FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: PAD2880 Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION
PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT
ON A
PROPOSED GRANT
IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 21.8 MILLION (US$30 MILLION EQUIVALENT)
Public Disclosure Authorized TO THE
REPUBLIC OF CHAD
FOR A
RURAL MOBILITY AND CONNECTIVITY PROJECT
November 27, 2018
Public Disclosure Authorized
Transport Global Practice Africa Region
Public Disclosure Authorized
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective October 31, 2018)
Currency Unit = SDR SDR 0.7235209 = US$ 1 XAF 578.7763 = US$ 1 US$1.3821300 = SDR 1
FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AGER Agence de Gestion de l’Entretien Routier - Road Maintenance Agency APS Avant-Projet Sommaire - Preliminary technical studies for roads BASE Bureau d’Appui Santé et Environnement - Health and Environment Support Office CEHS Cellule Environnement, Hygiène et Sécurité des Chantiers - Environment, Health, Hygiene, and Safety Unit CEMAC Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale - Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States CPF Country Partnership Framework CDA Comité Départemental d’Action - Departmental Action Committee CLA Comité Local d’Action - Local Action Committee CRA Comité Régional d’Action - Regional Action Committee DA Designated Account DEELCPN Direction de l’Évaluation environnementale et de la lutte contre les pollutions et les nuisances - Department of Environmental Assessment, Pollution and Nuisance Control DFIL Disbursement and Financial Information Letter DGR Direction Générale des Routes - General Directorate for Roads DGTT Directorate General of Terrestrial Transport DPME Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation DRPR Direction des Routes et des Pistes Rurales - Directorate of Roads and Rural Roads EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return ESHS Environmental, Social, Health, and Safety ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EU European Union FER Fonds d’Entretien Routier - Road Maintenance Fund FGM Female Genital Mutilation FM Financial Management GBV Gender-Based Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GI General Inspectorate of MITD
GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HIAS Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society IFR Interim Financial Report IMT Intermediate Means of Transport INSEED Institut National de la Statistique - National Institute of Statistics IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPSS Infrastructure Planning Support System IRC International Rescue Committee MITD Ministère des Infrastructures, du Transport et du Désenclavement - Ministry of Infrastructures, Transport, and Connectivity NGO Nongovernmental Organization PAP Project-affected Person PMCU Project Monitoring and Coordination Unit PND Plan National de Développement - National Development Plan PPA Project Preparation Advance PPSD Project Procurement Strategy for Development RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RSA Regional Safeguards Advisor SAN Projet de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle - Food and Nutritional Security Project SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SNTR Stratégie Nationale du Transport Rural - National Strategy for Rural Transport SOE Statement of Expenditure THIMO Travaux à haute intensité de main d’oeuvre - Labor-intensive Road Maintenance Contracts ToR Terms of Reference TPM Third-Party Monitor UNDP United Nations Development Programme VAC Violence Against Children
Regional Vice President: Hafez M. H. Ghanem Country Director: Soukeyna Kane Senior Global Practice Director: Guangzhe Chen Practice Manager: Aurelio Menendez Task Team Leaders: Andrew Losos, Marc Navelet
The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT ...... 7 A. Country Context...... 7 B. Sectoral and Institutional Context ...... 8 C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives ...... 9 II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 11 A. Project Development Objective ...... 11 B. Project Components ...... 13 C. Project Beneficiaries ...... 17 D. Theory of Change ...... 17 E. Rationale for Bank Involvement and Role of Partners ...... 19 F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design ...... 19 III. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 20 A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements ...... 20 B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements...... 22 C. Sustainability ...... 22 IV. PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY ...... 23 A. Technical, Economic and Financial Analysis ...... 23 B. Fiduciary ...... 25 C. Environment (including safeguards) ...... 27 V. KEY RISKS ...... 32 VI. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING ...... 34 ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements and Support Plan ...... 44 ANNEX 2: Map of the First Phase of Civil Works and Remainder of Potential Candidates Pre- Identified ...... 54 ANNEX 3: Climate Change Impact Study ...... 55 ANNEX 4: Climate Risk Assessment ...... 60 ANNEX 5: Mitigating and Responding to GBV, including SEA ...... 61
The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
DATASHEET
BASIC INFORMATION BASIC_INFO_TABLE Country(ies) Project Name
Chad Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project
Project ID Financing Instrument Environmental Assessment Category
Investment Project P164747 B-Partial Assessment Financing
Financing & Implementation Modalities
[ ] Multiphase Programmatic Approach (MPA) [✓] Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC)
[ ] Series of Projects (SOP) [✓] Fragile State(s) [ ] Disbursement-linked Indicators (DLIs) [ ] Small State(s)
[ ] Financial Intermediaries (FI) [ ] Fragile within a non-fragile Country
[ ] Project-Based Guarantee [✓] Conflict [ ] Deferred Drawdown [ ] Responding to Natural or Man-made Disaster
[ ] Alternate Procurement Arrangements (APA)
Expected Approval Date Expected Closing Date
19-Dec-2018 30-Jun-2025
Bank/IFC Collaboration
No
Proposed Development Objective(s)
The Project Development Objective is to improve and sustain access by rural populations to markets and basic social services in the Project Area.
Components
Component Name Cost (US$, millions)
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Rural Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance Works 25.10
Institutional Capacity Building and Facilities Improvements 1.40
Operational Support 3.50
Immediate Response Mechanism – Contingent Emergency Response 0.00
Organizations
Borrower: Republic of Chad Implementing Agency: Ministère des Infrastructures, du Transport, et du Désenclavement
PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions)
SUMMARY-NewFin1
Total Project Cost 30.00
Total Financing 30.00
of which IBRD/IDA 30.00
Financing Gap 0.00
DETAILS-NewFinEnh1
World Bank Group Financing
International Development Association (IDA) 30.00
IDA Credit 30.00
IDA Resources (in US$, Millions)
Credit Amount Grant Amount Total Amount National PBA 30.00 0.00 30.00
Total 30.00 0.00 30.00
Expected Disbursements (in US$, Millions)
WB Fiscal Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Annual 0.34 1.91 2.82 4.71 6.30 7.03 6.89
Cumulative 0.34 2.25 5.07 9.78 16.08 23.11 30.00
INSTITUTIONAL DATA
Practice Area (Lead) Contributing Practice Areas Transport & Digital Development Agriculture
Climate Change and Disaster Screening This operation has been screened for short and long-term climate change and disaster risks
Gender Tag
Does the project plan to undertake any of the following? a. Analysis to identify Project-relevant gaps between males and females, especially in light of Yes country gaps identified through SCD and CPF b. Specific action(s) to address the gender gaps identified in (a) and/or to improve women or Yes men's empowerment c. Include Indicators in results framework to monitor outcomes from actions identified in (b) Yes
SYSTEMATIC OPERATIONS RISK-RATING TOOL (SORT)
Risk Category Rating
1. Political and Governance High
2. Macroeconomic High
3. Sector Strategies and Policies High
4. Technical Design of Project or Program Moderate
5. Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Sustainability Substantial
6. Fiduciary Substantial
7. Environment and Social High
8. Stakeholders Moderate
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
9. Other Substantial
10. Overall High
COMPLIANCE
Policy Does the project depart from the CPF in content or in other significant respects? [ ] Yes [✓] No
Does the project require any waivers of Bank policies? [✓] Yes [ ] No
Have these been approved by Bank management? [✓] Yes [ ] No
Is approval for any policy waiver sought from the Board? [ ] Yes [✓] No
Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes No
Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.01 ✔
Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities OP/BP 4.03 ✔
Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04 ✔
Forests OP/BP 4.36 ✔
Pest Management OP 4.09 ✔
Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP 4.11 ✔
Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.10 ✔
Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 ✔
Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37 ✔
Projects on International Waterways OP/BP 7.50 ✔
Projects in Disputed Areas OP/BP 7.60 ✔
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Legal Covenants
Sections and Description Prior to the issuance of the bidding documents for any works under the Project, the Recipient shall: (a) hire and thereafter maintain, all in a form, manner and under terms of reference acceptable to the Association, (i) the SEA/GBV Mitigation Measures Monitor, and (ii) a social safeguards specialist with specific qualifications in GBV for the PMCU and (b) ensure that any required GRMs are established and operational. (Financing Agreement, Schedule 2, Section I.A.6)
Sections and Description Promptly adopt the operations manual for the IRM Part as shall have been approved by the Association (“IRM Operations Manual”) no later than six (6) months after the Effective Date. (Financing Agreement, Schedule 2, Section I.E. (c))
Conditions
Type Description Effectiveness The Subsidiary Agreement has been executed on behalf of the Recipient and AGER. (Financing Agreement, Article V.5.01 (c))
Type Description Effectiveness The Recipient has adopted the Project Operations Manual and the Manual for Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures in form and substance satisfactory to the Association. (Financing Agreement, Article V.5.01 (b))
Type Description Effectiveness The Recipient has established the Steering Committee in form and manner, and with terms of reference satisfactory to the Association. (Financing Agreement, Article V.5.01 (a))
Type Description Disbursement No withdrawal shall be made under Category (2) until the Recipient has completed the studies under Part 1.3(i) of the Project, and the Recipient has made the decision in form and manner acceptable to the Association on the financing mechanism to finance IMT equipment under part 1.3(ii) of the Project. (Financing Agreement, Section III. B. 1. (b))
Type Description Disbursement No withdrawal shall be made under Category (3) until the Recipient has adopted the National Rural Transport Strategy. (Financing Agreement, Section III. B. 1. (c))
Type Description Disbursement No withdrawal shall be made under Category (5) unless and until the Association is satisfied, and has notified the Recipient of its satisfaction, that all of the IRM Conditions, as described under Section I.E of Schedule 2 to the Financial Agreement, have been met in respect of said activities (Financing Agreement, Section III. B.1. (d)).
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT
A. Country Context
1. Chad is a large landlocked country in central Africa covering an area of 1.3 million km² with approximately 14 million inhabitants. The country is divided into multiple climatic zones: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the center, and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. While Arabic and French are the official languages, Chad is home to more than 200 distinct ethnic and linguistic groups. A total of 78.2 percent of the population lives in rural areas, and 51.3 percent of the population is female, including 51 percent of youth under 15.1
2. Since independence, Chad has been a fragile, violence- and conflict-affected country marked by chronic instability, political turmoil, security issues, armed conflict with neighboring countries, hunger, climate change, and local health crises. These multiple shocks have slowed the development of the country, making it one of the poorest countries in the world. The 2018 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index ranks Chad 186 out of 189 countries. An oil producer since 2003, Chad suffered a recession in 2014 when the sudden fall in the price of oil combined with the structural weaknesses of the national economy pushed the country into two consecutive years of economic contraction in 2016 and 2017 (−6.4 percent and −2.7 percent, respectively). Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita fell from US$969 in 2014 to US$843 in 2017.
3. Despite high levels of hunger, agriculture remains the main source of both food and employment for Chadians. The 2018 Global Hunger Index ranks Chad second last of 119 countries. In 2015, 43 percent of children under five years showed signs of stunting due to chronic malnutrition. Nonetheless, three out of every four Chadians are employed in agriculture. In the project area, agriculture is diversified with many crops including sorghum, millet, peanuts, and cotton supplemented by cowpea and sesame. There is also expanding cultivation of rice, vegetables, and tubers (potato, yams, and manioc).
4. Poverty is mainly a rural phenomenon. Although poverty declined during the economic boom of 2003–2014, from 55 percent to 47 percent, extreme poverty still affects half of all Chadians. A total of 47 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line. About 52 percent of rural households are poor compared to 21 percent of urban households. A majority of the population lives in rural areas, which implies that most of the poor (92 percent) live in rural areas, of which 40 percent live in the five southern provinces of Chad. With more than 700,000 refugees from Sudan, Central African Republic, and Nigeria within its borders, the country is also facing a humanitarian challenge and an additional pressure on the scarce resources, notably in the rural areas. This makes the country even more fragile and at risk of food shortages and volatility.
1 General Population and Housing Census (RGPH 2) of 2009.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
B. Sectoral and Institutional Context
Sectoral Context
5. One of the main constraints faced by the Chadian economy is its isolation, aggravated by high transport costs on the main regional axes that connect the country to the sea. The nearest port (Douala, Cameroon) is located 1,800 km from N’Djamena and charges some of the highest transport prices in Sub- Saharan Africa. At the national level, the lack of infrastructure and adequate transport services create isolation in several regions and rural areas particularly.
6. Poor development of the road network. The road network consists of 40,000 km of roads including 7,475 km of national roads, of which only 2,600 km are considered usable in all weather. Only 6 percent (2,500 km) of the network is paved, and 12 percent (4,875 km) consists of seasonal roads. The regional roads have lower standards than the national network but are designed to be at least able to ensure the passage of trucks during the harvest.
7. Climate hazards threaten all-season accessibility of roads and reduce rural people’s mobility in the rainy season. Increased rainfall poses numerous threats for unpaved roads including potential for ponding, erosion, collapse, and washout, threatening the life span and usability of the road infrastructure. Beyond the cost of repairing initial damages, additional costs may be incurred for further mandatory maintenance, replacement assistance, implementation of mitigation strategies (such as building culverts), and service time disruption.
Institutional Context
8. The Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport, and Connectivity (Ministère de l’Infrastructure, du Transport, et du Désenclavement, MITD) is responsible for the entire road network including rural roads through its General Directorate for Roads (Direction Générale des Routes, DGR). The Road Maintenance Fund (Fonds d’Entretien Routier - FER) finances the maintenance of the national and road network executed by the national Road Maintenance Agency (Agence de Gestion de l’Entretien Routier, AGER) under delegation from the MITD. However, with the limited resources of the FER, only a small part of the network of roads in the national network is maintained each year.
9. Created in 2010 and operational since 2012, AGER is responsible, as a delegated owner, for the primary network on behalf of the MITD. The MITD delegates project management to AGER, which is responsible for recruiting, through open calls for tenders, technical design offices, and small and medium enterprises for the control/monitoring and execution of works. The delegation of project management to AGER capitalizes on the relative advantages already present in the Chadian system: policy and planning at the level of the MITD and the performance-based maintenance contracting and procurement flexibility of AGER.
10. Responsibility for the construction and maintenance of an estimated 15,000 km of rural roads and the regulation of rural transport was transferred to the departments and rural communities under the Decentralization Act of 2006. However, because corresponding technical and financial resources were not transferred, rural communities are unable to carry out this function.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
11. The National Strategy for Rural Transport (Stratégie Nationale du Transport Rural, SNTR) established in 2016 by the MITD with the support of the European Union (EU) aims at empowering communities to participate in rural transport projects. Because the SNTR is yet to be implemented effectively, the project will support its operationalization through capacity building at the central, local, and community levels in rural road planning, investment and maintenance. This is of prime importance to the project, because it will create a forum through which the Government and beneficiaries can address the planning and maintenance of rural road assets.
12. In addition to the challenges of management and sustainability of rural transportation, road safety is a matter of substantial importance in Chad. The National Road Safety Strategy, elaborated in 2003, was revised in 2014 with the support of the World Bank. The revised strategy is aligned with the United Nations decade of action for road safety for 2011–2020. The economic and physical improvement of the road network in Chad has resulted in a significant increase in road traffic, one of the consequences of which has been an increase in road accidents. Chad records an average of 2,698 deaths and 6,617 injuries per year due to dysfunctions in the transport system, which are due to structural, managerial, and governance issues. In addition to the psychosocial trauma suffered by the victims, these road accidents cause an annual economic loss estimated at more than 1.2 percent of the country’s GDP, which is a serious handicap for development initiatives. This project will finance part of the National Road Safety Strategy’s Action Plan by focusing on road safety considerations in rural areas.
C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives
13. The project is consistent with the Government’s 2017–2021 National Development Plan (Plan National de Développement, PND) ‘Vision 2030, The Chad We Want’ which has identified infrastructure (transport, energy, and communication) as a lever for a diversified, inclusive, and sustainable economy. To achieve this goal, the PND directly links agricultural development and rural road improvement: “To disenclave up rural production areas, this will involve constructing, rehabilitating and maintaining urban, interurban and rural roads.’’ This project will contribute to the achievement of this objective through the envisaged rehabilitation of the 400 km of rural roads.
14. The project is aligned with the 2016–2020 Country Partnership Framework (CPF) Report No. 95277-TD engagement theme 2, objective 2.1 “Improving return to agriculture and building value chains.” It will contribute to this objective by allowing access to agriculture production zones and by reducing transport costs.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
15. The project will also bring operational synergies across the World Bank Portfolio through operations supporting agriculture, particularly the Sahel Irrigation Initiative Support Project (P154482) and the Agriculture Climate Resilience and Figure 1. Other World Bank Projects in the Area Productivity Enhancement Project (P162956). The project will benefit from the outputs of the ongoing CEMAC Transport and Trade Facilitation project (P079736), which seeks to improve freight corridors in the Economic Community of Central African States (Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale, CEMAC) sub- region and particularly in the Central African Republic, Cameroon, and Chad. The project will benefit and build on achieved results on road safety coming from the CEMAC Transport and Trade Facilitation project and the Africa Road Safety Corridor Initiative (P130541) projects. Figure 1 shows the proximity of these projects.
16. In 2015, the EU financed a study on ‘Rural mobility and accessibility for food and nutrition security in Chad’. The study clearly identified the role of markets in sustaining food security in Chad and the need for the rehabilitation of rural roads. Out of this study has grown an investment project, Food and Nutritional Security Project (Projet de Securité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, SAN), valued at EUR 156 million and aimed at nutrition, but with some rural road rehabilitation in five provinces of southern and central Chad. Through the SAN, the EU will also provide technical assistance to the MITD to enhance its capacity to fulfill its responsibilities regarding rural roads. The World Bank team has met with the EU delegation in Chad and discussed opportunities to create synergy between the SAN and this project.
17. Climate. In alignment with the World Bank's commitment to mitigating climate change and considering the potential impacts of climate change on the infrastructure and economic conditions of Chad, the project is committed to enhancing the resilience of the country to the impacts of climate change. This will be achieved by requiring that at least 5 percent of the construction work costs be allocated to creating changes in road design and implementation that mitigate the impacts of climate change. These adaptations could consist of creating culverts where appropriate to better drain water away from road surfaces to avoid erosion, to raise the road surface off the plane of water pooling to avoid ponding, to increase the camber of the road to better facilitate drainage, or other measures that serve to decrease the impacts of climate change on the life span and sustainability of the road. The details of precise measures will be developed through the technical studies and detailed designs. Furthermore, by ensuring that a sustainable financing scheme is available for community maintenance, including the costs of damages due to climate change, resilience will be strengthened in the longer term.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Project Development Objective
18. The Project Development Objective is to improve and sustain access by rural populations to markets and basic social services in the project area.
19. The achievement of the PDO will be measured by the following indicators:
• People provided with an all-season road
• Decrease in travel time along the improved roads
• Number of schools and health centers reached by an improved road
• Proportion of improved roads under routine maintenance
20. The project brings two innovations to the management of rural transport in Chad: first, it contains activities aimed at improving the durability of the physical infrastructure by organizing and financing community-based road maintenance in the targeted areas; and second, it will examine possible engineering solutions to the maintenance problem of rural roads in a study of stabilizing agents or polymers in the Chadian context.
21. A further innovative approach being tested in this project is the delegation of project management authority (maîtrise d’ouvrage déléguée) for rehabilitation works and maintenance to AGER. This has not been done in the context of World Bank-financed projects in Chad before, nor does AGER ordinarily maintain the small rural roads (‘pistes’). However, this arrangement will allow the project to take advantage of AGER’s flexibility in implementation and the MITD’s expertise in policy and planning, while providing valuable experience on the management of rural roads maintenance.
22. Given the risk of gender-based violence (GBV) associated with rural road operations of this kind in isolated regions of the country, this project is equipped with a GBV risk management strategy including mitigating measures based on table 1 of the recent Good Practice Note prepared by the World Bank in June 2018.2 Full details may be found in annex 5.
23. Project area. The proposed project activities will target the provinces of Mandoul and Moyen- Chari, in the south of the country. Their choice results from the recommendation of the MITD in charge of the SNTR and the coordination with other ministries such as the Ministry in charge of Agriculture, the Ministry in charge of Fisheries, and the Ministry in charge of Environment to ensure consistency of public
2 Good Practice Note: Recommendations for Addressing Gender Based Violence in Investment Project Financing involving Major Civil Works. Draft Guidance Note. World Bank, June 2018.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
action and harmonization between development partners. The key reasons for the choice of Mandoul and Moyen-Chari are as follows:
(a) High level of poverty and food insecurity. In Mandoul and Moyen-Chari, 26 percent and 19 percent, respectively, of the population (209,000 and 143,000 persons) suffer from severe food insecurity.
(b) Agricultural production potential. In the 2016–2017 season, Mandoul and Moyen-Chari produced 127,102 and 91,067 tons of grains, respectively, together representing 7 percent of total national production, plus 189,792 tons and 111,688 tons, respectively of vegetables, oilseeds, roots and tubers, amounting to 16 percent of total national production of these crops.3
(c) Complementarity with agriculture investments. The World Bank is currently implementing in those two provinces the Agriculture Climate Resilience and Productivity Enhancement Project (P162956) (PROPAD) with the Ministry in charge of Agriculture which aims to enhancing rural household food security and nutrition, boost household income and help market a larger share of the production. In all agriculture projects, there is a rural roads component to better connect the project area. By concentrating the investments of this project in the two targeted provinces, rural transport investments will be combined, and resources will be maximized through the shared provision of inputs and equipment from both World Bank-financed projects.
(d) Synergy with other development partners’ operations. In addition to the EU-funded SAN in adjacent regions with which this project may share some technical assistance, the African Development Bank has financed a project to make the fishing sector more productive in the project area. This project will help strengthen this effort by facilitating the timely transportation of fresh fish to markets because fishermen do not have modern refrigeration equipment.
24. The project will be implemented over a total of six years. The first works contract to be tendered will be the 75 km Bedaya-Moissala road in the Mandoul province. In parallel, technical and economic studies in consultation with the development planning committees in the area namely the Regional Action Committee (Comité Régional d’Action, CRA), the Departmental Action Committee (Comité Départemental d’Action, CDA), the Local Action Committee (Comité Local d’Action, CLA), and the central Permanent Unit will identify priority sections to be rehabilitated in the remainder of the area. The remaining 325 km may then be tendered together as a set of lots about one year after the first section. The intention is that works be finished at least two years in advance of the closing date so that the two-year maintenance period and the community maintenance scheme can be observed and supervised before the project closes.
3 Source: 2016–2017 agricultural season statistics from the Directorate of Agricultural Production and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
B. Project Components
25. The project comprises four components designed to address the following priorities: (a) improve the condition of rural roads in the agricultural regions; (b) improve the capacity of public institutions and local communities; (c) provide support for project management; and (d) in the case of an eligible crisis, redirect the funds to where they may be most urgently needed.
Component 1: Rural Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance Works - SDR 18.2 million (US$25.1 million equivalent)
Subcomponent 1.1: Rural roads rehabilitation works – SDR 16.2 million (US$22.3 million equivalent)
26. This subcomponent will finance the rehabilitation of approximately 400 km of rural roads in the provinces of Mandoul and Moyen-Chari using a critical points approach to restore or maintain basic connectivity on any given section of road. Critical points where the passage of vehicles may be impeded will be identified and remediated without typically implying comprehensive rehabilitation of the entire road surface, though some sections may be remediated if warranted. Small crossing structures such as bridges and small drainage works such as culverts, gutters, ditches, or drains will commonly be rehabilitated, or constructed if absent, including physical road safety measures. Climate resilience measures will be included in the design of the rehabilitation works, as a requirement of the terms of reference (ToR) of the technical studies. A study on the feasibility of using stabilizing additives or polymers in rural road maintenance in Chad will also be financed.
27. A first road section approximately 75 km long has been definitively identified for improvement in the first phase of the project. This road is in the Mandoul province and runs between the market towns of Bedaya in the north and Moissala in the south near the border with the Central African Republic. Technical studies and specific safeguards documents have been prepared and disclosed for this section. The remaining 325 km to be improved will be identified during implementation through a participatory process coherent with the National Rural Transport Strategy.
Subcomponent 1.2: Community-based rural roads maintenance – SDR 0.72 million (US$1.0 million equivalent)
28. This subcomponent will establish a mechanism for the maintenance of rural roads by local communities on a performance-based model building on experience already held by AGER. Activities will include organization of crews, financial allocation, and monitoring/audits of the planned maintenance. Elements of best practice from the subregion will be incorporated, including notably from the Central African Republic LONDO project (P152512 – Londo means ‘stand up’ in local language), a laborintensive community-based public works carried out in the entire territory of the country. The participation of local communities in the routine maintenance of the rehabilitated roadways will ensure sustainability of the investment and will reduce the need for major periodic maintenance and further new investments on
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
behalf of the Government. Maintenance is critical to the climate resilience of unpaved rural roads in particular.4
29. The systematic involvement of women and youth in the project will be fostered by facilitating the promotion and capacity building of women, youth, and vulnerable groups, for example, by a predefined quota (of at least 20 percent) of female employment and youth employment by the use of labor-intensive road maintenance contracts (Travaux à haute intensité de main d’oeuvre - THIMO) and will thus contribute in reducing the gender gap regarding access to formal economic opportunities in the road construction sector by women through the promotion of women’s participation in road maintenance activities.
Subcomponent 1.3: Studies and financing of Intermediate Means of Transport – SDR 0.72 million (US$1.0 million equivalent)
30. The project will finance two studies to support the strengthening of Intermediate Means of Transport (IMT) in the project area. The first study will consider which types of IMT equipment are currently in use in the area, estimate the need for additional IMT to transport passengers and goods, and propose a means of organizing the delivery and maintenance of the eventual IMT fleet. A second, simultaneous and complementary study will investigate the potential pool of IMT users as well as the private sector capacity for delivery and maintenance of IMT in the project area, assess the capacity of users or user groups to take on and repay credit for the acquisition of IMT, and identify financing mechanisms and institutions that could be used to provide the needed credits. The combined result of these studies will be to design a delivery mechanism for IMT provision, financing, and support potentially through Subgrants to selected communities in the project area, which would be contracted by the MITD possibly with a nongovernmental organization (NGO).
Subcomponent 1.4: Prevention, Monitoring, and Mitigation of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, (“SEA”) and Gender-Based Violence (“GBV”) – SDR 0.58 million (US$0.8 million equivalent)
31. This subcomponent aims to reduce the potential hazards of the project location and to mitigate GBV risks, including SEA risks, and will finance GBV prevention activities, including the assessment of needs and available services in the project areas, training and community awareness campaigns, and provision of support services. Recognizing that there is a significant risk of GBV in the project areas, the project has developed an approach based on the World Bank’s Good Practice Note For Addressing Gender Based Violence in Investment Project Financing involving Major Civil Works and will include the following: (a) performing a risk assessment of SEA and GBV risks for the project areas; (b) preventing and responding to SEA and GBV risks through the provision of services ranging from SEA and GBV prevention to provision of services for survivor within the framework of the existing national protocol for addressing GBV and the hiring of a specialized NGO to ensure the holistic care of survivors and/or their referral to structures responsible for the provision of psychosocial, health, and legal services in coordination with the existing national response; (c) addressing GBV risks through the procurement process with the adoption of codes of conduct by any contractor working on the project; and (d) setting up an Accountability and Response Framework that will identify responsibilities for handling SEA and GBV allegations and establish a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) designed specifically for reporting SEA and GBV incidents and to
4 Cervigni, Raffaello, Andrew Michael Losos, James L. Neumann, and Paul Chinowsky. 2016. Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector (English). Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
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respect confidentiality. Oversight of the NGO delivering the GBV/GRM management activities will be done through the hiring of an independent third-party monitor (TPM) organization/NGO. Annex 5 provides details of this subcomponent.
Component 2: Institutional Capacity Building and Facilities Improvements – SDR 1.01 million (US$1.4 million equivalent)
Subcomponent 2.1: Operationalization of the National Rural Transport Strategy – SDR 0.21 million (US$0.3 million equivalent)
32. This subcomponent will support the Government of Chad in implementing the SNTR adopted in 20155 by piloting its prescribed approach in the two provinces targeted by the project. It will finance a variety of technical assistance activities involving the members of the CRA, including (a) the organization of workshops to facilitate the communication between agents of ministries involved, their decentralized bodies, and local government in particular within the CRA; (b) a training program for the Project Monitoring and Coordination Unit (PMCU) and other staff of the MITD involved in the project implementation; and (c) the establishment of a consultation and coordination body; (d) an inventory of the network of rural roads in the project area; and (e) best practice strategies through which to address climate change.
Subcomponent 2.2: Road safety – SDR 0.29 million (US$0.4 million equivalent)
33. The road safety activities under this subcomponent will be drawn from the Road Safety Action Plan of the revised National Road Safety Strategy which makes provision for the establishment of an efficient system for collecting and analyzing road traffic accidents data in Chad in accordance with international standards. These activities will include (a) a review of road safety in the project zone for the elaboration of an action plan; (b) the training of first responders through NGOs, gendarmes, and police officers active in road safety data collection; (c) community awareness campaigns on road safety and assessment of the ante sensitization and post sensitization situation; and (d) identification of activities toward consolidating ongoing road safety actions in Chad. Road safety considerations will be integrated in the project design of the various sections to be rehabilitated.
Subcomponent 2.3: Improvement of community facilities and support for women's livelihoods – SDR 0.50 million (US$0.7 million equivalent)
34. This subcomponent will bring support to the rural communities, especially women and girls in the project area, to improve their living conditions by restoring common facilities along the road rehabilitated and in the nearby villages. The proposed facilities will include water wells, fences, warehouses for crops, additional rooms in schools and construction of latrines, multifunctional platforms for women, and so on. A participatory approach will be used to ensure the identification and selection of the facilities to restore or improve to meet the needs identified specifically by women. This process will be operated and overseen by the CRA and will be harmonized with the content of existing community development plans such as
5 The strategy has been adopted by the technical committee and will be ratified in the near future.
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those prepared for the PROPAD where applicable. These activities will contribute to closing the gender gap in labor force participation and economic independence.
35. In addition, this subcomponent will support identified women’s associations to improve their access to economic opportunities. The World Bank project on agriculture PROPAD has identified groups of women who produce shea butter and peanut oil. Thus, in addition to the above-mentioned activities, this subcomponent will finance activities to support these women’s associations to improve their access to economic opportunities by providing them with the equipment needed to transform these agricultural products (oil press, huskers, and so on) as well as entrepreneurial capacity building in marketing and selling the final products.
Component 3: Operational support – SDR 2.54 million (US$3.5 million equivalent)
Subcomponent 3.1: Project management – SDR 2.18 million (US$3.0 million equivalent)
36. Activities to be financed under this subcomponent include (a) day to day support to project implementation and coordination activities, including preparation of the project implementation manual (to be completed by effectiveness); (b) salaries of the consultants hired by the Project Management Unit; (c) operating costs and equipment of the Project Management Unit; (d) financial, technical, and safeguards audits; (e) awareness activities on environmental protection, GBV and HIV/AIDS and (f) monitoring and evaluation, including impact assessment, and supervision of safeguards.
37. Because of the large project area and the volatile security situation, the project will rely on a variety of smart approaches leveraging digital technologies to facilitate the implementation of project activities as well as enhance monitoring and evaluation. The activities to be financed under this subcomponent may include, but not be limited to, (a) geo-enabled cartographic representation of planned and rehabilitated roads; (b) direct remote monitoring using satellite imagery; (c) use of smartphone for road data collection (such as road roughness before and after the civil works); (d) enhanced monitoring and evaluation using third parties equipped with geo-enabled questionnaires and smartphones/tablets; and (e) mobile-based iterative beneficiary monitoring mechanisms.
Subcomponent 3.2: Compensation in case of involuntary resettlement (US$0.5 million)
38. Where required, this subcomponent may finance any cash or in-kind compensation to project- affected persons (PAPs) as outlined in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) approved by the World Bank. Financing of resettlement costs on the proceeds of the grant has been formally requested by the Government and approved by the Regional Vice President of the World Bank.
Component 4: Immediate Response Mechanism - Contingent Emergency Response (US$0.0)
39. Following an eligible crisis or emergency, the Government may request the World Bank to reallocate project funds to support emergency response and reconstruction of rural roads. This component would draw from the uncommitted credits resources under the project from other project components to cover emergency response. This component has, by its nature, a zero funds allocation.
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C. Project Beneficiaries
40. The project is expected to benefit around 365,000 people representing 30 percent of the population of both regions. The project direct beneficiaries are the local communities in the project area. As the prime users of rural roads, their living conditions will be improved by better access to markets that is essential to food security and basic services such as health centers and schools. The population of the Moyen Chari province accounts for 5 percent of the Chadian population with an estimated 730,000 inhabitants in 2016 (density: 17 inhabitants per km²); that of the Mandoul province is 650,000 inhabitants in 2009, with a density of 36 inhabitants per km².
41. Farmers and producers in the project area will also benefit from an improved all-season road as they will be able to transport their products to the markets just after the harvest. A study assessing the feasibility of providing motorized means of transport will create opportunities for reducing the time and costs of transporting agricultural products to markets.
42. Women are also targeted beneficiaries of the project with the activities financed under Subcomponent 2.3—Improvement of community facilities and support for women’s livelihoods—that aim to increase their access to employment and other economic activities.
D. Theory of Change
43. The Theory of Change is based on the assumption that the rehabilitation and maintenance of rural roads will reduce transport costs and transport times for rural population and facilitate access by farmers to markets for their inputs and outputs, thus increasing the profitability of agriculture and stimulating employment-generating agricultural growth that will raise incomes and reduce poverty.
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Figure 2: Theory of Change
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
E. Rationale for Bank Involvement and Role of Partners
44. The World Bank is the only partner that has had regular interventions since the 1990s in the rural transport sector. In 1998, the World Bank, through the SSATP financed the approach paper “The Provision of Rural Transport Services, No 27255” which helped develop a reflection on rural transport to boost rural production to reduce poverty. In 2016, with the support of the EU, an SNTR was developed. The African Development Bank also financed a fisheries project in the two regions. The approach adopted is to link areas in food surplus with areas in deficit by linking agricultural production basins with weekly markets and large metropolitan areas that have high consumption.
45. The World Bank is also financing the regional project on Facilitation of Transport and Transit in the CEMAC Zone (PFTZ) covering specifically Chad, the Central African Republic, and Cameroon and which aims at developing corridors and policy reforms on trade in the three countries. The proposed project will complement this work on the regional and national road network by bringing transport solutions at the rural level by improving connection to local and regional markets for agricultural producers.
F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design
46. The proposed project design reflects country-specific lessons learned while carrying out other World Bank or donor projects. The project will also benefit from best practices for rural roads projects, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The key lessons reflected in the project design are the following:
• Concentrate activities to maximize impacts. Rehabilitating and maintaining rural roads and tracks is expensive due to the low density of population and traffic levels. The activities of the project will be focused on areas where other donors operate to support agriculture. The choice of the provinces of interventions results from this assumption.
• Improve not only infrastructure but also the means of transport to increase mobility for rural people. Mobility in rural areas is a function of more than just road infrastructure. It also depends on transport services that use the infrastructure: in particular, the types and numbers of vehicles available to move people and goods. In the project area, mobility relies mainly on non-motorized means. The project will design and deliver better access to IMT to increase mobility for rural people to better capture the benefits of the improved infrastructure.
• Participatory approach for selection, planning, implementation, and maintenance. Local communities are the main stakeholders and users of rural transport. In recognition of this, their participation in the preparation and implementation of the project enhances local ownership and foster better accountability, management, and sustainability. Furthermore, deciding upon sustainable solutions for how to adequately maintain rural roads will have to involve local communities. In the case of the project, this participatory approach is the objective of the SNTR and will seek to set up consultations at the local government and community levels for the choice of roads to be rehabilitated as well as in defining the maintenance framework.
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• Approaches to organization and management of labor-intensive, community-based road maintenance. Labor-intensive and community-based road maintenance has been implemented under the LONDO project (P152512) and the Local Connectivity Emergency Project (P157923) in the neighboring Central African Republic. Many valuable lessons from the organization of public lotteries to determine beneficiaries to the designation of team leaders and provision of training and equipment and the management of funds would be transferable to the context of Chad.
• The project’s strategy to mitigate and respond to cases related to SEA is based on local context and lessons learned from prior projects and international experience. Public consultations conducted in the context of the safeguards instruments revealed that there have been cases of physical violence against women, forced marriage, cases of excision, and cases of rape by workers during infrastructure work activities. The activities in Subcomponent 1.3 are designed to integrate actions aimed at mitigating project risk of GBV in the PAP and monitor the effectiveness of these mitigation measures to adapt them quickly as necessary. As risks change over time, the project will put in place measures to continuously monitor them throughout the life of the project. The component will also put in place a responsive and efficient reporting through the GRM while keeping survivor information confidential and anonymous as needed and provide response actions for GBV cases by providing essential service to survivors.
III. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
47. MITD. The project will be executed by the MITD which oversees roads including rural roads. The coordination of the project will be ensured by the General Secretariat with the support of the PMCU housed within the MITD.
48. PMCU. Created in 1989, the existing PMCU has been responsible for monitoring and coordinating investment and policy reforms in the transport sector. In this capacity, it ensures (a) the coordination of actions to be carried out with donors and national authorities; (b) the administrative and financial follow- up of the investment programs and the measures adopted; and (c) the consistence of sector policy and strategy. The PMCU will be the primary point of contact for the World Bank task team for all matters concerning the project. The team currently consists of a coordinator and his deputy, a procurement specialist, a safeguards unit, an accounting unit, a secretariat, and support staff. The PMCU has proven necessary capacities for the management of this type of project because it has managed all the transport projects financed by development partners, among which is the ongoing Transport-Transit Facilitation Project (P079736) in the CEMAC Zone (PFTZ) financed by the World Bank. The PMCU will also be responsible for producing the quarterly reports on project implementation to be submitted to the World Bank.
49. The Environment, Health, Hygiene, and Safety Unit (CEHS) within the MITD will be responsible for monitoring the application of all social and environmental safeguards and as such collects and acts upon all complaints received through the project’s GRM. The PMCU will recruit a social specialist with expertise
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in GBV protection measures as part of the strategy to mitigate that specific risk in the context of this project. He/she will join the CEHS.
50. General Inspectorate (GI) of MITD. The GI will ensure the implementation of activities related to the project’s financial and technical audits.
51. Directorate General of Terrestrial Transport (DGTT). The DGTT operates through two technical departments: Terrestrial Safety Department for the implementation of road safety activities and the Industry and Terrestrial Transport Regulation Department for the provision of IMT.
52. Steering Committee. A Steering Committee, chaired by the Director General of the MITD, will be created to oversee all works undertaken by all transport projects including this project. It will include high- level representatives from key ministries including the ministries in charge of (a) transport and transport infrastructure; (b) planning; (c) environment and fishing; (d) agriculture; (e) commerce; (f) women’s affairs; and (g) interior, security, and decentralization. It will convene twice a year. The role of the Steering Committee is to (a) ensure coherence between project activities and sectoral policies; (b) validate and monitor progress of project activities; (c) identify and resolve any interjurisdictional difficulties that may arise in the execution of the project; (d) take proactive measures to ensure effective implementation of the project; and (e) validate the project work program and annual budget.
53. CLA, CDA, CRA, and the Permanent Unit. At the regional Figure 3: Organizational Chart level, there are mechanisms and guidelines for local development planning as well as for the existence of CLAs chaired by the Sub- Prefect, CDAs chaired by the Prefect, and CRAs chaired by the Governor. These committee’s activities are coordinated by the ‘Permanent Unit’, a central administrative entity under the Ministry in charge of Planning and of Rural Development. These entities will be involved in the mobilization of the population and will participate in the monitoring of project activities and thus will need to benefit from capacity building to fully play their planning and monitoring role.
54. Implementation of civil works by the MITD with delegation of contract manager role to AGER. The DGR under the MITD is mandated as the prime authority for all construction and maintenance work on the national road network. Specifically, the design and execution of rural roads is the responsibility of the Directorate of Roads and Rural Roads (Direction des Routes et des Pistes Rurales, DRPR). But given the volume of work devolving to the DRPR, in the perspective of the SAN—whose implementation is now beginning—and the possibility that the present project could strain ministry capacity, the MITD proposed to delegate the role of project manager for works, maintenance, and labor-intensive public works to AGER, which is an independent government agency which reports to the Minister of Infrastructure, Transport, and Connectivity but is outside the structure of the MITD. AGER benefits from a higher threshold (CFAF 30 million versus CFAF 10 million) for central review and approval of contracts under the national procurement code (Code des marchés publiques) as well as a less onerous level of approval (by the Minister of Finance rather than the President of Chad) for contracts above the threshold. It is therefore more flexible under national legislation than the MITD in its ability to procure works, goods, and services
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for road rehabilitation and maintenance, but it is still subject to World Bank procurement policies. Such arrangements are commonplace in other national road construction and maintenance projects in Chad and benefit from lessons learned through similar arrangements in other countries of the subregion.
55. Under this arrangement, the MITD through its PMCU retains responsibility for the financial management (FM) of the entire project, and both the MITD and AGER will be subject to World Bank procurement policies. A subsidiary agreement will be signed between AGER and the MITD specifying all terms of the delegated arrangement including remuneration of AGER. Because of the importance of such a flexible arrangement to the achievement of the project objectives, said subsidiary agreement will be incorporated as a condition of effectiveness in the Financing Agreement. Figure 3 depicts the relationship hierarchy.
B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements
56. The Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME) within the MITD will be responsible for project monitoring and evaluation based on the results indicators established in section VI: Results Framework and Monitoring. The DPME will launch a study to collect data and indicators for the baseline situation that will help assess the socioeconomic impact of the project. The responsibility of data collection will be entrusted to the National Institute of Statistics (Institut National de la Statistique, des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques- INSEED) to ensure appropriate methodology is applied.
C. Sustainability
57. Participatory approach for communities. Sustainability of road investments is threatened by a lack of maintenance, causing a need for rehabilitation every 4–5 years. Financial allocations to road maintenance is inadequate, and capacity to execute maintenance is lacking. Maintaining an earth or gravel road is relatively costly. For example, a typical basic access road may cost on average US$300 per year per km to maintain over its assumed 20-year life. There are important trade-offs between routine, periodic maintenance, and further investments. The participation of local communities in the routine maintenance will ensure sustainability of the investment and reduce the need for major periodic maintenance and further new investments. Furthermore, decisions of which roads should be invested in and which small works along those roads should receive funding will be completely led by the communities, according to their own organization structures.
58. Building local human capital in transport. Human capacity remains a major constraint to sustainability of investments in the country. In this regard, the project will offer opportunities for the development of local capacity by ensuring knowledge transfer and competence from internationally recruited consultants to local labor force. The identification of local competencies to be developed will be done in a consultative and transparent manner in collaboration with key stakeholders including local universities. Within the framework of the project, the ToR for the international consultants will include clear mandates to train and develop local capacity.
59. Climate-resilient design. In addition to performing the climate change screening required for all World Bank projects, this project employed an engineering-based analysis tool called Infrastructure Planning Support System (IPSS) to model the additional cost of maintenance and damage climate change creates based on accepted Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models. The tool predicts
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that for the 75 km segment from Bedaya to Moissala the additional cost incurred by climate change for maintenance over the life of the road is 43 percent (see annex 3). This result points to the need for community-based maintenance to offset the expected impact of flooding and precipitation on the rural roads targeted by the project, to meet not only the historic cost of maintenance per kilometer but also the predicted incremental cost imposed by climate change. The IPSS modeling results will be used as an input to the study of maintenance financing to seek sustainable ways of meeting this higher maintenance threshold.
60. The bidding documents for the technical designs of the roads will require the design firm to propose physical improvements to improve the resilience of the road works to precipitation events up to a specified proportion of the cost of works. The community-based maintenance subcomponent of the project is itself a powerful investment in the climate resilience of the infrastructure. The project will also finance a study on the use of stabilizing additives for dirt road surfaces that may help contribute to climate resilience of financed roads and future roads improved in Chad. It will draw on experience gained in Cameroon and parallels similar investigations to be conducted in Guinea.
IV. PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY
A. Technical, Economic and Financial Analysis
Economic Analysis
61. A first phase consisting of a 75 km rural road located between the villages of Bedaya and Moissala in the Mandoul province will serve as a pilot for the planned project scale-up to 400 km. The selection of this first road is consistent with the intervention areas identified in the SNTR because of its proximity to a market at each end (Bedaya in the north and Moissala in the south), its high agricultural production potential, and the degraded state of its existing road. The remaining roads (about 325 km) will be assessed through a technical and economic study and chosen through a participatory approach involving local governments and communities in the two provinces. This participatory approach in rural roads investment planning is one of the outcomes of the SNTR and involves consultation and discussion at the level of the existing multi-stakeholder committees established for regional planning and coordination: the CRAs, CDAs, and CLAs. To the extent possible, the choice of project roads will be coordinated with the local development plans being prepared as part of the PROPAD World Bank-financed agriculture project in the same area to maximize mutual reinforcement between the two investments.
62. An economic analysis was performed on the first phase of road in the project, the 75 km section between the villages of Bedaya and Moissala in the Mandoul province.
63. The Road Economic Decision model developed by the World Bank for unpaved roads with low motorized traffic was used to perform the economic analysis. This model is based on the consumer surplus approach providing an estimation of the project benefits in terms of road user costs (vehicle operating costs and time savings). The economic analysis was done for a 10-year evaluation period, using a discount rate of 12 percent. A 3.5 percent annual traffic growth was assumed over the evaluation period for all types of vehicles. This rate corresponds to the forecast population growth rate. The initial road conditions
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correspond to an average vehicle speed of 25 km per hour while the final conditions after improvement correspond to 40 km per hour.
64. The net present value for the 75 km of improved road is US$0.5 million at 12 percent discount rate and the overall economic internal rate of return (EIRR) is 11 percent. A sensitivity analysis was done by increasing investment costs by 20 percent or by reducing the annual traffic growth rate to 1.5 percent and a combination of both. In all the cases, the EIRR remains between 8 percent and 12 percent, which confirms the robust economic justification for the first phase of the project.
65. For the remaining 325 km, a firm will be hired to conduct the detailed technical studies of the roads to rehabilitate, and an economic assessment such as that presented above will be conducted at that stage. Preliminary observations show that average traffic in the project area is low (less than 50 vehicles per day) and is mostly composed of IMT (pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, and animal carts) rather than of larger motorized vehicles such as cars, buses, and trucks. Similar rural mobility projects in Sub-Saharan Africa tend to generate internal rates of return (socioeconomic) between 10 percent and 15 percent.
66. The project will generate benefits on the livelihood of rural population, including farming communities and women:
• Agricultural productivity. The project will decrease the transport costs of agricultural outputs from production zones to markets and thus support the agriculture value chain. By improving selected roads and wharves and facilitating the equipment in IMT, it is expected that the proposed project will reduce transport time and costs for farmers.
• Job creation. During the construction/rehabilitation phase, the works will have a positive impact by creating and consolidating jobs in the communities, through High Intensity Work (Haute Intensité de Main d’Oeuvre - HIMO), which will result in a strong use of local labor and some specialized workers (masons, scrap metal workers, and so on). This will allow the attachment of young people to their regions. Increasing income from job creation will contribute to the fight against poverty.
• Commercial and income-generating activities. The works will have a positive impact in terms of increasing people’s income through the sourcing of local materials (stone, sand, gravel, and laterite) or the purchase of construction materials on the local market (cement, steel, and so on). The work will create retail trade opportunities around construction sites. To a lesser extent, the construction phase will encourage the development of women’s small businesses (food sales for example) around the building sites. This impact, although limited, directly benefits women.
• Women’s employability. This project will contribute to strengthening gender mainstreaming to ensure more effective and efficient participation of women in activities and monitoring. The project will support rural women’s associations to improve their living conditions and employability.
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Technical
67. The technical specifications of the road works will focus on all-season accessibility. Depending on the results of the current ongoing technical and environmental studies, the civil works will be executed through a combination of mechanized work and THIMO to help regenerate resources to the local population. Rehabilitation will favor the treatment of critical points only as required to reestablish basic connectivity rather than full-scale rehabilitation.
68. The above cited approach, known as ‘spot improvement’, substantially reduces the cost of road works per km and therefore allows more beneficiaries per dollar spent. It is an approach that has been successfully tested and implemented by the World Bank in neighboring countries and elsewhere in Sub- Saharan Africa. This approach is appropriate for rural roads in Chad as most traffic on these roads is composed of IMT (animal carts, bicycles, motorcycles, and motorized three-wheelers) rather than of more sophisticated motor vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks). The average unit cost is estimated to be US$27,500 per km inclusive of all taxes.
69. Maintenance with performance-based contracts. The scope of work of routine maintenance include clearing bridges, culverts, small repair of drainage elements, minor earthworks to treat ruts and rills. Community organizations will be engaged in performance contracts that are not based on amount of inputs and works executed but on the achievement of performance indicators. The average unit cost is estimated to be about US$2,500 per km of road rehabilitated per year. The decentralized branches of the MITD will conduct inspections to assess the achievement of the performance indicators.
B. Fiduciary
(i) Financial Management
70. The proposed project will be implemented by the PMCU of the MITD. The PMCU is currently implementing the IDA-funded CEMAC Transport-Transit Facilitation Project (P079736). The fiduciary compliance of that project is deemed Moderately Satisfactory largely because of the project’s low disbursement rate during the last fiscal year, resulting from delays in the budget reallocation process. The project’s compliance was, however, deemed satisfactory for the other financial requirements such as timely reporting, adequate staffing, proper bookkeeping, appropriate banking arrangement, and sound internal control procedures.
71. The current financial and accounting team consists of a finance and administrative specialist, a senior accountant, an assistant accountant, and an internal auditor. No additional staff will be hired. However, further capacity building of the PMCU will be necessary under the proposed project.
72. The PMCU is currently using TOMPRO Accounting Software for the Transport-Transit Facilitation Project. This accounting software can support only one project. For this reason, the PMCU will acquire and install a multi-project accounting software that will support multiple projects. With the new accounting software, the project will be able to record transactions and report project operations on time, including preparation of withdrawal applications and periodic financial reports (interim financial reports
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[IFRs] and annual financial statements). The process of acquiring the updated software is ongoing and will be financed from the project preparation advance (PPA)6.
73. The FM assessment has concluded that the PMCU FM system is adequate and complies with the World Bank’s minimum requirements under the Bank Policy/Directive for Investment Project Financing (IPF). Overall, the current system can, with reasonable assurance, provide accurate and timely information on the status of the project, as required by the World Bank. However, the residual FM risk is substantial, and specific actions are required to enable the PMCU to adequately manage the implementation of the proposed project. These actions are related to internal controls, information system, internal audit, external audit, and the supervision plan. A set of FM conditions and covenants is also foreseen (annex 1).
(ii) Procurement
74. Applicable procurement rules and procedures. Procurement of goods, works, and non-consulting and consulting services for the project will be carried out in accordance with the procedures specified in the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers (Procurement Regulations), dated July 1, 2016 and revised on November 1, 2017, and August 1, 2018; and the World Bank’s Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants (Anti- Corruption Guidelines), dated October 15, 2006 and revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016; and the provisions stipulated in the Financing Agreement.
75. AGER. Procurement of all goods, works, non-consulting and consulting services required for the implementation of Subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2 of the project will be procured in accordance with the World Bank Procurement Regulations and the provisions stipulated in the Financing Agreement.
76. Procurement assessment. A summary procurement risk assessment of the PMCU was carried out by the World Bank’s procurement specialist in March 2018. The overall procurement risk is rated ‘High’ before mitigation. The risks are associated with the current country situation, delays experienced in various World Bank-financed projects with approval of bid evaluation reports, possible long delays in the approval of contracts, and the experience of overall poor management of contracts, even though arrangements were in place at the level of the MITD and the performance of the PMCU has been satisfactory when it comes to these issues. To ensure that the procurement activities are implemented on time and that procured services are of high quality, it is recommended that (a) the PMCU will be responsible for all fiduciary activities comprising, notably, the management of all project procurement process, including the signing and approval of contracts during implementation, except where AGER will sign contracts for works and maintenance delegated to it, and (b) the implementation of all procurement activities included in the approved PPSD and the Procurement Plan. With the implementation of the proposed measures and the support of the World Bank team, the overall residual procurement risk after mitigation is rated ‘Substantial’.
77. A summary procurement risk assessment of AGER was conducted by the World Bank’s procurement specialist in October 2018. For AGER, the overall procurement risk is rated ‘High’. The main
6 A Project Preparation Advance (PPA) in the amount of US$1,556,000 was approved on April 13, 2018 for the preparation of the project.
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weakness identified during the assessment are (a) the limited experience of the AGER procurement staff in the World Bank Procurement Regulations and (b) the procurement section of the AGER’s procedures manual not complying with the World Bank Procurement Regulations. To address these risks, the following mitigation measures will be taken: (a) update the procurement section of AGER’s procedures manual in form and substance acceptable to the World Bank and (b) provide training to the procurement staff to strengthen their knowledge on the World Bank Procurement Regulations. With the implementation of the proposed measures and with the expected support of the World Bank team, the residual procurement risk is rated ‘Substantial’.
78. PPSD. The Government of Chad has prepared and submitted to the World Bank for review a Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD). The approved PPSD ensures that procurement activities are packaged and prepared to minimize the risk. Overall, the PPSD finds that the capacities of the national and international markets are sufficient to meet the project's needs. The suppliers, companies and consultants identified have assets in terms of experience and capacity to execute the planned contracts. These potential bidders will, of course, be put out to competition as much as possible when the procurement process is launched, unless there is a clearly established reason to use direct selection. For individual consultants, a notice of expression of interest will also be published with wide publicity at national and international level or, where appropriate, at the invitation of the most qualified known consultants.
79. Procurement Plan. The Procurement Plan covering the first 18 months of project implementation has been prepared and reviewed by the World Bank.
C. Environment (including safeguards)
(i) Environment
80. The proposed project has been classified as Environmental Assessment Category B (Partial Assessment) because the road works activities (under Component 1) are expected to generate moderate social and environmental risks and negative impacts. The negative impacts are expected to be moderate and mostly site specific. In addition to the Involuntary Resettlement policy (OP/BP 4.12), described in the social safeguard section, the following safeguard policies are triggered:
81. Environmental Assessment - OP/BP 4.01. This policy is triggered as the project Component 1 is expected to generate potential social and environmental risks and negative impacts. Only 75 km of roads that will be rehabilitated by the project are known; the remaining roads to be supported by the project will be identified during the project implementation. Accordingly, the Borrower has prepared, reviewed, and disclosed in-country on October 26, 2018 and on the Association’s website (Infoshop) on October 24, 2018 (a) an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the whole project and (b) a specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the known 75 km of roads. For the unknown roads, the screening form to be embedded in the ESMF will be used to screen new roads identified during implementation to determine additional safeguards studies that might be needed, and ESIAs for these will be prepared, reviewed, and published in due course before the start of any works on the roads in question.
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82. Natural Habitats - OP/BP 4.04. The exact location of all the roads that will be rehabilitated by the project remains unknown. Nevertheless, it is not anticipated that the project will finance works on road sections that could threaten natural habitats. The ESIA for the first 75 km road section does not require triggering of OP 4.04.
83. Forests - OP/BP 4.36. The exact location of all the roads that will be rehabilitated by the project remains unknown. Nevertheless, it is not anticipated that the project will impact the quality of existing forest. The ESIA for the first 75 km road section does not require triggering of OP 4.36.
84. Physical Cultural Resources - OP/BP 4.11. The road rehabilitation works will involve excavation and movement of earth. During the development of the ESMF, physical cultural resources will be taken into consideration. The ESMF will include clear procedures that will be required for identification, protection of cultural property from theft, and treatment of discovered artifacts and will be included in standard bidding documents. The ESMF will also provide procedures for handling ‘chance finds’ during implementation of project activities. The ESMF has been reviewed by the World Bank and published before appraisal. The ESMF and the ESIA for the first 75 km road section do invoke the triggering of OP 4.11 and prescribe mitigating measures.
85. Guidance for traffic and road safety. Under the road safety activities incorporated into the project (Subcomponent 2.3) and in accordance with international standards, the Borrower will identify, evaluate, and monitor the potential traffic and road safety risks to workers, affected communities, and road users throughout the project life cycle and, where appropriate, will develop measures and plans to address them. The project will include the training of first responders through NGOs, gendarmes, and police officers in road safety data collection.
86. Through the PMCU, the CEHS will be responsible for safeguard implementation and monitoring, in cooperation with the Ministry in charge of Environment through the Department of Environmental Assessment, Pollution and Nuisance Control (Direction de l’Evaluation Environnementale et de la Lutte Contre les Pollutions et les Nuisances, DEELCPN), and will ensure screening and mitigation requirements for each subproject.
87. Monitoring reports on the implementation of environmental and social safeguards provisions will be provided to the World Bank for approval every six months throughout project implementation. These reports will be verified during project supervision missions, which will include environmental and social safeguard experts.
(ii) Social
88. Involuntary Resettlement - OP/BP 4.12. Involuntary resettlement might involve people and community properties and/or assets located alongside the roads segments to be rehabilitated and maintained throughout the project life cycle. The policy is triggered because of the foreseen rehabilitation activities prescribed under Component 1, most precisely, in case it is necessary to make slight modifications to the road or the demolition of buildings and/or property structures (that is, fences, trimming/cut of trees) located alongside the existing right-of-way for the execution of works and/or restoration of the right-of-way. Because, aside from the known 75 km, most of the targeted road sections for rehabilitation remained unknown by project appraisal, the Borrower has prepared both (a) an RAP for
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the accurately known 75 km and (b) a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for the entire project (400 km) to serve as a guiding tool and principle for the project during implementation, once the physical footprints of project areas are known. Both the RPF and the RAP have been prepared through a participatory and inclusive process and in a gender-sensitive manner and disclosed in-country on October 26, 2018 and in the World Bank’s website (Infoshop) on October 24, 2018. All identified road sections during project implementation will undergo a thorough social screening process to help determine if the envisaged activities will require land acquisition that could lead to resettlement, whether or not the PAPs have to move. Whenever deemed necessary, the Borrower will build on the RPF to prepare site-specific RAPs. As prescribed in the policy (OP/BP 4.12), no civil works should start before the development of a resettlement plan acceptable to the World Bank and the compensation of PAPs. The goal of the resettlement plans is to reduce social risks and impacts on PAPs, with a particular attention on disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, and also on project host communities, wherever found necessary. The implementation of well-documented inclusive consultation and participation mechanisms will be necessary to determine the conditions for eligibility for compensation. Clear specific legal remedies have been defined in the RAP/RPF to help settle disputes in the absence of PAPs during compensation payment stage and who could later reclaim their dues. To ensure proper compliance on safeguards, the PMCU will include both a social safeguards specialist with specific qualifications in GBV and an environmental safeguards specialist who will work closely with the World Bank social and environmental safeguards specialists to manage risks and impacts throughout the project life cycle.
89. Although land acquisition is limited in the context of the project, such acquisition will be complicated by several issues, namely the lack of reliable land registry systems and the inability of the people losing land to prove their ownership through documents or be physically present for their claim. The resettlement plans will have to provide procedures to determine the eligibility of people affected by the project, to calculate and pay compensation, and mechanisms of redress for land disputes. The World Bank will finance the resettlement costs under Sub-Component 3.2.
90. Indigenous Peoples - OP/BP 4.10. Proposed construction activities, although expected to be minimal and mostly site specific and easily manageable, will occur within the already set right-of-way boundaries within which there are no indigenous peoples living or expected to be living, as indigenous peoples most often live in remote areas of the forest, and thus away from the main road boundaries. Considering the above and project description, the policy will not be triggered. However, provision will be made in the ESIA/ESMP and the RAP to provide some accompanying/ancillary social measures if during project implementation such communities are found scattered along the main road as a result of the conflict (safety and security).
91. Identification of the key stakeholders and description of the mechanisms for consultation and disclosure on safeguard policies, with an emphasis on potentially affected people. The key stakeholders of the project are the people living in the production basins and the local, regional, and national authorities. The ESMF included a comprehensive social assessment section to better identify the needs of the populations in the targeted provinces, and the ESIA has amplified this in specific detail for the known 75 km road section. As part of the preparation of the safeguard documents, transparent and engaging stakeholder consultations were organized throughout the project intervention areas and subsequently captured in the ESMF, RPF, ESIA, and RAP. Furthermore, as prescribed earlier, during project implementation and the preparation of site-specific safeguards instruments, potentially affected people and vulnerable groups will be systematically consulted and will remain fully engaged throughout the
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implementation, supervision, and evaluation stages. All site-specific safeguard documents required during implementation will be prepared and publicly disclosed before the commencement of civil works on the road in question. All publication will occur both in-country (preferably in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the consulted and affected groups) and at the World Bank external website.
(iii) Gender
92. Disparities between women and men remain high in terms of access to education, employment, and decision-making bodies.7 According to the 2018 Human Development Report, Chad is ranked in the bottom five countries (186/189) of the Gender Inequality Index and ranks last in Africa in the Global Gender Gap Index.8 Chad is one of the countries where gender disparities remain high in terms of access to education, employment, and also economic opportunities. First, more women (76 percent) than men (70 percent) live in rural areas which are the poorest areas in the country. Second, according to the 2017 Global Gender Gap report, estimated earned income (purchasing power parity)9 for women in Chad is , US$1,514 versus US$2,468 for men while the literacy rate which influences access to economic opportunities stands at 14.0 percent for women versus 31.3 percent for men. Although the law provides for equal inheritance rights and the right to own land for women, women still have limited access to land, financial resources, and credit. Chadian women also continue to be significantly underrepresented in all spheres of political and public life, particularly in decision-making bodies, even at the community level. Limited access to education and disparities between girls and boys in this area is one of the most important primary sources of inequality in women’s access to decision-making positions. Due to the traditional roles prescribed for men and women in the region, girls and women lack equal access to education. Girls may be less likely to go to school than boys and married young due to household obligations, such as fetching firewood and water or agriculture activities or grazing livestock.
93. The lack of alternative sources of water and energy prevents women from being productive in other income-generating activities. The majority of women are also affected by other structural factors such as poverty, heavier workload, and limited access to basic services such as production (see inputs, credits, and extension services). Rural women also have limited access to markets. This is partly explained by the lack of appropriate post-harvest handling facilities such as storage, treatment units, lack of cooling parts, packaging of products, and transport facilities. Rural women’s organizations in the agriculture sector suffer from a lack of leadership and organizational capacity for their management and effectiveness.
94. The project will contribute to closing existing gender gaps with the following activities:
(a) Under Subcomponent 1.2, promote the capacity building of women and their employment in THIMO. The project will promote women’s participation in the proposed road
7 Demographic and health survey (DHS 2014–2015), sponsored by the Government and multiple donors. 8 Global Gender Gap Report 2017. 9 Measures the amount of income that women and men in a country receive in the aggregate. Estimated using the proportion of working women and men, their relative wages, and overall GDP of the country in question. World Economic Forum calculation based on the methodology of the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2007–2008.
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maintenance activities through the use of a predefined quota (of at least 20 percent of employees who will be female).
(b) Under Subcomponent 2.3, raise women’s livelihoods through improved access to essential resources such as water and sanitation by means of investments in physical infrastructure such as wells or latrines in well-lit areas, the latter with doors lockable from the inside. It will also offer women access to more economic opportunities through support activities for women’s associations involved in agricultural production and manufacturing of shea butter and peanut oil.
95. The project will put in place and operate a GRM to collect all complaints related to the project activities including environmental, social, health, and safety (ESHS)- and GBV-related complaints. It will be managed by a GRM operator and will allow complaints to be made through different channels as detailed in the ESMP (in person, through telephone, online, or e-mail). For GBV, several entry points of communications have been identified through which complaints can be registered in a safe and confidential manner. Monitoring complaints will also be recorded in the project’s GRM but no identifiable information on the survivors will be stored in the GRM. In addition, for GBV allegations, an accountability and response mechanism for resolving GBV cases will identify who specifically will be responsible for handling complaints to seeking resolution and appropriate sanctions.
(iv) Citizen Engagement
96. From its conception to its implementation and completion, the project will adopt an inclusive, participatory approach by involving various stakeholders and tailoring its activities to benefit its end users. Gender and vulnerability issues are factored in and the project is designed to increase opportunities for women, youth, and elderly people. In a nutshell, the project will foster greater ownership, social accountability by engaging more citizens in the sustainable planning and implementation of project activities.
(v) World Bank Grievance Redress Mechanism
97. Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank (WB) supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level GRM or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org.
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V. KEY RISKS
98. Overall project risk: High. The overall project is rated High because of the economic, security, environmental, and social crisis faced by the country. Chad is a fragility, conflict, and violence-affected country, which means additional attention will be paid to the objectives and the mitigation of risks including GBV.
99. Political and governance: High. Chad has strong leadership at the national level but weak institutions and high turnover in the appointment of high-level officials poses significant costs for the continuity of public action. The 4th Constitution was adopted by the Parliament in April 2018. This is mitigated by housing the project with the PMCU which has managed internationally financed projects in the road sector since 1989 and has insulated them from any ill effects due to changes of senior officials, in no small part due to the low turnover of PMCU staff.
100. Macroeconomic: High. Risks related to the oil sector continue to pose the most immediate and severe macroeconomic threat. A decline in oil prices or production shortfalls would put additional pressure on fiscal accounts, further compromising the Government’s ability to finance vital expenditures. While the World Bank is supporting structural economic reforms under the budget support series, the project will strengthen the economy by supporting better outcomes in food security and rural livelihoods. The greatest macroeconomic risk to the project is that counterpart funding would not be available to meet project costs (resettlement costs, for example). This risk has been mitigated by approving the use of grant funds to cover resettlement costs.
101. Sector Strategies and Policies: High. The PDO is aligned with the country’s primary development strategy currently in effect, the PND 2016–2020, but strategies and policies for developing the rural transport sector remain very challenging. In particular, the SNTR was developed with EU assistance in 2015 but remains untested in real-world applications. To mitigate this risk, the project has integrated a technical assistance subcomponent specifically to support the MITD as well as both the central and regional offices of the relevant authorities in putting this new strategy into practice.
102. Institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability: Substantial. The main risk in this category flows from the difficulty of procuring works, goods, and consulting services under Chad’s national procurement system. The delays this can introduce may pose a risk to timely execution of project activities. There is also substantial risk that the Government may not be able to sustain the project gains after closing without ongoing support, particularly as the existing rural road maintenance system is inadequate to maintaining the network. The former risk is mitigated through the delegation of project management for works and maintenance to AGER, whose greater procurement flexibility under national law will help reduce delays in procurement. The latter will be addressed by studying the problem of sustainable maintenance funding to find an appropriate solution and then piloting that solution to pay for community-based maintenance which places capacity and execution as close to the level of users as possible.
103. Fiduciary: Substantial. The country’s overall FM and procurement environment suffer from significant weaknesses that threaten effective project implementation. The PMCU has adequate fiduciary capacity and long experience in implementing World Bank projects and its FM performance on the existing CEMAC Transport-Trade Facilitation Project (P079736) is generally satisfactory. These risks are mitigated
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by close supervision and regular capacity strengthening of the PMCU and associated services, in accordance with the detailed actions for procurement and FM.26 Residual FM risk is substantial. The PMCU has also shown broadly satisfactory performance on procurement. Residual procurement risk is substantial.
104. Environmental and social: High. The environmental risk associated with the project is moderate, as it involves only rehabilitation of existing unpaved roads and small crossing or drainage works and can be adequately mitigated by the measures prescribed in the ESMF and associated ESMPs. Social risk due to resettlement consists mainly of economic displacement and can be adequately addressed through the measures prescribed in the RPF and associated RAPs. Social risk due to GBV, however, is high as GBV is widespread in Chad, including in the refugee camps, although it is underreported.10 Women are also at a heightened risk of GBV as a result of their displacement. Additionally, widespread poverty in the region creates additional pressures on communities and households that lead to conditions that induce GBV. It is reported that 29 percent of women have experienced physical violence in their lifetime, 11.6 percent reported experiencing sexual violence in their lifetime, and 43.5 percent of women experiencing violence never told anyone and never sought help after experiencing violence. The prevalence of GBV in Chad is 57 percent;11 however, the Chadian Government has taken positive steps in the fight against GBV and to strengthen women rights by ratifying several international texts and launching national programs. Furthermore, the country benefits from the presence of both international and national organizations that are informed and actively working to prevent and respond to GBV. There are several projects which aim at reinforcing local capacities to fight GBV throughout the country and work to provide GBV information systems. The risks associated with GBV are mitigated according to the detailed measures described in annex 5.
105. Other risks: Substantial. Unstable neighboring countries pose a threat to the stability of Chad. The security environment around Mandoul and Moyen-Chari in southern Chad is affected by the prevailing instability in the neighboring Central African Republic. Crime and social disturbances localized along the border are the main threats. The most tangible by-product of this volatility and sporadic violence has continued to be mass migration toward southern Chad, where civilians suffer from violence and criminal acts. In addition, there is a concern that some among the displaced people, especially the youth, may also engage in criminal activity inside Chadian territory. As of June 2018, more than 20,000 recently arrived refugees were recorded in southern Chad, with at least 600 in Belom Refugee Camp in Maro, Moyen-Chari. There is a refugee camp at Silombi on the 75 km section of road, about 15 km north of Moissala, which is home to about 700 people fleeing conflict in the Central African Republic and was established in early May 2018. Its presence is noted, and conflicts have already been recorded between refugees and local population for land and water use. The project will avoid exacerbating those conflicts by sensitizing people through traditional leaders and local authorities to clear land and remove barriers, negotiating with village chiefs to acquire plots of land for refugees, and increasing the number of water points in the refugee camps. .
10 According to the UNHCR SGBV Strategy for Chad 2012-2016. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/56b1fd9f9/chad- sgbv-strategy.html 11 Percentage of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner at some time in their lives. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database 2015 (GID-DB) (accessed September 2017).
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VI. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING
Results Framework COUNTRY: Chad Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project
Project Development Objectives(s) The Project Development Objective is to improve and sustain access by rural populations to markets and basic social services in the Project Area.
Project Development Objective Indicators
RESULT_FRAME_T BL_PDO Indicator Name DLI Baseline End Target
Improve access by rural populations to markets and basic social services in the project area
People provided with an all season road (Rural Accessibility 5.00 30.00 Index) (Percentage)
Decrease in travel time along the improved roads (Percentage) 0.00 30.00
Number of schools and health centers reached by an improved 0.00 115.00 road (Number)
Sustain access by rural populations to markets and basic social services in the project area
Proportion of improved roads under routine maintenance 0.00 100.00 (Percentage)
PDO Table SPACE
Intermediate Results Indicators by Components
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RESULT_FRAME_T BL_IO Indicator Name DLI Baseline End Target
Component 1 - Rural Roads Rehabilitation Works and Maintenance Roads rehablitated (CRI, Kilometers) 0.00 400.00 Roads rehabilitated - rural (CRI, Kilometers) 0.00 400.00 Roads rehabilitated - non-rural (CRI, Kilometers) 0.00 0.00 Percentage of construction costs allocated to climate change 0.00 5.00 adaptation measures (Percentage) Percentage of women employed in routine road maintenance 0.00 30.00 (Percentage) Number of Intermediate Means of Transport Provided (Number) 0.00 200.00 Percentage of beneficiaries satisfied with road improvement and transport services (disaggregated by gender and age) 0.00 75.00 (Percentage) Percentage of grievances addressed through the grievance redress mechanisms within two (2) months of their registration 0.00 100.00 (Percentage) Percentage of workers that have signed a code of conduct (Percentage) 0.00 100.00 Component 2 - Institutional Capacity Building Percentage of roads inventoried (Percentage) 10.00 100.00 Number of first responders trained in road safety (Number) 0.00 25.00 Proportion of villages that have implemented physical road 0.00 100.00 safety measures (Percentage) Small common facilities provided and built for women (Number) 0.00 100.00 Number of people reached by a GBV awareness campaign 0.00 5,000.00 (Number)
IO Table SPACE
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UL Table SPACE
Monitoring & Evaluation Plan: PDO Indicators Methodology for Data Responsibility for Data Indicator Name Definition/Description Frequency Datasource Collection Collection Population living within 2 km of a rehabilitated road will be estimated Percentage of the Rural from the population living within a population of buffer of 2 kilometers of a villages road improved by the located project. It is assumed that Spatial analysis based within 2 km. the road became passable on road network and PMCU/ Direction de la The People provided with an all season road year-round as a result of the Annual villages with Census Prospective et Suivi- population (Rural Accessibility Index) project, not only the civil data adjusted in 2018- Evaluation (DPSE) will be works but also routine 2024 calculated maintenance. from the Last RAI know for Chad is 5% data of for year 2011. Target is 30% Census 2009 Link with PDO : Rural adjusted with population accessibility a 3.5 percentage population growth per year
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For each project road, once before and after improvement , the DPSE will measure the travel times by pick up truck from one end of the road to the other Field missions to be Average relative variation of during the done before and after Decrease in travel time along the the travel time along the Annual DPSE raimy completion of civil improved roads project roads before and season, on a works after the project working day , in daytime. The DPSE will issue mission reports recording these travel times and will calculate the relative variation for each road
Number of schools and At the Number of schools and health centers Annual Supervision consultant health centers (community completion reached by an improved road under the control of health centers, dispensaries, of civil works,
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maternity hospitals) that the DPSE and PMCU have become accessible all supervision year round as a result of the consultant project. These facilities counts all existed before the project concerned and were located along the facilities project roads but were not along the accessible all year round improved due to the poor condition of road and roads, hence baseline's records the value of zero. total number in its completion report
Ratio between the km of roads improved by the project and receiving routine maintenance through the mechanism established by the project and the km of roads Maintenance Proportion of improved roads under improved by the project. Annual AGER/DGR inspection reports by AGER routine maintenance "Roads under routine AGER to DGR maintenance" are defined as those for which AGER in charge of inspecting routine maintenance has delivered a satisfactory inspection report.
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ME PDO Table SPACE
Monitoring & Evaluation Plan: Intermediate Results Indicators Methodology for Data Responsibility for Data Indicator Name Definition/Description Frequency Datasource Collection Collection The data source is the acceptance reports of Civil works civil works - ''Procès Annual acceptance verbal de reception des AGER Roads rehablitated by AGER travaux'' which will be complied by AGER every year
Roads rehabilitated - rural
Roads rehabilitated - non-rural The integration of the costs of pro-actively adapting to the impacts of climate change are incorporated in the design of the roads. The Once off, Implementing agency will at the end allocate 5 percent of the Budget for Budget from Percentage of construction costs allocated of works PMCU civil works budget in works implementing agency to climate change adaptation measures budget designing and implementing allocation materials and techniques
that will strengthen roads and improve their sustainability
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This indicator is related to the sustainability of civil works Ratio between the number of women employed and the total number of workers Annual employed in the routine Annual reports of reports on Percentage of women employed in maintenance of the roads by Annual maintenance inspection AGER maintenance routine road maintenance communities. This indicator by AGER crews relies on the assumption
that women will be available and want to participate in maintenance activities. The financing scheme established by the project will support farmers to purchase or Number of Intermediate rent IMT for production Means of Transport ( animal At the end and / or transport of carts, trucks) financed and Number of Intermediate Means of of the their agricultural PMCU purchased by farmers in the Transport Provided project products to markets. project area with the The number of IMT will financing scheme be collected through established by the project. the mechanism operators ( bank, cooperatives etc.)
Surveys to be Percentage of beneficiaries satisfied with This indicator measures the Surveys of conducted after Annual PMCU, via INSEED road improvement and transport services final beneficiaries beneficiaries completion of civil
(disaggregated by gender and age) satisfaction with the project works
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Reports from GRM Share of all grievances committees Percentage of grievances addressed received by the Grievance set up at 3 Continuous and timely through the grievance redress Redress Mechanism (GRM) Continuous levels : PMCU GRM updates. mechanisms within two (2) months of that have been addressed village, their registration within the stipulated district (cant timeframe of two months ons) and regional .
The bidding documents for civil works will require the Contractor not to undertake Transmission any works, including Once, of mobilization, until all before the compliance Percentage of workers that have signed a measures are in place for execution Supervision consultant PMCU memo by code of conduct addressing environmental of civil Contractor and social health risks works firm including the signature of a
code of conduct by all the workforce before the commencement of works. As part of the National Strategy on Rural Transport must be established the Inventory study of the inventory of rural roads ( national rural road PMCU in liaison with MIT about 15,000 km) by local Annual Study Percentage of roads inventoried network by MIT with regional delegations communities with the the local governments technical assistance of the
MIT. This indicator measures the progress toward the inventory and
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prioritization of the rural road network This indicator is linked with the Road Safety Plan which MITD/Gener includes training sessions of al Number of certificate Number of first responders trained in first responders (gendarmes Annual Directorate of course completion PMCU through MITD road safety and police officers, medical for Transport given staff, community leaders) in Safety (DGTS) active road safety data collection Cumulative number of villages that have benefited from physical speed calming measures financed by the Proportion of villages that have Reports of reception of project, divided by the Annual AGER AGER implemented physical road safety civil works cumulative number of measures villages located along the project roads (to be determined after the APS studies). Every year, the PCMU will compile Cumulative number of small this number Procurement plan and Small common facilities provided and common facilities that have Annual from PMCU beneficiary survey built for women been completed under the procurement
project plan and supervision reports
Number of people reached by a GBV The project will assess the Annual NGO NGO Service Providers PMCU awareness campaign number of people in the information on GBV, AIDS/ HIV,
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communities that have registry campaign benefited awareness campaign on GBV. ME IO Table SPACE
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ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements and Support Plan
COUNTRY: Chad Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project
Financial Management
1. The proposed project will be implemented by the PMCU of the MITD. The PMCU is currently implementing the IDA-funded CEMAC Transport-Transit Facilitation Project (P079736, IDA-H3150: US$30 million). The fiduciary compliance of the Transport-Transit Facilitation Project is deemed Moderately Satisfactory largely because of the project’s low disbursement rate during the last fiscal year, resulting from delays in the budget reallocation process. The project’s compliance was, however, deemed satisfactory for the other financial requirements such as timely reporting, adequate staffing, proper bookkeeping, appropriate banking arrangement, and sound internal control procedures.
2. The current financial and accounting team consists of a finance and administrative specialist, a senior accountant, an assistant accountant, and an internal auditor. No additional staff will be hired. However, further capacity building of the PMCU will be necessary under the proposed project.
3. The FM assessment has concluded that the PMCU FM system is adequate and complies with the World Bank’s minimum requirements under the Bank Policy/Directive for IPF. Overall, the current system can, with reasonable assurance, provide accurate and timely information on the status of the project, as required by the World Bank. However, the residual FM risk is substantial, and the following actions are required to unable the PMCU to adequately manage the implementation of the proposed Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project.
• Internal control. The Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual currently being used under the World Bank-financed Transport-Transit Facilitation Project will be updated by an independent consultant to fit the new project needs. The manual will describe the roles and responsibilities of the implementing entity and the beneficiaries, the applicable fiduciary procedures, the reporting procedures, the funds flow arrangements, and budget management cycle and procedures, and so on.
• Information systems. The PCMU’s accounting software can support only one project. For this reason, the PMCU will acquire and install a multi-project accounting software that will support multiple projects. With the new accounting software, the project will be able to record transactions and report project operations on time, including preparation of withdrawal applications and periodic financial reports (interim financial reports [IFRs] and annual financial statements). The process of acquiring the updated software is ongoing and will be financed from the project preparation advance (PPA)
• Internal audit. The PMCU’s internal auditor has not yet received the appropriate training that would enable him/her to effectively perform his/her tasks. The appropriate training, to be agreed with the World Bank, must be completed no later than three months after project’s effectiveness. The internal auditor will develop an annual audit plan using a risk-
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based approach and will support the project implementation by closely monitoring the PMCU internal control system.
• External audit. The audit of the annual financial statements of the project will be carried out by a reputable auditing firm as per the ToRs to be agreed upon with the World Bank.
• Supervision plan. Considering the current overall residual FM risk level, the project will be supervised at least twice a year in addition to routine desk-based reviews to ensure that the project’s FM arrangements operate as intended and that funds are used efficiently for the intended purposes.
FM Conditions
Table 1.1. Action Plan No. Action Due Date Responsible 1 Update and adopt the Administrative, Financial, and Before effectiveness date MITD/PMCU Accounting Procedures Manual used under the World Bank financed Transport-Transit Facilitation Project currently being managed by the PMCU to fit the new project needs. 2 Elaborate and adopt a project implementation manual Before effectiveness date MITD/PMCU in form and content satisfactory to the Association. 3 Sign the subsidiary agreement between the MITD (DGR) Before effectiveness date MITD/DGR/AGER and AGER.
FM Covenants (non legally binding)
4 Provide the appropriate training to the internal auditor Not later than three MITD/PMCU that would enable him/her to effectively perform months after his/her tasks. effectiveness 5 Open a segregated Designated Account (DA) in a local Within one month after MITD/PMCU commercial bank on terms and conditions acceptable the effective date of the to the World Bank. Financing Agreement 6 Acquire and install during project preparation a multi- Not later than three MITD/PMCU project accounting software that will support multiple months after projects. effectiveness 7 Recruit a qualified and independent external auditor Not later than six months MITD/PMCU under ToRs satisfactory to the World Bank. after effectiveness
Detailed FM Arrangements
Budgeting Arrangements
4. All project transactions will be ring-fenced and will not go through the Chad Public Accounts. The budgeting process will be clearly defined in the updated Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual, and the budget will be reviewed and adopted by the project MITD before the
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beginning of the year, that is, no later than November 30 of each year. Annual budgets adopted by the MITD will be submitted to the World Bank’s non-objection before implementation.
5. Budgets should be regularly monitored at all levels by the PMCU. The approved annual budget of the project should be monitored against actual expenditures at least quarterly. The budget variances should be adequately explained and justified through the semiannual IFRs.
Accounting Arrangements
6. Accounting policies and procedures. The current accounting standards in use in West and Central African Francophone countries for ongoing World Bank-financed projects will be applicable. SYSCOHADA is the assigned accounting system in West and Central African Francophone countries. Project accounts will be maintained on an accrual basis, supported with appropriate records and procedures to track commitments and to safeguard assets. Annual financial statements will be prepared by the PMCU in accordance with the SYSCOHADA and World Bank requirements. Accounting and control procedures will be documented in the Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual.
7. FM manuals. The PMCU uses an Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual for the World Bank-financed Transport-Transit Facilitation Project. This manual is to be updated and adapted for the new project. The updated procedures manual should be adopted before the project effectiveness.
8. Accounting staff. The current financial and accounting team of the PMCU that consists of a finance and administrative specialist, a senior accountant, and an assistant accountant is considered adequate. These staff are deemed qualified to perform FM activities of the proposed project. No additional staff will be hired.
Internal Control and Internal Audit Arrangements
9. Internal control systems. Internal control comprises the whole system of control, financial or otherwise, established by management to (a) carry out the project activities in an orderly and efficient manner; (b) ensure adherence to policies and procedures; (c) ensure maintenance of complete and accurate accounting records; and (d) safeguard the assets of the project.
10. Under the World Bank-financed Transport-Transit Facilitation Project, the PMCU has developed an adequate internal control system which will be used for this proposed project. There is segregation of duties whereby authorization to execute transaction, recording of the transaction, and custody of assets involved in the transaction are performed by different people. Ordering, receiving, accounting for, and paying for goods and services are appropriately segregated. However, the existing Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual will be updated to fit the new project needs.
11. The updated Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual will document the FM and disbursement arrangements including internal controls, budget process, assets safeguards, and clarify roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders in relation to the new project.
12. Internal audit. The internal auditor will receive the appropriate training that would enable him/her to effectively perform his/her tasks. He/she will develop an annual audit plan using a risk-based
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
approach and will closely monitor the implementation of recommended actions to address weaknesses in internal controls revealed during his/her own internal audit missions, World Bank’s supervisions, and external audit missions.
Financial Reporting Arrangements
13. For this project, the PMCU will prepare semiannual unaudited IFRs. These will be submitted to the World Bank within 45 days of the end of the semester. The format and the content, consistent with the World Bank’s standards, have been agreed between the World Bank and the Borrower. At a minimum, the financial report will include (a) a statement of sources and uses of funds and opening and closing balances for the quarter and cumulative; (b) a statement of uses of fund that shows actual expenditures appropriately classified by main project activities (categories, subcomponents) including comparison with budget for the semester and cumulative; (c) a statement on movements (inflows and outflows) of the project DA including opening and closing balances; (d) a Statement of Expenditure (SOE) forecast for the next semester together with the cash requirement; (e) notes and explanations; and (f) other supporting schedules and documents.
14. The PMCU will also prepare the project’s annual accounts/financial statements within three months after the end of the accounting year in accordance with the accounting system implemented in the subregion (SYSCOHADA). The audited financial statements should be submitted to the World Bank within six months after the end of the accounting year.
Auditing Arrangements
15. The annual audited financial statements and audit reports (including Management Letter) will be submitted by the PMCU to the World Bank no later than six months from the end of the fiscal year. The annual financial statements will be prepared in accordance with the standards indicated in the audit ToRs which have been agreed between the World Bank and the Borrower. The audit will be carried out by an independent external auditor with qualification and experience satisfactory to IDA.
16. The audit will be carried out in accordance with the International Standards of Auditing issued by the International Federation of Accountants. The auditor will prepare a work plan to cover all the major risk areas. The following mechanisms are proposed to systematically monitor the timing of audit reports and the timely action on audit findings: (a) the PMCU has the responsibility to prepare a consolidated audit action plans within one month of the receipt of the annual audit report and (b) within two months of the receipt of the audit report, action must be taken on all audit findings and notified to IDA.
17. In accordance with World Bank Policy on Access to Information, the Borrower is required to make its audited financial statements publicly available in a manner acceptable to the World Bank; following the World Bank’s formal receipt of these statements from the Borrower, the World Bank also makes them available to the public.
18. The audit reports that will be required to be submitted by the PMCU with due dates for submission are listed in table 1.2.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Table 1.2. Audit Reports
Audit Report Due Date
Project-specific financial statements and Management Submitted within six months after the end of each Letter to be submitted by the PMCU. financial year.
Conclusions of the FM Assessment
19. The overall residual FM risk is considered Substantial. The proposed FM arrangements for this project are considered adequate, subject to the implementation of the mitigation measures and meet the minimum fiduciary requirements under World Bank Policy and Directive for Investment Project Financing.
20. The FM implementation support intensity and frequency will be in line with the risk-based approach and will involve a collaborative approach with the entire task team. The first implementation support mission will be performed three months after project effectiveness. Afterwards, the missions will be scheduled by using the risk-based approach model and will include the following diligences:
(a) Monitoring of the FM arrangements during the supervision process at intervals determined by the risk rating assigned to the overall FM assessment at entry and subsequently during implementation.
(b) Integrated fiduciary review on key contracts.
(c) Review of the IFRs.
(d) Review of the audit reports and Management Letters from the external auditors and follow up on material accountability issues by engaging with the task team leader, client, and/or auditors; the quality of the audit (internal and external) is to be monitored closely to ensure that it covers all relevant aspects and provides enough confidence on the appropriate use of funds by recipients.
(e) Other assistance to build or maintain appropriate FM capacity and efficient internal control system. The World Bank’s FM team will perform periodic field missions at the PMCU to review the FM performance and risk and provide adequate advice and recommendations.
Disbursements
21. Disbursements arrangements. The disbursement methods that will be used under this project will be based on the Disbursement Guidelines for Investment Project Financing, dated February 2017. Disbursement methods that are commonly used could be (a) an initial advance into the DA to finance eligible expenditures as they are incurred; (b) direct payments to a third party for works, goods, and services upon the Borrower’s request; (c) special commitments and letters of credit; and (d) reimbursements for expenditures incurred under the project. Further details about disbursements to the project are in the disbursement procedures described in the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter (DFIL) and the Administrative, Financial, and Accounting Procedures Manual. As the implementing agency of the project, the PMCU will maintain the project DA. Like the Transport-Transit Facilitation
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Project, a segregated account will be opened at the local United Bank of Africa Tchad on terms and conditions acceptable to IDA. If ineligible expenditures are found to have been made from the DA, the Borrower will be obligated to refund the same. If the DA remains inactive for more than six months, the Borrower may be requested to refund to IDA amounts advanced to the DA. IDA will have the right, as reflected in the Financing Agreement, to suspend disbursement of the funds if reporting requirements are not complied with.
22. Banking arrangements. The PMCU will open a segregated DA denominated in Central African CFA franc (CFAF) in a commercial bank on terms and conditions acceptable to the World Bank. The project’s DA will function under the co-signature of the project coordinator and the finance and administrative specialist of the project.
23. Flow of funds arrangements. Funds flow arrangements for the project (through the DA above) are as follows:
• IDA will make an initial advance disbursement into the DA for the project being implemented by the PMCU in Central African CFA franc (CFAF) upon receiving a withdrawal application from the Borrower.
• Replenishment of funds from IDA to the DA will be made upon evidence of satisfactory utilization of the advance, reflected in SOEs and/or on full documentation for payments above SOE thresholds. Replenishment applications would be required to be submitted monthly. Further details about disbursements to the project will be included in the disbursement procedures described in the DFIL.
24. Implementation of civil work by AGER. A subsidiary agreement will be signed between AGER and the DGR specifying all terms of the delegated arrangement including remuneration of the agency. Under this agreement, the MITD will delegate the role of contract manager for works, maintenance, and labor- intensive public works to AGER. However, the MITD will retain responsibility for the FM of the entire project through its PMCU. Arrangements for the flow and use of funds and reporting requirements will be detailed in the agreement signed by the two parties, with terms and conditions acceptable to IDA. Signing of the subsidiary agreement will be incorporated as a condition of effectiveness in the Financing Agreement.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Figure 1.1. Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project - Proposed Flow of Funds
IDA (Credit/Grant Account)
Direct Payment upon Borrower’s request DA (Commercial Bank) PMCU
AGER, SUPPLIERS, AND SERVICE PROVIDERS (Contractors and other third parties)
Flow of documents
Flow of funds
Disbursement Table
Category Amount of the Grant Percentage of Expenditures to be Allocated (expressed in Financed SDR) (inclusive Taxes) (1) Goods, works, non-consulting 19,500,000 100% services, consulting services, Training and Operating Costs for the Project (except Part 1.3(ii), 2.1 and 4) (2) Goods and/or Sub-grants under 580,000 100% Part 1.3(ii) of the Project (3) Goods, non-consulting services, 240,000 100% consulting services, Training and Operating Costs for Part 2.1 of the Project (4) Resettlement Costs under Part 3.2 350,000 100% of the Project (5) Emergency Expenditures under 0 Part 4 of the Project (6) Refund of Preparation Advance 1,130,000 Amount payable pursuant to Section 2.07(a) of the General Conditions
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
TOTAL AMOUNT 21,800,000
Procurement
25. Applicable procurement rules and procedures. Procurement of goods, works, and non-consulting and consulting services for the project will be carried out in accordance with the procedures specified in the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers (Procurement Regulations), dated July 1, 2016 and revised on November 1, 2017, and August 1, 2018; and the World Bank’s Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants (Anti- Corruption Guidelines), dated October 15, 2006 and revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016; and the provisions stipulated in the Financing Agreement.
26. All goods, works, and non-consulting services will be procured in accordance with the requirements set forth or referred to in Procurement Regulations Section VI, ‘Approved Selection Methods: Goods, Works and Non-Consulting Services’. Consulting services will be procured in accordance with the requirements set forth or referred to in Section VII, ‘Approved Selection Methods: Consulting Services’. Procurement will also be guided by the Government’s Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD) and simplified project Procurement Plan, approved by the World Bank.
27. National Procurement Arrangement. In accordance with paragraph 5.3 of the Procurement Regulations, when approaching the national market, as agreed in the Procurement Plan, the country’s own procurement procedures may be used. When the beneficiary uses its owns national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in the Public Procurement Code, such arrangements will be subject to paragraph 5.4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions: (a) the procurement is open to eligible firms from any country; (b) the request for bid/request for proposal documents will require that bidders/proposers submitting bids/proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding, to be incorporated in any resulting contracts, confirming application of, and compliance with, the World Bank’s Anti-Corruption Guidelines, including without limitation to the World Bank’s right to sanction and the World Bank’s inspection and audit rights; (c) publication of contract award information; and (d) maintenance of records of the procurement process. When national procurement arrangements other than open competitive procurement arrangement are applied by the beneficiary, such arrangements will be subject to paragraph 5.5 of the Procurement Regulations.
28. Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD). The Government of Chad has prepared and submitted for World Bank review a PPSD. The PPSD and Procurement Plan have provisions to determine whether or not (a) the national and international environment is favorable for the procurement of goods, works, and non-consulting and consulting services needed for project implementation; (b) the national market is able to supply the needed inputs for works, computer equipment, office equipment, furniture and office supplies, which will be purchased according to the relevant procedures; (c) the same applies to the market for consulting services; and (d) the contracts are open to the sub-regional and international market for specific supplies and services that may require the participation of international companies. The approved PPSD ensures that procurement activities are packaged and prepared to minimize the risk.
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29. Overall, the PPSD finds that the capacities of the national and international markets are sufficient to meet the project's needs. The suppliers, companies and consultants identified have assets in terms of experience and capacity to execute the planned contracts. These potential bidders will, of course, be put out to competition as much as possible when the procurement process is launched, unless there is a clearly established reason to use direct selection. For individual consultants, a notice of expression of interest will also be published with wide publicity at national and international level or, where appropriate, at the invitation of the most qualified known consultants.
30. Procurement Plan. The Procurement Plan covering the first 18 months of project implementation has been prepared and reviewed by the World Bank. The Procurement Plan, with its updates, includes, for each contract (a) a brief description of the activities/contracts; (b) the selection methods to be applied; (c) the cost estimates; (d) time schedules; (e) the World Bank’s review requirements; and (f) any other relevant procurement information. Any update to the Procurement Plan shall be submitted to the World Bank for approval. The PMCU shall use the World Bank’s online procurement planning and tracking tools (Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement) to prepare, clear, and update its Procurement Plans and carry out all procurement transactions. During implementation, the simplified Procurement Plan will be updated by agreement between the project team and the World Bank as required and at least annually, to reflect the project’s actual implementation needs and any enhancement in institutional capacity.
Implementation Support Plan
31. The project will be supervised using normal World Bank procedures, with World Bank implementation support missions at least twice per year including field visits by the task team. The project area can be reached by road, with a journey of two days each way to and from N’Djamena, plus any time spent in the project area itself. At present, there is relatively free movement in the project area, if World Bank security protocols are followed. There are movement restrictions during the rainy season due to impassability of roads. There are year-round restrictions imposed by UNDSS (United Nations Department of Safety and Security) on travel on certain roads leading toward the border. If any such roads were eventually to be included in the project, armed escorts can be arranged in cooperation with the local authorities, subject to ensuring full compliance with World Bank and UNDSS security protocols. The table below describes the skills mix needed for project implementation.
Resource Number Estimate Time Focus Skills Needed Location of Trips (Staff per year Weeks) per year Project management, TTL, Co-TTL Based in 2 each 20
coordination, and Washington supervision FM experience, knowledge FM Specialist Based in 0 6 of World Bank FM norms, Ndjamena and training
Procurement experience, Procurement Based in 0 6 First 12 months 12 First World Bank procurement Specialist Ndjamena norms knowledge, and
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training Social Safeguards Environmental Based in 2 6 supervision and monitoring, Safeguards Specialist Yaoundé training as needed Environmental Safeguards Social Safeguards Based in 2 6 supervision and monitoring, Specialist Dakar training as needed Technical implementation Analyst Based in 1 4 support and monitoring Washington GBV Specialist Based in 1 4 Washington
Project management, TTL and Co-TTL Based in 2 24 supervision, and Washington coordination FM (FM reviews and FM Specialist Based in 0 4 supervision, training, and Ndjamena monitoring) Procurement management Procurement Based in 0 4
(reviews and supervision, Specialist Ndjamena
training as needed)
Social supervision and Social Safeguards Based in 2 8 months
monitoring, training as Specialist Dakar
72 needed –
12 Environmental safeguards, Environmental Based in 2 8 supervision and monitoring, Safeguards Specialist Yaounde training as needed Technical implementation Road Engineer - Based in 2 8 support and monitoring consultant Dakar GBV Specialist Based in 2 8 Washington Analyst Based in 1 8 Washington
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
ANNEX 2: Map of the First Phase of Civil Works and Remainder of Potential Candidates Pre- Identified
COUNTRY: Chad Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project
Note: The map provides the localization of the phase 1 of implementation of the project (75 km in Mandoul - in red) and the remainder of 325 km for phase 2 to be selected among the sections 2 to 15.
Source: World Bank
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
ANNEX 3: Climate Change Impact Study Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project in Chad: Assessing the Vulnerability to and Cost of Climate Change Impacts on a Road Rehabilitation Project using IPSS
Overview and Background
1. The assessment of this road rehabilitation project included in its evaluation an engineering-based analysis tool called the IPSS12 to further understand the vulnerabilities of the road segments to the impacts of climate change. IPSS, developed by researchers out of the University of Colorado, has been used to identify vulnerabilities in the road under study, to help better manage the risk associated with climate change and to help better inform specific adaptation investment options for the road.
2. IPSS utilizes stressor-response engineering data coupled with IPCC-approved climate change data to estimate the potential impacts from specific climate stressors, in this case flooding and precipitation. The tool is then used to assess the cost of reactively addressing the impacts of climate change (fixing damages) versus proactively mitigating the impacts of climate change (through upgrades in the construction process of the roads). The tool will shed light on the cost incurred by changing climate in terms of keeping the road maintained and will inform decisions regarding investment strategy. IPSS was run for the first phase (75 km) of the Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project and will be utilized to analyze the remaining 325 km stretch of road as well. It is important to note that the analysis does not support any one of the climate models or support that any outcome is more likely than another. The results displayed in the following paragraph show the predictions of the median model, as noted.
3. The climate-induced hazards threatening the project include flooding and change in precipitation. These pose a threat to mobility, accessibility, and thus economic growth. Flooding has the potential to inundate roads, rendering them unusable for days or to wash them out completely. This flooding is of particular concern in areas located near the Ouham River (that is, river crossings or portions of the road that run near to the river). Change in rainfall can influence how quickly dirt and gravel roads erode, how frequently they need maintenance and what their utility is in terms of travel time. Construction solutions such as the construction of culverts or reinforcement walls could help reduce the extent of damage due to erosion. However, the study shows that the most cost-effective and applicable mitigation technique will be the implementation of a sustainable, community-led maintenance plan that will ensure there is adequate labor-hours and financing available to address the damage caused by a changing climate.
Assumptions and Parameters Used
4. Several assumptions regarding the life span, discount rate, and cost of the project were made to give an estimated cost of the impact of climate change. Those assumptions and parameters used can be found in table 3.1.
12https://resilient-analytics.com/pages/ra-ipss_en.html.
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Table 3.1. Assumptions and Parameters Used to Run IPSS Assumption and Parameters Value Reference Source Discount rate 6% Discounting Costs and Benefits in Economic Analysis of World Bank Projects Number of lanes in the road 2 On average, from time in the field, the road has two lanes Cost of rehabilitating or constructing a US$52,195 Implementation Completion and Results Report for tertiary, unpaved road (US$/km) Zambia Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Report (P071985) Cost of annual maintenance (US$/km) US$300 Implementation Completion and Results Report for Zambia Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Report (P071985 Design life 20 years Estimated life span for this given project Climate models used CMIP5 World Climate’s Research Program (WCRP) Working Group on Coupled Modeling (WGCM) Time period of consideration 2018–2050 Period of interest in planning this project
5. Further details about the process used by IPSS to estimate the risks and costs to road infrastructure can be found at the Resilient Analytics website (https://resilient-analytics.com/pages/ra- home_en.html). For additional application of the IPSS methodology, the large-scale study assessing road networks throughout Sub-Saharan Africa conducted by the World Bank should be referenced.13
Results
6. After running the model IPSS on the specific road section of the first phase, several important trends emerge that should be considered in the design and implementation of this project. The first element to note is that because the road is unpaved, the impact of changing temperature on the road is negligible. Temperature typically affects the binder of a paved road, cracking and fatiguing the surface as temperatures change. However, with unpaved roads, the impact is much less severe from changing temperature, which is why the costs incurred from damages are caused by precipitation and flooding. This is an important element to account for when creating best practices and guidance for how to mitigate climate change. Solutions will need to address flooding, erosion, and washout.
13 Cervigni, R., A. Losos, P. Chinowsky, and J. E. Neumann. 2017. “Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Roads and Bridges Sector
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Figure 3.1. Cost Profile for Reactive Behavior by Stressor for Medium-Impact Climate Scenario
Source: World Bank
7. Figure 3.1 shows the model’s prediction for the decadal reactive cost, in thousands of U.S. dollars, that the impact of precipitation and flooding are forecasted to have on the road segment. The cumulative cost of reactively managing the impacts of climate change on the road segment is estimated, by the median model from the CMIP5 dataset, to be US$654,084 in 2050. This cost accounts for repair of damages caused by changing climate through the direct stressors of both flooding and precipitation that would be additional to that of historic trends.
8. The model was run for a proactive adaptation scenario, which assumes implementing improved engineering design to mitigate the effects of climate change on the road. In the case of unpaved roads, the analysis assumes that unpaved roads are upgraded to gravel roads to increase the life span of the road. Over the full set of decades under consideration, the cumulative cost of proactively adapting to the impacts of climate change is estimated by the median model to be US$4,878,150. Because this cost is nearly eight times larger than the reactive cost of climate change, this proactive adaptation strategy will not be implemented, which suggests that the methodology of proactively adapting design and implementation to climate change is not economically feasible in this project. As a result of this, the project will rely on ensuring adequate maintenance funding is available to address these damages.
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Table 3.2. Predicted Maintenance Cost Breakdown
9. Table 3.2 shows the estimated costs of maintenance based on historic data, additional required maintenance based on the median predicted impacts of climate change, the total costs required to maintain the roads in the face of climate change, and the percentage of each total comprised by regular maintenance and by costs required to address climate change. These costs are all given in both current and future values, based on the number of years in the scope of the project, detailed in table 3.1. The analysis suggests that the cost of additional maintenance incurred by the impacts of climate change is equal to 43 percent of the total required maintenance cost over the project time frame to ensure the road remains seasonally functional. Thus, planning for and securing these additional costs incurred due to climate change will be crucial in ensuring the success of the project in the long term and for ensuring the impacts of climate change are adequately addressed and considered. Sustainable mechanisms currently in place within the structure of the project include community maintenance plans and adequate investment in maintenance funding.
10. Figure 3.2 shows the estimated difference in repair costs between the historically required maintenance costs and the maintenance costs predicted to be needed as a result of climate change.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
Figure 3.2. Estimated Difference in Cost of Maintenance
Source: World Bank 11. In addition to the economic costs incurred by required repair and maintenance of the road, there are additional costs incurred as a result of opportunity cost and disruption for those without access to services as a result of a nonfunctioning road. To ensure the best outcome for the clients using the road, adequate consideration of the impacts of climate change on the road system will be taken into account to ensure long-term sustainability.
Mitigation Measures
12. Because the cost of proactively adapting to the impacts of climate change through upgrading the roads to gravel is cost-prohibitive, the most appropriate adaptation measures are incorporation of construction methods that better mitigate the impacts of a changing climate and appropriate financing structures for managing the additional costs that will be accumulated. These are further explained in the main text of this Project Appraisal Document.
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
ANNEX 4: Climate Risk Assessment Table 4.1. Results Summary - by Component/Subsector
Table 4.2. Results Summary - by Time Frame
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
ANNEX 5: Mitigating and Responding to GBV, including SEA 1. Under Subcomponent 1.4, the project will finance activities to prevent, mitigate, and manage GBV risks including SEA and violence against children (VAC) risks in the communities affected by the project and around any construction camps. Specific arrangements for the project by which GBV risks will be addressed have been summarized in an action plan presented in table 5.2. The safeguards documents of the project (ESIA and ESMF) have identified and proposed mitigation measures for GBV-related risks. An Accountability and Response Framework that will be finalized during the construction/rehabilitation phase will include a GRM for capturing GBV complaint, a referral pathway to appropriate support services for GBV survivors, and oversight by an independent TPM organization/NGO.
Risk Assessment
2. Country context. GBV risks for the project are assessed as high based on the results of the analysis performed through the risk assessment tool of the World bank. GBV is widespread in Chad including in the refugee camps, although underreported. It is also important to note the legal dualism that prevails in Chad; the constitution recognizes traditional and customary rules as having the status of laws. To this end, GBV is overwhelmingly resolved by traditional leaders without consideration for national laws which punish domestic violence, rape, and other forms of GBV; impunity prevails in most cases and perpetrators usually only pay a fine. Given the context described above, the forms of GBV that are most documented are domestic violence, female genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage, and other forms such as denial of resources. Reported incidents of rape and attempted rape are not higher than the regional average. However, given the social stigma associated with sexual violence as well as the prevailing impunity, it is likely that such cases are drastically underreported.
3. Women are at a heightened risk of GBV because of their displacement. The project will take place in poor rural areas that are hard to supervise and where humanitarian presence is noted mainly due to the existence of refugee camps. One refugee camp hosting approximately 700 persons has been identified in the vicinity of the first section (75 km) of the project and it is expected that others will be identified along the remaining 325 km. Information related to GBV collected by UNHRC in Chad assert that tensions between the host community and refugee population over limited natural resources such as firewood and cultivable land are often characterized by GBV. Displaced women and refugees in eastern Chad report that they fear going out of the camp in search of firewood because of the risk of violence by members of the host community, who use violence as a means of threatening, deterring, and retaliating against the refugee population for encroaching on dwindling local resources. Reported statistics on GBV cases in Chad, particularly in the Latin America and the Caribbean region and in the south (including Mandoul and Moyen Chari province) show an increase in reported GBV cases.14
4. Widespread poverty in the region creates additional pressures on communities and households which create conditions in which GBV flourishes. One explanation for the prevalence and underreporting of GBV in Chad is that many of its forms are behaviors that are not normally considered to be harmful according to traditional practices and customary rules, from a very early age. Women are generally perceived as unequal to men; they are not considered to enjoy the same rights as men, and often, they are treated as the property of men.
14 https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/operations/chad/lutte-contre-vsbg
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The World Bank Chad Rural Mobility and Connectivity Project (P164747)
5. National framework for addressing GBV. There is a national strategy on GBV, which was launched on December 8, 2011, that recognizes “Woman is considered as inferior, child, immature; is exploited in all areas of life: in the fields, in the home, in businesses [. . .] she can be sold or exchanged for goods.” There is a rigid social structure that dictates specific roles for men and women, for example, construction of the home, seeking water and firewood, herding animals, and other strenuous activities are considered girls’ or women’s work, in addition to household chores such as cooking, cleaning, and child-rearing. Men control household financial resources, conduct business, and other activities in the public sphere. Women are often uninvolved in decisions affecting their lives, including who they marry, how many children they have, or what happens to the money they earn. As a result, women lack economic empowerment and are dependent on men (whether their father, husband, brother-in-law, or otherwise). Older women whose husbands have died or abandoned them are at risk of further victimization, including the widespread practices of levirat and sororat (in which a woman is forcibly married to her brother-in-law, either because her husband died and she is forced to marry his brother or because her sister died and she is forced to marry the widower), and many women as well as adolescent girls resort to survival sex.
6. However, the Chadian Government has taken positive steps in the fight against GBV and women rights by ratifying several international texts and launching national programs, including the creation of the National Coordination to Fight Against Gender-Based Violence in 2010; the development and technical validation of the national gender series of trainings, workshops, and forums on gender- and violence- based issues; a socio-anthropological study of GBV; a cartographic study of GBV; validation of the national road map against FGM; seminars, awareness campaigns, and advocacy with opinion leaders are also organized on FGM; and legal clinics have been created throughout most of the country.
7. Legal framework. There is currently a lack of existing legal response to GBV incidents due to the lack of a legal framework for combating GBV in Chad. Survivors do not receive adequate legal assistance due to lack of capacity and traditional justice—recognized by the Chadian Constitution as legitimate— stands in for modern justice in most communities. However, traditional justice mechanisms rarely consider women’s rights and tend to maintain the impunity of perpetrators by letting them off with a fine or even marrying survivors to their perpetrators. Traditional justice which enables an environment of rampant impunity also promotes the secrecy and stigma of GBV incidents, and such mechanisms are known to favor ‘hiding’ cases from the humanitarian community—which results in survivors not having access to response services. Such secrecy and stigma also apply to the practice of survival sex, which is acknowledged in confidential dialogues, but which is impossible to document or address due to the stigma and ostracizing that goes along with it.
Response Capacity
8. The project has reviewed the capacity of the implementing agency to manage GBV cases and will finance the hiring of a GBV specialist for the duration of the project to join the project team as well as provide necessary training to ensure that GBV risks are understood by all and mitigation actions are properly executed.
9. Partners. There is GBV prevention and response capacity within the country and in the targeted provinces of the project. GBV prevention and response programs provided through NGOs with both national and international experience have been implemented for several years in the country and have
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resulted in the availability of capacity to respond to such incidents and the provision of well-coordinated multisectoral services.
10. Stakeholder engagement. The project organized a round table discussion on GBV with representatives of the Ministry in charge of Women’s Affairs and key representatives of NGOs present in Chad as well as women’s associations active in this fight against GBV to discuss GBV risks and proposed mitigation responses under the project. The mapping of the service providers available in Chad showed that there are 141 humanitarian actors presently working in Chad, including 51 international NGOs and 76 national NGOs. About 20 NGOs are also already operational in the Mandoul and Moyen Chari provinces with services provided that include medical, judicial, and psychosocial support.
Table 5.1. Matrix of NGOs and Other Humanitarian Organizations Working on GBV Issues and Active in Chad
Present in the Targeted Organizations Focus Areas Provinces CARE International CARE is an international NGO and UNHCR Yes implementing partner serving refugees. CARE provides education and psychosocial services and management of GBV cases. CARE works closely with UNHCR as well as local and international NGOs to protect children and adolescents from abuse and exploitation. ADES- Association pour le ADES is a local NGO that has been working in Yes Développement Economique refugee camps in Chad since 2005. It is et Social operational in many regions and conducts GBV prevention and response activities. IRC - International Rescue IRC began working in Chad in 2004 and provides Yes Committee health, nutrition, water and sanitation, women’s protection and empowerment, and education services. IRC provides hospital referrals and psychosocial counseling as well as medical care to survivors of violence. It works with communities to address the root causes of violence against women HIAS - Hebrew Immigrant Aid HIAS maintains an advocacy network and Yes (by phone) Society community-based referral system to identify and prevent GBV and SEA, respond to sexual and intimate partner violence by providing psychosocial support to survivors, and encourage women’s and girls’ self-reliance, leadership, and decision-making ability. HIAS implements trainings, drama presentations, and extensive door-to-door campaigns to educate the population on GBV dynamics, causes, and consequences. BASE - Bureau d’Appui Santé BASE is an NGO that focuses on health and Yes et Environnement environmental activities to improve living conditions for populations in Chad. The
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Present in the Targeted Organizations Focus Areas Provinces organization also works in the fight against GBV and is a member of several networks of national and international organizations. Note: These organizations met with the World Bank task team in N’Djamena in July and October. Other organizations such as APLFT - Association pour la Promotion des Libertés Fondamentales au Tchad, SECADEV - Secours Catholique et Développement, ACRA - Cooperazione Rurale in Africa e America Latina, CSSI - Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, IMC - International Medical Corps, and JRS - Jesuit Refugee Service are active in the country and in the identified provinces (see figure 5.1).
11. The Government is also already working with civil society partners involved in the fight against GBV, some of which were also met by the project team including the Follow-up Committee for the Call for Peace and Reconciliation (CSAPR), the Organization of Non-State Actors in Chad (OANET), Women's organizations such as Union of Arabic-Speaking Women of Chad (UAFAT), Association of Women for Development and Culture of Peace in Chad (AFDCPT), Association of Women Lawyers in Chad, Association of Women Traders and Business Leaders (AFCEET), National Council of Women Leaders-Chad (CONAF), and organizations of religious denominations (Commission Justice and Peace of the Catholic Church, Agreement of Churches and Evangelical Missions in Chad [EEMET], Union of Christian Executives of Chad, and Union of Muslim Executives of Chad.
Figure 5.1.Physical presence of Ngo in Chad (as of July 2016)
Source: OCHA
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Mitigation Measures
12. An action plan for addressing GBV and SEA risks has been developed for the project to describe the steps that will be taken during the project cycle (from preparation to implementation), including the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, and a summary is presented in table 5.2. The project GBV activities for the first 75 km will cover three cantons (Bedaya, Bouna, and Moissala) and include the following communities: Bedaya, Ngonderé, Kembita, Nombé Kyan, Ngalo, GuerGuer, Maintama, Simain, Sako, Nabo, Ngasok 1, Ngasok II, Ngonkargué, Korkouma, Biri, Kaba, Nodjimala, Handane, Doba, Ndoubaidené, Pelko, Silambi (where a refugee camp is located), Sangara, Nodjibodo, Maïkan, and Moissala.
13. Safeguard documents and procurement process. Safeguards documents for the project have identified SEA risks and provide mitigations measures for addressing these risks. GBV risks will be addressed through the procurement process for the work contractor and the supervision mission. In practice, the bidding documents will reflect the findings of the ESIA and the requirements of the ESMP to address for GBV and overall ESHS risks. The ESMP covers 75 km of the road of Bedaya-Moissala in the Mandoul province and the ESMF for the project addresses GBV risks for the whole 400 km of rural roads covered under the project in the provinces of Moyen-Chari and Mandoul.
14. Raising community awareness. Specific consultations and activities will be developed to raise awareness of communities of GBV/SEA issues, including on what the workers have signed on to through the codes of conduct to present the community with an understanding of the measures for mitigating SEA in the project areas by any project worker in the camp and in case of GBV incidents in general. They will be more equipped to identify cases, report incidents themselves, and refer their peers to service providers when GBV occurs. The project will also seek to put into place girls’ clubs in each school, which will include among their activities sensitization on GBV/SEA. The girls club will aim to become a safe space for girls where they can come forward to seek help after experiencing a GBV/SEA incident. The girls club will be led by staff who are trained on how to refer cases of GBV to specialized services should a case be disclosed.
15. Contractor’s responsibilities. Construction works under the project will require the hiring of a labor force and associated goods and services that may be supplied from outside the project area. The project will seek to minimize the impact of labor influx by encouraging reliance on local supply and will embed GBV requirements in the procurement process of contractors to ensure their legal accountability for addressing GBV and SEA risks under the project. Specific bidding requirements will be made regarding ESHS expectations and GBV risks mitigation and link with the project’s safeguard documents and project’s GBV action plan. The contractor’s ESMP will be required to describe the GBV risk as part of an accountability and response framework to address GBV and SEA risks, ESHS expectations, and include appropriate mitigation measures. Bidding documents will require the contractor not to undertake any works, including mobilization, until all measures are in place for addressing ESHS risks. A code of conduct addressing GBV risks will be submitted as part of the bidding documents and will be signed by all workers including managers.
16. Working with GBV service providers. The project will work and rely on the selected GBV service provider(s) and community-based organizations to support the project in addressing any case of GBV that may be project related while also working actively to prevent such cases. The GBV service provider will be hired ahead of the commencement of works financed by the project. It is anticipated that the GBV
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provider will (a) support the design and implement awareness and prevention campaigns of GBV/SEA risks in the communities of the project; (b) ensure the holistic care of survivors and/or their referral to other structures; and (c) monitor the number of GBV complaints that have been reported and resolved through a GRM specifically designed to track GBV incidents.
17. It is expected that the service provider(s) will develop or rely on existing culturally appropriate information (for example, hygiene and reproductive health), including a GBV component, for women living in the project areas and will work with the local health services and related partners to provide survivor-centered support, treatment, and legal services to GBV survivors while minimizing any stigma associated with these activities and helping preserve anonymity of women. Other SEA-specific activities, such as plays and quiz nights, will be organized, which will help mainstream GBV concepts and engage men and boys in GBV prevention activities as a continuous activity.
18. These activities will not be associated with the presence of the project to avoid any increased targeting under the project. Any GBV-related complaints will be channeled through the GRM with the survivor’s informed consent.
19. The selected NGO(s) will coordinate with existing national efforts to combat GBV and related support service provision, particularly as referenced by Chad’s national GBV strategy, and provide additional support and referral services such as legal, health, and psychosocial as needed to GBV survivors. In addition, the capacities of the NGOs and existing local services will be strengthened as needed to ensure effective implementation.
20. For project areas with refugee camps, specialized services will be recruited.
Accountability and Response Framework
21. GRM and proposed reporting. A specific GRM will be developed for the project. The GRM will follow a referral protocol for the entire response procedure in case of GBV and SEA incidents as defined at the national level through the Ministry in charge of Social Affairs with support from the Ministry in charge of Health. The proposed project’s GRM for monitoring GBV risks and tracking resolution will have multiple channels for reporting to ensure that GBV-related complaints are registered in a safe and confidential manner. The GRM will rely on the mobilization of the NGO specialized in GBV to serve as an entry point through its network of focal points in the project intervention areas and GBV community focal points. The NGO would be one of the entry points to the GRM and would be a referral for GBV complaints received through other entry points that will be assessed as culturally appropriate and based on existing community structures, such as GBV community focal points, women associations and/or traditional community leaders following consultations with the NGO service provider. Given the lack of an existing legal response to GBV incidents, it is anticipated that traditional leaders of the communities will work with the specialized NGO on the resolution of individual cases, according to survivor’s wishes. They will work together with the leaders to advocate for the survivor’s rights and needs in the resolution of the case.
22. Community mobilization and GRM. In partnership with communities and the selected NGO service providers, the project will rely on existing reporting entry points or establish as needed either GBV focal points or committees in each village to support identification and reporting of incidents and to be a
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resource for GBV survivors. The focal point(s)/committees will also participate in organizing prevention activities and awareness raising and will be trained to ensure confidential referral.
23. Existing women’s committees will continue to be supported and strengthened and sought to play a role in the promotion of gender equality and SEA sensitization. Specific locations or women’s centers identified under the project will ensure that women have a safe space for discussion and will be equipped with basic materials and visibility items to promote their status in the community, their response responsibilities, and facilitate awareness raising on GBV prevention and referral.
24. Male leaders and religious leaders, including elders who may traditionally be called upon to amicably resolve GBV cases according to traditional justice, will be specifically targeted for sensitization and awareness on GBV and the law. They will gradually be recruited to participate in and conduct such sensitizations and trainings themselves.
25. TPM. Given the high risk of GBV identified under the project, a specific contract will be set up with a TPM organization to provide an oversight of all GBV-related activities, including that the service provider(s) hired are providing quality/accessible services and that the GRM is well equipped and functioning to register GBV-related complaints. The TPM will be commissioned to independently monitor and report on the effectiveness of GBV action plan implementation to prevent and mitigate GBV risks associated with the project.
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Table 5.2. GBV and SEA Prevention and Risk Management Measures No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments 1 Preparation Sensitize the technical 4th (May 2018) World Bank Complete During the May mission, the World Bank services of the MITD in and 5th (July– team team had discussions with the PMCU, CEHS, charge of the August 2018) and the Deputy Director General for Women, implementation of the preparation Solidarity, and Early Childhood within the project missions Ministry in charge of Women’s Affairs. The World Bank also briefed the consultant who was developing the safeguards instruments (ESMF, RPF, ESIA, and RAP) on the new GBV requirements. During the August 2018 mission, the team organized a round table discussion on GBV with representatives of the Ministry of Women and Social Action and the following NGOs: CARE International, IRC, ADES. The conclusion was that there are local and international NGOs in Chad specialized in GBV control that have the required experience and different partnerships necessary to accompany the project. 2 Preparation Assessing GBV risks Preparation PMCU/CEHS Complete for The World Bank team assessed the GBV risks during the the first of the project using GBV assessment tool development phase (75 from the World Bank. The risk is considered of the km) high. The ESIA/ESMP studies were validated ESIA/ESMP by the gender specialist and the regional safeguards advisor (RSA). They were taken into account in the backup documents (ESIAs and ESMPs). 3 Preparation Mapping the actors Pre-appraisal PMCU/CEHS Complete An initial mapping of NGOs available in Chad working on the mission and focusing on GBV issues was performed prevention and during the July mission. A round table was management of GBV organized in which several NGOs survivors in the project's participated. ToRs for the selection of the area of influence NGO that would assist in implementing a GBV
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments response, both prevention and service referral, are ready and shared with the different actors. 4 Preparation Reflect GBV risks in all Preparation and PMCU/CEHS Complete The documents (ESIA, ESMF) considering the safeguards documents implementation for ESIA and observations of the RSA and the gender (ESIA and ESMF). Include (before works ESMP, specialist were submitted for the RSA’s final stakeholder mapping in begin) contractor review on September 19, 2018. GBV aspects these documents for own were correctly considered. ESMP 5 Preparation/ Develop a GBV action Preparation and PMCU/CEHS Planned The project team, in coordination with the Implementation plan (including an implementation project stakeholders, will review the accountability and (before works procurement and tendering process to response framework) in begin) ensure that contractors and supervising the ESMP. The ESMP consultants respect social safeguards, shall reflect how the including those against SEA by including contractors will service mapping. implement this plan The accountability and response framework will lay out the process to be followed should a case be reported. This includes when a survivor wishes to seek justice or accountability for the incident. It will lay out the sanctions for cases of GBV, how these sanctions will be implemented, and within what time frame. The accountability and response framework will follow the guiding principles of a survivor-centered approach. 6 Preparation Assess the capacity of Pre-appraisal World Bank Complete The PMCU will have a dedicated team of the MITD technical mission team social and environmental safeguards services (PMCU, CEHS) specialists who, in addition to implementing to prevent and respond the social and environmental monitoring to GBV framework, will ensure the identification of social and environmental risks of subprojects, including GBV, and the effectiveness of risk mitigation measures.
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments The PMCU will work with an NGO specialized in GBV, which will be recruited to monitor GBV prevention and management measures. In addition, a social expert with GBV competency will be recruited; this will be a condition of effectiveness of the grant. 7 Preparation/ During public Preparation and PMCU/CEHS In progress During the preparation of the ESMF, RPF, Implementation consultations, those implementation ESIA, and RAP, documented public affected by the project consultations were conducted with local should be informed populations and authorities on the GBV/SEA about GBV risks and and gender aspects concerning the first 75 project activities to get km road section. Further consultations are their feedback on the planned for the other project areas. The project design and specialized NGO will oversee awareness- safeguard issues. raising campaigns and public consultations on GBV/SEA aspects, the services available, and the complaint management and prevention mechanism. 8 Preparation/ Stakeholder Preparation and PMCU/CEHS In progress The project will include awareness campaigns Implementation mobilization/informatio implementation and consultations with stakeholders including n plan should address religious leaders, traditional leaders, youth, GBV issues women, and those directly affected by the project on GBV risks. These activities will be an integral part of the mandate of the NGO service provider to be recruited. Initial consultations were done during safeguards documents preparation. 9 Implementation Establish an effective Before the PMCU/CEHS, Planned A GRM developed to report GBV incidents complaints management mobilization of with World and track resolutions will be established. system the contractor Bank team In addition, to ensure that the project’s main support GRM mechanism can adequately address any GBV complaints that could arise through that channel, GRM operators will be trained on how to handle complaints related to GBV,
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments including knowing how to listen in an empathetic, non-judgmental manner. The World Bank team will assist the client in setting up the GRM at the different levels (province, commune, and villages) with a publication and posting of the GRM set-up and the names and contacts of the members. 10 Implementation Oversight through an During project PMCU/CEHS, Planned A specific contract will be set up with a TPM independent TPM implementation World Bank to provide an oversight of all GBV-related organization/independe activities, including that the service providers nt verification agent hired are providing quality/accessible (civil society services and that the GRM is well equipped organization, to register GBV-related complaints. international or local NGO, academic partner, private sector firm) with experienced GBV staff for monitoring the implementation of the GBV action plan and ensuring all parties are meeting their responsibilities 11 Preparation/ For supervision, ensure During the PMCU, CEHS In progress This specialist already exists within the CEHS. Implementation that the monitoring evaluation of the However, he/she will also be trained by the mission has an bids for the NGO and strengthened by the recruitment of environmental, social, audit mission a social specialist with expertise in GBV issues health, and safety within the PMCU. specialist with GBV skills to supervise GBV- related issues (for example, supervise the signing of codes of conduct, check that the
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments GBV complaint management mechanism works, enter who to contact in case of GBV) and work with NGOs to inform them about the existence of the complaint management mechanism 12 Preparation Provide a budget to Pre-appraisal PMCU/CEHS Complete As part of the project, a budget has been recruit an NGO that can mission earmarked to recruit a specialized NGO to take care of survivors in provide awareness-raising activities and a timely, safe, and support the referral of GBV survivors and confidential manner monitor prevention measures. 13 Implementation Select NGO that would After Board PMCU/CEHS In progress The NGO service provider specialized in GBV support the PMCU in the approval but with support will be recruited to finalize this mapping and implementation of the before start of of the World the implementation of the complaint GBV action plan and sign works Bank management and survivor management contract mechanism. ToRs for the recruitment of the NGO are being finalized and the process should be launched before Board approval 14 Award of Clearly define the GBV Award of PMCU, CEHS Planned The project should update the use of the contracts requirements and contracts with the latest versions of the World Bank's standard expectations in the support of tender documents that define companies’ tender documents the World expectations and obligations regarding GBV. Bank Contractual clauses related to GBV must be included in company contracts, including that each company has internal regulations with codes of conduct related to GBV, signature of internal regulations by all workers, training of all workers on the code of conduct, and daily briefings on the code of conduct.
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments 15 Award of Define the requirements Award of PMCU/CEHS Planned It will be necessary to include the three contracts for an anti-GBV code of contracts with World elements in the code of conduct: (a) clear conduct Bank team language on the values of the organization in review relation to professional conduct on the site; (b) prohibition of sex with a minor; (c) dismissal and prosecution if a worker violates the code of conduct, including specific provisions related to SEA. A model of good conduct sheet is attached to the ESMF and may form part of the tender documents. 16 Award of Explain clearly in the Award of PMCU/CEHS Planned The financing for the training services and the contracts tender documents how contracts with World time of the participants will be included in the costs related to GBV Bank team the price list and quantitative and estimated will be paid. This can be review detail (bidding documents) as a provisional done, for example: sum.
• Dedicated line in the price list for clearly defined activities (for example, preparation of anti- GBV plans) • Provisional sums for activities that cannot be defined in advance (for example, implementation of said plans, hiring of specialized NGOs if necessary)
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments 17 Award of Clearly explain to Award of PMCU/CEHS Planned An information meeting on GBV will be contracts bidders the contracts with World organized with the companies recruited after requirements of the Bank team the notification and before the service order. code of conduct review 18 Award of Evaluate the company's Award of PMCU/CEHS Planned The evaluation committee will evaluate the contracts response to GBV contracts with World companies’ proposal on GBV issues in the questions in the ESMP Bank team ESMP. The guarantee for the proper and confirm the review implementation of environmental and social company's ability to measures, including GBV measures, will be meet the project's GBV activated before the contract is signed. requirements before signing the contract 19 Implementation Verify that the GBV risk Implementation PMCU, CEHS Planned The PMCU and CEHS, with the support of the mitigation measures are with World World Bank, will review all the GBV included in the ESMP- Bank team mitigation activities to ensure that the GBV construction site support component is properly executed. 20 Implementation Ensure that the Implementation CEHS Planned The availability of an effective GRM, including complaints management specific procedures for responding to any SEA mechanism receives and risk, is ongoing. A specific GRM will record processes complaints on the SEA complaints and track the resolution time by the responsible NGO service provider. Specific communication tools are envisaged, such as the establishment of a toll-free number, face-to-face consultations with community leaders and women's associations as some areas of the project are very poor and access to technology is very limited. An accountability and response framework will be finalized during the construction/rehabilitation phase and will describe the GRM for capturing disclosure of GBV incidents, the referral pathway to refer survivors to appropriate support services, and the sanctions for perpetuators of GBV.
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments 21 Implementation Codes of conduct signed Start before the Company Planned The contractor(s) will be responsible for and understood mobilization of developing and implementing their code of the company Monitoring conducts. The contractor will report on an Ensure that the and continue mission indicator on the percentage of workers requirements of the during the work recruited who have signed the code of code of conduct are well Execution conduct. Monthly monitoring mission reports understood by agency should confirm that all persons physically signatories present at the project site have signed a code of conduct and have received training on the Have all those physically code. present on the project site sign a code of conduct
Train employees working on the project in the requirements of the code of conduct and sanctions to be applied if breached
Disseminate and discuss codes of conduct (including visuals) with employees and local communities 22 Implementation Sensitize project staff CEHS Planned An awareness-raising strategy will be and local communities implemented by the contractors with the to issues of SEA and support of a specialized NGO as prescribed in sexual harassment the provisions of the GBV and VAC codes of conduct and the action plan established and the timetable indicating the different awareness-raising activities through which
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No. Phase Action Timeline Responsible Status Comments the strategy will be implemented and the corresponding expected delivery dates. 23 Implementation Regularly monitor and CEHS Planned The follow-up will be done with the support evaluate the progress of of the NGO specialized in GBV. GBV activities and GBV risks 24 Implementation Implement measures to CEHS Planned These aspects will be reminded to the reduce GBV risks before company and the control mission by the the work begins, such PMCU and the World Bank before the as: installation of any work camp and before the start of the works. • Changing rooms and toilets for men and women working on site are located in separate, well-lit areas, and can be closed from the inside • Signs on the project site reminding employees and local communities that GBV is prohibited on the site • Public spaces near the project are well lit
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