south and east-west roads, towers and fortress walls. Plan adapted from Ćurčić, 2010 215 11.2 The North “Golden” Gate. Diocletian’s palace, Split. Photograph courtesy of Samuli Lintula; Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 216 11.3 “Felix Romuliana” inscription excavated at the Late Roman palace near Gamzigrad, Serbia. Photograph courtesy of the National Museum, Zaječar 219 11.4 Plan of the Late Roman palace near Gamzigrad, Serbia. Plan adapted from Ćurčić, 2010 219 11.5 Plan of the unfinished curtain wall from the Late Roman complex discovered near the village of Šarkamen in eastern Serbia. Plan adapted from Ćurčić, 2010 220 11.6 Brick stamped in the name of the Fifth Macedonian legion. From the Late Roman palace near Gamzigrad, Serbia. Photograph courtesy of the National Museum, Zaječar 222 11.7 Plan of the palace of Ardashir I at Firuzabad. Early third c. AD. Demonstrating the organizational layout that became characteristic of early Sasanian palaces. Plan adapted from Huff 2008 226 viii LIST OF FIGURES 11.8 Throne room at the palace of Ardashir I, Firuzabad. Square room with a domed roof executed in pitched courses of mudbrick. Photograph courtesy of Ali Majdfar 227 11.9 Plan of Diocletian’s palace, Split. Plan adapted from Ćurčić, 2010 228 11.10 View through the sunken peristyle to the protyron. Diocletian’s palace, Split. Photograph courtesy of Carole Raddato, via Wikimedia Commons/cc-by-sa 229 11.11 Domed roof of the ‘Throne Room,’ Diocletian’s palace, split. Executed in pitched brick technique. Photograph courtesy of Carole Raddato, via Wikimedia Commons/cc-by-sa 230 11.12 Depiction of the palace at Ctesiphon. From the so-called Great Historical Panel IV on the southwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome. Early third century. After Brilliant 1967, pl. 91a. Reproduction courtesy of the American Academy in Rome 231 11.13 Pitched brick dome in a basement room of the residential apartments, Diocletian’s palace, Split. The technique of executing domes with pitched courses of brick is unknown in imperial archi- tecture before the Tetrarchic period and probably came to the Roman Empire from the east. Author’s photograph 233 11.14 Great Trajanic Frieze, 2nd c. AD, reused on the Arch of Constantine, Rome. © The Trustees of Columbia University, Media Center for Art History, Department of Art History and Archaeology 236 11.15 Equestrian duel relief. Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki. Author’s photograph 236 11.16 Equestrian duel between Sasanian King Bahram II and a challenger, bas relief from Naqsh-i Rustam. Third century AD. Photograph courtesy of Helen Evans 238 11.17 Sardonyx cameo featuring the Sasanian King of Kings capturing Emperor Valerian. Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Cabinet des médailles, inv. Babelon 360. Photograph courtesy of Marie-Lan Nguyen, via Wikimedia Commons/cc-by 239 12.1 Medallion imitation (IK 107) 246 12.2 Medallion imitation (IK 14) 246 12.3 Type A bracteate with runic inscription 248 12.4 Full-face human head on Type B bracteate (IK 190) 253 12.5 Profile heads on Type B bracteate (IK 143) and Type C bracteate (IK 144,1) 253 Introduction Michael Peachin and Daniëlle Slootjes In recent years, historians of ancient Rome have been much occupied with the matter of identity. How do we recognize or delineate a group of people, whom we would be satisfied to call the Romans; or, how do we isolate a state of being Roman? How did people negotiate that identity, as well as others, in antiquity? What roles did identity play—socially, politically, economically, cul­ turally, religiously? Furthermore, it is also clear that people—modern as well as ancient—had multiple identities, which they might take up depending on the particular situation of the day or environment. On a cautionary note, our modern need to understand the ancient by way of the notion of ‘identity’ does not necessarily match a similar ancient need. The Impact of Empire group has approached this realm obliquely via sev­ eral of its workshops, and the resultant volumes. Thus, there have been exami­ nations of Roman frontiers (IMEM volume 13), of integration in the Roman world (IMEM volume 17), or of Roman rule as it was represented in Greek and Latin texts (IMEM volume 18). In any case, the sense that this matter of iden­ tity, and identity formation, is greatly significant led to a desire to approach this complex from yet another angle, namely, interactions between those from within and those from beyond the Roman frontiers. It also seemed that the astonishingly cosmopolitan environment of New York was perhaps the logical venue for such a group of papers. Thus was born the present volume, which derives from a workshop held in New York in June of 2013, and which seeks to tackle the issue of Rome and the worlds beyond Roman frontiers. Apart from thanking the participants for their many perceptive comments during the dis­ cussions at the workshop, we are particularly grateful to Olivier Hekster for his work in the actual realization of this volume. Now, when this particular theme was selected for the New York workshop, those contemplating the submission of a paper were encouraged to think as widely as they liked in determining just what might be implied both by “Rome,” or by “the worlds beyond Roman frontiers.” They were told to approach inter­ actions between these two realms from whatever perspective seemed fruitful.
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