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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives

Accession 2003.285, RG-10.255

Title: Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972.

Extent: 1 box (ca. 2,000 documents, ca. 100 photographs)

Provenance: Milton Koch donated his family's collection to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on April 11, 2003.

Restrictions on access: No restrictions on access.

Restrictions on use: No restrictions on use.

Language: English, German, Spanish, with Aramaic, French, , Portuguese, and Yiddish.

Biographical note: Milton Koch was born in Havana, Cuba on December 8, 1944 to Martha (a.k.a. Marthe, Marguerite, Margareta, Margaretha) Miriam Nussbaum Koch, who was born in Luxembourg on October 12, 1907 and Max (a.k.a. Mozes, Mojzesz, Moyse, Moses) Koch, who was born on June 8, 1911 in Potok Złoty, Poland.

Max Koch’s two siblings Carl (Charles) and Miriam immigrated to Palestine with their mother in the late 1930s. There Miriam married Oscar Serebrenik, brother of the well known Rabbi Robert Serebrenik, Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg.

Miriam Koch Serebrenik found out that her brother Max Koch had been sent to Dachau where he appeared to have remained for six months. Through her connections (via Rabbi Serebrenik) she managed to get him out on the condition that he leave Germany. Her husband (or perhaps his sister Erna Russo) arranged to have an affidavit signed attesting to the fact that he would be provided for in Luxembourg. He immigrated to Luxembourg arriving there on April 27, 1939. While in Luxembourg, Max Koch met Martha Nussbaum. Martha and Max were married on September 17, 1940 and immigrated to Havana, Cuba on October 7, 1940.

Martha Nussbaum came from a large well-known Jewish Luxembourg family. Her parents were Gustav (a.k.a. Gustaw, Gustave, Getzel) Nussbaum and Helene (a.k.a. Helena, Heleine) Kleinberg Nussbaum, who owned and ran the clothing business “Palais de l’Habillement”. Martha and her twin sister Madeline were born on October 12, 1907 in Differdingen, Luxembourg. After Gustav Nussbaum’s death, the clothing business was primarily run by Albert (Abraham) Nussbaum, one of the twins’ brothers, born on April 2, 1898 in Monneren, Luxembourg. René Nussbaum, the other brother, born on October 7, 1901 in Monneren, Luxembourg, was active in sports in his younger years and according to the Donor took part in the Olympics as a member of the national soccer team of Luxembourg.

RG-10.255 Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972. 1 Acc. 2003.285 https://collections.ushmm.org https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-10.255

When the German Army invaded the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg on May 10, 1940, nearly 1000 Jews fled Luxembourg into France and Belgium, many ultimately finding refuge in Spain and Portugal and then emigration to the West.

Albert Nussbaum who was prominent in social work, as treasurer of the Central Jewish Welfare Organization in Luxembourg from 1929 and as leader in aiding refugees from Germany and Austria from 1933, was elected member of the official representation of Luxembourg Jewry, the Consistoire Israelite of Luxembourg, becoming its president after the invasion. He then devoted all his time to the task of protecting and saving Jews. In the fall of 1940, Albert Nussbaum, as a representative of the Consistoire went to Lisbon, Portugal to organize emigration in cooperation with the American Joint Distribution Committee, HICEM, and the Portuguese Refugee Committee. He was then appointed Attaché to the Justice Ministry of Luxembourg with the title of Commissaire à L’Emigration, which enabled him to contact foreign diplomats in Lisbon concerning emigration possibilities. He was appointed director of the newly created Transmigration Office in Lisbon by the JOINT on May 15, 1941 and remained there overseeing the issuance of visas and related matters for his fellow Luxembourgers until he left Lisbon in January 1942 for the Dominican Republic, continuing to the United States on May 10, 1942. During that time he helped thousands of refugees to emigrate to North and South America as well as Palestine.

Martha and Max Koch, Helene Nussbaum and Albert Nussbaum all left Portugal on board the merchant ship “Nyassa”, which left Portugal for South America on January 28, 1942.

All of the siblings (Martha Nussbaum with her husband Max Koch, Madeleine Nussbaum with her husband Fritz Fränkel (a.k.a. Fred A. Fraenkel), Esther-Jeanne Nussbaum with her husband Joseph Nussbaum, René Nussbaum and Albert Nussbaum) and their mother Helene Kleinberg Nussbaum emigrated from Luxembourg and spent some time in Havana, Cuba or the Dominican Republic until they obtained entrance visas to the United States.

In 1946 Albert Nussbaum returned to Luxembourg and photographed the family’s business, which had been destroyed by the Nazis and left in total disarray since the early 1940s.

(Information obtained from interview with donor and documents from the collection). Additional information about Nussbaum family prepared by Paul Dostert (Luxembourg, 17 July 2006) is located in the donor file.

Historical note: Before the war, more than 3,500 Jews lived in Luxembourg, a majority of whom were refugees. After the German army invaded the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg on May 10, 1940, the country was placed under a military administration. The Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, her family, and four of her five cabinet ministers crossed into France during the night of May 9, 1940. In June 1940, the Luxembourg Government left Paris for Lisbon, Portugal. In the summer of 1940 a German civil administration was established in Luxembourg under the leadership of Gustav Simon, head [Gauleiter] of the neighboring German district of Coblenz - Trier. On August 14, the German authority declared the Luxembourg Constitution void, and references to the “Grand-Duchy” or “State of Luxembourg” were prohibited. In September 1940, the administration put the Nuremberg Laws into effect and the confiscation of Jewish property began.

RG-10.255 Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972. 2 Acc. 2003.285 https://collections.ushmm.org https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-10.255

In November the Grand Duchess, Premier Dupong, and Justice Minister Victor Bodson formed a government in exile headquartered in Montreal. Foreign Minister and Labor & Social Welfare Minister Peter Krier represented the government in exile in London. Jewish emigration from Luxembourg was encouraged until the spring of 1941, and many Jews found refuge in France or Portugal. Although Portugal did not attract Jewish emigrants in the 1930s, its neutrality and the grant of transit visa to many refugees convinced a considerable number of Jews to pass through Portugal as they headed for countries overseas. The “Portuguese Committee for the Assistance of Jewish Refugees in Portugal” (COMASSIS), which was funded by the JOINT and led by Augusto Esaguy, Elias Baruel, Honorary Chairmen Moses Amzalak and Adolfo Benarus, operated a Jewish Hospital and provided food, clothing and medical care to the refugees on a daily basis. A number of American and French Jewish organizations helped the refugees, once in Lisbon, to reach the United States and South America.

At the Evian Conference the Dominican Republic was the only country that offered to accept Jewish refugees. The DORSA (Dominican Republic Settlement Association) was formed with the assistance of the JOINT and helped settle Jews in Sosua, on the northern coast of the Dominican Republic. About 700 European Jews reached the settlement where they were assigned land and cattle. Other refugees settled in the capital Santo Domingo. In 1943 the number of Jews in the Republic peaked at 1000.

From August 8, 1940 until October 15, 1941, when the Germans forbade emigration, more than 2,500 Jews left Luxembourg. Of the 3,500 Jews living in Luxembourg before the war, 1,555 survived by fleeing, hiding, or surviving the camps. 1,945 perished in the Holocaust.

Scope and content note: Consists of correspondence, passports, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other documentation of the Nussbaum and Koch families of Luxembourg. Includes papers and photographs related to Albert Nussbaum, who worked for the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Lisbon before emigrating to the Dominican Republic, and to Gustav Nussbaum, Helene Kleinberg Nussbaum, Marguerite (Martha) Koch, and Rene Nussbaum.

Organization and arrangement: The collection is arranged into four series: 10.255*01: Documents relating to Gustav Nussbaum and Helene Kleinberg Nussbaum, 1897-1950 10.255*02: Documents relating to Albert Nussbaum, 1903-1972 10.255*03: Documents relating to Max Koch and Martha Nussbaum Koch, 1929-1967 10.255*04: Documents relating to René Nussbaum, 1920-1941 10.255*05: Nussbaum Family Correspondence, 1922-1929 10.255*06: Hand drawn dress catalog from the clothing business of the Nussbaum family in Luxembourg, before 1940 10.255*07: Miscellaneous 10.255*08: Photographs

Inventory:

RG-10.255*01 Folder 1 Documents relating to Gustav Nussbaum and Helene Kleinberg Nussbaum, 1897-1950

RG-10.255 Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972. 3 Acc. 2003.285 https://collections.ushmm.org https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-10.255

1. Certificate of good behavior from the Police Inspector of the Karlsruhe district office for Gustav Nussbaum, January 8, 1897. In German. 2. Marriage contract [Ketuba] for Gustav Nussbaum and Helene Kleenberg. January 1897 [5657]. In Aramaic. 3. Copy (upside down) of birth certificate of Helene Kleinberg, October 9, 1903. In German and French. 4. Unofficial translation of # 1. In English. 5. Unofficial translation of # 1. In English. 6. Certificate of good behavior from the Mayor of Monneren, Luxembourg for Gustav Nussbaum and his family, September 15, 1907. In German. 7. Handwritten Galician birth certificate for Gustaw Nussbaum explaining that his original birth certificate could not be found because the natal registry books had been destroyed in a fire in the city Baranow in 1898, January 25, 1916. In German. 8. Statement of clean criminal record from the Office of Criminal Records in Luxembourg for Gustave Nussbaum, May 31, 1919. In French. 9. 2 undated order forms of the “Palais d’Habillement” (Palace of Clothing), Gustav Nussbaum’s clothing business. In French. 10. Luxembourg death notice of Gustav Nussbaum, March 27, 1929. In German. 11. Luxembourg death certificate of Gustave Nussbaum, June 12, 1929. In French. 12. Unofficial translation of # 10. In English. 13. Unofficial translation of # 10. In English. 14. Copy (upside down) of statement of clean criminal record for Hélène Kleinberg, widow of Gustave Nussbaum from the Office of Criminal Records in Luxembourg, September 13, 1940. In German and French. 15. Unofficial translation of # 14. In English. 16. Statement of clean criminal record for emigration purpose for Helena Kleinberg, widow of Gustav Nussbaum from the Police Commissar in Luxembourg, September 14, 1940. In German. 17. Identification and Travel Document of Helena Kleinberg Nussbaum, issued by the German administration in Luxembourg for the purpose of emigration, September 19, 1940. 18. Dominican Republic Identification document for Helena Kleinberg Nussbaum, March 25, 1942. In Spanish. 19. Official translation of # 10 by the Consul for Belgium in the Dominican Republic. April 13, 1942. In English. 20. Temporary identification and travel document for stateless people for Hélène Kleinberg for traveling to Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Great Britain and the United States, widowed Nussbaum from the Foreign Ministry of Luxembourg, July 12, 1946. In French. 21. Receipt of Application for U.S. Naturalization, September 9, 1947. 22. Acknowledgement of filing petition for U.S. Naturalization for Helene Nussbaum, January 19, 1948. 23. Notarized document regarding the estate of the Nussbaum family in Luxembourg in 1929, February 4, 1948. In German. 24. Certificate of U.S. Naturalization for Helene Kleinberg, March 1, 1948. 25. Two telegrams from Albert Nussbaum with announcement of his mother’s death for newspaper, August 23, 1950. In German and French. 26. Bill from Zion Memorial Chapel in New York City for Albert Nussbaum listing the costs for Helene Nussbaum’s funeral, August 24, 1950. In English. 27. Notes attached to # 24. In English.

RG-10.255 Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972. 4 Acc. 2003.285 https://collections.ushmm.org https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-10.255

28. Letter attached to # 24 from Fred A. Frankel to the Zion Memorial Chapel regarding Helene Nussbaum’s funeral, August 25, 1950. In English. 29. Death notice of Hélène Kleinberg Nussbaum from newspaper. In French. 30. Attached to # 27 page from Ramath Orah Bulletin, September/ October 1950. In English. 31. Attached to # 28 page from Ramath Orah Bulletin. In English. 32. Attached to # 29 page from Ramath Orah Bulletin. In English. 33. Attached to # 30 page letter from Congregation Ramath Orah in New York to Albert Nussbaum. In English 34. Attached to # 31 two death notices of Hélène Kleinberg Nussbaum from the Escher Tageblatt and the Luxemburger Wort, August 25, 1950. In French. 35. Attached to # 32 receipt from Congregation Ramath Orah in New York to Albert Nussbaum for 30 $ for Grave on Beth Israel Cemetery, September 1, 1950. In English. 36. Attached to # 33 letter from Congregation Ramath Orah in New York to Albert Nussbaum certifying the purchase of a grave, September 1, 1950. In English. 37. Attached to # 34 death notice of Helene Nussbaum from news paper, September 1, 1950. In German. 38. Attached to # 35 free medical care ticket from Memorial Hospital for Helen Nussbaum. In English. 39. Attached to # 36 bill from the New York Ambulance to Albert Nussbaum, August 20, 1950. In English. 40. Letter from Zion Memorial Chapel in New York to Albert Nussbaum regarding an Embalmer, December 29, 1950. In English. 41. Notarized affidavit from licensed Embalmer, December 29, 1950. In English.

RG-10.255*02 Folder 2 Documents relating to Albert Nussbaum, 1903-1925 1. Luxembourg birth certificate of Albert Abraham Nussbaum, October 19, 1903. In German. 2. Copy (upside down) of Luxembourg birth certificate of Albert Nussbaum, December 12, 1918. In German and French. 3. Unofficial translation of document # 2. In English. 4. Unofficial translation of document # 2. In English. 5. School Grade Report Booklet for Albert Nussbaum, 1908-1910. In German. 6. Poem by Nussbaum, 1911-1912. In Lëtzebuergesch. 7. School Grade Report of first trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1910-1911. In French and German. 8. School Grade Report of second trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1910-1911. In French and German. 9. School Grade Report of third trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1910-1911. In French and German. 10. School Grade Report of first trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1911-1912. In French and German. 11. School Grade Report of second trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1911-1912. In French and German. 12. School Grade Report of third trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1911-1912. In French and German. 13. School Grade Report of first trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1912-1913. In French and German.

RG-10.255 Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972. 5 Acc. 2003.285 https://collections.ushmm.org https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-10.255

14. School Grade Report of second trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1912-1913. In French and German. 15. School Grade Report of third trimester at the School of Industry and Commerce for Albert Nussbaum, 1912-1913. In French and German. 16. Certificate of successful completion of courses for Albert Nussbaum from the Director of the School of Industry and Commerce, December 13, 1913. In French. 17. Certificate of successful completion of bookkeeping course for Albert Nussbaum from his teacher of commercial and professional accounting, March 31, 1915. In French. 18. Document certifying the successful completion of a course on “German Commercial Correspondence” for Albert Nussbaum from his teacher, May 17, 1915. In German. 19. Letter from the French legation in Luxembourg to Léon Alberty stating that it is possible for his cousin to claim French nationality if he has not yet claimed Polish nationality, November 26, 1920. In French. 20. Letter from Emile Pauly to Albert Nussbaum, September 16, 1922. In German. 21. Employment contract between the Galleries Lafayette and Albert Nussbaum, October 4, 1922. In French. 22. Statement of clean criminal record of Albert Nussbaum from the Office of Criminal Records in Luxembourg, October 13, 1922. In French. 23. Notarized affidavit of employment from Galleries Lafayette, February 1923. In French. 24. Work certificate for Albert Nussbaum as a salesman at the Galeries Lafayette, May 5, 1923. In French. 25. Handwritten notes, 1924, 1925, 1927. In German. 26. Letter from N. May to Albert Nussbaum, May 5, 1925. In German. 27. Certificate of employment for Albert Nussbaum from N. May, stating that Albert Nussbaum has worked for his business from August 1923 to May 1925 to his full satisfaction, May 5, 1925. In French. 28. Certificate of employment for Albert Nussbaum from N. May, stating that Albert Nussbaum has worked for his business from May 1923 to May 1925, May 9, 1925. In French.

Folder 3 Documents relating to Albert Nussbaum, 1927-1940 29. Drivers license for Albert Nussbaum from Luxembourg, October 12, 1927. In French. 30. Certificate of Residence stating that Albert Nussbaum has lived in Differdange from 1907 to 1925, July 25, 1929. In French. 31. Certificate of good standing for Albert Nussbaum from the police in Differdange, July 26, 1929. In French. 32. Statement regarding the extent and value of the Nussbaum’s business “Palais de l’habillement” (Palace of clothing), and mentioning Albert Nussbaum’s reputation as a businessman, January 22, 1931. In French. 33. Document from the district court in Luxembourg stating that Albert Nussbaum has been accused of accepting orders for (work) clothes from private persons who are neither members of the garment industry nor need these (work) clothes for the practice of their profession. Nussbaum was acquitted because it was proved that he had sold the clothes to butchers and bakers in need of such (work) clothes, May 9, 1931. In German. 34. Draft of letter from Albert Nussbaum to a client stating that he has been accused of a violation of the ‘peddler trade law’ (Hausierhandelsgesetz) and acquitted by two courts, thanking him for his trust and expressing the hope that he can still consider him his client, May 20, 1931.

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35. Court decision convicting Albert Nussbaum for permitting his dangerous dog to run around without a muzzle and to wound a ten-year-old boy, July 13, 1931. In German. 36. Luxembourg passport for Albert Nussbaum, July 21, 1932. In French. 37. Legislative periodical “Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg”, July 11, 1934. In French. 38. Correspondence between the Polish Consulate in Luxembourg and Albert Nussbaum regarding the citizenship of Gustav Nussbaum, whose certificate of birth could not be found in Baranow due to its destruction in a fire. As a result the consulate draws the attention to the potential difficulty in establishing Polish citizenship for Albert Nussbaum and Rene Nussbaum, October 9, 1934, October 19, 1934, October 22, 1934, November 17, 1934, and March 19, 1935. In French. 39. See # 38. 40. See # 38. 41. See # 38. 42. See # 38. 43. Letter from lawyer Leon Hetto to Albert Nussbaum, December 14, 1934. In German. 44. Official copy of a case docket from the Luxembourg Supreme Court stating that Albert Nussbaum has been accused by the Public Ministry of accepting orders for (work) clothes from private persons and that the he was acquitted due to insufficient evidence, 1934/1935. In German and French. 45. See # 44. 46. See # 44. 47. See # 44. 48. See # 44. 49. Newspaper article “Naturalizationen”, listing Albert Nussbaum among those accepted for Luxembourg naturalization, January 26, 1935. In German. 50. Copy of certificate of Luxembourgian citizenship for Albert Abraham Nussbaum, April 19, 1935. In German and French. 51. Legislative periodical “Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg”, listing Albert Nussbaum among those accepted for Luxembourg naturalization on page 371, April 20, 1935. In French and German. 52. Letter from lawyer Auguste Thorn to Albert Nussbaum, June 7, 1935. In German. 53. Receipt from lawyer Auguste Thorn, July 18, 1935. In German. 54. Bill for legal services, sent to Albert Nussbaum by lawyer Auguste Thorn, July 18, 1935. In French. 55. Gustav Nussbaum’s promissory note for 20,000 Belgian Francs to Jules Ettinger, Juli 19, 1926. In German. 56. Attached to # 55 letter from lawyer René Harf to Albert Nussbaum regarding the promissory note, September 3, 1936. In German. 57. Albert Nussbaum’s receipt from Jules Ettinger for 1,200 Francs, September 6, 1938. In French. 58. Three receipts, each one for 3,000 Francs, September 10, 1938. In French. 59. Attached to # 60 Albert Nussbaum’s receipt from Jules Ettinger for 9,000 Francs, September 10, 1938. In French. 60. Attached to # 56 letter from Jules Ettinger to Albert Nussbaum regarding the rest of the amount, January 27, 1939. In French. 61. Petition for payment from Bailiff H. Kunsch on behalf of Albert Nussbaum, October 14, 1936. In French. 62. Check attached to # 61, August 27, 1936. In French.

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63. Undated advertisement postcard of the “Palais de l’Habillement” (Palace of clothing), Albert Nussbaum’s clothing business. In German and French. 64. Bill for clothes, sent to Louis Vandermeer by the Nussbaum’s business, August 27, 1936. In French. 65. Business letter from Louis Vandermeer to G. Nussbaum, October 21, 1936. In French. 66. Draft of business letter to Louis Vandermeer, October 22, 1936. In French. 67. Business letter from Louis Vandermeer to G. Nussbaum, October 23, 1936. In French. 68. Draft of business letter from Albert Nussbaum to Louis Vandermeer, October 27, 1936. In French. 69. Legislative periodical “Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg”, March 26, 1940. In German and French. 70. Statement of clean criminal record of Albert Nussbaum from the Office of Criminal Records in Luxembourg, April 16, 1940. In French and German. 71. Certificate from the Luxembourg Ministry of Justice stating that Albert Nussbaum, resident of Luxembourg and member of the Committee of “ESRA”, is charged with the organization of the emigration of Jewish refugees in Luxembourg, May 11, 1940. In German. 72. Document from the Luxembourg Ministry of State of Luxembourg confirming that Albert Nussbaum is president of the Consistory of the Jewish Community of Luxembourg, June 10, 1940. In German. 73. Business cards of Albert Nussbaum, President of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg [Consistoire Israélite]; one business card with “emigration commissar” [Comissaire à l’Emigration] stamp on the back..

Folder 4 Documents relating to Albert Nussbaum, 1940-1941 74. Luxembourg Passport for Albert Nussbaum, June 24, 1940. In French. 75. Copies of some pages from # 74. 76. Copy of permit from the Chief of the German Civil Administration of Luxembourg for Albert Nussbaum, President of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg, regarding the organization of emigration to France, Spain and Portugal, stating that Nussbaum is allowed to buy and take 15,000 French Francs to pay for travel expenses in France, Spain and Portugal, and requesting him to hand in all receipts for his expenditures upon his return, August 13, 1940. In German. 77. Permission and copy of permission from German authority for Albert Nussbaum, President of the Israelite Consistory to accompany emigrants from Luxembourg to Lisbon, Portugal and return to Luxembourg, August 14, 1940, in German. 78. Note from the evacuation office in Luxembourg confirming that Albert Nussbaum is on his way to the Spanish border with refugees in 2 cars, and requesting passage and assistance for him, August 14, 1940. In German. 79. Permit of passage for Albert Nuβbaum, August 19, 1940. In German. 80. Copy of Nazi newspaper “Der Stürmer”, August 22, 1940. In German. 81. Page from # 80, showing a photograph of Albert Nussbaum with description: “That’s what he looks like! The Jew Albert Nuβbaum, the first “Luxembourger”, to whom the Diploma of the Golden Book of Palestine was presented. He was the President of the Union of Young Israelites of Luxembourg.” In German. 82. Copy of # 80.

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83. Undated unofficial paper with the inscription of Albert Nussbaum in the Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund by the Austrian Refugees and the Jews of Luxembourg for his helpful social work in behalf of the refugees. 84. Copy (upside down) of statement of clean criminal record of Albert Nussbaum from the Office of Criminal Records in Luxembourg, September 13, 1940. In French and German. 85. Unofficial translation of # 84. In English. 86. Unofficial translation of # 84. In English. 87. Statement of clean criminal record of Albert Nussbaum for emigration purpose from the Police Commissar in Luxembourg, September 14, 1940. In German. 88. Travel itinerary of Albert Nussbaum, September 1940. In French. 89. See # 88. 90. See # 88. 91. Document from Joseph Bech, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg (while in exile in Lisbon, Portugal) confirming that the Jewish Community in Luxembourg has charged Mr. Nussbaum with the organization of the emigration of 800 Luxembourg Jews, forced by the German authorities to leave Luxembourg, and requesting the aid of the Belgian Consul General in Lisbon, September 25, 1940. In French. 92. Unofficial translation of # 91. In English. 93. Document from Joseph Bech, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg (while in exile in Lisbon, Portugal) confirming that the Jewish Community of Luxembourg has charged Mr. Nussbaum with the organization of the emigration of 800 Luxembourg Jews, forced by the German authorities to leave Luxembourg, and requesting the aid of the Dutch Provisional Ambassador in Lisbon, September 25, 1940. In French. 94. Document from the Luxembourg Administrative Commission stating that Albert Nussbaum has a clean criminal record and was not member of a political organization, which endangered the state during the past five years, September 27, 1940. In German. 95. Identification and permit for Albert Nussbaum to enter the unoccupied territory and return to the occupied territory, issued in Biarritz by the German authority, October 1, 1940. In German. 96. Permit from the Chief of the German Civil Administration in Luxembourg for Albert Nussbaum, stating that he is allowed to buy and take French Francs in the equivalent of 1,500 Reichsmark on his trip to Portugal as a representative of the Jewish Community, and requesting him to hand in all receipts for his expenditures upon his return, October 7, 1940. In German. 97. Border permit from the German authority for Albert Nussbaum to cross into France from Luxembourg, stating that on order of the Chief of the Civil Administration, Albert Nussbaum will travel to Lisbon from October to November 1940 and will return to Luxembourg to arrange for the “removal” (Abtransport) of Jews from Luxembourg to Portugal, and requesting the border control officers to facilitate his border-crossing, and requesting the army gas station to give him the necessary gasoline, issued in Luxembourg by the German authority, October 7, 1940. In German and French. 98. Permit to cross the border between Luxembourg and France, October 7, 1940, issued in Luxembourg by the German authority. In German. 99. Permit to cross the border between France and Spain for Albert Nussbaum, issued in Paris by the German authority, October 9, 1940. In German. 100. Portugal alien registration certificate for Albert Nussbaum, issued by the Portuguese government, October 24, 1940. In Portuguese.

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101. Luxembourg governmental directive from Prime Minister (while in exile in Montreal, Canada), appointing Albert Nussbaum as Attaché to the Ministry of Justice responsible for the emigration of the Jewish population of Luxembourg for six months, November 30, 1940. In French. 102. Unofficial translation of #51. In English. 103. Business cards of Albert Nussbaum, Attaché to the Ministry of Justice of the Grand- Duchy of Luxembourg [Attaché du Ministre de la Justice du Grand Duché de Luxembourg]. 104. Newspaper clipping “Sie kommen aus Lissabon?...Erzählen Sie!...” from Aufbau by Eugen Tillinger, December 20, 1940. In German. 105. Opinion letter “Zwischen den Grenzen. Unglückliche Luxemburger” from Aufbau by Albert Nussbaum, Attaché to the Ministry of Justice of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg regarding the abovementioned article by Tillinger, February 7, 1941. In German. 106. Certification from Dr. Robert Serebrenik, Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg (while in exile in Lisbon, Portugal) stating that the Jewish Community of Luxembourg has given Albert Nussbaum, former president of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg and presently residing in Lisbon, Portugal, the authority to represent its interests regarding emigration matters with the major Jewish institutions like the American Joint Distribution Committee, Hicem, and Commissao Portuguesa. The document also asks the organizations to cooperate with Nussbaum in all cases that deal with the emigration of Luxembourg Jews and with all other questions requiring a special authorization of the Luxembourg government, March 1, 1941. In French. 107. Letter from Pierre Dupong, member of the Luxembourg Government (while in exile in Montreal, Canada) to Albert Nussbaum in Lisbon, stating that the immigration quota for Luxembourg was filled until the first of July. Dupong advises him to register for July, informs him that the government will give him a moral affidavit and the JOINT will give him a financial affidavit, and assures him that they will take all necessary steps to assure his passage, March 7, 1941. In French. 108. Birth certificate of Albert Abraham Nussbaum, April 17, 1941. In German. 109. Copy (upside down) of statement of clean criminal record from the Office of Criminal and Police Records in Portugal for Albert Nussbaum, Attaché to the Ministry of Justice of Luxembourg, April 19, 1941. In Portuguese. 110. Unofficial translation of # 109. In English. 111. Copy (upside down) of document from Pierre Dupong, Prime Minister of Luxembourg, stating that Albert Nussbaum’s mission was extended for a term of three months, May 10, 1941. In French. 112. Notarized affidavit for Albert Nussbaum from Dr. Robert Serebrenik, Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg, now residing in New York, June 25, 1941. In French. 113. Second page of # 112. 114. Luxembourg Governmental directive from Prime Minister Pierre Dupong (while in exile in Montreal), extending the appointment of Albert Nussbaum as Attaché to the Ministry of Justice for another six months, August 1, 1941. In French.

Folder 5: Documents relating to Albert Nussbaum, 1942-1972 115. Letter from Prof. M. B. Amzalak, Dr. E. Baruel, and Dr. Semtob D. Sequerra, President, Vice-President and Secretary of the Portuguese Committee for the Assistance of Jewish Refugees in Portugal [Comunidade Israelita De Lisboa] to Albert Nussbaum, praising his work

RG-10.255 Nussbaum-Koch Family Collection, 1897-1972. 10 Acc. 2003.285 https://collections.ushmm.org https://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-10.255

for the Jewish refugees and wishing him and his family all the best, January 28, 1942. In Portuguese. 116. Letter from Rene Blum, Honorary Minister of Justice of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg and holder of the Grand Cordon de l’Ordre de Leopold de Belgique (while on board the ship SS Nyassa to Havana and San Domingo) to the Belgian consuls in Havana and Trujillo asking them to support the carrier of the letter, Albert Nussbaum, Attaché to the Ministry of Justice of Luxembourg, endowed with the authority of a commissar of emigration, February 20, 1942. In French. 117. 5 copies of newspaper article "41 refugiados judíos en esta capital, llegados ayer en el mercante portugués ‘Nyassa’" ("41 Jewish refugees in the capital, arrived yesterday on the portuguese merchant ship ‘Nyassa’") on the arrival of Jewish refugees in the Dominican Republic, among whom were Albert Nussbaum, Attaché to the Justice Ministry of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg and Director of the Transmigration Office of the JOINT in Lisbon, Portugal, his mother and Mr. Schnapek from the Dorsa Settlement from La Opinion, March 19, 1942. In Spanish. 118. Dominican Republic permission of residence for Albert Nussbaum, March 24, 1942. In Spanish. 119. Dominican Republic alien registration card for Albert Nussbaum, April 9, 1942. In Spanish. 120. Re-entry permit to the Dominican Republic for Albert Nussbaum, April 17, 1942. In Spanish. 121. Copy of the “Diario del Sabado”, the Jewish newspaper in the Dominican Republic, with an article on the JOINT, April 18, 1942. In Spanish. 122. Copy of the “Diario del Sabado”, the Jewish newspaper in the Dominican Republic, with an article on the persecution of the Jews by Cardinal Hinsley, Archbishop of Westminster, May 2, 1942. In Spanish. 123. Travel itinerary of Albert Nussbaum 1942-1950. In English. 124. U.S. American Registration Certificate for Albert Nussbaum, May 27, 1942. In English. 125. Newspaper article “In Lissabon gestrandet” [“Stranded in Lisbon”] with statements by Albert Nussbaum on the situation of Jewish refugees in Portugal from the Aufbau, June 5, 1942. In German. 126. U.S. Declaration of Intention form for Albert Nussbaum, New York, 1942. In English. 127. Recommendation letter by Joseph J. Schwartz, Chairman of the American Joint Distribution Committee in Lisbon, Portugal, stating Nussbaum’s engagement for refugees as Chairman of the Refugee Committee in Luxembourg, as the official representative of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg, as Director of the Transmigration Bureau of the Joint Distribution Committee in Lisbon, and as Director of the Refugee Committee in Portugal in the 1940s, October 29, 1942. In English. 128. Business card of Joseph J. Schwartz, Vice-Chairman of the European Executive Council of the American Joint Distribution Committee. 129. Notice from Local Board No. 27 in New York for Albert Nussbaum to appear for physical examination, November 9, 1942. In English. 130. Notice of Classification from Local Board No. 27 in New York for Albert Nussbaum, November 20, 1942. In English. 131. Notice of Classification from Local Board No. 27 in New York for Albert Nussbaum, December 10, 1942. 132. Two Notices of Classification from Local Board No. 27 in New York for Albert Nussbaum, March 9, 1943 and October 27, 1943. In English.

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133. Undated Social Security Card of Albert Nussbaum. 134. Notarized affidavit with letterhead of the “Luxemburg Jewish Information Office” for Albert Nussbaum from Dr. Robert Serebrenik, Rabbi of Congregation Ramath Orah, New York, stating Nussbaum’s good reputation as a businessman, his part in the Central Jewish Welfare Organization in Luxembourg, his work for the aid of refugees from Germany and Austria since 1933, his representation of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg, his organization of the emigration of Luxembourg Jews to Portugal, his cooperation with the JOINT, the Hicem, and the Portuguese Refugee Committee, his appointment as Attaché to the Ministry of Justice with the title of emigration commissar, May 2, 1944. In English. 135. Second page of # 135. 136. Third page of # 135. 137. Draft of # 135. 138. Draft of # 136. 139. Draft of # 137. 140. Letter from Federal Reserve Bank of New York to Albert Nussbaum, May 22, 1944. In English. 141. Copy of Treasury License attached to # 141, May 22, 1944. In English. 142. Dues card of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union for Albert Nussbaum, 1944. In English. 143. Membership card of Albert Nussbaum for The New York Enthusiasts, 1945-1945. In English. 144. Document from the Residence Office in Luxembourg, February 13, 1948. In French. 145. Letter of recommendation from John J. Ernster, Manager and Secretary of the American Chamber of Commerce in Luxembourg for Albert Nussbaum stating that Albert Nussbaum was engaged in the clothing business in Luxembourg before the war, that upon his return to Luxembourg he found his store ransacked by the Germans and recommending him for positions, May 14, 1948. In English. 146. Copy of letter of recommendation from John J. Ernster, Manager and Secretary of the American chamber of commerce in Luxembourg for Albert Nussbaum, May 14, 1948. In English. 147. Letter from Julien Meyer and Raymond Bonem, President and Secretary of the “Union des Jeunes Gens Israelites Luxembourg” to Albert Nussbaum, stating that Albert Nussbaum was named an honorary member of the association, November 8, 1948. In French. 148. Booklet of the “Union des Jeunes Gens Israelites Luxembourg” listing the articles of the association, 1947. In French. 149. Draft of letter from Albert Nussbaum to Julien Meyer, President of “Union des Jeunes Gens Israelites Luxembourg” thanking him for his honorary membership, November 12, 1948. 150. Alien Registration Application for Albert Nussbaum from the U.S. Justice Department (INS), April 12, 1961. In English. 151. Letter (attached to the Alien Registration Application) from Albert Nussbaum to the U.S. Justice Department (INS), April 20, 1961. In English. 152. Notarized affidavit for Albert Nussbaum from Dr. Robert Serebrenik, Rabbi of Ramath Orah stating that he has known Albert Nussbaum since 1929, stating Nussbaum’s good reputation as a businessman, his part in the Central Jewish Welfare Organization in Luxembourg, his work for the aid of refugees since 1933, his representation of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg, his organization of the emigration of Luxembourg Jews to Portugal, his cooperation with the JOINT, the Hicem, and the Portuguese Refugee

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Committee, and his appointment as Attaché to the Ministry of Justice with the title of emigration commissar. Dr. Robert Serebrenik also mentions that the trip of Samuel Trone - representative of the DORSA (Dominican Republic Settlement Association) - to Luxembourg where he chose almost 80 young men and women for an agricultural colony in the Dominican Republic, was initiated by Albert Nussbaum, June 26, 1961. In French. 153. Second page of # 157. 154. Luxembourg certificate of nationality for Albert Nussbaum, November 29, 1966. In French. 155. Bulletin from congregation Ramat Orah in NY (1968-69) with article on Albert Nussbaum’s deeds for Jewish refugees during WWII and his honour by the Grand Duke of Luxembourg for his accomplishments. December/ January 1968-1969. In English. 156. Luxembourg passport for Albert Nussbaum, May 5, 1972. In French and English.

RG-10.255*03 Folder 6 Documents relating to Moses Koch and Martha Nussbaum Koch, 1929-1940 1. Luxembourg birth certificate of Marguerite Nussbaum, June 11, 1929. In French. 2. Certificate from the Director of the Commerce and Industry Division of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, stating that Martha Nussbaum is authorized to work as a businesswoman in leather ware, October 1933. In French. 3. Copy of certified translation of a Polish document by leaders of the Jewish community in Potok Złoty, Poland stating that the birth record of Mozes Koch is not available because the natal registry books had been destroyed in 1916/17, and confirming that Mozes Koch is mentioned in the reconstruction protocol to replace the destroyed natal registry books, April 25, 1938. In German. 4. Letter from René Blum, Justice Minister of Luxembourg stating that Moses Koch received permission to stay in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg for two months, April 7, 1939. In German. 5. Certificate of good standing from Benjamin Israel Murmelstein, Rabbi of the Jewish Community in Vienna for Moses Koch, April 24, 1939. In English. 6. Luxembourg registration declaration of Moses Koch, issued by the Police for Foreigners (Fremdenpolizei), May 2, 1939. In German and French. 7. Letter of recommendation from ESRA (Central Jewish social welfare organization in Luxembourg) written on behalf of Moses Koch, stating that Koch worked for the institution from May 1939 to May 1940, signed by Albert Nussbaum, and Siegmund Leib, President and Bureau chief of ESRA, May 10, 1940. In German. 8. Luxembourg Passport of Marguerite/ Margaretha Marthe/ Martha Nussbaum, issued on August 2, 1940. 9. Statement of clean criminal record for Margaretha Martha Nussbaum from the Office of Criminal Records in Luxembourg, August 28, 1940. In French and German. 10. Certificate of Luxembourgian citizenship for Margaretha Nussbaum, September 13, 1940. In French and German. 11. Letter of recommendation from the Luxembourg Jewish community written on behalf of Moses Koch, stating that Koch worked in the office of the Jewish Community from May 1940 to October 1940 in the matter of emigration, signed by Albert Nussbaum and Siegmund Leib, President and Bureau chief of the Jewish Community in Luxembourg, October 6, 1940. In German.

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12. Government-issued booklet (Familienbuch) certifying the marriage of Moses Koch and Margareta Nussbaum in Luxembourg on September 17, 1940, signed by the Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg, October 7, 1940. In German. 13. Marriage contract [Ketuba] for Mosche Koch and Martha Miriam Nussbaum stamped by the Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg, October 1940 [5701]. In Aramaic. 14. Marriage record of Moses Koch and Margareta Nussbaum, October 7, 1940. In German. 15. Certificate of good standing from Pierre Krier, Labor Minister of Luxembourg (while in exile in Lisbon) for Max Koch and his wife Marthe Nussbaum, a Luxembourg national, December 23, 1940. In French. 16. Certificate of good standing from Pierre Krier, Labor Minister of Luxembourg (while in exile in Lisbon) for Luxembourg national Marthe Nussbaum and her husband Max Koch, December 23, 1940. In French.

Folder 7 Moses Koch and Martha Nussbaum Koch, 1942-1967 17. Polish passport of Mojzesz Koch and his wife Marguerite with visa for Jamaica, issued in Lisbon on January 19, 1942. 18. Certificate of good standing from René Blum, honorary Justice Minister of Luxembourg (while on board the ship SS Nyassa) for Moyse Koch and Marthe Nussbaum, February 20, 1942. In French. 19. Certificate of good standing from Pierre Dupong (while in exile in Montreal, Canada), Premier of Luxembourg for Moses Koch and Marguerite Nussbaum before their emigration to the United States, August 5, 1942. In English. 20. Marguerite Marthe Nussbaum’s receipt from the French Legation in Cuba for 4,200 Francs, July 3, 1945. In French. 21. Letter from Keren Kayemeth Le Israel, Zionist Union of Cuba, to M. Koch, stating that they have inscribed the name of the Koch’s newborn son Jizchak Koch in the “children’s book” [Sefer Hajeled] under number 8099, July 9, 1945. In Yiddish. 22. Letter from Andre Wolff, Commissioner of Information of the Government of the Grand- Duchy of Luxembourg in New York to Moyse Koch in Havana, informing him that all Luxembourgers and persons married to Luxembourgers may return to the Grand Duchy, August 11, 1945. In English. 23. Certificate from the Industrial Diamond Society [Sociedad Industrial de Diamantes en Cuba, S.A.], Diamond Polishing Manufactory in Cuba stating that Moses Koch worked in the factory as a diamond polisher from January 1943 to October 1945, October 5, 1945. In English. 24. Draft of letter from Moses Koch in Havana to André Wolff, Commissioner of Information of the Government of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg in New York regarding its offer of repatriation, October 16, 1945. In English. 25. U.S. Immigration Head Tax Receipts from Moses Koch and Margareta Koch, August 14, 1946. 26. Draft of letter from Marguerite Marthe Koch in New York to the French Legation in Havana, Cuba checking on the availability of her transfer of funds in the amount of 4,200 Francs to the Banque de Paris in Paris, effected via the French Legation in Havanna, August 26, 1946. In French. 27. Envelope and letter from the French Legation in Cuba to Marguerite Marthe Koch in New York stating that her money has been deposited in the Banque de France in Paris and that she has to get in touch with the bank, September 17, 1946. In French. 28. Receipt of Application for U.S. Naturalization for Moses Koch, November 27, 1946.

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29. Receipt of Application for U.S. Naturalization for Margaretha Martha Koch, November 27, 1946. 30. Declaration of Intention to apply for U.S. citizenship of Margaretha Martha Koch, February 11, 1947. In English. 31. Affidavit in lieu of a passport for Max Koch to travel to Havana to visit his family, June 21, 1948. 32. Letter from Albert Nussbaum to Max Koch, stating that he cannot help them financially at the moment, August 3, 1948. In German. 33. Certificate of Naturalization for Max Koch with note on the back regarding the change of name from Moses to Max, May 26, 1952. 34. Certificate of U.S. Naturalization for Martha Koch, November 8, 1957. 35. Copy of Certificate of Death of Max Koch, July 6, 1967. 36. Government-issued booklet (Familienbuch) certifying the marriage of Moise Koch and Marguerite Nussbaum in Luxembourg on September 17, 1940, November 8, 1967. In French. 37. Luxembourg birth certificate of Marguerite Nussbaum, November 8, 1967. In French. 38. Luxembourg marriage record for Moise Koch and Marguerite Nussbaum, November 8, 1967. In French.

RG-10.255*04 Folder 8 Documents relating to René Nussbaum 1. Certificate for René Nussbaum from the Federation of Luxembourgian Societies of Athletic Sports [Federation des Societes Luxembourgeoises de Sports Athletiques], July 1920. In French. [Oversize] 2. Small poster entitled "Coupe Eug. Didier” with photos of different soccer clubs, May 1925. [Oversize] 3. Certificate for René Nussbaum, stating that he was awarded the silver medal from the Football Federation of Luxembourg [Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Football], September 1936. In French. [Oversize] 4. Identification and Travel Document of René Nussbaum, issued by the German administration in Luxembourg for the purpose of emigration, August 29, 1940. 5. Collage with cut out photo of René Nussbaum and inscription of his membership to the Red Boys soccer club from 1917 to 1930 and to the Fola soccer club from 1930 to 1941.

RG-10.255*05 Folder 9 Nussbaum Family Correspondence, 1922-1929 1. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, February 14, 1922. In German 2. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to Masaha (?) and Madhelen (Martha and Madleine), October 22, 1922. In German. On the back letter from their mother. In German. 3. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, October 24, 1922. In German. 4. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, October 26, 1922. In German. 5. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, November 12, 1922. In German. 6. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, November 28, 1922. In German. On the back letter from Jeanne to Martha and Madl. In German. 7. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, December 3, 1922. In German. 8. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, December 15, 1922. In German.

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9. Letters from Gustav and Helene Nussbaum to their children, December 20, 1922. In German. 10. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, December 26, 1922. In German. On the back letter from Jeanne to “Dear children”. In German. 11. Envelope addressed to the Nussbaum siblings from Gustav Nussbaum, February 1, 1923. 12. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to his children, February 1, 1923. In German. 13. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum, August 7, 1928. In German. Letter from Madeleine Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum. In German. Note on the back from someone else. In German. 14. Letter from Gustav Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum, August 8, 1928. In German. Letter from Madeleine Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum. In German. On the back letter from mother Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum. In German. 15. Envelope addressed to Martha Nussbaum, August 10, 1928. 16. Letter from Helene Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum, August 10, 1928. In German. On the back letter from Gustav Nussbaum to Martha Nussbaum. In German. 17. Letter from Jeanne to Martha and Madl., October 30, 1929. In German.

RG-10.255*06 Folder 10 Dress catalog (hand drawn) from the clothing business of the Nussbaum family in Luxembourg, before 1940.

RG-10.255*07 Folder 11 Miscellaneous 1. Identification and Travel Document of Fritz Fränkel, issued by the German administration in Luxembourg for the purpose of emigration, August 27, 1940. 2. Handwritten notes, January to December 1942. 3. Newspaper article from the New York Times “Luxembourg and Belgium Proud of Fight on Nazis, Spokesmen say at Opera Rally”, February 21, 1943. In English. 4. Newspaper clipping from the New York Times, April 22, 1945. In English. 5. Newspaper article from Der Yiddisher Journal, May 28, 1945. In Yiddish. 6. Newspaper article from Der Yiddisher Journal, May 28, 1945. In Yiddish. 7. Receipt for Duty and Identification Coupon, August 14, 1946. In English. 8. Statement concerning funds advanced by Fred Fraenkel and Madeleine Nussbaum Fraenkel on behalf of Helene Kleinberg Nussbaum’s maintenance and expenses for medical care from 1947-1950. 9. Undated note regarding the repatriation of Luxembourgers to the Grand-Duchy. In English. 10. Newspaper clipping from the Tageblatt, listing Joseph and Esther-Jeanne Nussbaum among those accepted for naturalization, November 1950. In German. 11. 2 receipts of County Clerk’s office in New York, December 5, 1957. 12. Undated Red Cross Belgium postcard with a sketch of a man. 13. Newspaper clipping from unknown source showing a photo of Clervaux with its sixteenth- century castle in Luxembourg, lying in ruins after bitter fighting in the area between the Third Army and the Nazis. In English. 14. Envelope from the American Chamber of Commerce in Luxembourg.

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RG-10.255*08 Folder 12 Photographs of the Nussbaum’s and Friends in Prewar Luxembourg 1. Photograph of Martha and Madeleine in white dresses. 2. Photograph of René Nussbaum boxing. 3. Photograph of either Madeleine or Martha. 4. Photograph of Madeleine or Martha with three other women. 5. Photograph of Martha, Madeleine and other people in a car (entitled “mother and sister on tour” by the donor) 6. Photograph of Martha and Madeleine in a group of people, June 30, 1929. 7. Photograph of Martha or Madeleine and other people in bathing clothes. 8. Photograph of Martha and Madeleine (on the left) with other people (entitled “Luxembourgers enjoying life”. Mother in print dress; probably used as card to send to old boyfriend in Palestine – as described by donor). 9. Photograph of the same group of people as in # 8. 10. Photograph of the same group of people as in # 8 and 9 walking. 11. Photograph of the same group of people as in # 8, 9 and 10 sitting on a ship. 12. Photograph of 5 dressed up women. 13. Photograph of Martha and Madeleine in the workshop of the Nussbaum’s clothing business. 14. Photograph of Martha and Madeleine in the workshop of the Nussbaum’s clothing business. 15. Photograph of Gustav Nussbaum’s business in Luxembourg (Gustav Nussbaum second from right). 16. Photograph of Andie Marx, Cantor in Luxembourg. 17. Photograph of men’s soccer team. 18. Photograph of the Nussbaum Family. Standing from left to right are Martha or Madeleine, René, Jeanne, Albert, Martha or Madeleine. Seated in front of them are Helene and Gustav Nussbaum. 19. Photograph of wedding of Jeanne and Joseph Nussbaum in 1924. René Nussbaum is standing behind the bride and groom. Standing on René’s right is Albert Nussbaum. Helene and Gustav Nussbaum are seated to the right of the groom. The bride’s sisters Martha and Madeleine are standing to the bride’s left side with an unknown woman standing between them. 20. Photograph of a group of people on Martha and Moses Koch’s wedding day with Martha and Moses Koch on the far left, and Rabbi Serebrenik standing on the far right with his wife in front of him, September 1940. 21. Photograph of Martha and Moses Koch on their wedding day, 1940.

Folder 13: 1. 12 photographs from the Jewish organization “ESRA” in Luxembourg.

Folder 14: 1. 26 photographs of the Joint Distribution Committee offices in Lisbon, Portugal, its employees and refugees, 1941.

Folder 15: 1. 18 photographs described as “Banquet ‘Colonial’, 1941” showing people sitting at dinner tables in formal attire.

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2. Larger photograph of a dinner party at a Hotel in Lisbon, Portugal with Albert Nussbaum standing on the far right.

Folder 16: 1. 23 photographs (some duplicates) from the Transmigration office of the JOINT of Jewish refugees arriving in Lisbon, Portugal. Folder 17: 1. 15 photographs of the ship “Mouzinho” (August 1941). 2. 27 photographs of the “Serpa Pinto” ship.

Folder 18: 1. 7 photographs taken in 1946 of Albert Nussbaum’s dress shop, which had been ransacked during the war.

Last Folder: Duplicates and negatives.

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